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Rosalia Rani, Simarani K, Alias Z. Functional Role of Beta Class Glutathione Transferases and Its Biotechnological Potential (Review). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902214014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Méndez V, Rodríguez-Castro L, Durán RE, Padrón G, Seeger M. The OxyR and SoxR transcriptional regulators are involved in a broad oxidative stress response in Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400. Biol Res 2022; 55:7. [PMID: 35184754 PMCID: PMC8859910 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic metabolism generates reactive oxygen species that may cause critical harm to the cell. The aim of this study is the characterization of the stress responses in the model aromatic-degrading bacterium Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 to the oxidizing agents paraquat and H2O2. Methods Antioxidant genes were identified by bioinformatic methods in the genome of P. xenovorans LB400, and the phylogeny of its OxyR and SoxR transcriptional regulators were studied. Functionality of the transcriptional regulators from strain LB400 was assessed by complementation with LB400 SoxR of null mutant P. aeruginosa ΔsoxR, and the construction of P. xenovorans pIZoxyR that overexpresses OxyR. The effects of oxidizing agents on P. xenovorans were studied measuring bacterial susceptibility, survival and ROS formation after exposure to paraquat and H2O2. The effects of these oxidants on gene expression (qRT-PCR) and the proteome (LC–MS/MS) were quantified. Results P. xenovorans LB400 possesses a wide repertoire of genes for the antioxidant defense including the oxyR, ahpC, ahpF, kat, trxB, dpsA and gorA genes, whose orthologous genes are regulated by the transcriptional regulator OxyR in E. coli. The LB400 genome also harbors the soxR, fumC, acnA, sodB, fpr and fldX genes, whose orthologous genes are regulated by the transcriptional regulator SoxR in E. coli. The functionality of the LB400 soxR gene was confirmed by complementation of null mutant P. aeruginosa ΔsoxR. Growth, susceptibility, and ROS formation assays revealed that LB400 cells were more susceptible to paraquat than H2O2. Transcriptional analyses indicated the upregulation of the oxyR, ahpC1, katE and ohrB genes in LB400 cells after exposure to H2O2, whereas the oxyR, fumC, ahpC1, sodB1 and ohrB genes were induced in presence of paraquat. Proteome analysis revealed that paraquat induced the oxidative stress response proteins AhpCF and DpsA, the universal stress protein UspA and the RNA chaperone CspA. Both oxidizing agents induced the Ohr protein, which is involved in organic peroxide resistance. Notably, the overexpression of the LB400 oxyR gene in P. xenovorans significantly decreased the ROS formation and the susceptibility to paraquat, suggesting a broad OxyR-regulated antioxidant response. Conclusions This study showed that P. xenovorans LB400 possess a broad range oxidative stress response, which explain the high resistance of this strain to the oxidizing compounds paraquat and H2O2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-022-00373-7.
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Bagnati R, Terzaghi E, Passoni A, Davoli E, Fattore E, Maspero A, Palmisano G, Zanardini E, Borin S, Di Guardo A. Identification of Sulfonated and Hydroxy-Sulfonated Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Metabolites in Soil: New Classes of Intermediate Products of PCB Degradation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10601-10611. [PMID: 31412202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the identification of two classes of contaminants: sulfonated-PCBs and hydroxy-sulfonated-PCBs. This is the first published report of the detection of these chemicals in soil. They were found, along with hydroxy-PCBs, in soil samples coming from a site historically contaminated by the industrial production of PCBs and in background soils. Sulfonated-PCB levels were approximately 0.4-0.8% of the native PCB levels in soils and about twice the levels of hydroxy-sulfonated-PCBs and hydroxy-PCBs. The identification of sulfonated-PCBs was confirmed by the chemical synthesis of reference standards, obtained through the sulfonation of an industrial mixture of PCBs. We then reviewed the literature to investigate for the potential agents responsible for the sulfonation. Furthermore, we predicted their physicochemical properties and indicate that, given the low pKa of sulfonated- and hydroxy-sulfonated-PCBs, they possess negligible volatility, supporting the case for in situ formation from PCBs. This study shows the need of understanding their origin, their role in the degradation path of PCBs, and their fate, as well as their (still unknown) toxicological and ecotoxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Bagnati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Elisa Terzaghi
- Department of Science and High Technology , University of Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Angelo Maspero
- Department of Science and High Technology , University of Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Department of Science and High Technology , University of Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zanardini
- Department of Science and High Technology , University of Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , University of Milan , Via Celoria 2 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology , University of Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
