1
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Wang J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Fan X, Yang H, Liu Y, Ma T. Function and inhibition of P38 MAP kinase signaling: Targeting multiple inflammation diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115973. [PMID: 38103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural host defense mechanism that protects the body from pathogenic microorganisms. A growing body of research suggests that inflammation is a key factor in triggering other diseases (lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.). However, there is no consensus on the complex mechanism of inflammatory response, which may include enzyme activation, mediator release, and tissue repair. In recent years, p38 MAPK, a member of the MAPKs family, has attracted much attention as a central target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, many p38 MAPK inhibitors attempting to obtain marketing approval have failed at the clinical trial stage due to selectivity and/or toxicity issues. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of p38 MAPK in regulating inflammatory response and its key role in major inflammatory diseases and summarize the synthetic or natural products targeting p38 MAPK to improve the inflammatory response in the last five years, which will provide ideas for the development of novel clinical anti-inflammatory drugs based on p38 MAPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yushi Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cen Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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2
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Koyama Y, Kojima K, Abe M, Okumura Y. Cholesterol Crystal Embolism in a Patient with Spontaneous Ruptured Aortic Plaques Identified by Non-Obstructive General Angioscopy. Int Heart J 2024; 65:586-590. [PMID: 38825500 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.23-559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystal (CC) embolism is a disease in which CCs from atherosclerotic lesions embolize peripheral arteries, causing organ dysfunction. In this case, a patient with spontaneously ruptured aortic plaques (SRAPs) identified by non-obstructive general angioscopy (NOGA) may have developed a CC embolism. This is the first report of a CC embolism in a patient with SRAPs identified using NOGA, which further supports the previously speculated pathogenesis of CC embolism due to SRAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koyama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Keisuke Kojima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Yasuo Okumura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
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3
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Day EA, Townsend LK, Rehal S, Batchuluun B, Wang D, Morrow MR, Lu R, Lundenberg L, Lu JH, Desjardins EM, Smith TK, Raphenya AR, McArthur AG, Fullerton MD, Steinberg GR. Macrophage AMPK β1 activation by PF-06409577 reduces the inflammatory response, cholesterol synthesis, and atherosclerosis in mice. iScience 2023; 26:108269. [PMID: 38026185 PMCID: PMC10654588 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is characterized by both chronic low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits cholesterol synthesis and dampens inflammation but whether pharmacological activation reduces atherosclerosis is equivocal. In the current study, we found that the orally bioavailable and highly selective activator of AMPKβ1 complexes, PF-06409577, reduced atherosclerosis in two mouse models in a myeloid-derived AMPKβ1 dependent manner, suggesting a critical role for macrophages. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), PF-06409577 dose dependently activated AMPK as indicated by increased phosphorylation of downstream substrates ULK1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which are important for autophagy and fatty acid oxidation/de novo lipogenesis, respectively. Treatment of BMDMs with PF-06409577 suppressed fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and transcripts related to the inflammatory response while increasing transcripts important for autophagy through AMPKβ1. These data indicate that pharmacologically targeting macrophage AMPKβ1 may be a promising strategy for reducing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Marisa R. Morrow
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Lu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Lucie Lundenberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Jessie H. Lu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Eric M. Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler K.T. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amogelang R. Raphenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McArthur
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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4
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Mahmoudi A, Heydari S, Markina YV, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Role of statins in regulating molecular pathways following traumatic brain injury: A system pharmacology study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113304. [PMID: 35724514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious disorder with debilitating physical and psychological complications. Previous studies have indicated that genetic factors have a critical role in modulating the secondary phase of injury in TBI. Statins have interesting pleiotropic properties such as antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects, which make them a suitable class of drugs for repurposing in TBI. In this study, we aimed to explore how statins modulate proteins and pathways involved in TBI using system pharmacology. We first explored the target associations with statins in two databases to discover critical clustering groups, candidate hub and critical hub genes in the network of TBI, and the possible connections of statins with TBI-related genes. Our results showed 1763 genes associated with TBI. Subsequently, the analysis of centralities in the PPI network displayed 55 candidate hub genes and 15 hub genes. Besides, MCODE analysis based on threshold score:10 determined four modular clusters. Intersection analysis of genes related to TBI and statins demonstrated 204 shared proteins, which suggested that statins influence 31 candidate hub and 9 hub genes. Moreover, statins had the highest interaction with MCODE1. The biological processes of the 31 shared proteins are related to gene expression, inflammation, antioxidant activity, and cell proliferation. Biological enriched pathways showed Programmed Cell Death proteins, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway as top clusters. In conclusion, statins could target several critical post-TBI genes mainly involved in inflammation and apoptosis, supporting the previous research results as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sahar Heydari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yuliya V Markina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418, Moscow, the Russian Federation
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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5
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Wessendarp M, Watanabe-Chailland M, Liu S, Stankiewicz T, Ma Y, Kasam RK, Shima K, Chalk C, Carey B, Rosendale LR, Dominique Filippi M, Arumugam P. Role of GM-CSF in regulating metabolism and mitochondrial functions critical to macrophage proliferation. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:85-101. [PMID: 34740864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) exerts pleiotropic effects on macrophages and is required for self-renewal but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Using mouse models with disrupted GM-CSF signaling, we show GM-CSF is critical for mitochondrial turnover, functions, and integrity. GM-CSF signaling is essential for fatty acid β-oxidation and markedly increased tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production. GM-CSF also regulated cytosolic pathways including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and amino acid synthesis. We conclude that GM-CSF regulates macrophages in part through a critical role in maintaining mitochondria, which are necessary for cellular metabolism as well as proliferation and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wessendarp
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, OH, USA
| | | | - Serena Liu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yan Ma
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, OH, USA
| | | | - Kenjiro Shima
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, OH, USA
| | - Claudia Chalk
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, OH, USA
| | - Brenna Carey
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Paritha Arumugam
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, CCHMC, OH, USA.
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6
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Song S, Xia H, Guo M, Wang S, Zhang S, Ma P, Jin Y. Role of macrophage in nanomedicine-based disease treatment. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:752-766. [PMID: 33860719 PMCID: PMC8079019 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1909175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a major component of the immunoresponse. Diversity and plasticity are two of the hallmarks of macrophages, which allow them to act as proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and homeostatic agents. Research has found that cancer and many inflammatory or autoimmune disorders are correlated with activation and tissue infiltration of macrophages. Recent developments in macrophage nanomedicine-based disease treatment are proving to be timely owing to the increasing inadequacy of traditional treatment. Here, we review the role of macrophages in nanomedicine-based disease treatment. First, we present a brief background on macrophages and nanomedicine. Then, we delve into applications of macrophages as a target for disease treatment and delivery systems and summarize the applications of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles. Finally, we provide an outlook on the clinical utility of macrophages in nanomedicine-based disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sufei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Prilepskii AY, Serov NS, Kladko DV, Vinogradov VV. Nanoparticle-Based Approaches towards the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1056. [PMID: 33167402 PMCID: PMC7694323 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, being an inflammation-associated disease, represents a considerable healthcare problem. Its origin remains poorly understood, and at the same time, it is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide due to myocardial infarctions and strokes. Unfortunately, drugs are unable to effectively prevent plaque formation. Systemic administration of pharmaceuticals for the inhibition of plaque destabilization bears the risk of adverse effects. At present, nanoscience and, in particular, nanomedicine has made significant progress in both imaging and treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on recent advances in this area, discussing subjects such as nanocarriers-based drug targeting principles, approaches towards the treatment of atherosclerosis, utilization of theranostic agents, and future prospects of nanoformulated therapeutics against atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. The focus is placed on articles published since 2015 with additional attention to research completed in 2019-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir V. Vinogradov
- International Institute “Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies”, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.P.); (N.S.S.); (D.V.K.)
