1
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Li Y, Wang J, Cai Y, Chen H. Association of Serum Vitamin D With Periodontal Disease. Int Dent J 2023; 73:777-783. [PMID: 37419778 PMCID: PMC10509416 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are conflicting reports on the relationship between vitamin D and periodontal disease. Our research is intended to further analyse the association between serum 25(OH)D3, a vitamin D precursor and periodontal disease based on a large national survey sample in Japan. METHODS We downloaded the 2009-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle, which included a total of 23,324 samples. Logistic regression of factors influencing perioral disease including periodntal disease, and subgroup logistic regression were performed to analyse the relationship between serum vitamin D and perioral disease, using WTMEC2YR as weights for regression analysis. Then machine learning model-based prediction of perioral disease onset was performed, and the machine learning algorithms used included boost tree, artificial neural network, AdaBoost, and random forest. RESULTS We evaluated the vitamin D, age, sex, race, education, marriage, body mass index, ratio of family income to poverty (PIR), smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and hypertension as variables in the included samples. Vitamin D was negatively associated with perioral disease; compared with Q1, the odds ratios and 95% CI were 0.8 (0.67-0.96) for Q2, 0.84 (0.71-1.00) for Q3, and 0.74 (0.6-0.92) for Q4 (P for trend <.05), respectively. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the effect of 25(OH)D3 on periodontal disease was more pronounced in women younger than 60 years. Based on the accuracy and receiver operating characteristic curve, we concluded that a boost tree was a relatively good model to predict periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D might be a protective factor for periodontal disease, and boost tree analysis we emplyed was a relatively good model to predict perioral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Health Management Center, Hangzhou Fuyang Hospital of Orthopedics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jinjuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxian Cai
- Department of Health Management Center, Hangzhou Fuyang Hospital of Orthopedics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haokun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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2
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Fritz AJ, El Dika M, Toor RH, Rodriguez PD, Foley SJ, Ullah R, Nie D, Banerjee B, Lohese D, Glass KC, Frietze S, Ghule PN, Heath JL, Imbalzano AN, van Wijnen A, Gordon J, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Stein GS. Epigenetic-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression for Biological Control and Cancer: Cell and Tissue Structure, Function, and Phenotype. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:339-373. [PMID: 36348114 PMCID: PMC9753575 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms play a central role in the biological control of cell and tissue structure, function, and phenotype. Identification of epigenetic dysregulation in cancer provides mechanistic into tumor initiation and progression and may prove valuable for a variety of clinical applications. We present an overview of epigenetically driven mechanisms that are obligatory for physiological regulation and parameters of epigenetic control that are modified in tumor cells. The interrelationship between nuclear structure and function is not mutually exclusive but synergistic. We explore concepts influencing the maintenance of chromatin structures, including phase separation, recognition signals, factors that mediate enhancer-promoter looping, and insulation and how these are altered during the cell cycle and in cancer. Understanding how these processes are altered in cancer provides a potential for advancing capabilities for the diagnosis and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fritz
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Mohammed El Dika
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Rabail H. Toor
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | - Stephen J. Foley
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Rahim Ullah
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Daijing Nie
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Bodhisattwa Banerjee
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dorcas Lohese
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Karen C. Glass
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Prachi N. Ghule
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jessica L. Heath
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405,University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Andre van Wijnen
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jane B. Lian
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Janet L. Stein
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gary S. Stein
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
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3
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Yang D, Anderson PH, Wijenayaka AR, Barratt KR, Triliana R, Stapledon CJM, Zhou H, Findlay DM, Morris HA, Atkins GJ. Both ligand and VDR expression levels critically determine the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D 3 on osteoblast differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:83-90. [PMID: 28887147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) through vitamin D receptor (VDR) signalling has both catabolic and anabolic effects on osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanism of these differential effects by 1,25D is not fully understood. In this study, mice with three different genetic backgrounds, representing a normal VDR level (wild-type, WT), VDR over-expression specifically in mature osteoblasts (ObVDR-B6) and global VDR knockout (VDRKO), were utilised to generate primary osteoblast-like cultures to further elucidate the effects of 1,25D on osteoblast differentiation. Our data confirm the importance of VDR in the late stage of osteogenic differentiation and also for the expression of factors critical for osteoblastic support of osteoclast formation. This study also demonstrates the differential effects of a pharmacological level of 1,25D (1nM) on the expression of osteogenic differentiation markers, including Ocn and Sost, depending on the relative level of VDR. Our findings suggest that 1,25D plays an inhibitory role in matrix mineralisation, possibly through the modulation of the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase to ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 axis, in a VDR level-dependent manner. We conclude that the relative VDR level and the 1,25D availability to cells, are important co-determinants for whether 1,25D plays a promoting or suppressive role in osteoblast-mediated osteogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Yang
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Musculoskeletal Biology Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Asiri R Wijenayaka
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kate R Barratt
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Musculoskeletal Biology Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Rahma Triliana
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Catherine J M Stapledon
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - David M Findlay
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Howard A Morris