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Bjarnholt N, Neilson EHJ, Crocoll C, Jørgensen K, Motawia MS, Olsen CE, Dixon DP, Edwards R, Møller BL. Glutathione transferases catalyze recycling of auto-toxic cyanogenic glucosides in sorghum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:1109-1125. [PMID: 29659075 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides are nitrogen-containing specialized metabolites that provide chemical defense against herbivores and pathogens via the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide. It has been suggested that cyanogenic glucosides are also a store of nitrogen that can be remobilized for general metabolism via a previously unknown pathway. Here we reveal a recycling pathway for the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) that avoids hydrogen cyanide formation. As demonstrated in vitro, the pathway proceeds via spontaneous formation of a dhurrin-derived glutathione conjugate, which undergoes reductive cleavage by glutathione transferases of the plant-specific lambda class (GSTLs) to produce p-hydroxyphenyl acetonitrile. This is further metabolized to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and free ammonia by nitrilases, and then glucosylated to form p-glucosyloxyphenylacetic acid. Two of the four GSTLs in sorghum exhibited high stereospecific catalytic activity towards the glutathione conjugate, and form a subclade in a phylogenetic tree of GSTLs in higher plants. The expression of the corresponding two GSTLs co-localized with expression of the genes encoding the p-hydroxyphenyl acetonitrile-metabolizing nitrilases at the cellular level. The elucidation of this pathway places GSTs as key players in a remarkable scheme for metabolic plasticity allowing plants to reverse the resource flow between general and specialized metabolism in actively growing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Bjarnholt
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth H J Neilson
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - David P Dixon
- Center for Bioactive Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Robert Edwards
- Center for Bioactive Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
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Pereira JH, Heins RA, Gall DL, McAndrew RP, Deng K, Holland KC, Donohue TJ, Noguera DR, Simmons BA, Sale KL, Ralph J, Adams PD. Structural and Biochemical Characterization of the Early and Late Enzymes in the Lignin β-Aryl Ether Cleavage Pathway from Sphingobium sp. SYK-6. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10228-38. [PMID: 26940872 PMCID: PMC4858972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been great progress in the development of technology for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars and subsequent fermentation to fuels. However, plant lignin remains an untapped source of materials for production of fuels or high value chemicals. Biological cleavage of lignin has been well characterized in fungi, in which enzymes that create free radical intermediates are used to degrade this material. In contrast, a catabolic pathway for the stereospecific cleavage of β-aryl ether units that are found in lignin has been identified in Sphingobium sp. SYK-6 bacteria. β-Aryl ether units are typically abundant in lignin, corresponding to 50–70% of all of the intermonomer linkages. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of enzymatic β-aryl ether (β-ether) cleavage is important for future efforts to biologically process lignin and its breakdown products. The crystal structures and biochemical characterization of the NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LigD, LigO, and LigL) and the glutathione-dependent lyase LigG provide new insights into the early and late enzymes in the β-ether degradation pathway. We present detailed information on the cofactor and substrate binding sites and on the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes, comparing them with other known members of their respective families. Information on the Lig enzymes provides new insight into their catalysis mechanisms and can inform future strategies for using aromatic oligomers derived from plant lignin as a source of valuable aromatic compounds for biofuels and other bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Henrique Pereira
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard A Heins
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551
| | - Daniel L Gall
- the United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
| | - Ryan P McAndrew
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kai Deng
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551
| | - Keefe C Holland
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551
| | - Timothy J Donohue
- the United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Daniel R Noguera
- the United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
| | - Blake A Simmons
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551
| | - Kenneth L Sale
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551
| | - John Ralph
- the United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Paul D Adams
