1
|
Petkau G, Mitchell TJ, Evans MJ, Matheson L, Salerno F, Turner M. Zfp36l1 establishes the high-affinity CD8 T-cell response by directly linking TCR affinity to cytokine sensing. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350700. [PMID: 38039407 PMCID: PMC11146077 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
How individual T cells compete for and respond to IL-2 at the molecular level, and, as a consequence, how this shapes population dynamics and the selection of high-affinity clones is still poorly understood. Here we describe how the RNA binding protein ZFP36L1, acts as a sensor of TCR affinity to promote clonal expansion of high-affinity CD8 T cells. As part of an incoherent feed-forward loop, ZFP36L1 has a nonredundant role in suppressing multiple negative regulators of cytokine signaling and mediating a selection mechanism based on competition for IL-2. We suggest that ZFP36L1 acts as a sensor of antigen affinity and establishes the dominance of high-affinity T cells by installing a hierarchical response to IL-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petkau
- The Babraham InstituteBabraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Twm J. Mitchell
- The Babraham InstituteBabraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Louise Matheson
- The Babraham InstituteBabraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fiamma Salerno
- The Babraham InstituteBabraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Turner
- The Babraham InstituteBabraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
PIAS Factors from Rainbow Trout Control NF-κB- and STAT-Dependent Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312815. [PMID: 34884614 PMCID: PMC8657546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four ‘protein inhibitors of activated STAT’ (PIAS) control STAT-dependent and NF-κB-dependent immune signalling in humans. The genome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) contains eight pias genes, which encode at least 14 different pias transcripts that are differentially expressed in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. Pias1a2 was the most strongly expressed variant among the analysed pias genes in most tissues, while pias4a2 was commonly low or absent. Since the knock-out of Pias factors in salmonid CHSE cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology failed, three structurally different Pias protein variants were selected for overexpression studies in CHSE-214 cells. All three factors quenched the basal activity of an NF-κB promoter in a dose-dependent fashion, while the activity of an Mx promoter remained unaffected. Nevertheless, all three overexpressed Pias variants from trout strongly reduced the transcript level of the antiviral Stat-dependent mx gene in ifnγ-expressing CHSE-214 cells. Unlike mx, the overexpressed Pias factors modulated the transcript levels of NF-κB-dependent immune genes (mainly il6, il10, ifna3, and stat4) in ifnγ-expressing CHSE-214 cells in different ways. This dissimilar modulation of expression may result from the physical cooperation of the Pias proteins from trout with differential sets of interacting factors bound to distinct nuclear structures, as reflected by the differential nuclear localisation of trout Pias factors. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the multiplication of pias genes and their sub-functionalisation during salmonid evolution.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen G, Chen J, Wu J, Ren X, Li L, Lu S, Cheng T, Tan L, Liu M, Luo Q, Liang S, Nie Q, Zhang X, Luo W. Integrative Analyses of mRNA Expression Profile Reveal SOCS2 and CISH Play Important Roles in GHR Mutation-Induced Excessive Abdominal Fat Deposition in the Sex-Linked Dwarf Chicken. Front Genet 2021; 11:610605. [PMID: 33519913 PMCID: PMC7841439 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.610605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-linked dwarf (SLD) chicken, which is caused by a recessive mutation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR), has been widely used in the Chinese broiler industry. However, it has been found that the SLD chicken has more abdominal fat deposition than normal chicken. Excessive fat deposition not only reduced the carcass quality of the broilers but also reduced the immunity of broilers to diseases. To find out the key genes and the precise regulatory pathways that were involved in the GHR mutation-induced excessive fat deposition, we used high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet to feed the SLD chicken and normal chicken and analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the four groups. Results showed that the SLD chicken had more abdominal fat deposition and larger adipocytes size than normal chicken and HFD can promote abdominal fat deposition and induce adipocyte hypertrophy. RNA sequencing results of the livers and abdominal fats from the above chickens revealed that many DEGs between the SLD and normal chickens were enriched in fat metabolic pathways, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor pathway, and fatty acid metabolism. Importantly, by constructing and analyzing the GHR-downstream regulatory network, we found that suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) may involve in the GHR mutation-induced abdominal fat deposition in chicken. The ectopic expression of SOCS2 and CISH in liver-related cell line leghorn strain M chicken hepatoma (LMH) cell and immortalized chicken preadipocytes (ICP) revealed that these two genes can regulate fatty acid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, and lipid droplet accumulation. Notably, overexpression of SOCS2 and CISH can rescue the hyperactive lipid metabolism and excessive lipid droplet accumulation of primary liver cell and preadipocytes that were isolated from the SLD chicken. This study found some genes and pathways involved in abdominal fat deposition of the SLD chicken and reveals that SOCS2 and CISH are two key genes involved in the GHR mutation-induced excessive fat deposition of the SLD chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genghua Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Ren
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Lu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangtian Tan
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqing Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingbin Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaodong Liang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Strous GJ, Almeida ADS, Putters J, Schantl J, Sedek M, Slotman JA, Nespital T, Hassink GC, Mol JA. Growth Hormone Receptor Regulation in Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597573. [PMID: 33312162 PMCID: PMC7708378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The GHR signaling pathway plays important roles in growth, metabolism, cell cycle control, immunity, homeostatic processes, and chemoresistance via both the JAK/STAT and the SRC pathways. Dysregulation of GHR signaling is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions such as acromegaly, cancer, aging, metabolic disease, fibroses, inflammation and autoimmunity. Numerous studies entailing the GHR signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of GHR signaling through post-translational modifications. Of the numerous modifications, ubiquitination and deubiquitination are prominent events. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and induces proteasomal degradation or starts the sequence of events that leads to endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we discuss the role of first line effectors that act directly on the GHR at the cell surface including ADAM17, JAK2, SRC family member Lyn, Ubc13/CHIP, proteasome, βTrCP, CK2, STAT5b, and SOCS2. Activity of all, except JAK2, Lyn and STAT5b, counteract GHR signaling. Loss of their function increases the GH-induced signaling in favor of aging and certain chronic diseases, exemplified by increased lung cancer risk in case of a mutation in the SOCS2-GHR interaction site. Insight in their roles in GHR signaling can be applied for cancer and other therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- BIMINI Biotech B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ana Da Silva Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Putters
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Schantl
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Sedek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Hassink
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kostopoulou E, Rojas Gil AP, Spiliotis BE. Investigation of the role of β-TrCP in growth hormone transduction defect (GHTD). Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2019-0029. [PMID: 32114520 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Growth hormone(GH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulate cell growth and differentiation, and crosstalking between their signaling pathways is important for normal cellular development. Growth hormone transduction defect (GHTD) is characterized by excessive GH receptor (GHR) degradation, due to over-expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS). GH induction of GHTD fibroblasts after silencing of messenger RNA (mRNA) CIS (siCIS) or with higher doses of GH restores normal GH signaling. β-Transducing-repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), another E3 ubiquitin ligase, also plays a role in GHR endocytosis. We studied the role of β-TrCP in the regulation of the GH/GHR and EGF/EGF receptor (EGFR) pathways in normal and GHTD fibroblasts. Materials and methods Fibroblast cultures were developed from gingival biopsies of a GHTD (P) and a control child (C). Protein expression and cellular localization of β-TrCP were studied by Western immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively, after: (1) GH 200 μg/L human GH (hGH) induction, either with or without silence CIS (siCIS), and (2) inductions with 200 μg/L GH or 1000 μg/L GH or 50 ng/mL EGF. Results After induction with: (1) GH200/siCIS, the protein expression and cytoplasmic-membrane localization of β-TrCP were increased in the patient, (2) GH200 in the control and GH1000 in the patient, the protein and cytoplasmic-membrane localization of β-TrCP were increased and (3) EGF, the protein expression and cytoplasmic-membrane localization of β-TrCP were increased in both the control and the patient. Conclusions (1) β-TrCP appears to be part of the negative regulatory mechanism of the GH/GHR and EGF/EGFR pathways. (2) There appears to be a negative correlation between β-TrCP and CIS. (3) In the control and GHTD patient, β-TrCP increases when CIS is suppressed, possibly as a compensatory inhibitor of the GH/GHR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kostopoulou
- Paediatric Endocrine Research Laboratory, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras 26500, Greece, Phone: +30 6972070117, Fax: +30 2610993462
| | - Andrea Paola Rojas Gil
- Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Paediatric Endocrine Research Laboratory, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras 26500, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mota de Sá P, Richard AJ, Stephens JM. Bromodomain and Extraterminal Inhibition by JQ1 Produces Divergent Transcriptional Regulation of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Genes in Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5686880. [PMID: 31875887 PMCID: PMC7007879 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway has cell-specific functions. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative-feedback regulators of JAK-STAT signaling. STAT5 plays a significant role in adipocyte development and function, and bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins may be involved in STAT5 transcriptional activity. We treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the BET inhibitor JQ1 and observed that growth hormone (GH)-induced expression of 2 STAT5 target genes from the SOCS family, Socs3 and Cish, were inversely regulated (increased and decreased, respectively) by BET inhibition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that changes in STAT5 binding did not correlate with gene expression changes. GH promoted the recruitment of the BET protein BRD2 to the Cish, but not Socs3, promoter. JQ1 treatment ablated this effect as well as the GH-induced binding of ribonucleic acid polymerase II (RNA Pol II) to the Cish transcription start site. BRD2 knockdown also suppressed GH induction of Cish, further supporting the role of BRD2 in Cish transcriptional activation. In contrast, JQ1 increased the binding of activated Pol II to the Socs3 coding region, suggesting enhanced messenger RNA (mRNA) elongation. Our finding that JQ1 transiently reduced the interaction between the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) and its inhibitor hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible 1 (HEXIM1) is consistent with a previously described off-target effect of JQ1, whereby P-TEFb becomes more available to be recruited by genes that do not depend on BET proteins for activating transcription. These results demonstrate substantially different transcriptional regulation of Socs3 and Cish and suggest distinct roles in adipocytes for these 2 closely related proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mota de Sá
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Allison J Richard
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Correspondence: Jacqueline Stephens, Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian B, Tang D, Wu J, Liang M, Hao D, Wei Q. Molecular characterization, expression pattern and evolution of nine suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) gene in the swamp eel (Monopterus albus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:177-189. [PMID: 31811887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members have negative effects on cytokine signaling pathways involved in immunity, growth and development. Owing to their typical feature, they have been extensively studied in mammalians, but they have not offered systematic studies among teleosts. In the present study, nine SOCS family genes were identified in the swamp eel genome and analyzed regulation mechanisms of SOCS family members in swamp eels. The open reading frames of MaSOCS1a, MaSOCS1b, MaSOCS2, MaSOCS3a, MaSOCS3b, MaSOCS4, MaSOCS5, MaSOCS6 and MaSOCS7 were 663 bp, 603 bp, 717 bp, 618 bp, 645 bp, 1188 bp, 1488 bp, 1611 bp and 1998 bp and encoded 220, 238, 200, 205, 214, 395, 496, 536 and 655 amino acids, respectively. All SOCS proteins have no signal peptides. Multiple alignment revealed that MaSOCS family members possessed a typical conserved SOCS box and SH2 region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all SOCS proteins were divided into two main clusters. Taken together with the similarity and identity of SOCS protein amino acids, these results indicated that MaSOCS family members shared conserved with other homologous genes, in which MaSOCS7 was more conserved. Further syntenic analysis confirmed the phylogenetic analysis results and annotation of SOCS protein, suggesting that MaSOCS5 shared a common ancestor gene with that of fish and humans. MaSOCS family members were constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues with different levels. In particular, spleen and head kidneys play an important role in immune-related pathways. After Aeromonas veronii and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) challenge in the spleen and head kidney, MaSOCS family members exhibit different expression profiles. These expression patterns indicated that MaSOCS family members could make acute responses after pathogen invasion. Taken together, these results indicate that MaSOCS family members participate in the immune response against pathogens and offer a solid foundation for future studies of SOCS function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Dongdong Tang
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Jinming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Du Hao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Qiwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Endogenous and Exogenous Melatonin Exposure Attenuates Hepatic MT 1 Melatonin Receptor Protein Expression in Rat. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090408. [PMID: 31540398 PMCID: PMC6770540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptors are highly relevant for the hepatoprotective effects of the pineal hormone melatonin after experimental hemorrhagic shock in rats. In this study, we sought to determine the spatial expression pattern and a putative regulation of two melatonin receptors, membrane bound type 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2), in the liver of rats. In a male rat model (Sprague Dawley) of hemorrhage and resuscitation, we investigated the gene expression and protein of MT1 and MT2 in rat liver by utilizing real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, a western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Plasma melatonin content was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Male rats underwent hemorrhage and were resuscitated with shed blood and a Ringer’s solution (n = 8 per group). After 90 min of hemorrhage, animals were given vehicle, melatonin, or ramelteon (each 1.0 mg/kg intravenously). Sham-operated controls did not undergo hemorrhage but were treated likewise. Plasma melatonin was significantly increased in all groups treated with melatonin and also after hemorrhagic shock. Only MT1, but not the MT2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein, was detected in the rat liver. The MT1 protein was located in pericentral fields of liver lobules in sham-operated animals. After hemorrhagic shock and treatment with melatonin or ramelteon, the hepatic MT1 protein amount was significantly attenuated in all groups compared to sham controls (50% reduction; p < 0.001). With respect to MT1 mRNA, no significant changes were observed between groups (p = 0.264). Our results indicate that both endogenous melatonin exposure from hemorrhagic shock, as well as exogenous melatonin and ramelteon exposure, may attenuate melatonin receptors in rat hepatocytes, possibly by means of desensitization.
Collapse
|
9
|
Browning LM, Pietrzak M, Kuczma M, Simms CP, Kurczewska A, Refugia JM, Lowery DJ, Rempala G, Gutkin D, Ignatowicz L, Muranski P, Kraj P. TGF-β-mediated enhancement of T H17 cell generation is inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1α signaling. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaar2125. [PMID: 30154100 PMCID: PMC8713300 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family promote the growth and differentiation of multiple tissues, but the role of only the founding member, TGF-β, in regulating the immune responses has been extensively studied. TGF-β is critical to prevent the spontaneous activation of self-reactive T cells and sustain immune homeostasis. In contrast, in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, TGF-β promotes the differentiation of effector T helper 17 (TH17) cells. Abrogating TGF-β receptor signaling prevents the development of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting cells and protects mice from TH17 cell-mediated autoimmunity. We found that the receptor of another member of TGF-β family, bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1α (BMPR1α), regulates T helper cell activation. We found that the differentiation of TH17 cells from naive CD4+ T cells was inhibited in the presence of BMPs. Abrogation of BMPR1α signaling during CD4+ T cell activation induced a developmental program that led to the generation of inflammatory effector cells expressing large amounts of IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF family cytokines and transcription factors defining the TH17 cell lineage. We found that TGF-β and BMPs cooperated to establish effector cell functions and the cytokine profile of activated CD4+ T cells. Together, our data provide insight into the immunoregulatory function of BMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Browning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michal Kuczma
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Colin P Simms
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Agnieszka Kurczewska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Justin M Refugia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Dustin J Lowery
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rempala
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dmitriy Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Leszek Ignatowicz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Queval CJ, Song OR, Carralot JP, Saliou JM, Bongiovanni A, Deloison G, Deboosère N, Jouny S, Iantomasi R, Delorme V, Debrie AS, Park SJ, Gouveia JC, Tomavo S, Brosch R, Yoshimura A, Yeramian E, Brodin P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Controls Phagosomal Acidification by Targeting CISH-Mediated Signaling. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3188-3198. [PMID: 28954234 PMCID: PMC5637157 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved a range of mechanisms to counteract host defenses, notably to survive harsh acidic conditions in phagosomes. In the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has been shown that regulation of phagosome acidification could be achieved by interfering with the retention of the V-ATPase complexes at the vacuole. Here, we present evidence that M. tuberculosis resorts to yet another strategy to control phagosomal acidification, interfering with host suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein functions. More precisely, we show that infection of macrophages with M. tuberculosis leads to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretion, inducing STAT5-mediated expression of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), which selectively targets the V-ATPase catalytic subunit A for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. Consistently, we show that inhibition of CISH expression leads to reduced replication of M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Our findings further broaden the molecular understanding of mechanisms deployed by bacteria to survive. M. tuberculosis interferes with host pathways to control vacuolar acidification Infection induces the expression of host CISH and recruitment to the phagosome CISH triggers the degradation of H+-V-ATPase via SOCS box-mediated ubiquitination This defense mechanism complements previous schemes relying on virulence factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe J Queval
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | - Jean-Philippe Carralot
- Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Plateforme de Protéomique et Peptides Modifiés (P3M), CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Gaspard Deloison
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Deboosère
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Samuel Jouny
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Raffaella Iantomasi
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Delorme
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sei-Jin Park
- Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | - Joana Costa Gouveia
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Stanislas Tomavo