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Endocrine Bone Research, Chemical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Musculoskeletal Biology Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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4
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Tai PWL, Wu H, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS, Stein JL, Lian JB. Genome-wide DNase hypersensitivity, and occupancy of RUNX2 and CTCF reveal a highly dynamic gene regulome during MC3T3 pre-osteoblast differentiation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188056. [PMID: 29176792 PMCID: PMC5703546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to discover regulatory sequences that control bone-related genes during development has been greatly improved by massively parallel sequencing methodologies. To expand our understanding of cis-regulatory regions critical to the control of gene expression during osteoblastogenesis, we probed the presence of open chromatin states across the osteoblast genome using global DNase hypersensitivity (DHS) mapping. Our profiling of MC3T3 mouse pre-osteoblasts during differentiation has identified more than 224,000 unique DHS sites. Approximately 65% of these sites are dynamic during temporal stages of osteoblastogenesis, and a majority of them are located within non-promoter (intergenic and intronic) regions. Nearly half of all DHS sites (both constitutive and dynamic) overlap binding events of the bone-essential RUNX2 and/or the chromatin-related CTCF transcription factors. This finding reinforces the role of these regulatory proteins as essential components of the bone gene regulome. We observe a reduction in chromatin accessibility throughout the genome between pre-osteoblast and early osteoblasts. Our analysis also defined a class of differentially expressed genes that harbor DHS peaks centered within 1 kb downstream of transcriptional end sites (TES). These DHSs at the 3’-flanks of genes exhibit dynamic changes during differentiation that may impact regulation of the osteoblast genome. Taken together, the distribution of DHS regions within non-promoter locations harboring osteoblast and chromatin related transcription factor binding motifs, reflect novel cis-regulatory requirements to support temporal gene expression in differentiating osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W. L. Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Hai Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | | | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLS); (JBL)
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLS); (JBL)
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5
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Liu K, Han B, Meng H, Hou J. Influence of rs2228570 on Transcriptional Activation by the Vitamin D Receptor in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Periodontol 2017; 88:915-925. [PMID: 28492361 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
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6
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Barrett KG, Fang H, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Transcriptional Regulation of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1C2 by Vitamin D Receptor in LS180 Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1431-4. [PMID: 27130351 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The factors that regulate expression of genes in the 1C family of human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULT1C) are not well understood. In a recent study evaluating the effects of a panel of transcription factor activators on SULT1C family member expression in LS180 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, we found that SULT1C2 expression was significantly increased by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD3) treatment. The objective of our current study was to identify the mechanism responsible for VitD3-mediated activation of SULT1C2 transcription. VitD3 treatment of LS180 cells activated transcription of a transfected luciferase reporter plasmid that contained ∼5 kilobase pairs (kbp) of the SULT1C2 gene, which included 402 nucleotides (nt) of the noncoding exon 1, all of intron 1, and 21 nt of exon 2. Although computational analysis of the VitD3-responsive region of the SULT1C2 gene identified a pregnane X receptor (PXR)-binding site within exon 1, the transfected 5 kbp SULT1C2 reporter was not activated by treatment with rifampicin, a prototypical PXR agonist. However, deletion or mutation of the predicted PXR-binding site abolished VitD3-mediated SULT1C2 transcriptional activation, identifying the site as a functional vitamin D response element (VDRE). We further demonstrated that vitamin D receptor (VDR) can interact directly with the SULT1C2 VDRE sequence using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based transcription factor binding assay. In conclusion, VitD3-inducible SULT1C2 transcription is mediated through a VDRE in exon 1. These results suggest a role for SULT1C2 in VitD3-regulated physiologic processes in human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Barrett
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hailin Fang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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7
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Li X, Romain RD, Park D, Scadden DT, Merchant JL, Arnaout MA. Stress hematopoiesis is regulated by the Krüppel-like transcription factor ZBP-89. Stem Cells 2014; 32:791-801. [PMID: 24549639 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ZBP-89 (Zfp148) plays a critical role in erythroid lineage development, with its loss at the embryonic stage causing lethal anemia and thrombocytopenia. Its role in adult hematopoiesis has not been described. We now show that conditional deletion of ZBP-89 in adult mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) causes anemia and thrombocytopenia that are transient in the steady state, but readily uncovered following chemically induced erythro/megakaryopoietic stress. Unexpectedly, stress induced by bone marrow transplantation of ZBP89(-/-) HSPC also resulted in a myeloid-to-B lymphoid lineage switch in bone marrow recipients. The erythroid and myeloid/B lymphoid lineage anomalies in ZBP89(-/-) HSPC are reproduced in vitro in the ZBP-89-silenced multipotent hematopoietic cell line FDCP-Mix A4, and are associated with the upregulation of PU.1 and downregulation of SCL/Tal1 and GATA-1 in ZBP89-deficient cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays show that ZBP-89 is a direct repressor of PU.1 and activator of SCL/Tal1 and GATA-1. These data identify an important role for ZBP-89 in regulating stress hematopoiesis in adult mouse bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangen Li