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8
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Popović J, Wellstein I, Pernis A, Jessberger R, Ocaña-Morgner C. Control of GM-CSF-Dependent Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Maturation by DEF6 and SWAP-70. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1306-1317. [PMID: 32709659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although GM-CSF has been widely used in dendritic cell (DC) research, the mechanisms, factors, and signals regulating steady-state differentiation and maturation of GM-CSF-dependent DCs are insufficiently known. We found that the absence, individually or combined, of the related proteins DEF6 and SWAP-70 strongly enhances differentiation of murine GM-CSF-derived DCs. Contrasting SWAP-70, control through DEF6 does not depend on RHOA activation. DEF6 deficiency leads to expression of the DC-specific transcription factor ZBTB46 and prolonged STAT5 activation in GM-CSF cultures. SWAP-70 and DEF6-mediated restriction of DC differentiation converges mechanistically at the NF-κB pathway. DEF6 acts at early stages of DC differentiation in CD115-cKIT+ myeloid DC progenitors, whereas SWAP-70 acts subsequently. SWAP-70 and DEF6 regulate steady-state DC cytokine expression as well as in vivo accumulation in lymphatic tissue of migratory DCs. Our studies thus elucidate previously unknown roles of two closely related factors with distinct and complementary activities in DC differentiation and steady-state DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popović
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Unversität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Inga Wellstein
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Unversität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Alessandra Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Unversität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Carlos Ocaña-Morgner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Unversität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; and
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9
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Lohrmann F, Forde AJ, Merck P, Henneke P. Control of myeloid cell density in barrier tissues. FEBS J 2020; 288:405-426. [PMID: 32502309 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the mammalian host and its environment is formed by barrier tissues, for example, of the skin, and the respiratory and the intestinal tracts. On the one hand, barrier tissues are colonized by site-adapted microbial communities, and on the other hand, they contain specific myeloid cell networks comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These immune cells are tightly regulated in function and cell number, indicating important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune balance in the presence of commensal microorganisms. The regulation of myeloid cell density and activation involves cell-autonomous 'single-loop circuits' including autocrine mechanisms. However, an array of microenvironmental factors originating from nonimmune cells and the microbiota, as well as the microanatomical structure, impose additional layers of regulation onto resident myeloid cells. This review discusses models integrating these factors into cell-specific programs to instruct differentiation and proliferation best suited for the maintenance and renewal of immune homeostasis in the tissue-specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florens Lohrmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron J Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, university of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Merck
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Hurwitz LM, Kulac I, Gumuskaya B, Valle JABD, Benedetti I, Pan F, Liu JO, Marrone MT, Arnold KB, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Drake CG, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG, De Marzo AM, Platz EA. Use of Aspirin and Statins in Relation to Inflammation in Benign Prostate Tissue in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:853-862. [PMID: 32581009 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin and statin use may lower the risk of advanced/fatal prostate cancer, possibly by reducing intraprostatic inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the association of aspirin and statin use with the presence and extent of intraprostatic inflammation, and the abundance of specific immune cell types, in benign prostate tissue from a subset of men from the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Men were classified as aspirin or statin users if they reported use at baseline or during the 7-year trial. Presence and extent of inflammation were assessed, and markers of specific immune cell types (CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD68, and c-KIT) were scored, in slides from end-of-study prostate biopsies taken irrespective of clinical indication, per trial protocol. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between medication use and inflammation measures, adjusted for potential confounders. Of 357 men included, 61% reported aspirin use and 32% reported statin use. Prevalence and extent of inflammation were not associated with medication use. However, aspirin users were more likely to have low FoxP3, a T regulatory cell marker [OR, 5.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-27.07], and statin users were more likely to have low CD68, a macrophage marker (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.81-3.27). If confirmed, these results suggest that these medications may alter the immune milieu of the prostate, which could potentially mediate effects of these medications on advanced/fatal prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hurwitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ibrahim Kulac
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Gumuskaya
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ines Benedetti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Fan Pan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael T Marrone
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn B Arnold
- SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - M Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ian M Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Hospital Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Charles G Drake
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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El Menshawe SF, Nafady MM, Aboud HM, Kharshoum RM, Elkelawy AMMH, Hamad DS. Transdermal delivery of fluvastatin sodium via tailored spanlastic nanovesicles: mitigated Freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats through suppressing p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:1140-1154. [PMID: 31736366 PMCID: PMC6882467 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1686087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to encapsulate fluvastatin sodium (FVS), a member of the statins family possessing pleiotropic effects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), into spanlastic nanovesicles (SNVs) for transdermal delivery. This novel delivery could surmount FVS associated oral encumbrances such as apparent first-pass effect, poor bioavailability and short elimination half-life, hence, accomplishing platform for management of RA. To consummate this objective, FVS-loaded SNVs were elaborated by thin film hydration method, utilizing either Span 60 or Span 80, together with Tween 80 or Brij 35 as an edge activator according to full factorial design (24). Applying Design-Expert® software, the influence of formulation variables on SNVs physicochemical properties and the optimized formulation selection were explored. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic studies were scrutinized in rats. Furthermore, in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis, rheumatoid markers, TNF-α, IL-10, p38 MAPK, and antioxidant parameters were measured. The optimum SNVs were nano-scaled spherical vesicles (201.54 ± 9.16 nm), having reasonable entrapment efficiency (71.28 ± 2.05%), appropriate release over 8 h (89.45 ± 3.64%) and adequate permeation characteristics across the skin (402.55 ± 27.48 µg/cm2). The pharmacokinetic study disclosed ameliorated bioavailability of the optimum SNVs gel by 2.79- and 4.59-fold as compared to the oral solution as well as the traditional gel, respectively. Moreover, it elicited a significant suppression of p38 MAPK expression and also significant improvement of all other measured biomarkers. Concisely, the foregoing findings proposed that SNVs can be auspicious for augmenting FVS transdermal delivery for management of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahira F El Menshawe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Nafady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba M Aboud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Kharshoum
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa S Hamad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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12
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Guo J, Zhan X, Xu G, Mao C, Wei R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that IL-1R8/Sigirr is a novel macrophage migration regulator and suppresses macrophage proliferation through p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109846. [PMID: 31978769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1R8, also known as the Single immunoglobin interleukin-1 (IL-1)-related receptor (Sigirr), has been demonstrated as a negative regulator of IL-1R and Toll-like receptor (TLR) downstream signaling pathways and inflammation. However, the role of IL-1R8 in macrophage migration and proliferation remains unknown. Here we investigated transcriptome profiles of WT and Il1r8-deficient splenocytes and found that innate immunity and cell migration related pathways were significantly correlated with IL-1R8 expression. Cell migration-related genes were downregulated in Il1r8-/- splenocytes or IL-1R8-depleted RAW264.7 cells. Further experiments revealed that IL-1R8-depleted RAW264.7 cells or Il1r8-/- BMDMs exhibited impaired cell migration. Moreover, we found that IL-1R8 suppresses macrophage proliferation through p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, our study suggests that IL-1R8 is a new positive regulator for macrophage migration and suppresses macrophage proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019-5300, USA
| | - Xiangwen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing 100021, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Guiying Xu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019-5300, USA.
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Beijing 100021, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing 100021, China.
