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Isiaku AI, Zhang Z, Pazhakh V, Lieschke GJ. A nox2/cybb zebrafish mutant with defective myeloid cell reactive oxygen species production displays normal initial neutrophil recruitment to sterile tail injuries. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae079. [PMID: 38696730 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are important effectors and modifiers of the acute inflammatory response, recruiting phagocytes including neutrophils to sites of tissue injury. In turn, phagocytes such as neutrophils are both consumers and producers of reactive oxygen species. Phagocytes including neutrophils generate reactive oxygen species in an oxidative burst through the activity of a multimeric phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex. Mutations in the NOX2/CYBB (previously gp91phox) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit are the commonest cause of chronic granulomatous disease, a disease characterized by infection susceptibility and an inflammatory phenotype. To model chronic granulomatous disease, we made a nox2/cybb zebrafish (Danio rerio) mutant and demonstrated it to have severely impaired myeloid cell reactive oxygen species production. Reduced early survival of nox2 mutant embryos indicated an essential requirement for nox2 during early development. In nox2/cybb zebrafish mutants, the dynamics of initial neutrophil recruitment to both mild and severe surgical tailfin wounds was normal, suggesting that excessive neutrophil recruitment at the initiation of inflammation is not the primary cause of the "sterile" inflammatory phenotype of chronic granulomatous disease patients. This nox2 zebrafish mutant adds to existing in vivo models for studying reactive oxygen species function in myeloid cells including neutrophils in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam I Isiaku
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Zuobing Zhang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vahid Pazhakh
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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2
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Ahator SD, Hegstad K, Lentz CS, Johannessen M. Deciphering Staphylococcus aureus-host dynamics using dual activity-based protein profiling of ATP-interacting proteins. mSystems 2024; 9:e0017924. [PMID: 38656122 PMCID: PMC11097646 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00179-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of ATP within cells plays a fundamental role in cellular processes that are essential for the regulation of host-pathogen dynamics and the subsequent immune response. This study focuses on ATP-binding proteins to dissect the complex interplay between Staphylococcus aureus and human cells, particularly macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), during an intracellular infection. A snapshot of the various protein activity and function is provided using a desthiobiotin-ATP probe, which targets ATP-interacting proteins. In S. aureus, we observe enrichment in pathways required for nutrient acquisition, biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, and energy metabolism when located inside human cells. Additionally, the direct profiling of the protein activity revealed specific adaptations of S. aureus to the keratinocytes and macrophages. Mapping the differentially activated proteins to biochemical pathways in the human cells with intracellular bacteria revealed cell-type-specific adaptations to bacterial challenges where THP-1 cells prioritized immune defenses, autophagic cell death, and inflammation. In contrast, HaCaT cells emphasized barrier integrity and immune activation. We also observe bacterial modulation of host processes and metabolic shifts. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of S. aureus-host cell interactions, shedding light on modulating host immune responses to S. aureus, which could involve developing immunomodulatory therapies. IMPORTANCE This study uses a chemoproteomic approach to target active ATP-interacting proteins and examines the dynamic proteomic interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and human cell lines THP-1 and HaCaT. It uncovers the distinct responses of macrophages and keratinocytes during bacterial infection. S. aureus demonstrated a tailored response to the intracellular environment of each cell type and adaptation during exposure to professional and non-professional phagocytes. It also highlights strategies employed by S. aureus to persist within host cells. This study offers significant insights into the human cell response to S. aureus infection, illuminating the complex proteomic shifts that underlie the defense mechanisms of macrophages and keratinocytes. Notably, the study underscores the nuanced interplay between the host's metabolic reprogramming and immune strategy, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for enhancing host defense and inhibiting bacterial survival. The findings enhance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and can inform the development of targeted therapies against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dela Ahator
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian S. Lentz
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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4
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Cipriano A, Viviano M, Feoli A, Milite C, Sarno G, Castellano S, Sbardella G. NADPH Oxidases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Current Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11632-11655. [PMID: 37650225 PMCID: PMC10510401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) form a family of electron-transporting membrane enzymes whose main function is reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Strong evidence suggests that ROS produced by NOX enzymes are major contributors to oxidative damage under pathologic conditions. Therefore, blocking the undesirable actions of these enzymes is a therapeutic strategy for treating various pathological disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and cancer. To date, identification of selective NOX inhibitors is quite challenging, precluding a pharmacologic demonstration of NOX as therapeutic targets in vivo. The aim of this Perspective is to furnish an updated outlook about the small-molecule NOX inhibitors described over the last two decades. Structures, activities, and in vitro/in vivo specificity are discussed, as well as the main biological assays used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cipriano
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feoli
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuliana Sarno
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Ruperti F, Papadopoulos N, Musser JM, Mirdita M, Steinegger M, Arendt D. Cross-phyla protein annotation by structural prediction and alignment. Genome Biol 2023; 24:113. [PMID: 37173746 PMCID: PMC10176882 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein annotation is a major goal in molecular biology, yet experimentally determined knowledge is typically limited to a few model organisms. In non-model species, the sequence-based prediction of gene orthology can be used to infer protein identity; however, this approach loses predictive power at longer evolutionary distances. Here we propose a workflow for protein annotation using structural similarity, exploiting the fact that similar protein structures often reflect homology and are more conserved than protein sequences. RESULTS We propose a workflow of openly available tools for the functional annotation of proteins via structural similarity (MorF: MorphologFinder) and use it to annotate the complete proteome of a sponge. Sponges are highly relevant for inferring the early history of animals, yet their proteomes remain sparsely annotated. MorF accurately predicts the functions of proteins with known homology in [Formula: see text] cases and annotates an additional [Formula: see text] of the proteome beyond standard sequence-based methods. We uncover new functions for sponge cell types, including extensive FGF, TGF, and Ephrin signaling in sponge epithelia, and redox metabolism and control in myopeptidocytes. Notably, we also annotate genes specific to the enigmatic sponge mesocytes, proposing they function to digest cell walls. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates that structural similarity is a powerful approach that complements and extends sequence similarity searches to identify homologous proteins over long evolutionary distances. We anticipate this will be a powerful approach that boosts discovery in numerous -omics datasets, especially for non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ruperti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Collaboration for joint Ph.D. degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacob M Musser
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milot Mirdita
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Martin Steinegger
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Ganguly R, Ngoruh A, Ingty P, Yadav SK, Bhattacharjee A. Identification of an inhibitor for atherosclerotic enzyme NOX-1 to inhibit ROS production. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
NOX-1 overexpression has been observed in various studies, persons with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions. NOX-1 orchestrates the disease pathogenesis of various cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerotic plaque development and is a very crucial biomarker. Therefore, this study was carried out to deduce the three-dimensional modelled structure of NOX-1 using DeepMind AlphaFold-2 to find meaningful insight into the structural biology. Extensive in silico approaches have been used to determine the active pocket, virtually screen large chemical space to identify potential inhibitors. The role of the key amino acid residues was also deduced using alanine scanning mutagenesis contributing to the catalytic process and to the overall stability of NOX-1.