- From the Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, the Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Lallement PA, Brouwer B, Keech O, Hecker A, Rouhier N. The still mysterious roles of cysteine-containing glutathione transferases in plants. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:192. [PMID: 25191271 PMCID: PMC4138524 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a widespread multigenic enzyme family able to modify a broad range of molecules. These notably include secondary metabolites and exogenous substrates often referred to as xenobiotics, usually for their detoxification, subsequent transport or export. To achieve this, these enzymes can bind non-substrate ligands (ligandin function) and/or catalyze the conjugation of glutathione onto the targeted molecules, the latter activity being exhibited by GSTs having a serine or a tyrosine as catalytic residues. Besides, other GST members possess a catalytic cysteine residue, a substitution that radically changes enzyme properties. Instead of promoting GSH-conjugation reactions, cysteine-containing GSTs (Cys-GSTs) are able to perform deglutathionylation reactions similarly to glutaredoxins but the targets are usually different since glutaredoxin substrates are mostly oxidized proteins and Cys-GST substrates are metabolites. The Cys-GSTs are found in most organisms and form several classes. While Beta and Omega GSTs and chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) are not found in plants, these organisms possess microsomal ProstaGlandin E-Synthase type 2, glutathionyl hydroquinone reductases, Lambda, Iota and Hemerythrin GSTs and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs); the four last classes being restricted to the green lineage. In plants, whereas the role of DHARs is clearly associated to the reduction of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate, the physiological roles of other Cys-GSTs remain largely unknown. In this context, a genomic and phylogenetic analysis of Cys-GSTs in photosynthetic organisms provides an updated classification that is discussed in the light of the recent literature about the functional and structural properties of Cys-GSTs. Considering the antioxidant potencies of phenolic compounds and more generally of secondary metabolites, the connection of GSTs with secondary metabolism may be interesting from a pharmacological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Lallement
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
| | - Bastiaan Brouwer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
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7
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Vila-Viçosa D, Teixeira VH, Santos HAF, Machuqueiro M. Conformational Study of GSH and GSSG Using Constant-pH Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7507-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Vila-Viçosa
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor H. Teixeira
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo A. F. Santos
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Hernández-Sánchez V, Lang E, Wittich RM. The Three-Species Consortium of Genetically Improved Strains Cupriavidus necator RW112, Burkholderia xenovorans RW118, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes RW120 Grows with Technical Polychlorobiphenyl, Aroclor 1242. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:90. [PMID: 23658554 PMCID: PMC3647243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia xenovorans LB400, Cupriavidus necator H850, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707 are bacterial strains able to mineralize biphenyl and to co-oxidize many of its halogenated derivatives (PCBs). Only strain LB400 also mineralizes a few mono- and dichlorobiphenyls, due to the presence of a functioning chlorocatechol pathway. Here, we used a Tn5-based minitransposon shuttle system to chromosomically introduce genes tcbRCDEF, encoding the chlorocatechol pathway into KF707, and genes cbdABC encoding a 2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase into KF707 and LB400, as well as transposon Tn4653 from the TOL plasmid, providing genes xylXYZL, encoding a broad-range toluate (methylbenzoate) dioxygenase and its dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, to extend the range for the mineralization of halogenated benzoates in LB400 and in KF707 through co-oxidation of halobenzoates into chlorocatechols. The engineered derivatives of LB400 and KF707 thus gained the ability for the mineralization of all isomeric monochloro- and bromobenzoates of the so-called lower pathway which, consequently, also allowed the mineralization of all monochlorobiphenyls and a number of di- and trichlorobiphenyls, thus preventing the accumulation of halobenzoates and of catabolites thereof. LB400 and KF707 also grow with the two commercial PCB formulations, Aroclor 1221 and Aroclor 1232, as the sole carbon and energy sources, but not with higher halogenated PCB mixtures, similar to the already published strain RW112. Repeated exposition of the modified LB400 to short pulses of UV light, over a prolonged period of time, allowed the isolation of a derivative of LB400, termed RW118, capable of growth with Aroclor 1016 still containing only traces of biphenyl, and in co-culture with modified KF707 termed RW120, and modified H850 (RW112) with Aroclor 1242, the commercial mixture already void of biphenyl and monochlorobiphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Protection, Experimental Station of the Zaidín, Spanish High Council for Scientific Research Granada, Spain