- Leukocyte Biology & Inflammation Program, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Neve A, Corrado A, Cantatore FP. Osteocalcin: skeletal and extra-skeletal effects. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1149-53. [PMID: 23139068 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is a non-collagenous, vitamin K-dependent protein secreted in the late stage of osteoblasts differentiation. The presence of the three residues of γ-carbossiglutamatic acid, specific of the active form of OC protein, allows the protein to bind calcium and consequently hydroxyapatite. The osteoblastic OC protein is encoded by the bone γ-carbossiglutamate gene whose transcription is principally regulated by the Runx2/Cbfa1 regulatory element and stimulated by vitamin D(3) through a steroid-responsive enhancer sequence. Even if data obtained in literature are controversial, the dual role of OC in bone can be presumed as follows: firstly, OC acts as a regulator of bone mineralization; secondly, OC regulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Recently the metabolic activity of OC, restricted to the un-carboxylated form has been demonstrated in osteoblast-specific knockout mice. This effect is mediated by the regulation of pancreatic β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion and adiponectin production by adipose tissue and leads to the regulation of glucose metabolism and fat mass. Nevertheless, clinical human studies only demonstrated the correlation between OC levels and factors related to energy metabolism. Thus further investigations in humans are required to demonstrate the role of OC in the regulation of human energy metabolism. Moreover, it is presumable that OC also acts on blood vessels by inducing angiogenesis and pathological mineralization. This review highlights the recent studies concerning skeletal and extra-skeletal effects of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Neve
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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9
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Reale ME, Webb IC, Wang X, Baltazar RM, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. The transcription factor Runx2 is under circadian control in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and functions in the control of rhythmic behavior. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54317. [PMID: 23372705 PMCID: PMC3555987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2, a member of the family of runt-related transcription factors, is rhythmically expressed in bone and may be involved in circadian rhythms in bone homeostasis and osteogenesis. Runx2 is also expressed in the brain, but its function is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that in the brain, Runx2 may interact with clock-controlled genes to regulate circadian rhythms in behavior. First, we demonstrated diurnal and circadian rhythms in the expression of Runx2 in the mouse brain. Expression of Runx2 mRNA and protein mirrored that of the core clock genes, Period1 and Period2, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the paraventricular nucleus and the olfactory bulb. The rhythm of Runx2 expression was eliminated in the SCN of Bmal1(-/-) mice. Moreover, by crossbreeding mPer2(Luc) mice with Runx2(+/-) mice and recording bioluminescence rhythms, a significant lengthening of the period of rhythms was detected in cultured SCN of Runx2(-/-) animals compared to either Runx2(+/-) or Runx2(+/+) mice. Behavioral analyses of Runx2 mutant mice revealed that Runx2(+/-) animals displayed a significantly lengthened free-running period of running wheel activity compared to Runx2(+/+) littermates. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for clock gene-mediated rhythmic expression of Runx2, and its functional role in regulating circadian period at the level of the SCN and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Reale
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian C. Webb
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricardo M. Baltazar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lique M. Coolen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Lehman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
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10
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Lin SJ, Ho HC, Lee YF, Liu NC, Liu S, Li G, Shyr CR, Chang C. Reduced osteoblast activity in the mice lacking TR4 nuclear receptor leads to osteoporosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:43. [PMID: 22676849 PMCID: PMC3447707 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early studies suggested that TR4 nuclear receptor might play important roles in the skeletal development, yet its detailed mechanism remains unclear. METHODS We generated TR4 knockout mice and compared skeletal development with their wild type littermates. Primary bone marrow cells were cultured and we assayed bone differentiation by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. Primary calvaria were cultured and osteoblastic marker genes were detected by quantitative PCR. Luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed to demonstrate TR4 can directly regulate bone differentiation marker osteocalcin. RESULTS We first found mice lacking TR4 might develop osteoporosis. We then found that osteoblast progenitor cells isolated from bone marrow of TR4 knockout mice displayed reduced osteoblast differentiation capacity and calcification. Osteoblast primary cultures from TR4 knockout mice calvaria also showed higher proliferation rates indicating lower osteoblast differentiation ability in mice after loss of TR4. Mechanism dissection found the expression of osteoblast markers genes, such as ALP, type I collagen alpha 1, osteocalcin, PTH, and PTHR was dramatically reduced in osteoblasts from TR4 knockout mice as compared to those from TR4 wild type mice. In vitro cell line studies with luciferase reporter assay, ChIP assay, and EMSA further demonstrated TR4 could bind directly to the promoter region of osteocalcin gene and induce its gene expression at the transcriptional level in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results demonstrate TR4 may function as a novel transcriptional factor to play pathophysiological roles in maintaining normal osteoblast activity during the bone development and remodeling, and disruption of TR4 function may result in multiple skeletal abnormalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Remodeling
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- Osteocalcin/biosynthesis
- Osteocalcin/genetics
- Osteocalcin/metabolism
- Osteogenesis
- Osteoporosis/metabolism
- Osteoporosis/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Hsin-Chiu Ho
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ning-Chun Liu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Su Liu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gonghui Li
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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11
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Bakshi R, Hassan MQ, Pratap J, Lian JB, Montecino MA, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Imbalzano AN, Stein GS. The human SWI/SNF complex associates with RUNX1 to control transcription of hematopoietic target genes. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:569-76. [PMID: 20506188 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1, RUNX1) transcription factor is a key regulator of hematopoietic differentiation that forms multi-protein complexes with co-regulatory proteins. These complexes are assembled at target gene promoters in nuclear microenvironments to mediate phenotypic gene expression and chromatin-related epigenetic modifications. Here, immunofluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays are used to show that RUNX1 associates with the human ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The SWI/SNF subunits BRG1 and INI1 bind in vivo to RUNX1 target gene promoters (e.g., GMCSF, IL3, MCSF-R, MIP, and p21). These interactions correlate with histone modifications characteristic of active chromatin, including acetylated H4 and dimethylated H3 lysine 4. Downregulation of RUNX1 by RNA interference diminishes the binding of BRG1 and INI1 at selected target genes. Taken together, our findings indicate that RUNX1 interacts with the human SWI/SNF complex to control hematopoietic-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Bakshi
