1
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Collins M, Ibeanu N, Grabowska WR, Awwad S, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Khalili H. Bispecific FpFs: a versatile tool for preclinical antibody development. RSC Chem Biol 2024:d4cb00130c. [PMID: 39347456 PMCID: PMC11427889 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00130c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously described FpFs 1̲ (Fab-PEG-Fab) as binding mimetics of IgGs. FpFs are prepared with di(bis-sulfone) conjugation reagents 3̲ that undergo disulfide rebridging conjugation with the accessible disulfide of each Fab (Scheme 1). We have now prepared bispecific FpFs 2̲ (bsFpF and Fab1-PEG-Fab2) as potential bispecific antibody mimetics with the intent that bsFpFs could be used in preclinical antibody development since sourcing bispecific antibodies may be challenging during preclinical research. The di(bis-sulfone) reagent 3̲ was first used to prepare a bsFpF 2̲ by the sequential conjugation of a first Fab and then a second Fab to another target (Scheme 2). Seeking to improve bsFpF synthesis, the asymmetric conjugation reagent, bis-sulfone bis-sulfide 1̲6̲, with different thiol conjugation reactivities at each terminus (Scheme 4) was examined and the bsFpFs appeared to be formed at similar conversion to the di(bis-sulfone) reagent 3̲. To explore the advantages of using common intermediates in the preparation of bsFpF families, we investigated bsFpF synthesis with a protein conjugation-ligation approach (Scheme 5). Reagents with a bis-sulfone moiety for conjugation on one PEG terminus and a ligation moiety on the other terminus were examined. Bis-sulfone PEG trans-cyclooctene (TCO) 2̲8̲ and bis-sulfone PEG tetrazine (Tz) 3̲0̲ were used to prepare several bsFpFs targeting various therapeutic targets (TNF-α, IL6R, IL17, and VEGF) and tissue affinity targets (hyaluronic acid and collagen II). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding studies indicated that there was little difference between the dissociation rate constant (k d) for the unmodified Fab, mono-conjugated PEG-Fab and the corresponding Fab in a bsFpF. The Fab association rate (k a) in the bsFpF was slower than for PEG-Fab, which may be because of mass differences that influence SPR results. These observations suggest that each Fab will bind to its target independently of the other Fab and that bsFpF binding profiles can be estimated using the corresponding PEG-Fab conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collins
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London London UK
| | - Nkiru Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London EC1V 9EL UK
| | | | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London EC1V 9EL UK
| | | | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London UK
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London London W5 5RF UK
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2
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Wang Y, Wang C, Huang M, Qin S, Zhao J, Sang S, Zheng M, Bian Y, Huang C, Zhang H, Guo L, Jiang J, Xu C, Dai N, Zheng Y, Han J, Yang M, Xu T, Miao L. Pilot study of a novel nanobody 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 for instant PET imaging of CD8 + T cells. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4394-4405. [PMID: 35829748 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography (PET) with specific diagnostic probes for quantifying CD8+ T cells has emerged as a powerful technique for monitoring the immune response. However, most CD8+ T cell radiotracers are based on antibodies or antibody fragments, which are slowly cleared from circulation. Herein, we aimed to develop and assess 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 for instant PET (iPET) imaging of CD8+ T cells. METHODS A novel nanobody without a hexahistidine (His6) tag, SNA006-GSC, was designed, site-specifically conjugated with NODAGA-maleimide and radiolabelled with 68 Ga. The PET imaging profiles of 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 were evaluated in BALB/c MC38-CD8+/CD8- tumour models and cynomolgus monkeys. Three volunteers with lung cancer underwent whole-body PET/CT imaging after 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 administration. The biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of patients were also investigated. In addition, combined with immunohistochemistry (IHC), the quantitative performance of the tracer for monitoring CD8 expression was evaluated in BALB/c MC38-CD8+/CD8- and human subjects. RESULTS 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 was prepared with RCP > 98% and SA > 100 GBq/μmol. 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 exhibited specific uptake in MC38-CD8+ xenografts tumours, CD8-rich tissues (such as the spleen) in monkeys and CD8+ tumour lesions in patients within 1 h. Fast washout from circulation was observed in three volunteers (t1/2 < 20 min). A preliminary quantitative linear relationship (R2 = 0.9668, p < 0.0001 for xenografts and R2 = 0.7924, p = 0.0013 for lung patients) appeared between 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 uptake and CD8 expression. 