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13
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Röszer T. Understanding the Biology of Self-Renewing Macrophages. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080103. [PMID: 30096862 PMCID: PMC6115929 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages reside in specific territories in organs, where they contribute to the development, homeostasis, and repair of tissues. Recent work has shown that the size of tissue macrophage populations has an impact on tissue functions and is determined by the balance between replenishment and elimination. Macrophage replenishment is mainly due to self-renewal of macrophages, with a secondary contribution from blood monocytes. Self-renewal is a recently discovered trait of macrophages, which can have a major impact on their physiological functions and hence on the wellbeing of the organism. In this review, I discuss our current understanding of the developmental origin of self-renewing macrophages and the mechanisms used to maintain a physiologically stable macrophage pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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14
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Lai HY, Hsu LW, Tsai HH, Lo YC, Yang SH, Liu PY, Wang JM. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta promotes intracellular lipid accumulation in M1 macrophages of vascular lesions. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1376-1388. [PMID: 28859294 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Lipid homeostasis is reprogrammed in the presence of inflammation, which results in excessive lipid accumulation in macrophages, and leads to the formation of lipid-laden foam cells. We aimed to link an inflammation-responsive transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) with polarized macrophages and dissect its contribution to lipid accumulation. Methods and results We found that CEBPD protein colocalized with macrophages in human and mouse (C57BL/6, Apoe-/-) atherosclerotic plaques and that Cebpd deficiency in bone marrow cells suppressed atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic Apoe-/- mice. CEBPD was responsive to modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) via the p38MAPK/CREB pathway, and it promoted lipid accumulation in M1 macrophages but not in M2 macrophages. CEBPD up-regulated pentraxin 3 (PTX3), which promoted the macropinocytosis of LDL, and down-regulated ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), which impaired the intracellular cholesterol efflux in M1 macrophages. We further found that simvastatin (a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) could target CEBPD to block lipid accumulation in a manner not directly related to its cholesterol-lowering effect in M1 macrophages. Conclusion This study underscores how CEBPD functions at the junction of inflammation and lipid accumulation in M1 macrophages. Therefore, CEBPD-mediated lipid accumulation in M1 macrophages could represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yue Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Wei Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd., Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd., Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd., Tainan 70101, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Guo J, Qiu X, Zhang L, Wei R. Smurf1 regulates macrophage proliferation, apoptosis and migration via JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Mol Immunol 2018; 97:20-26. [PMID: 29550577 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) has been identified to play a critical role in bone homeostasis, development, cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. However, the role of Smurf1 in macrophage proliferation, apoptosis and migration is still unclear. Here, we show that Smurf1 expression was elevated in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). And we found that knockdown of Smurf1 suppresses macrophage proliferation but promotes apoptosis and migration. Furthermore, JNK and p38 MAPK signaling were upregulated in Smurf1-depleted cells. And inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling in Smurf1 knockdown cells rescue the phenotypes of macrophage proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Therefore, our study suggests that Smurf1 is a new positive regulator for macrophage proliferation and apoptosis, but a negative regulator for macrophage migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China; Department of Inorganic Non-metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese PLA 307 Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China; Biological Sample Bank, Chinese PLA 307 Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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16
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Yamada S, Senokuchi T, Matsumura T, Morita Y, Ishii N, Fukuda K, Murakami-Nishida S, Nishida S, Kawasaki S, Motoshima H, Furukawa N, Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Koga T, Yamagata K, Takeya M, Araki E. Inhibition of Local Macrophage Growth Ameliorates Focal Inflammation and Suppresses Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:994-1006. [PMID: 29496659 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophages play a central role in various stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. The local macrophages reportedly proliferate during atherosclerosis, but the pathophysiological significance of macrophage proliferation in this context remains unclear. Here, we investigated the involvement of local macrophage proliferation during atherosclerosis formation and progression using transgenic mice, in which macrophage proliferation was specifically suppressed. APPROACH AND RESULTS Inhibition of macrophage proliferation was achieved by inducing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, also known as p27kip, under the regulation of a scavenger receptor promoter/enhancer. The macrophage-specific human p27kip Tg mice were subsequently crossed with apolipoprotein E-deficient mice for the atherosclerotic plaque study. Results showed that a reduced number of local macrophages resulted in marked suppression of atherosclerotic plaque formation and inflammatory response in the plaque. Moreover, fewer local macrophages in macrophage-specific human p27kip Tg mice helped stabilize the plaque, as evidenced by a reduced necrotic core area, increased collagenous extracellular matrix, and thickened fibrous cap. CONCLUSIONS These results provide direct evidence of the involvement of local macrophage proliferation in formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques and plaque stability. Thus, control of macrophage proliferation might represent a therapeutic target for treating atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarie Yamada
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Takafumi Senokuchi
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Yutaro Morita
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Norio Ishii
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Kazuki Fukuda
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Saiko Murakami-Nishida
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Shuhei Nishida
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Shuji Kawasaki
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | - Noboru Furukawa
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
| | | | | | - Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Medical Cell Biology (T.K.), Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | | | - Eiichi Araki
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine (S.Y., T.S., T.M., Y.M., N.I., K.F., S.M.-N., S.N., S.K., H.M., N.F., E.A.)
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17
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Szpak D, Izem L, Verbovetskiy D, Soloviev DA, Yakubenko VP, Pluskota E. α Mβ 2 Is Antiatherogenic in Female but Not Male Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2426-2438. [PMID: 29459405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process characterized by monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall, their differentiation into macrophages, and lipid accumulation. Because integrin αMβ2 (CD11b/CD18) mediates multiple diverse functions of leukocytes, we examined its role in atherogenesis. αM-/-/ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice were fed a control or high fat diet for 3 or 16 wk to induce atherogenesis. Unexpectedly, αM deficiency accelerated development of atherosclerosis in female but not in male mice. The size of aortic root lesions was 3-4.5-fold larger in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/- mice. Monocyte and macrophage content within the lesions was increased 2.5-fold in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice due to enhanced proliferation. αMβ2 elimination promoted gender-dependent foam cell formation due to enhanced uptake of cholesterol by αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages. This difference was attributed to enhanced expression of lipid uptake receptors, CD36 and scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), in female mice. Macrophages from female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed dramatically reduced expression of FoxM1 transcription factor and estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. As their antagonists inhibited the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2), E2 decreased CD36, SR-A1, and foam cell formation in ApoE-/- macrophages in an ERα- and ERβ-dependent manner. However, female αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages failed to respond to E2 and maintained elevated CD36, SR-A1, and lipid accumulation. FoxM1 inhibition in ApoE-/- macrophages reduced ERs and enhanced CD36 and SR-A1 expression, whereas FoxM1 overexpression in αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages reversed their proatherogenic phenotype. We demonstrate a new, surprising atheroprotective role of αMβ2 in female ApoE-/- mice. αMβ2 maintains ER expression in macrophages and E2-dependent inhibition of foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szpak
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | | | - Dmitry A Soloviev
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Valentin P Yakubenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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18
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Azad TD, Donato M, Heylen L, Liu AB, Shen-Orr SS, Sweeney TE, Maltzman JS, Naesens M, Khatri P. Inflammatory macrophage-associated 3-gene signature predicts subclinical allograft injury and graft survival. JCI Insight 2018; 3:95659. [PMID: 29367465 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Late allograft failure is characterized by cumulative subclinical insults manifesting over many years. Although immunomodulatory therapies targeting host T cells have improved short-term survival rates, rates of chronic allograft loss remain high. We hypothesized that other immune cell types may drive subclinical injury, ultimately leading to graft failure. We collected whole-genome transcriptome profiles from 15 independent cohorts composed of 1,697 biopsy samples to assess the association of an inflammatory macrophage polarization-specific gene signature with subclinical injury. We applied penalized regression to a subset of the data sets and identified a 3-gene inflammatory macrophage-derived signature. We validated discriminatory power of the 3-gene signature in 3 independent renal transplant data sets with mean AUC of 0.91. In a longitudinal cohort, the 3-gene signature strongly correlated with extent of injury and accurately predicted progression of subclinical injury 18 months before clinical manifestation. The 3-gene signature also stratified patients at high risk of graft failure as soon as 15 days after biopsy. We found that the 3-gene signature also distinguished acute rejection (AR) accurately in 3 heart transplant data sets but not in lung transplant. Overall, we identified a parsimonious signature capable of diagnosing AR, recognizing subclinical injury, and risk-stratifying renal transplant patients. Our results strongly suggest that inflammatory macrophages may be a viable therapeutic target to improve long-term outcomes for organ transplantation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej D Azad