Results
The modelled structure of NOX-1 protein was validated using ERRAT. The ERRAT statistics with 9 amino acids sliding window have shown a confidence score of 96.937%. According to the Ramachandran statistics, 96.60% of the residues lie within the most favoured region, and 2.80% of residues lie in the additionally allowed region, which gives an overall of 99.4% residues in the three quadrants in the plot. GKT-831 which is a referral drug in this study has shown a GOLD interaction score of 62.12 with respect to the lead molecule zinc000059139266 which has shown a higher GOLD score of 78.07. Alanine scanning mutagenesis studies has shown that Phe201, Leu98 and Leu76 are found to be the key interacting residues in hydrophobic interactions. Similarly, Tyr324, Arg287 and Cys73 are major amino acid residues in the hydrogen bond interactions.
Conclusions
NOX-1 overexpression leads to heightened ROS production resulting in catastrophic outcomes. The modelled structure of NOX-1 has a good stereochemistry with respect to Ramachandran plot. The lead molecule zinc000059139266 has shown to have a very high interaction score of 78.07 compared to the referral drug GKT-831 with a score of 62.12. There is an excellent scope for the lead molecule to progress further into in vitro and in vivo studies.
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7
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Structure, regulation, and physiological functions of NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5). J Physiol Biochem 2023:10.1007/s13105-023-00955-3. [PMID: 36905456 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
NOX5 is the last member of the NADPH oxidase (NOXs) family to be identified and presents some specific characteristics differing from the rest of the NOXs. It contains four Ca2+ binding domains at the N-terminus and its activity is regulated by the intracellular concentration of Ca2+. NOX5 generates superoxide (O2•-) using NADPH as a substrate, and it modulates functions related to processes in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved. Those functions appear to be detrimental or beneficial depending on the level of ROS produced. For example, the increase in NOX5 activity is related to the development of various oxidative stress-related pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular, and renal diseases. In this context, pancreatic expression of NOX5 can negatively alter insulin action in high-fat diet-fed transgenic mice. This is consistent with the idea that the expression of NOX5 tends to increase in response to a stimulus or a stressful situation, generally causing a worsening of the pathology. On the other hand, it has also been suggested that it might have a positive role in preparing the body for metabolic stress, for example, by inducing a protective adipose tissue adaptation to the excess of nutrients supplied by a high-fat diet. In this line, its endothelial overexpression can delay lipid accumulation and insulin resistance development in obese transgenic mice by inducing the secretion of IL-6 followed by the expression of thermogenic and lipolytic genes. However, as NOX5 gene is not present in rodents and human NOX5 protein has not been crystallized, its function is still poorly characterized and further extensive research is required.
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8
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Azarova I, Polonikov A, Klyosova E. Molecular Genetics of Abnormal Redox Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054738. [PMID: 36902173 PMCID: PMC10003739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress resulting from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and their neutralization by antioxidant enzymes is one of the major pathological disorders underlying the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review summarizes the current state of the art advances in understanding the role of abnormal redox homeostasis in the molecular mechanisms of T2D and provides comprehensive information on the characteristics and biological functions of antioxidant and oxidative enzymes, as well as discusses genetic studies conducted so far in order to investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in genes encoding redox state-regulating enzymes to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Azarova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Klyosova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
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9
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Role of NADPH Oxidases in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101966. [PMID: 36290688 PMCID: PMC9598888 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS). While these enzymes have been shown to be involved in physiological regulation of cerebral vascular tone, excessive ROS produced by Nox1-5 play a critical role in blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in numerous neuropathologies. Nox-derived ROS have been implicated in mediating matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation, downregulation of junctional complexes between adjacent brain endothelial cells and brain endothelial cell apoptosis, leading to brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and consequently, increases in BBB permeability. In this review, we will highlight recent findings on the role played by these enzymes in BBB disruption induced by ischemic stroke.
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10
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Massari M, Nicoll CR, Marchese S, Mattevi A, Mascotti ML. Evolutionary and structural analyses of the NADPH oxidase family in eukaryotes reveal an initial calcium dependency. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102436. [PMID: 35998431 PMCID: PMC9421330 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules generated by the partial reduction of dioxygen. NADPH oxidases are a ubiquitous family of enzymes devoted to ROS production. They fuel an array of physiological roles in different species and are chemically demanding enzymes requiring FAD, NADPH and heme prosthetic groups in addition to either calcium or a various number of cytosolic mediators for activity. These activating partners are exclusive components that partition and distinguish the NOX members from one another. To gain insight into the evolution of these activating mechanisms, and in general in their evolutionary history, we conducted an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of the NADPH oxidase family in eukaryotes. We show that all characterized NOXs share a common ancestor, which comprised a fully formed catalytic unit. Regarding the activation mode, we identified calcium-dependency as the earliest form of NOX regulation. The protein-protein mode of regulation would have evolved more recently by gene-duplication with the concomitant loss of the EF-hands motif region. These more recent events generated the diversely activated NOX systems as observed in extant animals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Callum R Nicoll
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Marchese
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Mascotti
- Molecular Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, the Netherlands; IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de los Andes 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina.
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11
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Situ M, Citalan-Madrid AF, Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Transcriptomic Profile of Blood–Brain Barrier Remodeling in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:931247. [PMID: 35813502 PMCID: PMC9257207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.931247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a small vessel disease characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) peptide deposition within the walls of medium to small-caliber blood vessels, cerebral microhemorrhage, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage. It is commonly associated with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease. BBB dysfunction is indicated as a pathological substrate for CAA progression with hyperpermeability, enhancing the extravasation of plasma components and inducing neuroinflammation, further worsening BBB injury and contributing to cognitive decline. Although significant effort has been made in defining the gene mutations and risk factors involved in microvascular alterations with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, the intra- and intercellular pathogenic mechanisms responsible for vascular hyperpermeability are still largely unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional profile of the cerebral microvessels (BBB) in a murine model with CAA vasculopathy to define potential causes and underlying mechanisms of BBB injury. A comprehensive RNA sequencing analysis was performed of CAA vasculopathy in Tg-SwDI mice at 6 and 18 months in comparison to age-matched wildtype controls to examine how age and amyloid accumulation impact the transcriptional signature of the BBB. Results indicate that Aβ has a critical role in triggering brain endothelial cell and BBB dysfunction in CAA vasculopathy, causing an intense proinflammatory response, impairing oxidative metabolism, altering the coagulation status of brain endothelial cells, and remodeling barrier properties. The proinflammatory response includes both adaptive and innate immunity, with pronounced induction of genes that regulate macrophage/microglial activation and chemokines/adhesion molecules that support T and B cell transmigration. Age has an important impact on the effects of Aβ, increasing the BBB injury in CAA vasculopathy. However, early inflammation, particularly microglia/macrophage activation and the mediators of B lymphocytes’ activities are underlying processes of BBB hyperpermeability and cerebral microbleeds in the early stage of CAA vasculopathy. These findings reveal a specific profile of the CAA-associated BBB injury that leads to a full progression of CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Situ
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Svetlana M. Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anuska V. Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Anuska V. Andjelkovic,
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12
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Begum R, Thota S, Abdulkadir A, Kaur G, Bagam P, Batra S. NADPH oxidase family proteins: signaling dynamics to disease management. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:660-686. [PMID: 35585127 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pervasive signaling molecules in biological systems. In humans, a lack of ROS causes chronic and extreme bacterial infections, while uncontrolled release of these factors causes pathologies due to excessive inflammation. Professional phagocytes such as neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages use superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) as part of their arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms to produce high levels of ROS. NOX is a multisubunit enzyme complex composed of five essential subunits, two of which are localized in the membrane, while three are localized in the cytosol. In resting phagocytes, the oxidase complex is unassembled and inactive; however, it becomes activated after cytosolic components translocate to the membrane and are assembled into a functional oxidase. The NOX isoforms play a variety of roles in cellular differentiation, development, proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal control, migration, and contraction. Recent studies have identified NOX as a major contributor to disease pathologies, resulting in a shift in focus on inhibiting the formation of potentially harmful free radicals. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and the transduction pathways involved in NOX-mediated signaling is essential for the development of new therapeutic agents that minimize the hyperproduction of ROS. The current review provides a thorough overview of the various NOX enzymes and their roles in disease pathophysiology, highlights pharmacological strategies, and discusses the importance of computational modeling for future NOX-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Begum
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Shilpa Thota
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Abubakar Abdulkadir
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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13
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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14
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Wang Y, Qi H, Liu Y, Duan C, Liu X, Xia T, Chen D, Piao HL, Liu HX. The double-edged roles of ROS in cancer prevention and therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:4839-4857. [PMID: 33754031 PMCID: PMC7978298 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as cell signaling molecules generated in oxidative metabolism and are associated with a number of human diseases. The reprogramming of redox metabolism induces abnormal accumulation of ROS in cancer cells. It has been widely accepted that ROS play opposite roles in tumor growth, metastasis and apoptosis according to their different distributions, concentrations and durations in specific subcellular structures. These double-edged roles in cancer progression include the ROS-dependent malignant transformation and the oxidative stress-induced cell death. In this review, we summarize the notable literatures on ROS generation and scavenging, and discuss the related signal transduction networks and corresponding anticancer therapies. There is no doubt that an improved understanding of the sophisticated mechanism of redox biology is imperative to conquer cancer.