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Velazquez F, Peak-Chew SY, Fernández IS, Neumann CS, Kay RR. Identification of a eukaryotic reductive dechlorinase and characterization of its mechanism of action on its natural substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1252-60. [PMID: 22035794 PMCID: PMC3205185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated compounds are important environmental pollutants whose biodegradation may be limited by inefficient dechlorinating enzymes. Dictyostelium amoebae produce a chlorinated alkyl phenone called DIF which induces stalk cell differentiation during their multicellular development. Here we describe the identification of DIF dechlorinase. DIF dechlorinase is active when expressed in bacteria, and activity is lost from Dictyostelium cells when its gene, drcA, is knocked out. It has a Km for DIF of 88 nM and Kcat of 6.7 s−1. DrcA is related to glutathione S-transferases, but with a key asparagine-to-cysteine substitution in the catalytic pocket. When this change is reversed, the enzyme reverts to a glutathione S-transferase, thus suggesting a catalytic mechanism. DrcA offers new possibilities for the rational design of bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velazquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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10
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Copley SD, Rokicki J, Turner P, Daligault H, Nolan M, Land M. The whole genome sequence of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum L-1: insights into the evolution of the pentachlorophenol degradation pathway. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 4:184-98. [PMID: 22179583 PMCID: PMC3318906 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingobium chlorophenolicum Strain L-1 can mineralize the toxic pesticide pentachlorophenol (PCP). We have sequenced the genome of S. chlorophenolicum Strain L-1. The genome consists of a primary chromosome that encodes most of the genes for core processes, a secondary chromosome that encodes primarily genes that appear to be involved in environmental adaptation, and a small plasmid. The genes responsible for degradation of PCP are found on chromosome 2. We have compared the genomes of S. chlorophenolicum Strain L-1 and Sphingobium japonicum, a closely related Sphingomonad that degrades lindane. Our analysis suggests that the genes encoding the first three enzymes in the PCP degradation pathway were acquired via two different horizontal gene transfer events, and the genes encoding the final two enzymes in the pathway were acquired from the most recent common ancestor of these two bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Copley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO, USA.
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11
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Allocati N, Federici L, Masulli M, Di Ilio C. Distribution of glutathione transferases in Gram-positive bacteria and Archaea. Biochimie 2011; 94:588-96. [PMID: 21945597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) have been widely studied in Gram-negative bacteria and the structure and function of several representatives have been elucidated. Conversely, limited information is available about the occurrence, classification and functional features of GSTs both in Gram-positive bacteria and in Archaea. An analysis of 305 fully-sequenced Gram-positive genomes highlights the presence of 49 putative GST genes in the genera of both Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. We also performed an analysis on 81 complete genomes of the Archaea domain. Eleven hits were found in the Halobacteriaceae family of the Euryarchaeota phylum and only one in the Crenarchaeota phylum. A comparison of the identified sequences with well-characterized GSTs belonging to both Gram-negative and eukaryotic GSTs sheds light on their putative function and the evolutionary relationships within the large GST superfamily. This analysis suggests that the identified sequences mainly cluster in the new Xi class, while Beta class GSTs, widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria, are under-represented in Gram-positive bacteria and absent in Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, I-66013 Chieti, Italy
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12
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Abstract
The glutathione transferases (GSTs) are one of the most important families of detoxifying enzymes in nature. The classic activity of the GSTs is conjugation of compounds with electrophilic centers to the tripeptide glutathione (GSH), but many other activities are now associated with GSTs, including steroid and leukotriene biosynthesis, peroxide degradation, double-bond cis-trans isomerization, dehydroascorbate reduction, Michael addition, and noncatalytic "ligandin" activity (ligand binding and transport). Since the first GST structure was determined in 1991, there has been an explosion in structural data across GSTs of all three families: the cytosolic GSTs, the mitochondrial GSTs, and the membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG family). In this review, the major insights into GST structure and function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Oakley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Belchik SM, Xun L. S-glutathionyl-(chloro)hydroquinone reductases: a new class of glutathione transferases functioning as oxidoreductases. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:307-16. [PMID: 21425927 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.552909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are best known for transferring glutathione (GSH) to hydrophobic organic compounds, making the conjugates more soluble. However, the omega-class GSTs of animals and the lambda-class GSTs and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs) of plants have little or no activity for GSH transfer. Instead, they catalyze GSH-dependent oxidoreductions. The lambda-class GSTs reduce disulfide bonds, the DHARs reduce the disulfide bonds and dehydroascorbate, and the omega-class GSTs can reduce more substrates, including disulfide bonds, dehydroascorbate, and dimethylarsinate. Glutathionyl-(chloro)hydroquinone reductases (GS-HQRs) are the newest class of GSTs that mainly catalyze oxidoreductions. Besides the activities of the other three classes, GS-HQRs also reduce GS-hydroquinones, including GS-trichloro-p-hydroquinone, GS-dichloro-p-hydroquinone, GS-2-hydroxy-p-hydroquinone, and GS-p-hydroquinone. They are conserved and widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and plants, but not in animals. The four classes are phylogenetically more related to each other than to other GSTs, and they share a Cys-Pro motif at the GSH-binding site. Hydroquinones are metabolic intermediates of certain aromatic compounds. They can be auto-oxidized by O(2) to benzoquinones, which spontaneously react with GSH to form GS-hydroquinones via Michael's addition. GS-HQRs are expected to channel GS-hydroquinones, formed spontaneously or enzymatically, back to hydroquinones. When the released hydroquinones are intermediates of metabolic pathways, GS-HQRs play a maintenance role for the pathways. Further, the common presence of GS-HQRs in plants, green algae, cyanobacteria, and halobacteria suggest a beneficial role in the light-using organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Belchik
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520, USA
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Federici L, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, Allocati N. Characterization of the hydrophobic substrate-binding site of the bacterial beta class glutathione transferase from Proteus mirabilis. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:743-50. [PMID: 20663851 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, bacterial glutathione (GSH)transferases have been characterized in terms of their ability to catalyse a variety of different reactions on a large set of toxic molecules of xenobiotic or endobiotic origin. Furthermore the contribution of different residues in the GSH-binding site to GSH activation has been extensively investigated. Little is known, however, about the contribution to catalysis and overall stability of single residues shaping the hydrophobic co-substrate binding site (H-site). Here we tackle this problem by site-directed mutagenesis of residues facing the H-site in the bacterial beta class GSH transferase from Proteus mirabilis. We investigate the behaviour of these mutants under a variety of conditions and analyse their activity against several co-substrates, representative of the different reactions catalyzed by bacterial GSH transferases. Our work shows that mutations at the H-site can be used to modulate activity at the level of the different catalytic mechanisms operating on the chosen substrates, each mutation showing a different fingerprint. This work paves the way for future studies aimed at improving the catalytic properties of beta class GSH transferases against selected substrates for bioremediation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Federici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, I-66013 Chieti, Italy
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Federici L, Masulli M, Gianni S, Di Ilio C, Allocati N. A conserved hydrogen-bond network stabilizes the structure of Beta class glutathione S-transferases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:525-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Feil SC, Tang J, Hansen G, Gorman MA, Wiktelius E, Stenberg G, Parker MW. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of glutathione transferases from cyanobacteria. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:475-7. [PMID: 19407380 PMCID: PMC2675588 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109011634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a group of multifunctional enzymes that are found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Their primary function is to remove toxins derived from exogenous sources or the products of metabolism from the cell. Mammalian GSTs have been extensively studied, in contrast to bacterial GSTs which have received relatively scant attention. A new class of GSTs called Chi has recently been identified in cyanobacteria. Chi GSTs exhibit a high glutathionylation activity towards isothiocyanates, compounds that are normally found in plants. Here, the crystallization of two GSTs are presented: TeGST produced by Thermosynechococcus elongates BP-1 and SeGST from Synechococcus elongates PCC 6301. Both enzymes formed crystals that diffracted to high resolution and appeared to be suitable for further X-ray diffraction studies. The structures of these GSTs may shed further light on the evolution of GST catalytic activity and in particular why these enzymes possess catalytic activity towards plant antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C Feil