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection and.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection and.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Line Heylen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew B Liu
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection and.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shai S Shen-Orr
- Department of Immunology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Timothy E Sweeney
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection and.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Scott Maltzman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection and.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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19
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Tabas I, Lichtman AH. Monocyte-Macrophages and T Cells in Atherosclerosis. Immunity 2017; 47:621-634. [PMID: 29045897 PMCID: PMC5747297 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial disease process characterized by the focal subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins, immune and vascular wall cells, and extracellular matrix. The lipoproteins acquire features of damage-associated molecular patterns and trigger first an innate immune response, dominated by monocyte-macrophages, and then an adaptive immune response. These inflammatory responses often become chronic and non-resolving and can lead to arterial damage and thrombosis-induced organ infarction. The innate immune response is regulated at various stages, from hematopoiesis to monocyte changes and macrophage activation. The adaptive immune response is regulated primarily by mechanisms that affect the balance between regulatory and effector T cells. Mechanisms related to cellular cholesterol, phenotypic plasticity, metabolism, and aging play key roles in affecting these responses. Herein, we review select topics that shed light on these processes and suggest new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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El-Mohandes EM, Moustafa AM, Khalaf HA, Hassan YF. The role of mast cells and macrophages in amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis and the possible attenuating role of atorvastatin. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:467-480. [PMID: 28836856 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1350750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone (AM) is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug. We investigated the role of mast cells and macrophages on AM induced pulmonary fibrosis and the action of atorvastatin on this fibrosis. Rats were allocated into four groups; negative control (1), positive control (2), 30 mg/kg body weight/day AM (3) and AM + 10 mg/kg/day atorvastatin (4). Lungs were harvested and prepared for histology and immunohistochemistry. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of group 3 exhibited disorganized lung architecture. We found cellular debris in the lumen of both intrapulmonary bronchi and bronchioles with partial disruption of the thickened epithelial lining and mononuclear cellular infiltration into the lamina propria. We also observed thickening of the epithelial lining and the smooth muscle layer. Congested, dilated and thickened blood capillaries and thickened inter-alveolar septa were observed with mononuclear cellular infiltrates in the lung of group 3. Most alveoli were collapsed, but some dilated ones were detected. In some alveoli, type ІІ pneumocytes were increased, while type I cells were decreased. We observed significant increases in the amount of collagen in the thickened inter-alveolar septa, around bronchioles and around blood capillaries in sections from group 3. We found a significant increase in mast cells and alveolar macrophages in group 3 compared to group 1. Mast cells and macrophages appear to play important roles in AM induced pulmonary fibrosis. Atorvastatin appears to attenuate this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M El-Mohandes
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - A M Moustafa
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - H A Khalaf
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - Y F Hassan
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
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21
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Minami Y, Hoyt T, Phipps JE, Milner TE, Xing L, Lee H, Yu B, Feldman MD, Jang IK. Lipid-lowering therapy stabilizes the complexity of non-culprit plaques in human coronary artery: a quantitative assessment using OCT bright spot algorithm. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 33:453-461. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-016-1037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Nguyen B, Reeves B, Angelini G, Haskard D, Evans P. Reply. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102:1765-1766. [PMID: 27772582 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby Reeves
- Bristol Heart Institute and Clinical Trials & Evaluation Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute and Clinical Trials & Evaluation Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorian Haskard
- Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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Hu M, Fan M, Zhen J, Lin J, Wang Q, Lv Z, Wang R. FAK contributes to proteinuria in hypercholesterolaemic rats and modulates podocyte F-actin re-organization via activating p38 in response to ox-LDL. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:552-567. [PMID: 27704688 PMCID: PMC5323874 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that regulates cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, a rat model of high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia was established to investigate the involvement of FAK in lipid disorder-related kidney diseases. We showed focal fusion of podocyte foot process that occurred at as early as 4 weeks in rats consuming high fat diet, preceding the onset of proteinuria when aberrant phosphorylation of FAK was found. These abnormalities were ameliorated by dietary intervention of TAE226, a reported inhibitor of FAK. FAK is also an adaptor protein initiating cascades of intracellular signals including c-Src, Rho GTPase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). P38 MAPK belongs to the latter and is centrally involved in kidney diseases. Our cell culture data revealed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) triggered hyper-phosphorylation of FAK and p38, ectopic expression of cellular markers (manifested as decreased WT1, podocin and NEPH1, and increased vimentin and mmp9), and re-arrangement of F-actin filaments with enhanced cell motility; these mutations were significantly rectified by FAK shRNA. Notably, pre-treatment of p38 inhibitor did not alter FAK activation, albeit its deletion of p38 hyper-activity and attenuation of cellular abnormalities, demonstrating that p38 acted as a downstream effector of FAK signalling and ox-LDL damaged podocytes in a FAK/p38-dependent manner. This was further identified by animal data that p38 activation was also abrogated by TAE226 treatment in hypercholesterolaemic rats, suggesting that FAK/p38 axis might also be involved in in vivo events. These findings provided a potential early mechanism of hypercholesterolaemia-related podocyte damage and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minghua Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Yao Y, Tan YH, Light AR, Mao J, Yu ACH, Fu KY. Alendronate Attenuates Spinal Microglial Activation and Neuropathic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:889-903. [PMID: 27063783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many derivatives of bisphosphonates, which are inhibitors of bone resorption, have been developed as promising agents for painful pathologies in patients with bone resorption-related diseases. The mechanism for pain relief by bisphosphonates remains uncertain. Studies have reported that bisphosphonates could reduce central neurochemical changes involved in the generation and maintenance of bone cancer pain. In this study, we hypothesized that bisphosphonates would inhibit spinal microglial activation and prevent the development of hyperalgesia caused by peripheral tissue injury. We investigated the effects of alendronate (a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate) on the development of neuropathic pain and its role in modulating microglial activation in vivo and in vitro. Intrathecal and intraperitoneal administration of alendronate relieved neuropathic pain behaviors induced by chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury. Alendronate also significantly attenuated spinal microglial activation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation without affecting astrocytes. In vitro, alendronate downregulated phosphorylated p38 and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary microglia within 1 hour, and pretreatment with alendronate for 12 and 24 hours decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukins 1β and 6). These findings indicate that alendronate could effectively relieve chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain by at least partially inhibiting the activation of spinal microglia and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. PERSPECTIVE Alendronate could relieve neuropathic pain behaviors in animals by inhibiting the activation of spinal cord microglia and the p38 MAPK cell signaling pathway. Therapeutic applications of alendronate may be extended beyond bone metabolism-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hui Tan
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Alan R Light
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jianren Mao
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert Cheung Hoi Yu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yuan Fu
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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MafB antagonizes phenotypic alteration induced by GM-CSF in microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nature and nurture in atherosclerosis: The roles of acylcarnitine and cell membrane-fatty acid intermediates. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 78:17-23. [PMID: 26133667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages recycle components of dead cells, including cell membranes. When quantities of lipids from cell membranes of dead cells exceed processing capacity, phospholipid and cholesterol debris accumulate as atheromas. Plasma lipid profiles, particularly HDL and LDL cholesterol, are important tools to monitor atherosclerosis risk. Membrane lipids are exported, as triglycerides or phospholipids, or as cholesterol or cholesterol esters, via lipoproteins for disposal, for re-use in cell membranes, or for fat storage. Alternative assays evaluate other aspects of lipid pathology. A key process underlying atherosclerosis is backup of macrophage fatty acid catabolism. This can be quantified by accumulation of acylcarnitine intermediates in extracellular fluid, a direct assay of adequacy of β-oxidation to deal with membrane fatty acid recycling. Further, membranes of somatic cells, such as red blood cells (RBC), incorporate fatty acids that reflect dietary intake. Changes in RBC lipid composition occur within days of ingesting modified fats. Since diets with high saturated fat content or artificial trans-fatty acids promote atherosclerosis, RBC lipid content shifts occur with atherosclerosis, and can show cellular adaptation to pathologically stiff membranes by increased long-chain doubly unsaturated fatty acid production. Additional metabolic changes with atherosclerosis of potential utility include inflammatory cytokine production, modified macrophage signaling pathways, and altered lipid-handling enzymes. Even after atherosclerotic lesions appear, approaches to minimize macrophage overload by reducing rate of fat metabolism are promising. These include preventive measures, and drugs including statins and the newer PCSK9 inhibitors. New cell-based biochemical and cytokine assays provide data to prevent or monitor atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (A.C., Y.Z., L.L.)