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15
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ubiquitous metabolic products and important cellular signaling molecules that contribute to several biological functions. Pathophysiology arises when ROS are generated either in excess or in cell types or subcellular locations that normally do not produce ROS or when non-physiological types of ROS (e.g., superoxide instead of hydrogen peroxide) are formed. In the latter scenario, antioxidants were considered as the apparent remedy but, clinically, have consistently failed and even sometimes induced harm. The obvious reason for that is the non-selective ROS scavenging effects of antioxidants which interfere with both qualities of ROS, physiological and pathological. Therefore, it is essential to overcome this "antidote or neutralizer" strategy. We here review the most promising alternative approach by identifying the disease-relevant enzymatic sources of ROS, target these selectively, but leave physiological ROS signaling through other sources intact. Among all ROS sources, NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5 and DUOX1-2) stand out as their sole function is to produce ROS, whereas most other enzymatic sources only produce ROS as a by-product or upon biochemical uncoupling or damage. This qualifies NOXs as the main potential drug-target candidates in diseases associated with dysfunction in ROS signaling. As a reflection of this, the development of several NOX inhibitors has taken place. Recently, the WHO approved a new stem, "naxib," which refers to NADPH oxidase inhibitors, and thereby recognized NOX inhibitors as a new therapeutic class. This has been announced while clinical trials with the first-in-class compound, setanaxib (initially known as GKT137831) had been initiated. We also review the differences between the seven NOX family members in terms of structure and function in health and disease and then focus on the most advanced NOX inhibitors with an exclusive focus on clinically relevant validations and applications. Therapeutically relevant NADPH oxidase isoforms type 1, 2, 4, and 5 (NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, NOX5). Of note, NOX5 is not present in mice and rats and thus pre-clinically less studied. NOX2, formerly termed gp91phox, has been correlated with many, too many, diseases and is rather relevant as genetic deficiency in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), treated by gene therapy. Overproduction of ROS through NOX1, NOX4, and NOX5 leads to the indicated diseases states including atherosclerosis (red), a condition where NOX4 is surprisingly protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of MeHNS, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | | | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of MeHNS, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Regulation of Metabolic Processes by Hydrogen Peroxide Generated by NADPH Oxidases. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important oxidizing molecule that regulates the metabolisms of aerobic organisms. Redox signaling comprises physiological oxidative stress (eustress), while excessive oxidative stress causes damage to molecules. The main enzymatic generators of H2O2 are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases or NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondrial respiratory chains, as well as various oxidases. The NOX family is constituted of seven enzyme isoforms that produce a superoxide anion (O2−), which can be converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase or spontaneously. H2O2 passes through the membranes by some aquaporins (AQPs), known as peroxyporins. It diffuses through cells and tissues to initiate cellular effects, such as proliferation, the recruitment of immune cells, and cell shape changes. Therefore, it has been proposed that H2O2 has the same importance as Ca2+ or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as modulators in signaling and the metabolism. The present overview focuses on the metabolic processes of liver and adipose tissue, regulated by the H2O2 generated by NOXs.
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17
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Abstract
Significance: The oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is known to be involved in the development and progression of several pathologies. The excess of ROS production is often due to an overactivation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) and for this reason these enzymes became promising therapeutic targets. However, even if NOX are now well characterized, the development of new therapies is limited by the lack of highly isoform-specific inhibitors. Recent Advances: In the past decade, several groups and laboratories have screened thousands of molecules to identify new specific inhibitors with low off-target effects. These works have led to the characterization of several new potent NOX inhibitors; however, their specificity varies a lot depending on the molecules. Critical Issues: Here, we are reviewing more than 25 known NOX inhibitors, focusing mainly on the newly identified ones such as APX-115, NOS31, Phox-I1 and 2, GLX7013114, and GSK2795039. To have a better overall view of these molecules, the inhibitors were classified according to their specificity, from pan-NOX inhibitors to highly isoform-specific ones. We are also presenting the use of these compounds both in vitro and in vivo. Future Directions: Several of these new molecules are potent and very specific inhibitors that could be good candidates for the development of new drugs. Even if the results are very promising, most of these compounds were only validated in vitro or in mice models and further investigations will be required before using them as potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chocry
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Leloup
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
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18
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Terzi A, Suter DM. The role of NADPH oxidases in neuronal development. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:33-47. [PMID: 32370993 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function when produced in physiological ranges. Important sources of cellular ROS include NADPH oxidases (Nox), which are evolutionary conserved multi-subunit transmembrane proteins. Nox-mediated ROS regulate variety of biological processes including hormone synthesis, calcium signaling, cell migration, and immunity. ROS participate in intracellular signaling by introducing post-translational modifications to proteins and thereby altering their functions. The central nervous system (CNS) expresses different Nox isoforms during both development and adulthood. Here, we review the role of Nox-mediated ROS during CNS development. Specifically, we focus on how individual Nox isoforms contribute to signaling in neural stem cell maintenance and neuronal differentiation, as well as neurite outgrowth and guidance. We also discuss how ROS regulates the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in the neuronal growth cone. Finally, we review recent evidence that Nox-derived ROS modulate axonal regeneration upon nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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19
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Sharma T, Datta KK, Kumar M, Dey G, Khan AA, Mangalaparthi KK, Saharan P, Chinnapparaj S, Aggarwal A, Singla N, Ghosh S, Rawat A, Dhandapani S, Salunke P, Chhabra R, Singh D, Takkar A, Gupta SK, Prasad TSK, Gowda H, Mukherjee KK, Pandey A, Bhagat H. Intracranial Aneurysm Biomarker Candidates Identified by a Proteome-Wide Study. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:483-492. [PMID: 32525733 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scientific basis of intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation, its rupture and further development of cerebral vasospasm is incompletely understood. Aberrant protein expression may drive structural alterations of vasculature found in IA. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying these events will lead to identification of early detection biomarkers and in turn, improved treatment outcomes. To unravel differential protein expression in three clinical subgroups of IA patients: (1) unruptured aneurysm, (2) ruptured aneurysm without vasospasm, (3) ruptured aneurysm who developed vasospasm, we performed untargeted quantitative proteomic analysis of aneurysm tissue and serum samples from three subgroups of IA patients and control subjects. Candidate molecules were then validated in a larger cohort of patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 937 and 294 proteins were identified from aneurysm tissue and serum samples, respectively. Several proteins that are known to maintain structural integrity of vasculature were found to be dysregulated in the context of aneurysm. ORM1, a glycoprotein, was significantly upregulated in both tissue and serum samples of unruptured aneurysm patients. We employed a larger cohort of subjects (n = 26) and validated ORM1 as a potential biomarker for screening of unruptured aneurysms. Samples from ruptured aneurysms with vasospasm showed significant upregulation of MMP9, a protease, compared with ruptured aneurysms without vasospasm. We validated MMP9 as a potential biomarker for vasospasm in a larger cohort (n = 52). This study reports the first global proteomic analysis of the entire clinical spectrum of IA. Furthermore, this study suggests ORM1 and MMP9 as potential biomarkers for unruptured aneurysm and cerebral vasospasm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanavi Sharma
- Division of Neuroanesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Munish Kumar
- Division of Neuroanesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Poonam Saharan
- Division of Neuroanesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shobia Chinnapparaj
- Division of Neuroanesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Aggarwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sujata Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sivashanmugam Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pravin Salunke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dalbir Singh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aastha Takkar
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil K Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Mangalore, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Mangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Kanchan K Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hemant Bhagat