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Emtiazi G, Saleh T, Hassanshahian M. The effect of bacterial glutathione S-transferase on morpholine degradation. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:202-5. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Bacterial glutathione transferases (GSTs) are part of a superfamily of enzymes that play a key role in cellular detoxification. GSTs are widely distributed in prokaryotes and are grouped into several classes. Bacterial GSTs are implicated in a variety of distinct processes such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, protection against chemical and oxidative stresses and antimicrobial drug resistance. In addition to their role in detoxification, bacterial GSTs are also involved in a variety of distinct metabolic processes such as the biotransformation of dichloromethane, the degradation of lignin and atrazine, and the reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol. This review article summarizes the current status of knowledge regarding the functional and structural properties of bacterial GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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19
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Allocati N, Federici L, Masulli M, Favaloro B, Di Ilio C. Cysteine 10 is critical for the activity of Ochrobactrum anthropi glutathione transferase and its mutation to alanine causes the preferential binding of glutathione to the H-site. Proteins 2008; 71:16-23. [PMID: 18076047 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of the evolutionarily conserved residue Cys10 in Ochrobactrum anthropi glutathione transferase (OaGST) has been examined by replacing it with an alanine. A double mutant C10A/S11A was also prepared. The effect of the replacements on the coniugating and thiotransferase activities, and on the thermal and chemical stability of the enzyme was analyzed. Our data support the view that in OaGST, in contrast with other beta class GSTs that display significant differences in the glutathione-binding site, Cys10 is a key residue for glutathione coniugating activity. Furthermore, analysis of the OaGST-Cys10Ala structure, crystallized in the presence of glutathione, reveals that this mutation causes a switch between the high-affinity G-site and a low-affinity H-site where hydrophobic cosubstrates bind and where we observe the presence of an unexpected glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, I-66013 Chieti, Italy.
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20
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Federici L, Masulli M, Bonivento D, Di Matteo A, Gianni S, Favaloro B, Di Ilio C, Allocati N. Role of Ser11 in the stabilization of the structure of Ochrobactrum anthropi glutathione transferase. Biochem J 2007; 403:267-74. [PMID: 17223798 PMCID: PMC1874244 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GSTs (glutathione transferases) are a multifunctional group of enzymes, widely distributed and involved in cellular detoxification processes. In the xenobiotic-degrading bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi, GST is overexpressed in the presence of toxic concentrations of aromatic compounds such as 4-chlorophenol and atrazine. We have determined the crystal structure of the GST from O. anthropi (OaGST) in complex with GSH. Like other bacterial GSTs, OaGST belongs to the Beta class and shows a similar binding pocket for GSH. However, in contrast with the structure of Proteus mirabilis GST, GSH is not covalently bound to Cys10, but is present in the thiolate form. In our investigation of the structural basis for GSH stabilization, we have identified a conserved network of hydrogen-bond interactions, mediated by the presence of a structural water molecule that links Ser11 to Glu198. Partial disruption of this network, by mutagenesis of Ser11 to alanine, increases the K(m) for GSH 15-fold and decreases the catalytic efficiency 4-fold, even though Ser11 is not involved in GSH binding. Thermal- and chemical-induced unfolding studies point to a global effect of the mutation on the stability of the protein and to a central role of these residues in zippering the terminal helix of the C-terminal domain to the starting helix of the N-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Federici
- *Ce.S.I. (Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento), Fondazione Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Masulli
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele Bonivento
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Di Matteo
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Gianni
- §Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bartolo Favaloro
- *Ce.S.I. (Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento), Fondazione Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- *Ce.S.I. (Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento), Fondazione Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Nerino Allocati
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Chieti “G. d'Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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