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Plateforme de Protéomique et Peptides Modifiés (P3M), CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Edouard Yeramian
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR3528 Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Priscille Brodin
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guittard G, Dios-Esponera A, Palmer DC, Akpan I, Barr VA, Manna A, Restifo NP, Samelson LE. The Cish SH2 domain is essential for PLC-γ1 regulation in TCR stimulated CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5336. [PMID: 29593227 PMCID: PMC5871872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cish, participates within a multi-molecular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which ubiquitinates target proteins. It has an inhibitory effect on T cell activation mediated by PLC-γ1 regulation, and it functions as a potent checkpoint in CD8+ T cell tumor immunotherapy. To study the structural and functional relationships between Cish and PLC-γ1 during CD8+ T cell activation, we tested mutants of the Cish-SH2 (R107K) and D/BC (L222Q, C226Q) domains. We confirmed that Cish-SH2-specific binding was essential for PLC-γ1 ubiquitination and degradation. This domain was essential for the Cish-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ release upon TCR stimulation. No effect on inhibition of cytokine release was observed with SH2 or D/BC mutants, although the absence of Cish led to an increased release of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Using imaging we showed that Cish was expressed mostly in the cytoplasm and we did not see any Cish clustering at the plasma membrane upon stimulation. We conclude that the Cish-SH2 domain is essential for PLC-γ1 regulation in TCR-stimulated CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Guittard
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4256, USA. .,INSERM, U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Ana Dios-Esponera
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Douglas C Palmer
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10/CRC, Room 3W-3840, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Itoro Akpan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Valarie A Barr
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Asit Manna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10/CRC, Room 3W-3840, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence E Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4256, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naudin C, Chevalier C, Roche S. The role of small adaptor proteins in the control of oncogenic signalingr driven by tyrosine kinases in human cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11033-55. [PMID: 26788993 PMCID: PMC4905456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation on tyrosine (Tyr) residues has evolved as an important mechanism to coordinate cell communication in multicellular organisms. The importance of this process has been revealed by the discovery of the prominent oncogenic properties of tyrosine kinases (TK) upon deregulation of their physiological activities, often due to protein overexpression and/or somatic mutation. Recent reports suggest that TK oncogenic signaling is also under the control of small adaptor proteins. These cytosolic proteins lack intrinsic catalytic activity and signal by linking two functional members of a catalytic pathway. While most adaptors display positive regulatory functions, a small group of this family exerts negative regulatory functions by targeting several components of the TK signaling cascade. Here, we review how these less studied adaptor proteins negatively control TK activities and how their loss of function induces abnormal TK signaling, promoting tumor formation. We also discuss the therapeutic consequences of this novel regulatory mechanism in human oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Naudin
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Present address: INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Clément Chevalier
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Present address: SFR Biosit (UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018), MRic Photonics Platform, University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Serge Roche
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2014, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cianciulli A, Calvello R, Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA. Understanding the role of SOCS signaling in neurodegenerative diseases: Current and emerging concepts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
14
|
Das RK, Banerjee S, Shapiro BH. Growth hormone: a newly identified developmental organizer. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:377-389. [PMID: 27980003 PMCID: PMC5241097 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The sexually dimorphic expression of cytochromes P450 (CYP) drug-metabolizing enzymes has been reported in all species examined. These sex differences are only expressed during adulthood and are solely regulated by sex differences in circulating growth hormone (GH) profiles. Once established, however, the different male- and female-dependent CYP isoform profiles are permanent and immutable, suggesting that adult CYP expression requires imprinting. As the hormone that regulates an adult function is likely the same hormone that imprints the function, we selectively blocked GH secretion in some newborn male rats, whereas others received concurrent physiologic replacement of rat GH. The results demonstrate that adult male GH activation of the signal transduction pathway regulating expression of the principal CYP2C11 isoform is obligatorily dependent on perinatal GH imprinting, without which CYP2C11 and drug metabolism would be permanently and profoundly suppressed. As there are other adult metabolic functions also regulated by GH, pediatric drug therapy known to disrupt GH secretion could unintentionally impair adult health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard H Shapiro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kostopoulou E, Rojas-Gil AP, Karvela A, Spiliotis BE. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) involvement in successful growth hormone (GH) signaling in GH transduction defect. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:221-230. [PMID: 28099130 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone (GH) transduction defect (GHTD) is a growth disorder with impaired signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation mediated by overexpression of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), which causes increased growth hormone receptor (GHR) degradation. This study investigated the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the restoration of normal GH signaling in GHTD. METHODS Protein expression, cellular localization and physical contact of proteins of the GH and EGF signaling pathways were studied by Western immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation, respectively. These were performed in fibroblasts of one GHTD patient (P) and one control child (C) at the basal state and after induction with human GH (hGH) 200 μg/L (GH200), either with or without silencing of CIS mRNA, and after induction with hGH 1000 μg/L (GH1000) or 50 ng/mL EGF. RESULTS The membrane availability of the EGF receptor (EGFR) and the activated EGFR (pEGFR) was increased in P only after simultaneous GH200 and silencing of CIS mRNA or with GH1000, whereas this occurred in C after GH200 alone. After EGF induction, the membrane localization of GHR, STAT3 and that of EGFR were increased in P more than in C. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in GHTD, the EGFR seems to participate in successful GH signaling, but induction of GHTD fibroblasts with a higher dose of hGH is needed. The EGF/EGFR pathway, in contrast to the GH/GHR pathway, seems to function normally in P and is more primed compared to C. The involvement of the EGFR in successful GH signaling may explain the catch-up growth seen in the Ps when exogenous hGH is administered.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nespital T, van der Velden LM, Mensinga A, van der Vaart ED, Strous GJ. Fos-Zippered GH Receptor Cytosolic Tails Act as Jak2 Substrates and Signal Transducers. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:290-301. [PMID: 26859362 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Janus kinase (Jak) family initiate the majority of downstream signaling events of the cytokine receptor family. The prevailing principle is that the receptors act in dimers: 2 Jak2 molecules bind to the cytosolic tails of a cytokine receptor family member and initiate Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling upon a conformational change in the receptor complex, induced by the cognate cytokine. Due to the complexity of signaling complexes, there is a strong need for in vitro model systems. To investigate the molecular details of the Jak2 interaction with the GH receptor (GHR), we used cytosolic tails provided with leucine zippers derived from c-Fos to mimic the dimerized state of GHR. Expressed together with Jak2, fos-zippered tails, but not unzippered tails, were stabilized. In addition, the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway was activated by the fos-zippered tails. The stabilization depended also on α-helix rotation of the zippers. Fos-zippered GHR tails and Jak2, both purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells, interacted via box1 with a binding affinity of approximately 40nM. As expected, the Jak kinase inhibitor Ruxolitinib inhibited the stabilization but did not affect the c-Fos-zippered GHR tail-Jak2 interaction. Analysis by blue-native gel electrophoresis revealed high molecular-weight complexes containing both Jak2 and nonphosphorylated GHR tails, whereas Jak2-dissociated tails were highly phosphorylated and monomeric, implying that Jak2 detaches from its substrate upon phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nespital
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke M van der Velden
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth D van der Vaart
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Palmer DC, Guittard GC, Franco Z, Crompton JG, Eil RL, Patel SJ, Ji Y, Van Panhuys N, Klebanoff CA, Sukumar M, Clever D, Chichura A, Roychoudhuri R, Varma R, Wang E, Gattinoni L, Marincola FM, Balagopalan L, Samelson LE, Restifo NP. Cish actively silences TCR signaling in CD8+ T cells to maintain tumor tolerance. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2095-113. [PMID: 26527801 PMCID: PMC4647263 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmer et al. find that Cish, a member of the SOCS family, is induced by TCR stimulation in CD8+ T cells and inhibits their functional avidity against tumor. The authors uncover a novel mechanism of suppression for a SOCS member. Improving the functional avidity of effector T cells is critical in overcoming inhibitory factors within the tumor microenvironment and eliciting tumor regression. We have found that Cish, a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, is induced by TCR stimulation in CD8+ T cells and inhibits their functional avidity against tumors. Genetic deletion of Cish in CD8+ T cells enhances their expansion, functional avidity, and cytokine polyfunctionality, resulting in pronounced and durable regression of established tumors. Although Cish is commonly thought to block STAT5 activation, we found that the primary molecular basis of Cish suppression is through inhibition of TCR signaling. Cish physically interacts with the TCR intermediate PLC-γ1, targeting it for proteasomal degradation after TCR stimulation. These findings establish a novel targetable interaction that regulates the functional avidity of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and can be manipulated to improve adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Ji