| | - Yingling Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (A.C., Y.Z., L.L.)
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (A.C., Y.Z., L.L.)
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Tang J, Lobatto ME, Hassing L, van der Staay S, van Rijs SM, Calcagno C, Braza MS, Baxter S, Fay F, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Duivenvoorden R, Sager HB, Astudillo YM, Leong W, Ramachandran S, Storm G, Pérez-Medina C, Reiner T, Cormode DP, Strijkers GJ, Stroes ESG, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Inhibiting macrophage proliferation suppresses atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400223. [PMID: 26295063 PMCID: PMC4539616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives atherosclerotic plaque progression and rupture, and is a compelling therapeutic target. Consequently, attenuating inflammation by reducing local macrophage accumulation is an appealing approach. This can potentially be accomplished by either blocking blood monocyte recruitment to the plaque or increasing macrophage apoptosis and emigration. Because macrophage proliferation was recently shown to dominate macrophage accumulation in advanced plaques, locally inhibiting macrophage proliferation may reduce plaque inflammation and produce long-term therapeutic benefits. To test this hypothesis, we used nanoparticle-based delivery of simvastatin to inhibit plaque macrophage proliferation in apolipoprotein E deficient mice (Apoe-/- ) with advanced atherosclerotic plaques. This resulted in rapid reduction of plaque inflammation and favorable phenotype remodeling. We then combined this short-term nanoparticle intervention with an eight-week oral statin treatment, and this regimen rapidly reduced and continuously suppressed plaque inflammation. Our results demonstrate that pharmacologically inhibiting local macrophage proliferation can effectively treat inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark E. Lobatto
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laurien Hassing
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Staay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarian M. van Rijs
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mounia S. Braza
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samantha Baxter
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Francois Fay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brenda L. Sanchez-Gaytan
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yaritzy M. Astudillo
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wei Leong
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarayu Ramachandran
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David P. Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik S. G. Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Filip K. Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Statins meditate anti-atherosclerotic action in smooth muscle cells by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 457:23-30. [PMID: 25529449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is an important regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism, and its activation is reported to suppress the progression of atherosclerosis. We have reported that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) activate PPARγ in macrophages. However, it is not yet known whether statins activate PPARγ in other vascular cells. In the present study, we investigated whether statins activate PPARγ in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) and thus mediate anti-atherosclerotic effects. Human aortic SMCs (HASMCs) and human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) were used in this study. Fluvastatin and pitavastatin activated PPARγ in HASMCs, but not in HUVECs. Statins induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in HASMCs, but not in HUVECs. Moreover, treatment with COX-2-siRNA abrogated statin-mediated PPARγ activation in HASMCs. Statins suppressed migration and proliferation of HASMCs, and inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in HASMCs. These effects of statins were abrogated by treatment with PPARγ-siRNA. Treatment with statins suppressed atherosclerotic lesion formation in Apoe(-/-) mice. In addition, transcriptional activity of PPARγ and CD36 expression were increased, and the expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α was decreased, in the aorta of statin-treated Apoe(-/-) mice. In conclusion, statins mediate anti-atherogenic effects through PPARγ activation in SMCs. These effects of statins on SMCs may be beneficial for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Curcuma oil attenuates accelerated atherosclerosis and macrophage foam-cell formation by modulating genes involved in plaque stability, lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:100-13. [PMID: 25391643 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-atherosclerotic effect and the underlying mechanism of curcuma oil (C. oil), a lipophilic fraction from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), was evaluated in a hamster model of accelerated atherosclerosis and in THP-1 macrophages. Male golden Syrian hamsters were subjected to partial carotid ligation (PCL) or FeCl3-induced arterial oxidative injury (Ox-injury) after 1 week of treatment with a high-cholesterol (HC) diet or HC diet plus C. oil (100 and 300 mg/kg, orally). Hamsters fed with the HC diet were analysed at 1, 3 and 5 weeks following carotid injury. The HC diet plus C. oil-fed group was analysed at 5 weeks. In hyperlipidaemic hamsters with PCL or Ox-injury, C. oil (300 mg/kg) reduced elevated plasma and aortic lipid levels, arterial macrophage accumulation, and stenosis when compared with those subjected to arterial injury alone. Similarly, elevated mRNA transcripts of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45), TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced in atherosclerotic arteries, while those of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10 were increased after the C. oil treatment (300 mg/kg). The treatment with C. oil prevented HC diet- and oxidised LDL (OxLDL)-induced lipid accumulation, decreased the mRNA expression of CD68 and CD36, and increased the mRNA expression of PPARα, LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 in both hyperlipidaemic hamster-derived peritoneal and THP-1 macrophages. The administration of C. oil suppressed the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ and increased the expression of TGF-β in peritoneal macrophages. In THP-1 macrophages, C. oil supplementation prevented OxLDL-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β and increased the levels of TGF-β. The present study shows that C. oil attenuates arterial injury-induced accelerated atherosclerosis, inflammation and macrophage foam-cell formation.
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Rodriguez-Perez AI, Borrajo A, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Interaction between NADPH-oxidase and Rho-kinase in angiotensin II-induced microglial activation. Glia 2014; 63:466-82. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology; CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Spain
| | - Ana Borrajo
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology; CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology; CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Spain
| | - Maria J. Guerra
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology; CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology; CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Spain
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Heo KS, Cushman HJ, Akaike M, Woo CH, Wang X, Qiu X, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. ERK5 activation in macrophages promotes efferocytosis and inhibits atherosclerosis. Circulation 2014; 130:180-91. [PMID: 25001623 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efferocytosis is a process by which dead and dying cells are removed by phagocytic cells. Efferocytosis by macrophages is thought to curb the progression of atherosclerosis, but the mechanistic insight of this process is lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS When macrophages were fed apoptotic cells or treated with pitavastatin in vitro, efferocytosis-related signaling and phagocytic capacity were upregulated in an ERK5 activity-dependent manner. Macrophages isolated from macrophage-specific ERK5-null mice exhibited reduced efferocytosis and levels of gene and protein expression of efferocytosis-related molecules. When these mice were crossed with low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice and fed a high-cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic plaque formation was accelerated, and the plaques had more advanced and vulnerable morphology. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ERK5, which is robustly activated by statins, is a hub molecule that upregulates macrophage efferocytosis, thereby suppressing atherosclerotic plaque formation. Molecules that upregulate ERK5 and its signaling in macrophages may be good drug targets for suppressing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Heo
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.).
| | - Hannah J Cushman
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.)
| | - Masashi Akaike
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.)
| | - Chang-Hoon Woo
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.)
| | - Xin Wang
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.)
| | - Xing Qiu
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.)