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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12
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Marcellini S, Bruna C, Henríquez JP, Albistur M, Reyes AE, Barriga EH, Henríquez B, Montecino M. Evolution of the interaction between Runx2 and VDR, two transcription factors involved in osteoblastogenesis. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:78. [PMID: 20236534 PMCID: PMC2848158 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mineralized skeleton is a major evolutionary novelty that has contributed to the impressive morphological diversifications of the vertebrates. Essential to bone biology is the solidified extracellular matrix secreted by highly specialized cells, the osteoblasts. We now have a rather complete view of the events underlying osteogenesis, from a cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic perspective. Because this knowledge is still largely restricted to mammals, it is difficult, if not impossible, to deduce the evolutionary history of the regulatory network involved in osteoblasts specification and differentiation. In this study, we focused on the transcriptional regulators Runx2 and VDR (the Vitamin D Receptor) that, in mammals, directly interact together and stabilize complexes of co-activators and chromatin remodellers, thereby allowing the transcriptional activation of target genes involved in extracellular matrix mineralization. Using a combination of functional, biochemical, and histological approaches, we have asked if the interaction observed between Runx2 and VDR represents a recent mammalian innovation, or if it results from more ancient changes that have occurred deep in the vertebrate lineage. Results Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in developing embryos of chick, frog and teleost fishes, we have revealed that the co-expression of Runx2 and VDR in skeletal elements has been particularly strengthened in the lineage leading to amniotes. We show that the teleost Runx2 orthologue as well as the three mammalian Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3 paralogues are able to co-immunoprecipitate with the VDR protein present in nuclear extracts of rat osteoblasts stimulated with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In addition, the teleost Runx2 can activate the transcription of the mammalian osteocalcin promoter in transfection experiments, and this response can be further enhanced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Finally, using pull-down experiments between recombinant proteins, we show that the VDR homologue from teleosts, but not from ascidians, is able to directly interact with the mammalian Runx2 homologue. Conclusions We propose an evolutionary scenario for the assembly of the molecular machinery involving Runx2 and VDR in vertebrates. In the last common ancestor of actinopterygians and sacropterygians, the three Runx paralogues possessed the potential to physically and functionally interact with the VDR protein. Therefore, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 might have been able to modulate the transcriptional activity of Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in the tissues expressing VDR. After the split from amphibians, in the lineage leading to amniotes, Runx2 and VDR became robustly co-expressed in developing skeletal elements, and their regulatory interaction was incorporated in the genetic program involved in the specification and differentiation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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13
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McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Novel links among Wnt and TGF-beta signaling and Runx2. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:587-97. [PMID: 20093419 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts exhibit complex Wnt-induced effects that increase T cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancing factor-dependent transcription in parallel with beta-catenin stabilization and nuclear factor binding to TCF response element DNA. Here we show that Wnt-dependent gene expression increases during the early phase of osteoblast differentiation in vitro, is enhanced by prostaglandin E(2) activation of transcription factor Runx2 (runt homology domain transcription factor 2), and is specifically suppressed in Runx2 antisense-depleted osteoblasts. Moreover, Wnt pathway induction increases expression of the Runx2-sensitive gene, TGF-beta type I receptor, without increasing nuclear Runx2 levels or Runx2 binding to DNA. Rather, despite an increase in beta-catenin levels, Wnt pathway induction enhances Runx2 transcriptional potential in a beta-catenin-independent way. Runx2 functionally associates with TCF-4 that lacks a beta-catenin-binding domain and is more fully activated in response to both prostaglandin E(2) and Wnt pathway induction. Wnt pathway induction increases TGF-beta type I receptor expression, yet regulates, both positively and negatively, TGF-beta signaling. Furthermore, TGF-beta signaling enhances TCF-4 and lymphoid enhancing factor-1 mRNA expression and increases TCF-4 transcriptional activity. Therefore, we propose that cross talk between the Wnt and TGF-beta pathways, which converge on Runx2, both promotes and attenuates individual aspects of osteoblast maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, MS 208041, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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14
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Stein GS, Stein JL, Van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Montecino M, Croce CM, Choi JY, Ali SA, Pande S, Hassan MQ, Zaidi SK, Young DW. Transcription factor-mediated epigenetic regulation of cell growth and phenotype for biological control and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:160-7. [PMID: 19896493 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School and Cancer Center, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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15
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Stoffers KL, Sorg BL, Seuter S, Rau O, Rådmark O, Steinhilber D. Calcitriol upregulates open chromatin and elongation markers at functional vitamin D response elements in the distal part of the 5-lipoxygenase gene. J Mol Biol 2009; 395:884-96. [PMID: 19837082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) gene expression is strongly upregulated during induction of myeloid cell differentiation by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) in a promoter-independent manner. In an activity-guided approach using reporter gene assays where the distal part of the 5-LO gene was included in the reporter gene plasmid, we localized vitamin D response elements (VDREs) within exon 10, exon 12, and intron M. We found that these newly identified VDRE sites are bound by vitamin D receptor both in vitro by gel-shift analysis and in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In reporter gene assays, the distal part of the 5-LO gene has promoter-like activity that is inducible by calcitriol in a vitamin D receptor-dependent manner. The vitamin D effects were attenuated when the VDREs in exon 10, exon 12, and intron M were deleted or mutated. When we analyzed the effects of calcitriol plus TGFbeta on chromatin modifications at exon 10, exon 12, and intron M of the 5-LO gene in Mono Mac 6 cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we found an increase in histone H4 K20 monomethylation and a prominent presence of histone H3 K36 trimethylation. Combined treatment with calcitriol and TGFbeta also increased histone H4 acetylation, a marker for open chromatin, and the elongation form of RNA polymerase II at these sites, whereas the transcription initiation marker histone H3 K4 trimethylation was almost undetectable. The data suggest that calcitriol induces chromatin opening and transcript elongation via VDREs located at the 3'-end of the 5-LO gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Stoffers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Stein GS, Zaidi SK, Stein JL, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Young DW, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi JY, Ali SA, Pande S, Hassan MQ. Transcription-factor-mediated epigenetic control of cell fate and lineage commitment. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:1-6. [PMID: 19234518 DOI: 10.1139/o08-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic control is required to maintain competency for the activation and suppression of genes during cell division. The association between regulatory proteins and target gene loci during mitosis is a parameter of the epigenetic control that sustains the transcriptional regulatory machinery that perpetuates gene-expression signatures in progeny cells. The mitotic retention of phenotypic regulatory factors with cell cycle, cell fate, and tissue-specific genes supports the coordinated control that governs the proliferation and differentiation of cell fate and lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655-0002, USA.
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17
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Stein GS, Zaidi SK, Stein JL, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Young DW, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi JY, Ali SA, Pande S, Hassan MQ. Organization, integration, and assembly of genetic and epigenetic regulatory machinery in nuclear microenvironments: implications for biological control in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:4-14. [PMID: 19250187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that the fidelity of gene expression necessitates coordination of transcription factor metabolism and organization of genes and regulatory proteins within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture. The regulatory machinery that governs genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression is compartmentalized in nuclear microenvironments. Temporal and spatial parameters of regulatory complex organization and assembly are functionally linked to biological control and are compromised with the onset and progression of tumorigenesis. High throughput imaging of cells, tissues, and tumors, including live cell analysis, is expanding research's capabilities toward translating components of nuclear organization into novel strategies for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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18
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Kim JY, Son YL, Lee YC. Involvement of SMRT corepressor in transcriptional repression by the vitamin D receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:251-64. [PMID: 19098224 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To repress the expression of target genes, the unliganded nuclear receptor generally recruits the silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT)/nuclear receptor corepressor via its direct association with the conserved motif within bipartite nuclear receptor-interaction domains (IDs) of the corepressor. Here, we investigated the involvement of the SMRT corepressor in transcriptional repression by the unliganded vitamin D receptor (VDR). Using small interference RNA against SMRT in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, we demonstrated that SMRT is involved in the repression of the VDR-target genes, osteocalcin and vitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase in vivo. Consistent with this, VDR and SMRT are recruited to the vitamin D response element of the endogenous osteocalcin promoter in the absence of 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. To address the involvement of the VDR-specific interaction of SMRT in this repression, we identified the molecular determinants of the interaction between VDR and SMRT. Interestingly, VDR specifically interacts with ID1 of the SMRT/nuclear receptor corepressor and that ID1 is required for their stable interaction. We also identified specific residues in the SMRT-ID1 that are required for VDR binding, using the one- plus two-hybrid system, a novel genetic selection method for specific missense mutations that disrupt protein-protein interactions. These mutational studies revealed that VDR interaction requires a wide range of the residues within and outside the extended helix motif of SMRT-ID1. Notably, SMRT mutants defective in the VDR interaction were also defective in the repression of endogenous VDR-target genes, indicating that the SMRT corepressor is directly involved in the VDR-mediated repression in vivo via an ID1-specific interaction with the VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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19
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Stein GS, Zaidi SK, Stein JL, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Young DW, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi JY, Ali SA, Pande S, Hassan MQ. Genetic and epigenetic regulation in nuclear microenvironments for biological control in cancer. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2016-26. [PMID: 18615590 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory machinery that governs genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression is compartmentalized in nuclear microenvironments. Temporal and spatial parameters of regulatory complex organization and assembly are functionally linked to biological control and are compromised with the onset and progression of tumorigenesis providing a novel platform for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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20
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Runx2 deficiency and defective subnuclear targeting bypass senescence to promote immortalization and tumorigenic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19861-6. [PMID: 18077419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709650104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteogenic Runt-related (Runx2) transcription factor negatively regulates proliferation and ribosomal gene expression in normal diploid osteoblasts, but is up-regulated in metastatic breast and prostate cancer cells. Thus, Runx2 may function as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene depending on the cellular context. Here we show that Runx2-deficient primary osteoblasts fail to undergo senescence as indicated by the absence of beta-gal activity and p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor expression. Primary Runx2-null osteoblasts have a growth advantage and exhibit loss of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p19(ARF) expression. Reintroduction of WT Runx2, but not a subnuclear targeting-defective mutant, induces both p21(WAF/CIP1) and p19(ARF) mRNA and protein resulting in cell-cycle inhibition. Accumulation of spontaneous phospho-H2A.X foci, loss of telomere integrity and the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 DNA repair complex, and a delayed DNA repair response all indicate that Runx2 deficiency leads to genomic instability. We propose that Runx2 functions as a tumor suppressor in primary diploid osteoblasts and that subnuclear targeting contributes to Runx2-mediated tumor suppression.