- Division of Neuroanesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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20
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de Faria CC, Fortunato RS. The role of dual oxidases in physiology and cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190096. [PMID: 32453337 PMCID: PMC7265977 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685/gmb-2019-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
NOX/DUOX enzymes are transmembrane proteins that carry electrons through biological membranes generating reactive oxygen species. The NOX family is composed of seven members, which are NOX1 to NOX5 and DUOX1 and 2. DUOX enzymes were initially called thyroid oxidases, based on their high expression level in the thyroid tissue. However, DUOX expression has been documented in several extrathyroid tissues, mostly at the apical membrane of the salivary glands, the airways, and the intestinal tract, revealing additional cellular functions associated with DUOX-related H2O2 generation. In this review, we will briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding DUOX structure and physiological functions, as well as their possible role in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coelho de Faria
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas
Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas
Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Otoupalova E, Smith S, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:509-547. [PMID: 32163196 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to various disease states as well as physiological aging. The lungs are uniquely exposed to a highly oxidizing environment and have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate oxidative stress. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related disorder that leads to architectural remodeling, impaired gas exchange, respiratory failure, and death. In this article, we discuss cellular sources of oxidant production, and antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. We outline the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and how oxidative stress contributes to fibrosis. Further, we link oxidative stress to the biology of aging that involves DNA damage responses, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the recent findings on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in specific fibrotic processes such as macrophage polarization and immunosenescence, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and senescence, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence, and alterations in the acellular extracellular matrix. Finally, we provide an overview of the current preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting oxidative stress in fibrosis and potential new strategies for future therapeutic interventions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:509-547, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Otoupalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sam Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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22
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Lawal RA, Martin SH, Vanmechelen K, Vereijken A, Silva P, Al-Atiyat RM, Aljumaah RS, Mwacharo JM, Wu DD, Zhang YP, Hocking PM, Smith J, Wragg D, Hanotte O. The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens. BMC Biol 2020; 18:13. [PMID: 32050971 PMCID: PMC7014787 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybridisation and introgression play key roles in the evolutionary history of animal species. They are commonly observed within several orders in wild birds. The domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus is the most common livestock species. More than 65 billion chickens are raised annually to produce meat and 80 million metric tons of egg for global human consumption by the commercial sector. Unravelling the origin of its genetic diversity has major application for sustainable breeding improvement programmes. RESULTS In this study, we report genome-wide analyses for signatures of introgression between indigenous domestic village chicken and the four wild Gallus species. We first assess the genome-wide phylogeny and divergence time across the genus Gallus. Genome-wide sequence divergence analysis supports a sister relationship between the Grey junglefowl G. sonneratii and Ceylon junglefowl G. lafayettii. Both species form a clade that is sister to the Red junglefowl G. gallus, with the Green junglefowl G. varius the most ancient lineage within the genus. We reveal extensive bidirectional introgression between the Grey junglefowl and the domestic chicken and to a much lesser extent with the Ceylon junglefowl. We identify a single case of Green junglefowl introgression. These introgressed regions include genes with biological functions related to development and immune system. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that while the Red junglefowl is the main ancestral species, introgressive hybridisation episodes have impacted the genome and contributed to the diversity of the domestic chicken, although likely at different levels across its geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Akinyanju Lawal
- Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Present Address: The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - Simon H Martin
- Present Address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Koen Vanmechelen
- Open University of Diversity - Mouth Foundation, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Addie Vereijken
- Technology and Service B.V., Hendrix Genetics, P.O. Box 114, 5830 AC, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Pradeepa Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Raed Mahmoud Al-Atiyat
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
| | | | - Joram M Mwacharo
- Small Ruminant Genomics, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5689, ILRI-Ethiopia Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Paul M Hocking
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David Wragg
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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23
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Lee SR, An EJ, Kim J, Bae YS. Function of NADPH Oxidases in Diabetic Nephropathy and Development of Nox Inhibitors. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:25-33. [PMID: 31875663 PMCID: PMC6939690 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), play important roles in various cellular signaling networks. NADPH oxidase (Nox) isozymes have been shown to mediate receptor-mediated ROS generation for physiological signaling processes involved in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Detectable intracellular levels of ROS can be induced by the electron leakage from mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as by activation of cytochrome p450, glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase, leading to oxidative stress. The up-regulation and the hyper-activation of NADPH oxidases (Nox) also likely contribute to oxidative stress in pathophysiologic stages. Elevation of the renal ROS level through hyperglycemia-mediated Nox activation results in the oxidative stress which induces a damage to kidney tissues, causing to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Nox inhibitors are currently being developed as the therapeutics of DN. In this review, we summarize Nox-mediated ROS generation and development of Nox inhibitors for therapeutics of DN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Rom Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung An
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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24
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NADPH oxidases and oxidase crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:170-194. [PMID: 31591535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, aortic aneurysm, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis, diabetic vascular complications, cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Interactions between different oxidases or oxidase systems have been intensively investigated for their roles in inducing sustained oxidative stress. In this Review, we discuss the latest data on the pathobiology of each oxidase component, the complex crosstalk between different oxidase components and the consequences of this crosstalk in mediating cardiovascular disease processes, focusing on the central role of particular NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms that are activated in specific cardiovascular diseases. An improved understanding of these mechanisms might facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting these oxidase systems and their interactions, which could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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25
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Osteoclast Differentiation and Possible Pharmaceutical Targets of ROS-Mediated Osteoclast Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143576. [PMID: 31336616 PMCID: PMC6678498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are essential for transmission of cell signals and other physiological functions. However, excessive amounts of ROS can cause cellular imbalance in reduction–oxidation reactions and disrupt normal biological functions, leading to oxidative stress, a condition known to be responsible for the development of several diseases. The biphasic role of ROS in cellular functions has been a target of pharmacological research. Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic progenitors in the bone and are essential for skeletal growth and remodeling, for the maintenance of bone architecture throughout lifespan, and for calcium metabolism during bone homeostasis. ROS, including superoxide ion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are important components that regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS produced by osteoclasts stimulate and facilitate resorption of bone tissue. Thus, elucidating the effects of ROS during osteoclast differentiation is important when studying diseases associated with bone resorption such as osteoporosis. This review examines the effect of ROS on osteoclast differentiation and the efficacy of novel chemical compounds with therapeutic potential for osteoclast related diseases.