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | - David Clever
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | - Rajat Varma
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Banerjee S, Das RK, Giffear KA, Shapiro BH. Permanent uncoupling of male-specific CYP2C11 transcription/translation by perinatal glutamate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:79-91. [PMID: 25697375 PMCID: PMC4374021 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure of rats and mice to the typically reported 4mg/g bd wt dose of monosodium glutamate (MSG) results in a complete block in GH secretion as well as obesity, growth retardation and a profound suppression of several cytochrome P450s, including CYP2C11, the predominant male-specific isoform--all irreversible effects. In contrast, we have found that a lower dose of the food additive, 2mg/g bd wt on alternate days for the first 9days of life results in a transient neonatal depletion of plasma GH, a subsequent permanent overexpression of CYP2C11 as well as subnormal (mini) GH pulse amplitudes in an otherwise normal adult masculine episodic GH profile. The overexpressed CYP2C11 was characterized by a 250% increase in mRNA, but only a 40 to 50% increase in CYP2C11 protein and its catalytic activity. Using freshly isolated hepatocytes as well as primary cultures exposed to the masculine-like episodic GH profile, we observed normal induction, activation, nuclear translocation and binding to the CYP2C11 promoter of the GH-dependent signal transducers required for CYP2C11 transcription. The disproportionately lower expression levels of CYP2C11 protein were associated with dramatically high expression levels of an aberrant, presumably nontranslated CYP2C11 mRNA, a 200% increase in CYP2C11 ubiquitination and a 70-80% decline in miRNAs associated, at normal levels, with a suppression of CYP2C expression. Whereas the GH-responsiveness of CYP2C7 and CYP2C6 as well as albumin was normal in the MSG-derived hepatocytes, the abnormal expression of CYP2C11 was permanent and irreversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Banerjee
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Rajat Kumar Das
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Kelly A Giffear
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Bernard H Shapiro
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martinez CS, Piazza VG, Díaz ME, Boparai RK, Arum O, Ramírez MC, González L, Becú-Villalobos D, Bartke A, Turyn D, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. GH/STAT5 signaling during the growth period in livers of mice overexpressing GH. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:171-84. [PMID: 25691498 PMCID: PMC4811361 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
GH/STAT5 signaling is desensitized in the liver in adult transgenic mice overexpressing GH; however, these animals present greater body size. To assess whether the STAT5 pathway is active during the growth period in the liver in these animals, and how signaling modulators participate in this process, growing transgenic mice and normal siblings were evaluated. STAT5 does not respond to an acute GH-stimulus, but displays higher basal phosphorylation in the livers of growing GH-overexpressing mice. GH receptor and the positive modulators glucocorticoid receptor and HNF1 display greater abundance in transgenic animals, supporting the activity of STAT5. The negative modulators cytokine-induced suppressor and PTP1B are increased in GH-overexpressing mice. The suppressors SOCS2 and SOCS3 exhibit higher mRNA levels in transgenic mice but lower protein content, indicating that they are being actively degraded. Therefore, STAT5 signaling is increased in the liver in GH-transgenic mice during the growth period, with a balance between positive and negative effectors resulting in accelerated but controlled growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Martinez
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica G Piazza
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Díaz
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ravneet K Boparai
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oge Arum
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Ramírez
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becú-Villalobos
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Turyn
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jensik PJ, Arbogast LA. Regulation of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) by ubiquitination and Elongin B/C interaction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:130-41. [PMID: 25448846 PMCID: PMC4373541 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) inhibits prolactin receptor (PRLR) signaling and acts as part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex through interactions with Elongin B/C proteins. This study aimed to identify CIS lysine ubiquitination sites and determine roles of ubiquitination and Elongin B/C interactions on CIS protein stability and PRLR signaling inhibition. Site-directed mutations revealed that CIS can be ubiquitinated on all six lysine residues. Elongin B/C interaction box mutation had no influence on CIS ubiquitination. CIS stability was increased by mutation of lysine residues and further enhanced by co-mutation of Elongin B/C interaction domain. CIS inhibition of STAT5B phosphorylation and casein promoter activation was dependent on CIS interactions with Elongin B/C, but not on CIS ubiquitination. These data indicate CIS protein stability is regulated through multiple mechanisms, including ubiquitination and interaction with Elongin B/C proteins, whereas CIS functional inhibition of PRLR signaling is dependent on the Elongin B/C interaction.
Collapse
|
21
|
Carbone CJ, Fuchs SY. Eliminative signaling by Janus kinases: role in the downregulation of associated receptors. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:8-16. [PMID: 23959845 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cytokine receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAKs) mediates most, if not all, of the cellular responses to peptide hormones and cytokines. Consequently, JAKs play a paramount role in homeostasis and immunity. Members of this family of tyrosine kinases control the cytokine/hormone-induced alterations in cell gene expression program. This function is largely mediated through an ability to signal toward activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT), as well as toward some other pathways. Importantly, JAKs are also instrumental in tightly controlling the expression of associated cytokine and hormone receptors, and, accordingly, in regulating the cell sensitivity to these cytokines and hormones. This review highlights the enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of this regulation and discusses the importance of the ambidextrous nature of JAK as a key signaling node that integrates the combining functions of forward signaling and eliminative signaling. Attention to the latter aspect of JAK function may contribute to emancipating our approaches to the pharmacological modulation of JAKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Carbone
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ropka-Molik K, Zukowski K, Eckert R, Gurgul A, Piórkowska K, Oczkowicz M. Comprehensive analysis of the whole transcriptomes from two different pig breeds using RNA-Seq method. Anim Genet 2014; 45:674-84. [PMID: 24961663 DOI: 10.1111/age.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing RNA-Seq technology is a powerful tool that creates new possibilities for whole-transcriptome analysis. In our study, the RNA-Seq method was applied to analyze global changes in transcriptome from muscle tissue (m. semimembranosus) in two pig breeds (Pietrain and Polish Landrace, PL). The breeds differ in terms of muscularity, growth rate and reproduction traits. Using three different approaches (deseq, cufflinks and edger) and taking into account the most restrictive criteria, 35 genes differentially expressed between Pietrain and PL pigs were identified. In both breeds, the most abundant were transcripts encoding ribosomal and cytoskeletal proteins (TPM3, TCAP, TMOD4, TPM2, TNNC1) and calcium-binding proteins involved in muscle contraction, calcium-mediated signaling or cation transport (CASQ1, MLC2V, SLC25A4, MYL3). In PL pigs, we identified up-regulation of several genes that play crucial roles in reproduction: female gamete generation (BDP1, PTPN21, USP9X), fertilization (EGFR) and embryonic development (CPEB4). In the Pietrain breed, only seven genes were over-expressed (CISH, SPP1, TUBA8, ATP6V1C2, IGKC, predicted LOC100510960 and LOC100626400), and they play important roles in, for example, negative regulation of apoptosis, immune response, cell-cell signaling, cell growth and migration as well as the metabolic process. The functions of the majority of selected genes were consistent with phenotypic variation in investigated breeds; thus, we proposed a new panel of candidate genes that can be associated with economically important pig traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Laboratory of Genomics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Das RK, Banerjee S, Shapiro BH. Irreversible perinatal imprinting of adult expression of the principal sex-dependent drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2C11. FASEB J 2014; 28:4111-22. [PMID: 24942648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We proposed to determine whether, like other sexual dimorphisms, drug metabolism is permanently imprinted by perinatal hormones, resulting in its irreversible sex-dependent expression. We treated newborn male rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG), a total growth hormone (GH) blocker, and, using cultured hepatocytes, examined expression of adult CYP2C11, the predominant cytochrome-P450 expressed only in males, as well as the signal transduction pathway by which episodic GH solely regulates the isoform's expression. In addition, adolescent hypophysectomized (hypox) male rats served as controls in which GH was eliminated after the critical imprinting period. Whereas renaturalization of the masculine episodic GH profile restored normal male-like levels of CYP2C11, as well as CYP2C12, in hepatocytes from hypox rats, the cells derived from the MSG-treated rats were completely unresponsive. Moreover, GH exposure of hepatocytes from hypox rats resulted in normal induction, activation, nuclear translocation, and binding to the CYP2C11 promoter of the signal transducers mediating GH regulation of CYP2C11 expression, which dramatically contrasted with the complete unresponsiveness of the MSG-derived hepatocytes, also associated with hypermethylation of GH-response elements in the CYP2C11 promoter. Lastly, neonatal MSG treatment had no adverse effect on postnatal and adult testosterone levels. The results demonstrate that the sexually dimorphic expression of CYP2C11 is irreversibly imprinted shortly after birth by a hormone other than the customary testosterone, but likely by GH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Kumar Das
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarmistha Banerjee
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard H Shapiro