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21
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Li D, Sinha KK, Hay MA, Rinaldi CR, Saunthararajah Y, Nucifora G. RUNX1-RUNX1 Homodimerization Modulates RUNX1 Activity and Function. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13542-51. [PMID: 17355962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 (AML1, CBFalpha2, PEBP2alphaB) is a transcription factor essential for the establishment of the hematopoietic stem cell. It is generally thought that RUNX1 exists as a monomer that regulates hematopoietic differentiation by interacting with tissue-specific factors and its DNA consensus through its N terminus. RUNX1 is frequently altered in human leukemia by gene fusions or point mutations. In general, these alterations do not affect the N terminus of the protein, and it is unclear how they consistently lead to hematopoietic transformation and leukemia. Here we report that RUNX1 homodimerizes through a mechanism involving C terminus-C terminus interaction. This RUNX1-RUNX1 interaction regulates the activity of the protein in reporter gene assays and modulates its ability to induce hematopoietic differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines. The promoters of genes regulated by RUNX1 often contain multiple RUNX1 binding sites. This arrangement suggests that RUNX1 could homodimerize to bring and hold together distant chromatin sites and factors and that if the dimerization region is removed by gene fusions or is altered by point mutations, as observed in leukemia, the ability of RUNX1 to regulate differentiation could be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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22
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Barthel TK, Mathern DR, Whitfield GK, Haussler CA, Hopper HA, Hsieh JC, Slater SA, Hsieh G, Kaczmarska M, Jurutka PW, Kolek OI, Ghishan FK, Haussler MR. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3/VDR-mediated induction of FGF23 as well as transcriptional control of other bone anabolic and catabolic genes that orchestrate the regulation of phosphate and calcium mineral metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:381-8. [PMID: 17293108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) is known primarily as a regulator of calcium, but 1,25D also promotes phosphate absorption from intestine, reabsorption from kidney, and bone mineral resorption. FGF23 is a newly discovered phosphaturic hormone that, like PTH, lowers serum phosphate by inhibiting renal reabsorption via Npt2a. We show that 1,25D strongly upregulates FGF23 in bone. FGF23 then represses 1alpha-OHase activity in kidney, thus preventing spiraling induction of FGF23 by 1,25D. We also report that LRP5, Runx2, TRPV6, and Npt2c, all anabolic toward bone, and RANKL, which is catabolic, are transcriptionally regulated by 1,25D. This coordinated regulation together with that of FGF23 and PTH allows 1,25D to play a central role in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone metabolism. In the cases of LRP5, Runx2, TRPV6, and Npt2c we show that transcriptional regulation results at least in part from direct binding of VDR near the relevant gene promoter. Finally, because 1,25D induces FGF23, and FGF23 in turn represses 1,25D synthesis, a reciprocal relationship is established with FGF23 indirectly curtailing 1,25D-mediated intestinal absorption and counterbalancing renal reabsorption of phosphate. This newly revealed FGF23/1,25D/Pi axis is comparable in significance to phosphate and bone metabolism as the PTH/1,25D/Ca axis is to calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Barthel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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23
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Bae JS, Gutierrez S, Narla R, Pratap J, Devados R, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB, Javed A. Reconstitution of Runx2/Cbfa1-null cells identifies a requirement for BMP2 signaling through a Runx2 functional domain during osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:434-49. [PMID: 16927309 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Runx2/Cbfa1 transcription factor is a scaffolding protein that promotes osteoblast differentiation; however, the specific Runx2-functional domains required for induction of the osteogenic lineage remain to be identified. We approached this question using a TERT-immortalized cell line derived from calvaria of Runx2-null mice by reconstituting the osteogenic activity with wild-type and deletion mutants of Runx2. The presence or absence of osteogenic media (beta-glycerol phosphate and ascorbic acid) and/or with BMP2 did not stimulate osteoblastic gene expression in the Runx2-null cells. However, cells infected with wild-type Runx2 adenovirus showed a robust temporal increase in the expression of osteoblast marker genes and were competent to respond to BMP2. Early markers (i.e., collagen type-1, alkaline phosphatase) were induced (four- to eightfold) at Days 4 and 8 of culture. Genes representing mature osteoblasts (e.g., Runx2, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin) were temporally expressed and induced from 18- to 36-fold at Days 8 and 12. Interestingly, TGFbeta and Vitamin D-mediated transcription of osteoblast genes (except for osteopontin) required the presence of Runx2. Runx2 lacking the C-terminal 96 amino acids (Runx2 Delta432) showed a pattern of gene expression similar to wild-type protein, demonstrating the Groucho interaction and part of the activation domain are dispensable for Runx2 osteogenic activity. Upon further deletion of the Runx2 C-terminus containing the nuclear matrix targeting signal and Smad-interacting domain (Delta391), we find none of the osteoblast markers are expressed. Therefore, the Runx2 391-432 domain is essential for execution of the BMP2 osteogenic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sup Bae
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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24