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26
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Augsburger F, Filippova A, Rasti D, Seredenina T, Lam M, Maghzal G, Mahiout Z, Jansen-Dürr P, Knaus UG, Doroshow J, Stocker R, Krause KH, Jaquet V. Pharmacological characterization of the seven human NOX isoforms and their inhibitors. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101272. [PMID: 31330481 PMCID: PMC6658998 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NADPH oxidases (NOX) are a family of flavoenzymes that catalyze the formation of superoxide anion radical (O2•-) and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). As major oxidant generators, NOX are associated with oxidative damage in numerous diseases and represent promising drug targets for several pathologies. Various small molecule NOX inhibitors are used in the literature, but their pharmacological characterization is often incomplete in terms of potency, specificity and mode of action. Experimental approach We used cell lines expressing high levels of human NOX isoforms (NOX1-5, DUOX1 and 2) to detect NOX-derived O2•- or H2O2 using a variety of specific probes. NOX inhibitory activity of diphenylene iodonium (DPI), apocynin, diapocynin, ebselen, GKT136901 and VAS2870 was tested on NOX isoforms in cellular and membrane assays. Additional assays were used to identify potential off target effects, such as antioxidant activity, interference with assays or acute cytotoxicity. Key results Cells expressing active NOX isoforms formed O2•-, except for DUOX1 and 2, and in all cases activation of NOX isoforms was associated with the detection of extracellular H2O2. Among all molecules tested, DPI elicited dose-dependent inhibition of all isoforms in all assays, however all other molecules tested displayed interesting pharmacological characteristics, but did not meet criteria for bona fide NOX inhibitors. Conclusion Our findings indicate that experimental results obtained with widely used NOX inhibitors must be carefully interpreted and highlight the challenge of developing reliable pharmacological inhibitors of these key molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Augsburger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Filippova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Rasti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Seredenina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Lam
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghassan Maghzal
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Zahia Mahiout
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (IBA), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Vascular Biology Division, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Avian Stress-Related Transcriptome and Selenotranscriptome: Role during Exposure to Heavy Metals and Heat Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070216. [PMID: 31295914 PMCID: PMC6680911 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium, through incorporation into selenoproteins, is one of the key elements of the antioxidant system. Over the past few years there has been increased interest in exploring those molecular mechanisms in chicken, responsible for the development of this protection system. In more detail, Cd/Pb poisoning and heat stress increase oxidation, mRNA levels of inflammatory proteins, and apoptotic proteins. Selenium seems to enhance the antioxidant status and alleviates these effects via upregulation of antioxidant proteins and other molecular effects. In this review, we analyze avian transcriptome key elements with particular emphasis on interactions with heavy metals and on relation to heat stress.
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Feng YY, Tang M, Suzuki M, Gunasekara C, Anbe Y, Hiraoka Y, Liu J, Grasberger H, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y, Wang JY, Tsubata T. Essential Role of NADPH Oxidase–Dependent Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Maintenance of Sustained B Cell Receptor Signaling and B Cell Proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2546-2557. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Stewart AN, Veldhorst AK, Gensel JC. Reducing age-dependent monocyte-derived macrophage activation contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of NADPH oxidase inhibition in spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:139-150. [PMID: 30453022 PMCID: PMC6348135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The average age at the time of spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased to 43 years old. Middle-aged mice (14 months old, MO) exhibit impaired recovery after SCI with age-dependent increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through NADPH oxidase (NOX) along with pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. Despite these aging differences, clinical therapies are being examined in individuals regardless of age based upon preclinical data generated primarily using young animals (∼4 MO). Our objective is to test the extent to which age affects SCI treatment efficacy. Specifically, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, is age-dependent in SCI. METHODS Apocynin treatment (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered 1 and 6 h after moderate T9 contusion SCI (50kdyn IH) and then daily for 1 week to 4 and 14 MO mice. Locomotor and anatomical recovery was evaluated for 28 days. Monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) and microglial activation and ROS production were evaluated at 3 and 28 days post-injury. RESULTS Apocynin improved functional and anatomical recovery in 14 but not 4 MO SCI mice. Apocynin-mediated recovery was coincident with significant reductions in MDM infiltration and MDM-ROS production in 14 MO SCI mice. Importantly, microglial activation was unaffected by treatment. CONCLUSION These results indicate that apocynin exhibits age-dependent neuroprotective effects by blocking excessive neuroinflammation through NOX-mediated ROS production in MDMs. Further, these data identify age as a critical regulator for SCI treatment efficacy and indicate that pharmacologically reduced macrophage, but not microglia, activation and ROS production reverses age-associated neurological impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; College of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046 PR China.