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.)
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- From the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (K.H., H.J.C., C.W., K.F., J.A.); Department of Medical Education, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan (M.A.); Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (X.W.); and Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (X.Q.).
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Côté CH, Bouchard P, van Rooijen N, Marsolais D, Duchesne E. Monocyte depletion increases local proliferation of macrophage subsets after skeletal muscle injury. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:359. [PMID: 24354415 PMCID: PMC3878260 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sequential accumulation of M1 and M2 macrophages is critical for skeletal muscle recovery after an acute injury. While M1 accumulation is believed to rely on monocyte infiltration, the mechanisms of M2 accumulation remain controversial, but could involve an infiltrating precursor. Yet, strong depletion of monocytes only partially impairs skeletal muscle healing, supporting the existence of alternative mechanisms to palliate the loss of infiltrating macrophage progenitors. The aims of this study are thus to investigate if proliferation occurs in macrophage subsets within injured skeletal muscles; and to determine if monocyte depletion leads to increased proliferation of macrophages after injury. Methods Injury was induced by bupivacaine injection in the tibialis anterior muscle of rats. Blood monocytes were depleted by daily intravenous injections of liposome-encapsulated clodronate, starting 24 h prior to injury. In separate experiments, irradiation of hind limb was also performed to prevent resident cell proliferation. Upon euthanasia, blood and muscles were collected for flow cytometric analyses of macrophage/monocyte subsets. Results Clodronate induced a 80%-90% depletion of monocyte but only led to 57% and 41% decrease of M1 and M2 macrophage accumulation, respectively, 2 d following injury. Conversely, the number of M1 macrophages in monocyte-depleted rats was 2.4-fold higher than in non-depleted rats 4 d after injury. This was associated with a 16-fold increase in the number of proliferative M1 macrophages, which was reduced by 46% in irradiated animals. Proliferation of M2 macrophages was increased tenfold by clodronate treatment 4 d post injury. The accumulation of M2 macrophages was partially impaired by irradiation, regardless of monocyte depletion. Conclusions M1 and M2 subsets proliferate after skeletal muscle injury and their proliferation is enhanced under condition of monocyte depletion. Our study supports the conclusion that both infiltrating and resident precursors could contribute to M1 or M2 macrophage accumulation in muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elise Duchesne
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Simvastatin Attenuates Formalin-Induced Nociceptive Behaviors by Inhibiting Microglial RhoA and p38 MAPK Activation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1310-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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In vivo fluorescence-mediated tomography imaging demonstrates atorvastatin-mediated reduction of lesion macrophages in ApoE-/- mice. Anesthesiology 2013; 119:129-41. [PMID: 23559030 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e318291c18b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques drives lesion progression, destabilization, and rupture. Chronic statin treatment reduces macrophage plaque content. Information on dynamics of macrophage recruitment would help assessing plaque vulnerability and guiding therapy. Techniques to image macrophage homing to vulnerable plaques in vivo are scarcely available. The authors tested if noninvasive fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT) can assess plaque-stabilizing effects of short-term high-dosage atorvastatin. METHODS Macrophages from green-fluorescent-protein-transgenic mice were labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent dye and were injected IV in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n=9) on Western diet 7 days after guidewire-injury of the carotid artery. FMT-scans, 2 and 7 days thereafter, quantified macrophage recruitment into carotid artery plaques. Atorvastatin was tested for macrophage adhesion, proliferation, and viability (n=5 to 6) in vitro. Fourteen mice received atorvastatin or vehicle for 4 days after 16 weeks on Western diet. FMT assessed macrophage recruitment into aortic and innominate artery lesions. Means (±SD)% are reported. RESULTS Double-labeled macrophages were recruited into carotid artery lesions. FMT resolved fluorescence projecting on the injured carotid artery and detected a signal increase to 300% (±191) after guidewire injury. Atorvastatin reduced macrophage adhesion to activated endothelial cells by 36% (±19). In a clinically relevant proof-of-concept intervention, FMT-imaging detected that 4 days atorvastatin treatment reduced macrophage recruitment by 57% (±8) indicating plaque stabilization. Immunohistochemistry confirmed reduced macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS FMT optical imaging proved its high potential for clinical applicability for tracking recruitment of near-infrared fluorescent-labeled macrophages to vulnerable plaques in vivo. FMT-based quantification of macrophage recruitment demonstrated rapid plaque stabilization by 4-day atorvastatin treatment in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is driven by cardiovascular risk factors that cause the recruitment of circulating immune cells beneath the vascular endothelium. Infiltrated monocytes differentiate into different macrophage subtypes with protective or pathogenic activities in vascular lesions. We discuss current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that regulate lesional macrophage proliferation and apoptosis, two processes that occur during atherosclerosis development and regulate the number and function of macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque. RECENT FINDINGS Lesional macrophages in early phases of atherosclerosis limit disease progression by phagocytizing modified lipoproteins, cellular debris and dead cells that accumulate in the plaque. However, macrophages in advanced lesions contribute to a maladaptive, nonresolving inflammatory response that can lead to life-threatening acute thrombotic diseases (myocardial infarction or stroke). Macrophage-specific manipulation of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis modulates lesional macrophage accumulation and atherosclerosis burden in mouse models, and studies are beginning to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. SUMMARY Despite recent advances in our understanding of macrophage proliferation and apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, it remains unclear whether manipulating these processes will be beneficial or harmful. Advances in these areas may translate into more efficient therapies for the prevention and treatment of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Andrés
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Song JX, Ren JY, Chen H. Simvastatin reduces lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocyte-derived macrophages through inhibition of the mevalonate-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate-RhoA-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 57:213-22. [PMID: 21052011 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31820376ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), which is produced primarily by macrophages and is predominately found in the blood and in atherosclerotic plaques, represents a potentially promising target for combating atherosclerosis. Although statins are known to decrease the levels and activity of circulating and plaque Lp-PLA(2) during atherosclerosis, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) by statins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) by statins. Our results showed that treatment with simvastatin inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increases in Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity in human monocyte–derived macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These effects could be reversed by treatment with mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), but not by treatment with squalene or farnesyl pyrophosphate. Treatment with the Rho inhibitor C3 exoenzyme also inhibited LPS-induced increases in Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity, mimicking the effects of simvastatin. In addition, treatment with simvastatin blocked LPS-induced activation of RhoA, which could be abolished by treatment with GGPP. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 or Jun N-terminal kinase, suppressed LPS-induced increases in Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity, similar to the effects of simvastatin. Treatment of human monocyte–derived macrophages with either simvastatin or C3 exoenzyme prevented LPS-induced activation of p38 MAPK, which could be abolished by treatment with GGPP. Together, these results suggest that simvastatin reduces Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity in LPS-stimulated human monocyte–derived macrophages through the inhibition of the mevalonate–GGPP–RhoA-p38 MAPK pathway. These observations provide novel evidence that statins have pleiotropic effects and suggest that inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) via this mechanism may account, at least in part, for the clinical benefit of statins in combating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Song
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People’s Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
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Bonneh-Barkay D, Bissel SJ, Kofler J, Starkey A, Wang G, Wiley CA. Astrocyte and macrophage regulation of YKL-40 expression and cellular response in neuroinflammation. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:530-46. [PMID: 22074331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous inflammatory conditions are associated with elevated YKL-40 expression by infiltrating macrophages. Thus, we were surprised to observe minimal macrophage and abundant astrocyte expression of YKL-40 in neuroinflammatory conditions. The aims of the current study were to better delineate this discrepancy, characterize the factors that regulate YKL-40 expression in macrophages and astrocytes and study whether YKL-40 expression correlates with cell morphology and/or activation state. In vitro, macrophages expressed high levels of YKL-40 that was induced by classical activation and inhibited by alternative activation. Cytokines released from macrophages induced YKL-40 transcription in astrocytes that was accompanied by morphological changes and altered astrocytic motility. Because coculturing of astrocytes and macrophages did not reverse this in vitro expression pattern, additional components of the in vivo central nervous system (CNS) milieu must be required to suppress macrophage and induce astrocyte expression of YKL-40.