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Carvallo L, Henríquez B, Paredes R, Olate J, Onate S, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein GS, Stein JL, Montecino M. 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-enhanced expression of the osteocalcin gene involves increased promoter occupancy of basal transcription regulators and gradual recruitment of the 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 receptor-SRC-1 coactivator complex. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:740-9. [PMID: 17786964 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Binding of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) to the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD) of its receptor (VDR) induces a conformational change that enables interaction of VDR with transcriptional coactivators such as members of the p160/SRC family or the DRIP (vitamin D receptor-interacting complex)/Mediator complex. These interactions are critical for VDR-mediated transcriptional enhancement of target genes. The p160/SRC members contain intrinsic histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activities that remodel chromatin at promoter regulatory regions, and the DRIP/Mediator complex may establish a molecular bridge between the VDR complex and the basal transcription machinery. Here, we have analyzed the rate of recruitment of these coactivators to the bone-specific osteocalcin (OC) gene in response to short and long exposures to 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. We report that in intact osteoblastic cells VDR, in association with SRC-1, rapidly binds to the OC promoter in response to the ligand. The recruitment of SRC-1 correlates with maximal transcriptional enhancement of the OC gene at 4 h and with increased histone acetylation at the OC promoter. In contrast to other 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-enhanced genes, binding of the DRIP205 subunit, which anchors the DRIP/Mediator complex to the VDR, is detected at the OC promoter only after several hours of incubation with 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3), concomitant with the release of SRC-1. Together, our results support a model where VDR preferentially recruits SRC-1 to enhance bone-specific OC gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Carvallo
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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25
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Villagra A, Cruzat F, Carvallo L, Paredes R, Olate J, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Imbalzano AN, Montecino M. Chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activity of the bone-specific osteocalcin gene require CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta-dependent recruitment of SWI/SNF activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22695-706. [PMID: 16772287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific activation of the osteocalcin (OC) gene is associated with changes in chromatin structure at the promoter region. Two nuclease-hypersensitive sites span the key regulatory elements that control basal tissue-specific and vitamin D3-enhanced OC gene transcription. To gain understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in chromatin remodeling of the OC gene, we have examined the requirement for SWI/SNF activity. We inducibly expressed an ATPase-defective BRG1 catalytic subunit that forms inactive SWI/SNF complexes that bind to the OC promoter. This interaction results in inhibition of both basal and vitamin D3-enhanced OC gene transcription and a marked decrease in nuclease hypersensitivity. We find that SWI/SNF is recruited to the OC promoter via the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, which together with Runx2 forms a stable complex to facilitate RNA polymerase II binding and activation of OC gene transcription. Together, our results indicate that the SWI/SNF complex is a key regulator of the chromatin-remodeling events that promote tissue-specific transcription in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Villagra
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, 4079100 Concepcion, Chile
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26
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Lian JB, Stein GS, Javed A, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Montecino M, Hassan MQ, Gaur T, Lengner CJ, Young DW. Networks and hubs for the transcriptional control of osteoblastogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2006; 7:1-16. [PMID: 17051438 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-006-9001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of the concepts of tissue-specific transcriptional control mechanisms essential for development of the bone cell phenotype. BMP2 induced transcription factors constitute a network of activities and molecular switches for bone development and osteoblast differentiation. Among these regulators are Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3), the principal osteogenic master gene for bone formation, as well as homeodomain proteins and osterix. Runx2 has multiple regulatory activities, including activation or repression of gene expression, and integration of biological signals from developmental cues, such as BMP/TGFbeta, Wnt and Src signaling pathways. Runx2 provides a new paradigm for transcriptional control by functioning as a principal scaffolding protein in nuclear microenvironments to control gene expression in response to physiologic signals (growth factors, cytokines and hormones). The protein serves as a hub for the coordination of activities essential for the expansion and differentiation of osteogenic lineage cells through the formation of co-regulatory protein complexes organized in subnuclear domains. Mechanisms by which Runx2 supports commitment to osteogenesis and determines cell fate involve its retention on mitotic chromosomes. Disruption of a unique protein module, the subnuclear targeting signal of Runx2, has profound effects on osteoblast differentiation and metastasis of cancer cells in the bone microenvironment. Runx2 target genes include regulators of cell growth control, components of the bone extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and signaling proteins for development of the osteoblast phenotype and bone turnover. The specificity of Runx2 regulatory activities provides a basis for novel therapeutic strategies to correct bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane B Lian