| | - William M. Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Anna Leigh McVicar
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Andrew N. Stewart
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Amy K. Veldhorst
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,Correspondence to Dr. John C. Gensel or Dr. Bei Zhang, John C. Gensel, B463 Biomed & Bio Sci Research Building (BBSRB), University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, (859) 218-0516, , Bei Zhang, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, PR China, 712046, 86-02938184662, ;
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Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO. Carcinogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling: Interaction of the NADPH Oxidase NOX1-5 and Superoxide Dismutase 1-3 Signal Transduction Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:443-486. [PMID: 29478325 PMCID: PMC6393772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction/oxidation (redox) balance could be defined as an even distribution of reduction and oxidation complementary processes and their reaction end products. There is a consensus that aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly observed in cancer, stimulate primary cell immortalization and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism how different ROS regulate redox balance is not completely understood. Recent Advances: In the current review, we have summarized the main signaling cascades inducing NADPH oxidase NOX1-5 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1-3 expression and their connection to cell proliferation, immortalization, transformation, and CD34+ cell differentiation in thyroid, colon, lung, breast, and hematological cancers. CRITICAL ISSUES Interestingly, many of the signaling pathways activating redox enzymes or mediating the effect of ROS are common, such as pathways initiated from G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors involving protein kinase A, phospholipase C, calcium, and small GTPase signaling molecules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The clarification of interaction of signal transduction pathways could explain how cells regulate redox balance and may even provide means to inhibit the accumulation of harmful levels of ROS in human pathologies.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen derivatives. Initially, they were considered as metabolic by-products (of mitochondria in particular), which consistently lead to aging and disease. Over the last decades, however, it became increasingly apparent that virtually all eukaryotic cells possess specifically ROS-producing enzymes, namely, NOX NADPH oxidases. In most mammals, there are seven NOX isoforms: three closely related isoforms, NOX1, 2, 3, which are activated by cytoplasmic subunits; NOX4, which appears to be constitutively active; and the EF-hand-containing Ca2+-activated isoforms NOX5 and DUOX1 and 2. Loss-of-function mutations in NOX genes can lead to serious human disease. NOX2 deficiency leads to primary immune deficiency, while DUOX2 deficiency presents as congenital hypothyroidism. Nox-deficient mice provide important tools to explore the physiological functions of various NADPH oxidases as a loss of function in Nox2, Nox3, and Duox2 leads to a spontaneous phenotype. The genetic absence of Nox1, Nox4, and Duox1 does not result in an obvious mouse phenotype (the NOX5 gene is absent in rodents and can therefore not be studied using knockout mice). Since the discovery of the NOX family at the turn of the millennium, much progress in understanding the biochemistry and the physiology of NOX has been made; however many questions remain unanswered to date. This chapter is an overview of our present knowledge on mammalian NOX/DUOX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Buvelot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Sumimoto H, Minakami R, Miyano K. Soluble Regulatory Proteins for Activation of NOX Family NADPH Oxidases. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:121-137. [PMID: 31172470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
NOX family NADPH oxidases deliberately produce reactive oxygen species and thus contribute to a variety of biological functions. Of seven members in the human family, the three oxidases NOX2, NOX1, and NOX3 form a heterodimer with p22phox and are regulated by soluble regulatory proteins: p47phox, its related organizer NOXO1; p67phox, its related activator NOXA1; p40phox; and the small GTPase Rac. Activation of the phagocyte oxidase NOX2 requires p47phox, p67phox, and GTP-bound Rac. In addition to these regulators, p40phox plays a crucial role when NOX2 is activated during phagocytosis. On the other hand, NOX1 activation prefers NOXO1 and NOXA1, although Rac is also involved. NOX3 constitutively produces superoxide, which is enhanced by regulatory proteins such as p47phox, NOXO1, and p67phox. Here we describe mechanisms for NOX activation with special attention to the soluble regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Reiko Minakami
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Assays based on ectopic expression of NOX NADPH oxidase subunits in heterologous mammalian cells are an important approach for investigating features of this family of enzymes. These model systems have been used to analyze the biosynthesis and functional domains of NOX enzyme components as well as their regulation and cellular activities. This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and applications of heterologous whole cell assays in studying NOX NADPH oxidases.
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34
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Protective Role of Polyphenols against Vascular Inflammation, Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010053. [PMID: 30597847 PMCID: PMC6357531 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor in the development of chronic diseases affecting various tissues including the cardiovascular system, muscle and bones. Age-related diseases are a consequence of the accumulation of cellular damage and reduced activity of protective stress response pathways leading to low-grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Both inflammation and oxidative stress are major contributors to cellular senescence, a process in which cells stop proliferating and become dysfunctional by secreting inflammatory molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and extracellular matrix components that cause inflammation and senescence in the surrounding tissue. This process is known as the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Thus, accumulation of senescent cells over time promotes the development of age-related diseases, in part through the SASP. Polyphenols, rich in fruits and vegetables, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities associated with protective effects against major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms by which polyphenols improve anti-oxidant capacity, mitochondrial function and autophagy, while reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). We also discuss the therapeutic potential of polyphenols in reducing the effects of the SASP and the incidence of CVD.
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35
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Issa N, Lachance G, Bellmann K, Laplante M, Stadler K, Marette A. Cytokines promote lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through induction of NADPH oxidase 3 expression and superoxide production. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2321-2328. [PMID: 30317185 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes are one of the major superoxide-generating systems in cells. NOX-generated superoxide has been suggested to promote insulin resistance in the liver. However, the role of NOX enzymes in mediating metabolic dysfunction in other insulin target tissues remains unclear. Here, we show that NOX3 expression is induced in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes upon treatment with proinflammatory cytokines. Superoxide production increased concurrently with NOX3 protein expression in cytokine-treated adipocytes, which was inhibited by the NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). Treatment of adipocytes with cytokines increased lipolysis and decreased PPARγ activity. Interestingly, treatment with DPI blunted lipolysis activation by cytokines but failed to restore PPARγ activity. siRNA-mediated NOX3 downregulation also prevented cytokine-induced superoxide generation and lipolysis. In line with increasing lipolysis, cytokines increased the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which was reversed by treatment with DPI and silencing of NOX3 expression. We conclude that NOX3 is a cytokine-inducible superoxide-generating enzyme in adipocytes, which promotes lipolysis through increasing phosphorylation of HSL. This suggests a key role for NOX3-mediated superoxide production in the increased adipocyte lipolysis in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Issa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Lachance
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Kerstin Bellmann
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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36
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Postsynaptic p47phox regulates long-term depression in the hippocampus. Cell Discov 2018; 4:44. [PMID: 30181899 PMCID: PMC6110736 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects neurodegeneration in the brain. Several studies also implicate ROS in the regulation of synapse function and learning and memory processes, although the precise source of ROS generation within these contexts remains to be further explored. Here we show that postsynaptic superoxide generation through PKCζ-activated NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is critical for long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in the CA1-Shaffer collateral synapse of the rat hippocampus. Specifically, PKCζ-dependent phosphorylation of p47phox at serine 316, a NOX2 regulatory subunit, is required for LTD but is not necessary for long-term potentiation (LTP). Our data suggest that postsynaptic p47phox phosphorylation at serine 316 is a key upstream determinant for LTD and synapse weakening.