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hwang IS, Kim JE, Lee YJ, Kwak MH, Go J, Son HJ, Kim DS, Hwang DY. Fermented soybean product (Cheonggukjang) improved some attributes of protein and growth hormone measurements in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Res 2014; 34:355-67. [PMID: 24774072 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the administration of Cheonggukjang (CKJ) would exert positive effects on factors implicated with growth in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. To test this hypothesis, we measured specific aspects of bone and organ growth in male SD rats that were treated for 6 weeks with 3 concentrations of CKJ. Although the CKJ extract contained high concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, no significant differences in body length, organ weights, or femur weight were detected between the CKJ- and vehicle-treated groups. However, thicknesses of the epiphyseal growth plate in the proximal femoral epiphysis and the compact bone in the linea aspera were broadest in the femur of the 2 CKJ-treated groups when compared with the vehicle-treated groups. Furthermore, the levels of growth hormone (GH) and calcium ion were higher in the sera of the high-concentration CKJ-treated groups, whereas the expression level of GH receptor was higher in muscle tissue of all CKJ-treated groups and in the liver tissue of the high-concentration CKJ-treated group. In the GH receptor downstream signaling pathway, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and Erk were expressed differently between liver and muscle tissues upon CKJ treatment. However, the phosphorylation level of STAT5 was very similar to the expression level of the GH receptor in all CKJ-treated groups. These results indicate that CKJ extract may increase the thickness of the epiphyseal growth plate and the compact bone of the femur, elevate GH secretion, and stimulate regulation of the GH receptor downstream signaling pathway in the liver and muscle tissues of SD rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Sik Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hwa Kwak
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Joo Son
- Department of Life Science & Environment Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sup Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramirez MC, Zubeldía-Brenner L, Wargon V, Ornstein AM, Becu-Villalobos D. Expression and methylation status of female-predominant GH-dependent liver genes are modified by neonatal androgenization in female mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:825-34. [PMID: 24239981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal androgenization masculinizes the GH axis and thus may impact on liver gene regulation. Neonatal testosterone administration to female mice decreased (defeminized) female predominant GH-dependent liver gene expression (Hnf6, Adh1, Prlr, Cyp3a41) and did not modify male predominant genes (Cyp7b1, Cyp4a12, Slp). Female predominance of Cis mRNA, an inhibitor of episodic GH signaling pathway, was unaltered. At birth, Cyp7b1 promoter exhibited a higher methylation status in female livers, while the Hnf6 promoter was equally methylated in both sexes; no differences in gene expression were detected at this age. In adulthood, consistent with sex specific predominance, lower methylation status was determined for the Cyp7b1 promoter in males, and for the Hnf6 promoter in females, and this last difference was prevented by neonatal androgenization. Therefore, early steroid treatment or eventually endocrine disruptor exposure may alter methylation status and sexual dimorphic expression of liver genes, and consequently modify liver physiology in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Ramirez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Zubeldía-Brenner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Wargon
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Ornstein
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Martinez CS, Piazza VG, Ratner LD, Matos MN, González L, Rulli SB, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. Growth hormone STAT5-mediated signaling and its modulation in mice liver during the growth period. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:19-28. [PMID: 23245546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal growth exhibits two instances of rapid growth in mice: the first is perinatal and independent of growth hormone (GH), the second is peripuberal and GH-dependent. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) is the main GH-signaling mediator and it is related to IGF1 synthesis and somatic growth. The aim of this work was to assess differential STAT5 sensitivity to GH during the growth period in mouse liver of both sexes. Three representative ages were selected: 1-week-old animals, in the GH-independent phase of growth; 2.5-week-old mice, at the onset of the GH-dependent phase of growth; and 9-week-old young adults. GH-signaling mediators were assessed by immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. GH-induced STAT5 phosphorylation is low at one-week and maximal at 2.5-weeks of age when compared to young adults, accompanied by higher protein content at the onset of growth. Suppressor CIS and phosphatase PTP1B exhibit high levels in one-week animals, which gradually decline, while SOCS2 and SOCS3 display higher levels at adulthood. Nuclear phosphorylated STAT5 is low in one-week animals while in 2.5-week animals it is similar to 9-week control; expression of SOCS3, an early response GH-target gene, mimics this pattern. STAT5 coactivators glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and hepatic nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) abundance is higher in adulthood. Therefore, GH-induced STAT5 signaling presents age-dependent activity in liver, with its maximum coinciding with the onset of GH-dependent phase of growth, accompanied by an age-dependent variation of modulating factors. This work contributes to elucidate the molecular mechanisms implicated in GH responsiveness during growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Martinez
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hirvonen MJ, Büki KG, Sun Y, Mulari MTK, Härkönen PL, Väänänen KH. Novel interaction of Rab13 and Rab8 with endospanins. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:83-8. [PMID: 23772379 PMCID: PMC3668521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases regulate vesicular traffic in eukaryotic cells by cycling between the active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. Their functions are modulated by the diverse selection of effector proteins that bind to specific Rabs in their activated state. We previously described the expression of Rab13 in bone cells. To search for novel Rab13 interaction partners, we screened a newborn rat bone marrow cDNA library for Rab13 effectors with a bacterial two-hybrid system. We found that Rab13 binds to the C-terminus of Endospanin-2, a small transmembrane protein. In addition to Rab13 also Rab8 bound to Endospanin-2, while no binding of Rab7, Rab10, Rab11 or Rab32 was observed. Rab13 and Rab8 also interacted with Endospanin-1, a close homolog of Endospanin-2. Rab13 and Endospanin-2 colocalised in perinuclear vesicular structures in Cos1 cells suggesting direct binding also in vivo. Endospanin-2 is implicated in the regulation of the cell surface growth hormone receptor (GHR), but the inhibition of Rab13 expression did not affect GHR cell surface expression. This suggests that the Rab13–Endospanin-2 interaction may have functions other than GHR regulation. In conclusion, we have identified a novel interaction for Rab13 and Rab8 with Endospanin-2 and Endospanin-1. The role of this interaction in cell physiology, however, remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka J Hirvonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee C, Ding X, Riddick DS. The role of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism in the regulation of mouse hepatic growth hormone signaling components and target genes by 3-methylcholanthrene. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:457-65. [PMID: 23169610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) is a readily metabolized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist. MC disrupts expression of mouse hepatic growth hormone (GH) signaling components and suppresses cytochrome P450 2D9 (Cyp2d9), a male-specific gene controlled by pulsatile GH via signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). To determine if these effects of MC depend on hepatic microsomal P450-mediated activity, we examined biologic responses to MC treatment in liver Cpr-null (LCN) mice with hepatocyte-specific conditional deletion of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR). MC caused mild induction of Por and a hepatic inflammatory marker in wild-type mice, whereas MC caused strong induction of AHR target genes, Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, and Cyp1b1 in wild-type and LCN mice. Two mouse hepatic STAT5b target genes, Cyp2d9 and major urinary protein 2 (Mup2), were suppressed by MC in wild-type mice, and the CYP2D9 mRNA response was maintained in LCN mice. In wild-type mice only, MC decreased hepatic GH receptor (GHR) mRNA but increased GHR protein levels. There was an apparent impairment of STAT5 phosphorylation by MC in wild-type and LCN mice, but large interanimal variation prevented achievement of statistical significance. In vehicle-treated mice, basal levels of MUP2 mRNA, GHR mRNA, GHR protein, and the activation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and Akt were influenced by hepatic Por genetic status. These results indicate that the effects of MC on hepatic GH signaling components and target genes are complex, involving aspects that are both dependent and independent of hepatic microsomal P450-mediated activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee C, Riddick DS. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependence of dioxin's effects on constitutive mouse hepatic cytochromes P450 and growth hormone signaling components. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1354-63. [PMID: 22978700 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has physiological roles in the absence of exposure to exogenous ligands, and mediates adaptive and toxic responses to the environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). A readily metabolized AHR agonist, 3-methylcholanthrene, disrupts the expression of mouse hepatic growth hormone (GH) signaling components and suppresses cytochrome P450 2D9 (Cyp2d9), a male-specific gene controlled by pulsatile GH via signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). Using TCDD as an essentially nonmetabolized AHR agonist, and Ahr (-/-) mice as the preferred model to determine the AHR-dependence of biological responses, we now show that 2 mouse hepatic STAT5b target genes, Cyp2d9, and major urinary protein 2 (Mup2), are suppressed by TCDD in an AHR-dependent manner. TCDD also decreased hepatic mRNA levels for GH receptor, Janus kinase 2, and STAT5a/b with AHR-dependence. Without inducing selected hepatic inflammatory markers, TCDD caused AHR-dependent induction of Cyp1a1 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por) and suppression of Cyp3a11. In vehicle-treated mice, basal mRNA levels for CYP2D9, CYP3A11, POR, serum amyloid protein P, and MUP2 were influenced by Ahr genetic status. We conclude that AHR activation per se leads to dysregulation of hepatic GH signaling components and suppression of some, but not all, STAT5b target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Deng L, Jiang J, Frank SJ. Growth hormone-induced JAK2 signaling and GH receptor down-regulation: role of GH receptor intracellular domain tyrosine residues. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2311-22. [PMID: 22416081 PMCID: PMC3339656 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GH receptor (GHR) mediates important somatogenic and metabolic effects of GH. A thorough understanding of GH action requires intimate knowledge of GHR activation mechanisms, as well as determinants of GH-induced receptor down-regulation. We previously demonstrated that a GHR mutant in which all intracellular tyrosine residues were changed to phenylalanine was defective in its ability to activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 and deficient in GH-induced down-regulation, but able to allow GH-induced Janus family of tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2) activation. We now further characterize the signaling and trafficking characteristics of this receptor mutant. We find that the mutant receptor's extracellular domain conformation and its interaction with GH are indistinguishable from the wild-type receptor. Yet the mutant differs greatly from the wild-type in that GH-induced JAK2 activation is augmented and far more persistent in cells bearing the mutant receptor. Notably, unlike STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, GH-induced STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation is retained and augmented in mutant GHR-expressing cells. The defective receptor down-regulation and persistent JAK2 activation of the mutant receptor do not depend on the sustained presence of GH or on the cell's ability to carry out new protein synthesis. Mutant receptors that exhibit resistance to GH-induced down-regulation are enriched in the disulfide-linked form of the receptor, which reflects the receptor's activated conformation. Furthermore, acute GH-induced internalization, a proximal step in down-regulation, is markedly impaired in the mutant receptor compared to the wild-type receptor. These findings are discussed in the context of determinants and mechanisms of regulation of GHR down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luqin Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0012, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Since its discovery two decades ago, the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway by numerous cytokines and growth factors has resulted in it becoming one of the most well-studied intracellular signalling networks. The field has progressed from the identification of the individual components to high-resolution crystal structures of both JAK and STAT, and an understanding of the complexities of the molecular activation and deactivation cycle which results in a diverse, yet highly specific and regulated pattern of transcriptional responses. While there is still more to learn, we now appreciate how disruption and deregulation of this pathway can result in clinical disease and look forward to adoption of the next generation of JAK inhibitors in routine clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Kiu
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ortiz S, Lee W, Smith D, Forman SJ, Lee TD, Liu CP. Comparative analyses of differentially induced T-cell receptor-mediated phosphorylation pathways in T lymphoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 235:1450-63. [PMID: 21127342 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of T lymphoma cells expressing Syk, but not ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase, has been shown to negatively regulate cell activation and activation-induced cell death (AICD), perhaps due to differential induction of tyrosine phosphorylation modified proteins. To better understand the role of these proteins and their associated molecules/pathways, we studied a previously described model of T lymphoma cells expressing either a kinase-activated chimeric Syk or ZAP-70 genetically linked to T-cell receptor (TCR) ζ chain (Z/Syk or Z/ZAP cells, respectively). To help identify molecules and pathways linked to cell activation or AICD, a comparative semi-quantitative proteomics-based approach was utilized to analyze tyrosine-phosphorylated protein immunoprecipitates from two-minute short-term activated Z/Syk or Z/ZAP cells. Using the resulting bioinformatics data-sets, we identified several differentially immunoprecipitated proteins that could be validated biochemically. More tyrosine-phosphorylated and phosphotyrosine-associated proteins were found in Z/Syk than in Z/ZAP cells. Proteins involved in different unique functional pathways were induced in these cells and showed altered intermolecular interactions in varied pathways. Remarkably, 41% of differentially identified proteins in Z/Syk cells belonged to cell cycle or vesicle/trafficking pathways. In contrast, 21% of such proteins in Z/ZAP cells belonged to metabolism pathways. Therefore, molecular pathways involved in post-translational modifications linked to distinct cellular/physiological functions are differentially activated, which may contribute to varied activation and AICD responses of these cells. In summary, we identified proteins belonging to novel differentially activated pathways involved in TCR-mediated signaling, which may be targets for regulating activation and AICD of T lymphoma cells and for potential cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serina Ortiz
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miquet JG, Muñoz MC, Giani JF, González L, Dominici FP, Bartke A, Turyn D, Sotelo AI. Ames dwarf (Prop1(df)/Prop1(df)) mice display increased sensitivity of the major GH-signaling pathways in liver and skeletal muscle. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:118-126. [PMID: 20022531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone that regulates growth and metabolism. Ames dwarf mice are natural mutants for Prop1, with impaired development of anterior pituitary and undetectable levels of circulating GH, prolactin and TSH. They constitute an endocrine model of life-long GH-deficiency. The main signaling cascades activated by GH binding to its receptor are the JAK2/STATs, PI-3K/Akt and the MAPK Erk1/2 pathways. OBJECTIVES We have previously reported that GH-induced STAT5 activation was higher in Ames dwarf mice liver compared to non-dwarf controls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the principal components of the main GH-signaling pathways under GH-deficiency in liver and skeletal muscle, another GH-target tissue. METHODS Ames dwarf mice and their non-dwarf siblings were assessed. Animals were injected i.p. with GH or saline 15min before tissue removal. Protein content and phosphorylation of signaling mediators were determined by immunoblotting of tissue solubilizates. RESULTS GH was able to induce STAT5 and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in both liver and muscle, but the response was higher for Ames dwarf mice than for non-dwarf controls. When Erk1/2 activation was assessed in liver, only dwarf mice showed GH-induced phosphorylation, while in muscle no response to the hormone was found in either genotype. GH-induced Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 in liver was only detected in dwarf mice. In skeletal muscle, both normal and dwarf mice responded to a GH stimulus, although dwarf mice presented higher GH activation levels. The phosphorylation of GSK-3, a substrate of Akt, increased upon hormone stimulation only in dwarf mice in both tissues. In contrast, no differences in the phosphorylation of mTOR, another substrate of Akt, were observed after GH stimulus, either in normal or dwarf mice in liver, while we were unable to determine mTOR in muscle. Protein content of GH-receptor and of the signaling mediators studied did not vary between normal and dwarf animals in the assessed tissues. CONCLUSION These results show that several components of the main GH-signaling pathways exhibit enhanced sensitivity to the hormone in liver and muscle of Ames dwarf mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna G Miquet
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Caba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Palmer DC, Restifo NP. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in T cell differentiation, maturation, and function. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:592-602. [PMID: 19879803 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of T cell biology, but their influence can be attenuated by suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), a family of proteins consisting of eight members, SOCS1-7 and CIS. SOCS proteins regulate cytokine signals that control the polarization of CD4(+) T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cell lineages, the maturation of CD8(+) T cells from naïve to "stem-cell memory" (Tscm), central memory (Tcm), and effector memory (Tem) states, and the activation of these lymphocytes. Understanding how SOCS family members regulate T cell maturation, differentiation, and function might prove critical in improving adoptive immunotherapy for cancer and therapies aimed at treating autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Palmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Smirnov AN. Hormonal mechanisms of sex differentiation of the liver: the modern conception and problems. Russ J Dev Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360409050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
36
|
Babon JJ, Sabo JK, Zhang JG, Nicola NA, Norton RS. The SOCS box encodes a hierarchy of affinities for Cullin5: implications for ubiquitin ligase formation and cytokine signalling suppression. J Mol Biol 2009; 387:162-74. [PMID: 19385048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) family of proteins inhibits the cytokine-induced signalling cascade in part by promoting the ubiquitination of signalling intermediates that are then targeted for proteasomal degradation. This activity relies upon an interaction between the SOCS box domain, the adapter complex elonginBC and a member of the Cullin family, the scaffold protein of an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In this study, we dissected this interaction in vitro using purified components.We found that all eight SOCS proteins bound Cullin5 but required prior recruitment of elonginBC. Neither SOCS nor elonginBC bound Cullin5 when in isolation. Interestingly, the affinity of each SOCS-elonginBC complex for Cullin5 varied by 2 orders of magnitude across the SOCS family. Unexpectedly, the most potent suppressors of signalling, SOCS-1 and SOCS-3, bound most weakly to the E3 ligase scaffold, with affinities 100- and 10-fold lower, respectively, than the rest of the family. The remaining six SOCS proteins all bound Cullin5 with high affinity (K(d) of ~10 nM) due to a slower off-rate and hence a longer halflife of the complex. This difference in affinity may reflect a difference in mode of action as only SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 have been shown to suppress signalling using both SOCS box-dependent and SOCS box-independent mechanisms. This is not the case with the other six SOCS proteins, and our data imply the existence of two distinct subclasses of SOCS proteins with a high affinity for Cullin5, the E3 ligase scaffold, possibly reflecting complete dependence upon ubiquitination for suppression of cytokine signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Babon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) box is a structural domain found at the C-terminus of over 70 human proteins. It is usually coupled to a protein interaction module such as an SH2 domain in case of SOCS proteins, a family of modulators of cytokine signaling. The SOCS box participates in the formation of E3 ligase complexes, marking activated cytokine receptor complexes for proteasomal degradation. A similar mechanism was recently uncovered for controlling SOCS activity itself, since SOCS2 was found to enhance the turnover of other SOCS proteins. The SOCS box can also add unique features to individual SOCS proteins: it can function as an adaptor domain as was demonstrated for SOCS3, or as a modulator of substrate binding in case of CIS. In this review we discuss these multiple roles of the SOCS box, which emerges as a versatile module controlling cytokine signaling via multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