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Pratap J, Javed A, Languino LR, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. The Runx2 osteogenic transcription factor regulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 in bone metastatic cancer cells and controls cell invasion. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:8581-91. [PMID: 16166639 PMCID: PMC1265732 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.19.8581-8591.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3) transcription factor and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) are key regulators of growth plate maturation and bone formation. The genes for both proteins are characteristic markers of breast and prostate cancer cells that metastasize to bone. Here we experimentally addressed the compelling question of whether Runx2 and MMP are functionally linked. By cDNA expression array analysis, we identified MMP9 as a novel downstream target of Runx2. Like that of MMP13, MMP9 expression is nearly depleted in Runx2 mutant mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed the recruitment of Runx2 to the MMP9 promoter. We show by mutational analysis that the Runx2 site mediates transactivation of the MMP9 promoter in osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and nonosseous (HeLa) cells. The overexpression of Runx2 by adenovirus delivery in nonmetastatic (MCF-7) and metastatic breast (MDA-MB-231) and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines significantly increases the endogenous levels of MMP9. The knockdown of Runx2 by RNA interference decreases MMP9 expression, as well as that of other Runx2 target genes, including the genes for MMP13 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Importantly, we have demonstrated using a cell invasion assay that Runx2-regulated MMP9 levels are functionally related to the invasion properties of cancer cells. These results are consistent with Runx2 control of multiple genes that contribute to the metastatic properties of cancer cells and their activity in the bone microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/physiology
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Pratap
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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28
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Jurutka PW, Thompson PD, Whitfield GK, Eichhorst KR, Hall N, Dominguez CE, Hsieh JC, Haussler CA, Haussler MR. Molecular and functional comparison of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and the novel vitamin D receptor ligand, lithocholic acid, in activating transcription of cytochrome P450 3A4. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:917-43. [PMID: 15578590 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds to and mediates the effects of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) hormone to alter gene transcription. A newly recognized VDR ligand is the carcinogenic bile acid, lithocholic acid (LCA). We demonstrate that, in HT-29 colon cancer cells, both LCA and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induce expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), an enzyme involved in cellular detoxification. We also show that LCA-VDR stimulates transcription of gene reporter constructs containing DR3 and ER6 vitamin D responsive elements (VDREs) from the human CYP3A4 gene. Utilizing gel mobility shift, pulldown, and mammalian two-hybrid assays, we observe that: (i) 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) enhances retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimerization with VDR more effectively than LCA, (ii) the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-liganded VDR-RXR heterodimer recruits full-length SRC-1 coactivator, whereas this interaction is minimal with LCA unless LXXLL-containing fragments of SRC-1 are employed, and (iii) both 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and LCA enhance the binding of VDR to DRIP205/mediator, but unlike 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-VDR, LCA-VDR does not interact detectably with NCoA-62 or TRIP1/SUG1, suggesting a different pattern of LCA-VDR comodulator association. Finally, residues in the human VDR (hVDR) ligand binding domain (LBD) were altered to create mutants unresponsive to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)- and/or LCA-stimulated transactivation, identifying S237 and S225/S278 as critical for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and LCA action, respectively. Therefore, these two VDR ligands contact distinct residues in the binding pocket, perhaps generating unique receptor conformations that determine the degree of RXR and comodulator binding. We propose that VDR is a bifunctional regulator, with the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-liganded conformation facilitating high affinity endocrine actions, and the LCA-liganded configuration mediating local, lower affinity cellular detoxification by upregulation of CYP3A4 in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Jurutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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29
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Swales K, Kakizaki S, Yamamoto Y, Inoue K, Kobayashi K, Negishi M. Novel CAR-mediated mechanism for synergistic activation of two distinct elements within the human cytochrome P450 2B6 gene in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:3458-66. [PMID: 15563456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411318200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive active receptor (CAR) regulates the induction of the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene by phenobarbital-type inducers, such as 1,4 bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) via the distal phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module (PBREM, at -1732/-1685 bp). Activation of the PBREM by TCPOBOP generated a 10-fold induction of CYP2B6 mRNA in HepG2 cells stably expressing mouse CAR (Ym17). Co-treatment with the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA) synergistically increased this induction over 100-fold without directly activating CAR or the PBREM. Although OA synergy required the presence of PBREM, deletion assays delineated the OA-responsive activity to a proximal 24-bp (-256/-233) sequence (OARE) in the CYP2B6 promoter. CAR did not directly bind to the OARE in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. However, both DNA affinity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed a significant increase in CAR association with the OARE after co-treatment with TCPOBOP and OA, indicating the indirect binding of CAR to the OARE. The two cis-acting elements, the distal PBREM and the proximal OARE, within the chromatin structure are both regulated by CAR in response to TCPOBOP and OA, respectively, to maximally induce the CYP2B6 promoter. This functional interaction between the two sites expands the current understanding of the mechanism of CAR-mediated inducible transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Swales
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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