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37
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Breitenbach M, Rinnerthaler M, Weber M, Breitenbach-Koller H, Karl T, Cullen P, Basu S, Haskova D, Hasek J. The defense and signaling role of NADPH oxidases in eukaryotic cells : Review. Wien Med Wochenschr 2018; 168:286-299. [PMID: 30084091 PMCID: PMC6132560 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-018-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This short review article summarizes what is known clinically and biochemically about the seven human NADPH oxidases. Emphasis is put on the connection between mutations in the catalytic and regulatory subunits of Nox2, the phagocyte defense enzyme, with syndromes like chronic granulomatous disease, as well as a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. These arise paradoxically from a lack of reactive oxygen species production needed as second messengers for immune regulation. Both Nox2 and the six other human NADPH oxidases display signaling functions in addition to the functions of these enzymes in specialized biochemical reactions, for instance, synthesis of the hormone thyroxine. NADPH oxidases are also needed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in times of stress or developmental changes, such as pseudohyphae formation. The article shows that in certain cancer cells Nox4 is also involved in the re-structuring of the actin cytoskeleton, which is required for cell mobility and therefore for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Weber
- Department of Bioscienes, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Bioscienes, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paul Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Sukaniya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Dana Haskova
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hasek
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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38
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Beer LA, Tatge H, Reich N, Tenspolde M, Olling A, Goy S, Rottner K, Alekov AK, Gerhard R. Early cell death induced by Clostridium difficile TcdB: Uptake and Rac1-glucosylation kinetics are decisive for cell fate. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12865. [PMID: 29904993 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxin A and Toxin B (TcdA/TcdB) are large glucosyltransferases produced by Clostridium difficile. TcdB but not TcdA induces reactive oxygen species-mediated early cell death (ECD) when applied at high concentrations. We found that nonglucosylated Rac1 is essential for induction of ECD since inhibition of Rac1 impedes this effect. ECD only occurs when TcdB is rapidly endocytosed. This was shown by generation of chimeras using the trunk of TcdB from a hypervirulent strain. TcdB from hypervirulent strain has been described to translocate from endosomes at higher pH values and thus, meaning faster than reference type TcdB. Accordingly, intracellular delivery of the glucosyltransferase domain of reference TcdB by the trunk of TcdB from hypervirulent strain increased ECD. Furthermore, proton transporters such as sodium/proton exchanger (NHE) or the ClC-5 anion/proton exchanger, both of which contribute to endosomal acidification, also affected cytotoxic potency of TcdB: Specific inhibition of NHE reduced cytotoxicity, whereas transfection of cells with the endosomal anion/proton exchanger ClC-5 increased cytotoxicity of TcdB. Our data suggest that both the uptake rate of TcdB into the cytosol and the status of nonglucosylated Rac1 are key determinants that are decisive for whether ECD or delayed apoptosis is triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helma Tatge
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Reich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michel Tenspolde
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Olling
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Goy
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kiyohara T, Miyano K, Kamakura S, Hayase J, Chishiki K, Kohda A, Sumimoto H. Differential cell surface recruitment of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases Nox1, Nox2 and Nox5: The role of the small GTPase Sar1. Genes Cells 2018; 23:480-493. [PMID: 29718541 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane glycoproteins, synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), generally reach the Golgi apparatus in COPII-coated vesicles en route to the cell surface. Here, we show that the bona fide nonglycoprotein Nox5, a transmembrane superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase, is transported to the cell surface in a manner resistant to co-expression of Sar1 (H79G), a GTP-fixed mutant of the small GTPase Sar1, which blocks COPII vesicle fission from the ER. In contrast, Sar1 (H79G) effectively inhibits ER-to-Golgi transport of glycoproteins including the Nox5-related oxidase Nox2. The trafficking of Nox2, but not that of Nox5, is highly sensitive to over-expression of syntaxin 5 (Stx5), a t-SNARE required for COPII ER-to-Golgi transport. Thus, Nox2 and Nox5 mainly traffic via the Sar1/Stx5-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. Both participate in Nox1 trafficking, as Nox1 advances to the cell surface in two differentially N-glycosylated forms, one complex and one high mannose, in a Sar1/Stx5-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Nox2 and Nox5 also can use both pathways: a glycosylation-defective mutant Nox2 is weakly recruited to the plasma membrane in a less Sar1-dependent manner; N-glycosylated Nox5 mutants reach the cell surface in part as the complex form Sar1-dependently, albeit mainly as the high-mannose form in a Sar1-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kiyohara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kohda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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Habashy WS, Milfort MC, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Expression of genes that encode cellular oxidant/antioxidant systems are affected by heat stress. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:389-394. [PMID: 29619655 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes critical molecular dysfunction that affects productivity in chickens. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat stress (HS) on the expression of select genes in the oxidation/antioxidation machinery in the liver of chickens. Chickens at 14 days of age were randomly assigned to two treatment groups and kept under either a constant normal temperature (25 °C) or high temperature (35 °C) in individual cages for 12 days. mRNA expression of Nrf2, oxidants NADPH(NOX): [NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5 and DUOX2], and antioxidants [SOD1, CAT, GR, GPx1, NQO1] in the liver were analyzed at 1 and 12 days post-HS. We show that, HS changes the mRNA expression of oxidants thereby increasing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, persistent HS up-regulates SOD which converts superoxides to hydrogen peroxide. We further demonstrated the dynamic relationship between catalase, GSH peroxidase (GPx) and NADPH under both acute and chronic heat stress. The pentose phosphate pathway could be important under HS since it generates NADPH which serves as a cofactor for GPx. Also, methionine, a precursor of cysteine has been shown to have reducing properties and thereby makes for an alternative fuel for redox processes. Genes in the ROS and antioxidant generation pathways may provide insight into nutritional intervention strategies, especially the use of methionine and/or cysteine when birds are suffering from heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S Habashy
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al-Behira, Egypt
| | - Marie C Milfort
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Romdhane Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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41
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NADPH Oxidase Deficiency: A Multisystem Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4590127. [PMID: 29430280 PMCID: PMC5753020 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4590127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex system able to recognize a wide variety of host agents, through different biological processes. For example, controlled changes in the redox state are able to start different pathways in immune cells and are involved in the killing of microbes. The generation and release of ROS in the form of an “oxidative burst” represent the pivotal mechanism by which phagocytic cells are able to destroy pathogens. On the other hand, impaired oxidative balance is also implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory complications, which may affect the function of many body systems. NADPH oxidase (NOX) plays a pivotal role in the production of ROS, and the defect of its different subunits leads to the development of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The defect of the different NOX subunits in CGD affects different organs. In this context, this review will be focused on the description of the effect of NOX2 deficiency in different body systems. Moreover, we will also focus our attention on the novel insight in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and inflammation-related manifestations and on the protective role of NOX2 deficiency against the development of atherosclerosis.
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42
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Moloney JN, Cotter TG. ROS signalling in the biology of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:50-64. [PMID: 28587975 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been detected in various cancers and has been shown to have several roles, for example, they can activate pro-tumourigenic signalling, enhance cell survival and proliferation, and drive DNA damage and genetic instability. Counterintuitively ROS can also promote anti-tumourigenic signalling, initiating oxidative stress-induced tumour cell death. Tumour cells express elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify elevated ROS levels, establish a redox balance, while maintaining pro-tumourigenic signalling and resistance to apoptosis. Tumour cells have an altered redox balance to that of their normal counterparts and this identifies ROS manipulation as a potential target for cancer therapies. This review discusses the generation and sources of ROS within tumour cells, the regulation of ROS by antioxidant defence systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production on their signalling targets in cancer. It also provides an insight into how pro- and anti-tumourigenic ROS signalling pathways could be manipulated in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Moloney
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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43
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NADPH Oxidases: Insights into Selected Functions and Mechanisms of Action in Cancer and Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28626501 PMCID: PMC5463201 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9420539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) generating enzymes regulating numerous redox-dependent signaling pathways. NOX are important regulators of cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation and of mechanisms, important for a wide range of processes from embryonic development, through tissue regeneration to the development and spread of cancer. In this review, we discuss the roles of NOX and NOX-derived ROS in the functioning of stem cells and cancer stem cells and in selected aspects of cancer cell physiology. Understanding the functions and complex activities of NOX is important for the application of stem cells in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and development of new therapies toward invasive forms of cancers.