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Abstract
High plasmatic levels of aldosterone cause hypertension and contribute to progressive organ damage to the heart, vasculature, and kidneys. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for the immune system in these pathological processes. Aldosterone promotes an inflammatory state characterized by vascular infiltration of immune cells, reactive oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Further, cells of the adaptive immune system, such as T cells, seem to participate in the genesis of mineralocorticoid hormone-induced hypertension. In addition, the observation that aldosterone can promote CD4⁺ T-cell activation and Th17 polarization suggests that this hormone could contribute to the onset of autoimmunity. Here we discuss recent evidence supporting a significant involvement of the immune system, especially adaptive immunity, in the genesis of hypertension and organ damage induced by primary aldosteronism. In addition, possible new therapeutic approaches consisting of immunomodulator drugs to control exacerbated immune responses triggered by elevated aldosterone concentrations will be described.
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Matsumura T, Kinoshita H, Ishii N, Fukuda K, Motoshima H, Senokuchi T, Taketa K, Kawasaki S, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Kawada T, Nishikawa T, Araki E. Telmisartan Exerts Antiatherosclerotic Effects by Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1268-75. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.222067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Telmisartan, an angiotensin type I receptor blocker (ARB), protects against the progression of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of the antiatherosclerotic effects of telmisartan in macrophages and apolipoprotein E–deficient mice.
Methods and Results—
In macrophages, telmisartan increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) activity and PPAR ligand-binding activity. In contrast, 3 other ARBs, losartan, valsartan, and olmesartan, did not affect PPARγ activity. Interestingly, high doses of telmisartan activated PPARα in macrophages. Telmisartan induced the mRNA expression of CD36 and ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1 (ABCA1/G1), and these effects were abrogated by PPARγ small interfering RNA. Telmisartan, but not other ARBs, inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α, and these effects were abrogated by PPARγ small interfering RNA. Moreover, telmisartan suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage proliferation through PPARγ activation. In apolipoprotein E
−/−
mice, telmisartan increased the mRNA expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, decreased atherosclerotic lesion size, decreased the number of proliferative macrophages in the lesion, and suppressed MCP-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression in the aorta.
Conclusion—
Telmisartan induced ABCA1/ABCG1 expression and suppressed MCP-1 expression and macrophage proliferation by activating PPARγ. These effects may induce antiatherogenic effects in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsumura
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kinoshita
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Norio Ishii
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Kazuki Fukuda
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Takafumi Senokuchi
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Kayo Taketa
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Shuji Kawasaki
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Tomoko Nishimaki-Mogami
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Teruo Kawada
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Eiichi Araki
- From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (T.M., H.K., N.I., K.F., H.M., T.S., K.T., S.K., T.N., E.A.); Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.-M.); Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.)
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Sadowitz B, Maier KG, Gahtan V. Basic Science Review: Statin Therapy-Part I: The Pleiotropic Effects of Statins in Cardiovascular Disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010; 44:241-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1538574410362922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA-reductase) inhibitors, otherwise known as statins, are currently the medical treatment of choice for hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and statin therapy has led to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality from adverse cardiac events, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. In addition to achieving a therapeutic decrease in serum cholesterol levels, statin therapy appears to promote other effects that are independent of changes in serum cholesterol. These ‘‘pleiotropic’’ effects include attenuation of vascular inflammation, improved endothelial cell function, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque, decreased vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. This article is part I of a 2-part review, and it focuses on the pleiotropic effects of statins at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sadowitz
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, Syracuse, NY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher G. Maier
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, Syracuse, NY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA,
| | - Vivian Gahtan
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, Syracuse, NY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Campia I, Lussiana C, Pescarmona G, Ghigo D, Bosia A, Riganti C. Geranylgeraniol prevents the cytotoxic effects of mevastatin in THP-1 cells, without decreasing the beneficial effects on cholesterol synthesis. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1777-86. [PMID: 19888963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Statins, inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, reduce the intracellular synthesis of cholesterol and prevent the onset of atherosclerosis. They also decrease the synthesis of isoprenoid molecules, such as the side chain of ubiquinone and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. As a consequence, statins impair mitochondrial metabolism and the activation of small monomeric GTPases (such as Rho and Ras), causing toxic effects. To date, a successful strategy to prevent statin toxicity is lacking. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In human monocytic THP-1 cells, we measured the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids, mitochondrial electron flow, the activity of RhoA and Rac, cell death and proliferation. KEY RESULTS Mevastatin reduced the synthesis of cholesterol, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and ubiquinone, mitochondrial electron transport, activity of RhoA and Rac, and cell proliferation, accompanied by increased cell death. Geranylgeraniol, a cell-permeable analogue of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, reversed all these effects of mevastatin, without affecting its ability to reduce cholesterol synthesis. Notably, geranylgeraniol was more effective than the addition of exogenous ubiquinone, which rescued mitochondrial respiratory activity and reversed mevastatin cytotoxicity, but did not alter the decrease in cell proliferation. The same results were obtained in human liver HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Geranylgeraniol had a broader protective effect against the cytotoxicity of statins than exogenous ubiquinone. Therefore, geranylgeraniol may be a more useful and practical means of limiting the toxicities of statins, without reducing their efficacy as cholesterol lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Campia
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena, Torino, Italy
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43
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Yoon SJ, Yoon YW, Lee BK, Kwon HM, Hwang KC, Kim M, Chang W, Hong BK, Lee YH, Park SJ, Min PK, Rim SJ. Potential role of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor on oxidative stress induced by advanced glycation endproducts in vascular smooth muscle cells of diabetic vasculopathy. Exp Mol Med 2010; 41:802-11. [PMID: 19641377 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs) proliferation and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as one of the important mechanisms of diabetic vasculopathy but little is known about the antioxidative action of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) on AGEs. We hypothesized that statin might reduce AGEs-induced intracellular ROS of VSMCs and analyzed the possible mechanism of action of statin in AGEs-induced cellular signaling. Aortic smooth muscle cell of Sprague-Dawley rat (RASMC) culture was done using the different levels of AGEs stimulation in the presence or absence of statin. The proliferation of RASMC, ROS formation and cellular signaling was evaluated and neointimal formation after balloon injury in diabetic rats was analyzed. Increasing concentration of AGEs stimulation was associated with increased RASMC proliferation and increased ROS formation and they were decreased with statin in a dose-dependent manner. Increased NF-kappaB p65, phosphorylated ERK, phosphorylated p38 MAPK, cyclooxygenase-2, and c-jun by AGEs stimulation were noted and their expression was inhibited by statin. Neointimal formation after balloon injury was much thicker in diabetic rats than the sham-treated group but less neointimal growth was observed in those treated with statin after balloon injury. Increased ROS formation, subsequent activation of MAPK system and increased VSMC proliferation may be possible mechanisms of diabetic vasculopathy induced by AGEs and statin may play a key role in the treatment of AGEs-induced diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jung Yoon