|
38
|
Frank SJ, Fuchs SY. Modulation of growth hormone receptor abundance and function: roles for the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:785-94. [PMID: 18586085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone plays an important role in regulating numerous functions in vertebrates. Several pathways that negatively regulate the magnitude and duration of its signaling (including expression of tyrosine phosphatases, SOCS and PIAS proteins) are shared between signaling induced by growth hormone itself and by other cytokines. Here we overview downregulation of the growth hormone receptor as the most specific and potent mechanism of restricting cellular responses to growth hormone and analyze the role of several proteolytic systems and, specifically, ubiquitin-dependent pathways in this regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Piessevaux J, De Ceuninck L, Catteeuw D, Peelman F, Tavernier J. Elongin B/C recruitment regulates substrate binding by CIS. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21334-46. [PMID: 18508766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803742200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SOCS proteins play a major role in the regulation of cytokine signaling. They are recruited to activated receptors and can suppress signaling by different mechanisms including targeting of the receptor complex for proteasomal degradation. The activity of SOCS proteins is regulated at different levels including transcriptional control and posttranslational modification. We describe here a novel regulatory mechanism for CIS, one of the members of this protein family. A CIS mutant deficient in recruitment of the Elongin B/C complex completely failed to suppress STAT5 activation. This deficiency was not caused by altered turnover of CIS but by loss of cytokine receptor interaction. Intriguingly, no such effect was seen for binding to MyD88. The interaction between CIS and the Elongin B/C complex, which depends on the levels of uncomplexed Elongin B/C, was easily disrupted. This regulatory mechanism may be unique for CIS, as similar mutations in SOCS1, -2, -3, -6, and -7 had no functional impact. Our findings indicate that the SOCS box not only plays a role in the formation of E3 ligase complexes but, at least for CIS, can also regulate the binding modus of SOCS box-containing proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Piessevaux
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sotelo AI, Miquet JG, González L, Bartke A, Turyn D. Vitamin D3 cannot revert desensitization of growth hormone (GH)-induced STAT5-signaling in GH-overexpressing mice non-calcemic tissues. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:148-156. [PMID: 17881271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) binding to a membrane receptor dimer triggers multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Signal transducers and activators of transcription are the most relevant of these pathways for GH action. GH also activates several inhibitory mechanisms, particularly suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS/CIS) proteins. GH-overexpressing mice exhibit hepatic desensitization of the JAK2/STAT5 GH-signaling pathway, associated with an increased abundance of CIS. Vitamin D3 has been shown to inhibit GH-induced expression of CIS and SOCS-3 and therefore prolong GH signaling in osteoblast-like cells. The purpose of the present study is to determine if vitamin D3 could attenuate CIS expression in GH-overexpressing mice, and consequently allow GH JAK2/STAT5 signaling in GH-responsive tissues in these animals. The abundance of CIS, SOCS-2, SOCS-3, STAT5b and GHR, as well as STAT5b tyrosine phosphorylation after a GH stimulus, were measured in liver and muscle of GHRH-transgenic mice treated with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for 7 days. This treatment did not diminish CIS expression in GH-overexpressing mice tissues, nor did the content of SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 significantly vary. GH-induced STAT5b phosphorylation levels were similar to basal values in transgenic mice liver treated with or without vitamin D; the refractoriness to GH was also present in muscle. Therefore, treatment with vitamin D was not sufficient to revert STAT5 GH signaling desensitization in non-calcemic tissues in GH-overexpressing mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Sotelo
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Uyttendaele I, Lemmens I, Verhee A, De Smet AS, Vandekerckhove J, Lavens D, Peelman F, Tavernier J. Mammalian protein-protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) analysis of STAT5, CIS, and SOCS2 interactions with the growth hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:2821-31. [PMID: 17666591 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of GH to its receptor induces rapid phosphorylation of conserved tyrosine motifs that function as recruitment sites for downstream signaling molecules. Using mammalian protein-protein interaction trap (MAPPIT), a mammalian two-hybrid method, we mapped the binding sites in the GH receptor for signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) a and b and for the negative regulators of cytokine signaling cytokine-inducible Src-homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein (CIS) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2). Y534, Y566, and Y627 are the major recruitment sites for STAT5. A non-overlapping recruitment pattern is observed for SOCS2 and CIS with positions Y487 and Y595 as major binding sites, ruling out SOCS-mediated inhibition of STAT5 activation by competition for shared binding sites. More detailed analysis revealed that CIS binding to the Y595, but not to the Y487 motif, depends on both its SH2 domain and the C-terminal part of its SOCS box, with a critical role for the CIS Y253 residue. This functional divergence of the two CIS/SOCS2 recruitment sites is also observed upon substitution of the Y+1 residue by leucine, turning the Y487, but not the Y595 motif into a functional STAT5 recruitment site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Uyttendaele
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Once reserved solely for the treatment of short stature, the now readily available recombinant GH has expanded the use of the hormone to include the treatment of cardiovascular, renal, muscular, skeletal, immunological, psychosocial, and metabolic abnormalities associated with GH deficiency. There are also proposals for the widespread use of the hormone to ameliorate or reverse aging. However, this extensive use of GH has revealed intrinsic sexual dimorphisms in which females are considerably less responsive to the therapeutic regimen than are males. Dynamic changes in the Janus kinase-2 (Jak2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat5B) signaling pathway [as determined by transducer activation, Stat5B binding to the GH-responsive promoter of the CYP2C11 gene, and expression levels of the suppressors of cytokine signaling family (Socs2, Socs3, and Cis)] were examined in male and female rat-derived primary hepatocyte cultures exposed to the masculine-like episodic GH profile. We report that the cellular actions of GH normally mediated by activation of the Jak2/Stat5B pathway are suppressed in female cells possibly due to an inherent overexpression of Cis, a member of the suppressors of cytokine signaling family that normally down-regulates the Jak2/Stat5B pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Reddy GR, Pushpanathan MJ, Ransom RF, Holzman LB, Brosius FC, Diakonova M, Mathieson P, Saleem MA, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Frank SJ, Menon RK. Identification of the glomerular podocyte as a target for growth hormone action. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2045-55. [PMID: 17272398 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GH excess in both the human and transgenic animal models is characterized by significant changes in blood pressure and renal function. The GH/GH receptor (GHR) axis is also implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not clear whether GH's actions on renal function are due to indirect actions mediated via changes in blood pressure and vascular tone or due to direct action of GH on the kidney. We hypothesized that functional GHRs are expressed on the glomerular podocyte enabling direct actions of GH on glomerular function. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis of murine podocyte cells (MPC-5) and kidney glomeruli demonstrated expression of GHR mRNA and protein. Exposure of both murine and human podocytes to GH (50-500 ng/ml) resulted in an increase in abundance of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-5, Janus kinase-2, and ERK1/2 proteins. Exposure of podocytes to GH also caused changes in the intracellular distribution of the Janus kinase-2 adapter protein Src homology 2-Bbeta, stimulation of focal adhesion kinase, increase in reactive oxygen species, and GH-dependent changes in the actin cytoskeleton. We conclude that glomerular podocytes express functional GHRs and that GH increases levels of reactive oxygen species and induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in these cells. These results provide a novel mechanistic link between GH's actions and glomerular dysfunction in disorders such as acromegaly and diabetic glomerulosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaddameedi R Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0718, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
González L, Curto LM, Miquet JG, Bartke A, Turyn D, Sotelo AI. Differential regulation of membrane associated-growth hormone binding protein (MA-GHBP) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression by growth hormone (GH) in mouse liver. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007; 17:104-112. [PMID: 17321774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 11/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) binding to GH receptor (GHR) is the initial step that leads to the physiological functions of the hormone. Proteolytical cleavage of the GHR in humans and rabbits and alternative processing of the GHR transcript in rodents generates circulating growth hormone binding protein (GHBP). Moreover, other GHR truncated forms that result from alternative processing of the GHR mRNA transcript have been described. These GHR short forms are inserted in the plasma membrane but they are unable to transduce the signal. In rodents, membrane associated-GHBP (MA-GHBP), which accounts for a significant proportion of liver GH binding capacity, represents the main GHR short form found in membranes, and may therefore function as a negative form of the receptor. In the present study, GHR and MA-GHBP content in liver were analyzed using mutant and transgenic mice expressing different concentrations of growth hormone to evaluate the correlation between GH levels, body weight (BW), GHR and MA-GHBP expression. It was found that GH deficiency was associated with diminished BW, GHR and MA-GHBP expression, while increased GH concentration led to increased BW, GHR and MA-GHBP expression, but MA-GHBP upregulation was more pronounced than the observed increase in GHR expression. Since GHR and MA-GHBP both contribute to liver GH binding capacity, GH-induced enrichment of the dominant negative form would represent a compensatory mechanism triggered by high levels of the hormone. This attempt to attenuate the effects of supraphysiological concentrations of GH may be critical to reduce or prevent their plausible damaging effects on the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L González