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44
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Prieto-Bermejo R, Hernández-Hernández A. The Importance of NADPH Oxidases and Redox Signaling in Angiogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020032. [PMID: 28505091 PMCID: PMC5488012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have to cope with the constant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the excessive production of ROS might be deleterious for cell biology, there is a plethora of evidence showing that moderate levels of ROS are important for the control of cell signaling and gene expression. The family of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidases or Nox) has evolved to produce ROS in response to different signals; therefore, they fulfil a central role in the control of redox signaling. The role of NADPH oxidases in vascular physiology has been a field of intense study over the last two decades. In this review we will briefly analyze how ROS can regulate signaling and gene expression. We will address the implication of NADPH oxidases and redox signaling in angiogenesis, and finally, the therapeutic possibilities derived from this knowledge will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prieto-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
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45
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von Leden RE, Yauger YJ, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. Central Nervous System Injury and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase: Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:755-764. [PMID: 27267366 PMCID: PMC5335782 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) includes both traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI, respectively). These injuries, which are heterogeneous and, therefore, difficult to treat, result in long-lasting functional, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Severity of injury is determined by multiple factors, and is largely mediated by the activity of the CNS inflammatory system, including the primary CNS immune cells, microglia. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes is a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key inflammatory mediators after CNS injury. ROS play a central role in inflammation, contributing to cytokine translation and release, microglial polarization and activation, and clearance of damaged tissue. NOX has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in CNS trauma, as inhibition of this enzyme family modulates inflammatory cell response and ROS production. The purpose of this review is to understand how the different NOX enzymes function and what role they play in the scope of CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young J. Yauger
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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46
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Ma MW, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang R, Dhandapani KM, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28095923 PMCID: PMC5240251 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. The brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand. However, therapies attempting to scavenge free radicals have shown little success. By shifting the focus to inhibit the generation of damaging free radicals, recent studies have identified NADPH oxidase as a major contributor to disease pathology. NADPH oxidase has the primary function to generate free radicals. In particular, there is growing evidence that the isoforms NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 can be upregulated by a variety of neurodegenerative factors. The majority of recent studies have shown that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase enzymes are neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following ischemic and traumatic brain injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathology of these neurological disorders, explores pharmacological strategies of targeting this major oxidative stress pathway, and outlines obstacles that need to be overcome for successful translation of these therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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47
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TRPC3 positively regulates reactive oxygen species driving maladaptive cardiac remodeling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37001. [PMID: 27833156 PMCID: PMC5105134 DOI: 10.1038/srep37001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) function as key mediators of mechanotransduction during both physiological adaptation to mechanical load and maladaptive remodeling of the heart. This is despite low levels of cardiac Nox2 expression. The mechanism underlying the transition from adaptation to maladaptation remains obscure, however. We demonstrate that transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3), a Ca2+-permeable channel, acts as a positive regulator of ROS (PRROS) in cardiomyocytes, and specifically regulates pressure overload-induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling in mice. TRPC3 physically interacts with Nox2 at specific C-terminal sites, thereby protecting Nox2 from proteasome-dependent degradation and amplifying Ca2+-dependent Nox2 activation through TRPC3-mediated background Ca2+ entry. Nox2 also stabilizes TRPC3 proteins to enhance TRPC3 channel activity. Expression of TRPC3 C-terminal polypeptide abolished TRPC3-regulated ROS production by disrupting TRPC3-Nox2 interaction, without affecting TRPC3-mediated Ca2+ influx. The novel TRPC3 function as a PRROS provides a mechanistic explanation for how diastolic Ca2+ influx specifically encodes signals to induce ROS-mediated maladaptive remodeling and offers new therapeutic possibilities.
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48
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Cifuentes-Pagano ME, Meijles DN, Pagano PJ. Nox Inhibitors & Therapies: Rational Design of Peptidic and Small Molecule Inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:6023-35. [PMID: 26510437 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666151029112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related diseases underlie many if not all of the major leading causes of death in United States and the Western World. Thus, enormous interest from both academia and pharmaceutical industry has been placed on the development of agents which attenuate oxidative stress. With that in mind, great efforts have been placed in the development of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (Nox), the major enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in many cells and tissue. The regulation of a catalytically active Nox enzyme involves numerous protein-protein interactions which, in turn, afford numerous targets for inhibition of its activity. In this review, we will provide an updated overview of the available Nox inhibitors, both peptidic and small molecules, and discuss the body of data related to their possible mechanisms of action and specificity towards each of the various isoforms of Nox. Indeed, there have been some very notable successes. However, despite great commitment by many in the field, the need for efficacious and well-characterized, isoform-specific Nox inhibitors, essential for the treatment of major diseases as well as for delineating the contribution of a given Nox in physiological redox signalling, continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 12th Floor, Room E1247, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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49
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Accetta R, Damiano S, Morano A, Mondola P, Paternò R, Avvedimento EV, Santillo M. Reactive Oxygen Species Derived from NOX3 and NOX5 Drive Differentiation of Human Oligodendrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:146. [PMID: 27313511 PMCID: PMC4889614 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that mediate stress response, apoptosis, DNA damage, gene expression and differentiation. We report here that differentiation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin forming cells in the CNS, is driven by ROS. To dissect the OL differentiation pathway, we used the cell line MO3-13, which display the molecular and cellular features of OL precursors. These cells exposed 1-4 days to low levels of H2O2 or to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA) increased the expression of specific OL differentiation markers: the specific nuclear factor Olig-2, and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), which was processed and accumulated selectively in membranes. The induction of differentiation genes was associated with the activation of ERK1-2 and phosphorylation of the nuclear cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB). PKC mediates ROS-induced differentiation because PKC depletion or bis-indolyl-maleimide (BIM), a PKC inhibitor, reversed the induction of differentiation markers by H2O2. H2O2 and PMA increased the expression of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases, NOX3 and NOX5. Selective depletion of these proteins inhibited differentiation induced by PMA. Furthermore, NOX5 silencing down regulated NOX3 mRNA levels, suggesting that ROS produced by NOX5 up-regulate NOX3 expression. These data unravel an elaborate network of ROS-generating enzymes (NOX5 to NOX3) activated by PKC and necessary for differentiation of OLs. Furthermore, NOX3 and NOX5, as inducers of OL differentiation, represent novel targets for therapies of demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis, associated with impairment of OL differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Accetta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morano
- Laboratori di Ricerca Preclinica e Traslazionale, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Paternò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico V Avvedimento
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
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50
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Barnea ER, Hayrabedyan S, Todorova K, Almogi-Hazan O, Or R, Guingab J, McElhinney J, Fernandez N, Barder T. PreImplantation factor (PIF*) regulates systemic immunity and targets protective regulatory and cytoskeleton proteins. Immunobiology 2016; 221:778-93. [PMID: 26944449 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secreted by viable embryos, PIF is expressed by the placenta and found in maternal circulation. It promotes implantation and trophoblast invasion, achieving systemic immune homeostasis. Synthetic PIF successfully transposes endogenous PIF features to non-pregnant immune and transplant models. PIF affects innate and activated PBMC cytokines and genes expression. We report that PIF targets similar proteins in CD14+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells instigating integrated immune regulation. PIF-affinity chromatography followed by mass-spectrometry, pathway and heatmap analysis reveals that SET-apoptosis inhibitor, vimentin, myosin-9 and calmodulin are pivotal for immune regulation. PIF acts on macrophages down-stream of LPS (lipopolysaccharide-bacterial antigen) CD14/TLR4/MD2 complex, targeting myosin-9, thymosin-α1 and 14-3-3eta. PIF mainly targets platelet aggregation in CD4+, and skeletal proteins in CD8+ cells. Pathway analysis demonstrates that PIF targets and regulates SET, tubulin, actin-b, and S100 genes expression. PIF targets systemic immunity and has a short circulating half-life. Collectively, PIF targets identified; protective, immune regulatory and cytoskeleton proteins reveal mechanisms involved in the observed efficacy against immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan R Barnea
- The Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy (SIEP), Cherry Hill, NJ, USA; BioIncept LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA.
| | - Soren Hayrabedyan
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Todorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Osnat Almogi-Hazan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Or
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joy Guingab
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Banyan Biomarkers, Alachua, FL, USA
| | - James McElhinney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Nelson Fernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Timothy Barder
- Research & Development, Eprogen, Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA
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