- Cardiology Division, National Health Insurance Corporation, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 410-719, Korea
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Wei P, Grimm PR, Settles DC, Balwanz CR, Padanilam BJ, Sansom SC. Simvastatin reverses podocyte injury but not mesangial expansion in early stage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ren Fail 2010; 31:503-13. [PMID: 19839828 DOI: 10.1080/08860220902963848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins may confer renal protection in a variety of glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, various glomerular lesions have different etiologies and may have different responses to statins. This study was performed to determine the differential effects of simvastatin (SMV) on glomerular pathology including mesangial expansion and podocyte injury in a mouse model of early stage type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by feeding a high fat diet (HF; 45 kcal% fat). After 22 weeks, one group of HF mice was treated with SMV (HF-SMV; 7 mug/day/g BW) and another group was treated with vehicle (HF-vehicle) for 4 weeks via osmotic mini-pump. A third group served as age-matched normal diet vehicle controls (ND-vehicle; 10 kcal% fat). At the end of treatment, glomerular morphology was evaluated in a blind manner to determine the progression of DN. Body weight, blood glucose, insulin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, but not LDL-cholesterol, were increased in HF mice. Over the course of treatment, the 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was unchanged in ND-vehicle. HF mice exhibited elevated UAE, which decreased with SMV, but was unchanged with vehicle. The absolute mesangial volume and the relative mesangial volume per glomerular volume increased in HF-vehicle and remained elevated with SMV treatment. The immuno-staining of nephrin, a protein marker of the integrity of podocyte slit diaphragms, was decreased in HF-vehicle; however, the nephrin quantity of the HF-SMV group was not different from ND-vehicle. It is concluded that SMV reverses podocyte damage, but does not affect mesangial expansion in the kidneys of early stage proteinuria of type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wei
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5850, USA
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Maeda A, Yano T, Itoh Y, Kakumori M, Kubota T, Egashira N, Oishi R. Down-regulation of RhoA is involved in the cytotoxic action of lipophilic statins in HepG2 cells. Atherosclerosis 2010; 208:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ishii N, Matsumura T, Kinoshita H, Motoshima H, Kojima K, Tsutsumi A, Kawasaki S, Yano M, Senokuchi T, Asano T, Nishikawa T, Araki E. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage proliferation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34561-9. [PMID: 19843515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.028043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-derived foam cells play important roles in the progression of atherosclerosis. We reported previously that ERK1/2-dependent granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression, leading to p38 MAPK/ Akt signaling, is important for oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage proliferation. Here, we investigated whether activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could suppress macrophage proliferation. Ox-LDL-induced proliferation of mouse peritoneal macrophages was assessed by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell counting assays. The proliferation was significantly inhibited by the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) and restored by dominant-negative AMPKalpha1, suggesting that AMPK activation suppressed macrophage proliferation. AICAR partially suppressed Ox-LDL-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and GM-CSF expression, suggesting that another mechanism is also involved in the AICAR-mediated suppression of macrophage proliferation. AICAR suppressed GM-CSF-induced macrophage proliferation without suppressing p38 MAPK/Akt signaling. GM-CSF suppressed p53 phosphorylation and expression and induced Rb phosphorylation. Overexpression of p53 or p27(kip) suppressed GM-CSF-induced macrophage proliferation. AICAR induced cell cycle arrest, increased p53 phosphorylation and expression, and suppressed GM-CSF-induced Rb phosphorylation via AMPK activation. Moreover, AICAR induced p21(cip) and p27(kip) expression via AMPK activation, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) of p21(cip) and p27(kip) restored AICAR-mediated suppression of macrophage proliferation. In conclusion, AMPK activation suppressed Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation by suppressing GM-CSF expression and inducing cell cycle arrest. These effects of AMPK activation may represent therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Ishii
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Mondo CK, Yang WS, Su JZ, Huang TG. Atorvastatin Prevented and Reversed Dexamethasone-Induced Hypertension in the Rat. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 28:499-509. [PMID: 16820346 DOI: 10.1080/10641960600798713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the antioxidant effects of atorvastatin (atorva) on dexamethasone (dex)-induced hypertension, 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with atorva 30 mg/kg/day or tap water for 15 days. Dex increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 109 +/- 1.8 to 135 +/- 0.6 mmHg and plasma superoxide (5711 +/- 284.9 saline, 7931 +/- 392.8 U/ml dex, P < 0.001). In this prevention study, SBP in the atorva + dex group was increased from 115 +/- 0.4 to 124 +/- 1.5 mmHg, but this was significantly lower than in the dex-only group (P' < 0.05). Atorva reversed dex-induced hypertension (129 +/- 0.6 mmHg, vs. 135 +/- 0.6 mmHg P' < 0.05) and decreased plasma superoxide (7931 +/- 392.8 dex, 1187 +/- 441.2 atorva + dex, P < 0.0001). Plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) was decreased in dex-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats (11.2 +/- 1.08 microm, 15.3 +/- 1.17 microm, respectively, P < 0.05). Atorva affected neither plasma NOx nor thymus weight. Thus, atorvastatin prevented and reversed dexamethasone-induced hypertension in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kiiza Mondo
- Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
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Maeda T, Horiuchi N. Simvastatin suppresses leptin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of the cyclic AMP-PKA pathway induced by inhibition of protein prenylation. J Biochem 2009; 145:771-81. [PMID: 19254925 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which catalyses conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. We demonstrated that simvastatin at 1 microM markedly inhibited adipocyte differentiation measured by Oil Red O staining in preadipocyte cells (3T3-L1), while expression of leptin, a marker of adipocyte differentiation, was suppressed by 1 muM simvastatin for up to 12 days of culture. Next, to elucidate mechanisms underlying the reduction of leptin expression induced by simvastatin, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with various inhibitors with mevalonate or its metabolite in the presence or absence of simvastatin. Simvastatin time- and dose-dependently suppressed leptin mRNA expression. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA related to leptin mRNA was inhibited by 10 muM simvastatin, while stability of the mRNA was not changed by treatment with simvastatin in transcription-arrested 3T3-L1 cells. Simvastatin inhibition of leptin gene transcription was not abrogated by pre-treatment with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Addition of mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a mevalonate metabolite, abolished simvastatin-induced inhibition of leptin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Suppression of expression was observed upon addition of GGTI-298, a geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor, but not FTI-277, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor. Expression was suppressed by treatment with hydroxyfasudil, a protein prenylation inhibitor. Treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, reduced leptin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Simvastatin dose-dependently increased intra-cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations in 3T3-L1 cells, with maximal stimulation obtained at 10 muM. Addition of GGPP abolished simvastatin-induced stimulation of cAMP accumulation and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. H89, an inhibitor of PKA, completely abolished simvastatin-induced suppression of leptin expression. These results suggested that simvastatin reduced geranylgeranylprotein prenylation followed by deactivation of PI3K, leading to cAMP accumulation and subsequent activation of PKA in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Finally, PKA inhibited leptin gene transcription without new protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyonobu Maeda
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
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Uruno A, Sugawara A, Kudo M, Satoh F, Saito A, Ito S. Stimulatory Effects of Low-Dose 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor Fluvatatin on Hepatocyte Growth Factor–Induced Angiogenesis: Involvement of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:2085-96. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Triptolide protects podocytes from puromycin aminonucleoside induced injury in vivo and in vitro. Kidney Int 2008; 74:596-612. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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