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lavens D, Ulrichts P, Catteeuw D, Gevaert K, Vandekerckhove J, Peelman F, Eyckerman S, Tavernier J. The C-terminus of CIS defines its interaction pattern. Biochem J 2007; 401:257-67. [PMID: 16961462 PMCID: PMC1698688 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) family are characterized by a conserved modular structure with pre-SH2 (Src homology 2), SH2 and SOCS-box domains. Several members, including CIS (cytokine-inducible SH2 protein), SOCS1 and SOCS3, are induced rapidly upon cytokine receptor activation and function in a negative-feedback loop, attenuating signalling at the receptor level. We used a recently developed mammalian two-hybrid system [MAPPIT (mammalian protein-protein interaction trap)] to analyse SOCS protein-interaction patterns in intact cells, allowing direct comparison with biological function. We find that, besides the SH2 domain, the C-terminal part of the CIS SOCS-box is required for functional interaction with the cytokine receptor motifs examined, but not with the N-terminal death domain of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) adaptor MyD88. Mutagenesis revealed that one single tyrosine residue at position 253 is a critical binding determinant. In contrast, substrate binding by the highly related SOCS2 protein, and also by SOCS1 and SOCS3, does not require their SOCS-box.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lavens
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Ulrichts
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Catteeuw
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joël Vandekerckhove
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Peelman
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a major regulatory factor for overall body growth as evidenced by the height extremes in people with abnormal circulating GH levels or GH receptor (GHR) disruptions. GH also affects metabolism, cardiac and immune function, mental agility and aging. Currently, GH is being used therapeutically for a variety of clinical conditions including promotion of growth in short statured children, treatment of adults with GH deficiency and HIV-associated wasting. To help reveal previous unrecognized functions of GH, better understand the known functions of GH, and avoid adverse consequences that are often associated with exogenous GH administration, careful delineation of the molecular mechanisms whereby GH induces its diverse effects is needed. GH is a peptide hormone that is secreted into the circulation by the anterior pituitary and acts upon various target tissues expressing GHR. GH binding of GHR activates the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thus initiating a multitude of signaling cascades that result in a variety of biological responses including cellular proliferation, differentiation and migration, prevention of apoptosis, cytoskeletal reorganization and regulation of metabolic pathways. A number of signaling proteins and pathways activated by GH have been identified, including JAKs, signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats), the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Although these signal transduction pathways have been well characterized, the manner by which GH activates these pathways, the downstream signals induced by these pathways, and the cross-talk with other pathways are not completely understood. Recent findings have added vital information to our understanding of these downstream signals induced by GH and mechanisms that terminate GH signaling, and identified new GH signaling proteins and pathways. This review will highlight some of these findings, many of which are unexpected and some of which challenge previously held beliefs about the mechanisms of GH signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Lanning
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Piessevaux J, Lavens D, Montoye T, Wauman J, Catteeuw D, Vandekerckhove J, Belsham D, Peelman F, Tavernier J. Functional Cross-modulation between SOCS Proteins Can Stimulate Cytokine Signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32953-66. [PMID: 16956890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600776200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine signaling that function primarily at the receptor level. Remarkably, in vitro and in vivo observations revealed both inhibitory and stimulatory effects of SOCS2 on growth hormone signaling, suggesting an additional regulatory level. In this study, we examined the possibility of direct cross-modulation between SOCS proteins and found that SOCS2 could interfere with the inhibitory actions of other SOCS proteins in growth hormone, interferon, and leptin signaling. This SOCS2 effect was SOCS box-dependent, required recruitment of the elongin BC complex, and coincided with degradation of target SOCS proteins. Detailed mammalian protein-protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) analysis indicated that SOCS2 can interact with all members of the SOCS family. SOCS2 may thus function as a molecular bridge between a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase complex and SOCS proteins, targeting them for proteasomal turnover. We furthermore extended these observations to SOCS6 and SOCS7. Our findings point to a unique regulatory role for SOCS2, SOCS6, and SOCS7 within the SOCS family and provide an explanation for the unexpected phenotypes observed in SOCS2 and SOCS6 transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Piessevaux
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee C, Hutson JR, Tzau VKF, Riddick DS. Regulation of constitutive mouse hepatic cytochromes P450 and growth hormone signaling components by 3-methylcholanthrene. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1530-8. [PMID: 16782765 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and increases expression of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes such as CYP1A1. MC also decreases expression of CYP2C11, the major hepatic P450 in male rats that is regulated by pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion via a pathway partially dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). If disruption of this GH signaling pathway is important for MC's ability to suppress CYP2C11 transcription, we hypothesize that MC suppresses other male-specific genes (e.g., mouse Cyp2d9) regulated by pulsatile GH with STAT5b dependence. We examined the time course of MC's effects on hepatic P450s and GH signaling components in male C57BL/6 mice. P450 content, heme content, and NADPH P450 oxidoreductase activity were induced 2.3-, 1.8-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, by MC. MC dramatically induced CYP1A1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity. MC caused a 42% decrease in CYP2D9 protein, a 28% decrease in CYP2D9 mRNA, and a 27% decrease in testosterone 16alpha-hydroxylation activity. MC caused a pronounced decrease in CYP3A protein; however, there was no apparent change in testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation activity, and changes in mRNA levels for CYP3A forms were relatively small. Expression of GH receptor and major urinary protein 2, a gene regulated by GH with STAT5b dependence, was decreased by MC at the mRNA level. These results show that MC suppresses mouse Cyp2d9, a pulsatile GH- and STAT5b-dependent male-specific gene, via a pretranslational mechanism that may involve disrupted GH signaling. Mouse CYP3A protein levels are dramatically decreased by MC via a mechanism that is not yet understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bullock AN, Debreczeni JÉ, Edwards AM, Sundström M, Knapp S. Crystal structure of the SOCS2-elongin C-elongin B complex defines a prototypical SOCS box ubiquitin ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7637-42. [PMID: 16675548 PMCID: PMC1472497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601638103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) signaling is tightly controlled by ubiquitination of GH receptors, phosphorylation levels, and accessibility of binding sites for downstream signaling partners. Members of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family function as key regulators at all levels of this pathway, and mouse knockout studies implicate SOCS2 as the primary suppressor. To elucidate the structural basis for SOCS2 function, we determined the 1.9-A crystal structure of the ternary complex of SOCS2 with elongin C and elongin B. The structure defines a prototypical SOCS box ubiquitin ligase with a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain as a substrate recognition motif. Overall, the SOCS box and SH2 domain show a conserved spatial domain arrangement with the BC box and substrate recognition domain of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, suggesting a common mechanism of ubiquitination in these cullin-dependent E3 ligases. The SOCS box binds elongin BC in a similar fashion to the VHL BC box and shows extended structural conservation with the F box of the Skp2 ubiquitin ligase. A previously unrecognized feature of the SOCS box is revealed with the burial of the C terminus, which packs together with the N-terminal extended SH2 subdomain to create a stable interface between the SOCS box and SH2 domain. This domain organization is conserved in SOCS1-3 and CIS1, which share a strictly conserved length of their C termini, but not in SOCS4, 5, and 7, which have extended C termini defining two distinct classes of inter- and intramolecular SOCS box interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex N. Bullock
- *Structural Genomics Consortium, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Judit É. Debreczeni
- *Structural Genomics Consortium, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Aled M. Edwards
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Michael Sundström
- *Structural Genomics Consortium, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stefan Knapp
- *Structural Genomics Consortium, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The liver is a primary target for the action of GH, a pituitary protein hormone that regulates a broad range of physiological processes, including long bone growth, fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, and hepatic steroid and foreign compound metabolism. GH exerts sex-dependent effects on the liver in many species, with many hepatic genes, most notably genes coding for cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, being transcribed in a sex-dependent manner. Sex differences in CYP expression are most striking in rats and mice (up to 500-fold male-female differences), but are also seen, albeit to a much smaller degree, in humans, where they are an important determinant of the sex dependence of hepatic drug and steroid metabolism. This article examines the mechanisms whereby GH, via its sex-dependent temporal patterns of pituitary release, activates intracellular signaling leading to the sexually dimorphic transcription of CYPs and other liver-expressed genes. Recent findings implicating the GH-regulated transcription factor STAT5b (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b), hepatocyte nuclear factors 3beta, 4alpha and 6, and sex differences in DNA methylation and chromatin structure in the sex-dependent actions of GH are reviewed, and current mechanistic models are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Waxman
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|