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 was well tolerated by all patients. CONCLUSION 68 Ga-NODAGA-SNA006 PET imaging can instantly quantify CD8 expression with an ideal safety profile and is expected to be important for dynamically tracking CD8+ T cells and monitoring immune responses for individualised cancer immunotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05126927 (19 November 2021, retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Smart-Nuclide Biotech, No. 218 Xing-Hu Rd., Suzhou, 215125, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minzhou Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Songbing Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shibiao Sang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Dai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yushuang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20 Qian-Rong Rd., Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Smart-Nuclide Biotech, No. 218 Xing-Hu Rd., Suzhou, 215125, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899 Ping-Hai Rd., Jiangsu, 215006, Suzhou, China. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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3
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Engineering pan-HIV-1 neutralization potency through multispecific antibody avidity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112887119. [PMID: 35064083 PMCID: PMC8795538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112887119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to be a major barrier to the development of therapeutics for prevention and treatment. Here, we describe the design of an antibody platform that allows assembly of a highly avid, multispecific molecule that targets, simultaneously, the most conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. The combined multivalency and multispecificity translates into extraordinary neutralization potency and pan-neutralization of HIV-1 strains, surpassing that of the most potent anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody cocktails. Deep mining of B cell repertoires of HIV-1–infected individuals has resulted in the isolation of dozens of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Yet, it remains uncertain whether any such bNAbs alone are sufficiently broad and potent to deploy therapeutically. Here, we engineered HIV-1 bNAbs for their combination on a single multispecific and avid molecule via direct genetic fusion of their Fab fragments to the human apoferritin light chain. The resulting molecule demonstrated a remarkable median IC50 value of 0.0009 µg/mL and 100% neutralization coverage of a broad HIV-1 pseudovirus panel (118 isolates) at a 4 µg/mL cutoff—a 32-fold enhancement in viral neutralization potency compared to a mixture of the corresponding HIV-1 bNAbs. Importantly, Fc incorporation on the molecule and engineering to modulate Fc receptor binding resulted in IgG-like bioavailability in vivo. This robust plug-and-play antibody design is relevant against indications where multispecificity and avidity are leveraged simultaneously to mediate optimal biological activity.
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4
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Mahmoudi R, Dianat-Moghadam H, Poorebrahim M, Siapoush S, Poortahmasebi V, Salahlou R, Rahmati M. Recombinant immunotoxins development for HER2-based targeted cancer therapies. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:470. [PMID: 34488747 PMCID: PMC8422749 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer biology introduces targeted therapy as a complementary method along with other conventional therapies. Recombinant immunotoxins are tumor specific antibodies that their recognizing fragment is utilized for delivering modified toxins into tumor cells. These molecules have been considered as a targeted strategy in the treatment of human cancers. HER2 tumor biomarker is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that can be used for targeted therapies in the forms of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and immunotoxins. There have been many studies on HER2-based immunotoxins in recent years, however, little progress has been made in the clinical field which demanded more improvements. Here, we summarized the HER2 signaling and it's targeting using immunotherapeutic agents in human cancers. Then, we specifically reviewed anti-HER2 immunotoxins, and their strengths and drawbacks to highlight their promising clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mansour Poorebrahim
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samaneh Siapoush
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Salahlou
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Santich BH, Cheal SM, Ahmed M, McDevitt MR, Ouerfelli O, Yang G, Veach DR, Fung EK, Patel M, Burnes Vargas D, Malik AA, Guo HF, Zanzonico PB, Monette S, Michel AO, Rudin CM, Larson SM, Cheung NK. A Self-Assembling and Disassembling (SADA) Bispecific Antibody (BsAb) Platform for Curative Two-step Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:532-541. [PMID: 32958698 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many cancer treatments suffer from dose-limiting toxicities to vital organs due to poor therapeutic indices. To overcome these challenges we developed a novel multimerization platform that rapidly removes tumor-targeting proteins from the blood to substantially improve therapeutic index. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The platform was designed as a fusion of a self-assembling and disassembling (SADA) domain to a tandem single-chain bispecific antibody (BsAb, anti-ganglioside GD2 × anti-DOTA). SADA-BsAbs were assessed with multiple in vivo tumor models using two-step pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) to evaluate tumor uptake, dosimetry, and antitumor responses. RESULTS SADA-BsAbs self-assembled into stable tetramers (220 kDa), but could also disassemble into dimers or monomers (55 kDa) that rapidly cleared via renal filtration and substantially reduced immunogenicity in mice. When used with rapidly clearing DOTA-caged PET isotopes, SADA-BsAbs demonstrated accurate tumor localization, dosimetry, and improved imaging contrast by PET/CT. When combined with therapeutic isotopes, two-step SADA-PRIT safely delivered massive doses of alpha-emitting (225Ac, 1.48 MBq/kg) or beta-emitting (177Lu, 6,660 MBq/kg) S-2-(4-aminobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (DOTA) payloads to tumors, ablating them without any short-term or long-term toxicities to the bone marrow, kidneys, or liver. CONCLUSIONS The SADA-BsAb platform safely delivered large doses of radioisotopes to tumors and demonstrated no toxicities to the bone marrow, kidneys, or liver. Because of its modularity, SADA-BsAbs can be easily adapted to most tumor antigens, tumor types, or drug delivery approaches to improve therapeutic index and maximize the delivered dose.See related commentary by Capala and Kunos, p. 377.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Santich
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sarah M Cheal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael R McDevitt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Guangbin Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Darren R Veach
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edward K Fung
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniela Burnes Vargas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aiza A Malik
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hong-Fen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pat B Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Adam O Michel
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Steven M Larson
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Nai K Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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6
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Syamala PPN, Soberats B, Görl D, Gekle S, Würthner F. Thermodynamic insights into the entropically driven self-assembly of amphiphilic dyes in water. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9358-9366. [PMID: 32110300 PMCID: PMC7017873 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic dyes and π-systems are more difficult to understand and to control in water compared to organic solvents due to the hydrophobic effect. Herein, we elucidate in detail the self-assembly of a series of archetype bolaamphiphiles bearing a naphthalene bisimide (NBI) π-core with appended oligoethylene glycol (OEG) dendrons of different size. By utilizing temperature-dependent UV-vis spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we have dissected the enthalpic and entropic parameters pertaining to the molecules' self-assembly. All investigated compounds show an enthalpically disfavored aggregation process leading to aggregate growth and eventually precipitation at elevated temperature, which is attributed to the dehydration of oligoethylene glycol units and their concomitant conformational changes. Back-folded conformation of the side chains plays a major role, as revealed by molecular dynamics (MD) and two dimensional NMR (2D NMR) studies, in directing the association. The sterical effect imparted by the jacketing of monomers and dimers also changes the aggregation mechanism from isodesmic to weakly anti-cooperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep P N Syamala
- Universität Würzburg , Institut für Organische Chemie , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Görl
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Universität Bayreuth , Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik VI & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany .
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg , Institut für Organische Chemie , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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7
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Brandl F, Merten H, Zimmermann M, Béhé M, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Plückthun A. Influence of size and charge of unstructured polypeptides on pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of targeted fusion proteins. J Control Release 2019; 307:379-392. [PMID: 31252038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternative non-IgG binding proteins developed for therapy are small in size and, thus, are rapidly cleared from the circulation by renal filtration. To avoid repeated injection or continuous infusion for the maintenance of therapeutic serum concentrations, extensions of unfolded polypeptides have been developed to prolong serum half-life, but systematic, comparative studies investigating the influence of their size and charge on serum half-life, extravasation, tumor localization and excretion mechanisms have so far been lacking. Here we used a high-affinity Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) targeting the tumor marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in a preclinical tumor xenograft model in mice, and fused it with a series of defined unstructured polypeptides. We used three different sizes of two previously described polypeptides, an uncharged one consisting of only Pro, Ala and Ser (termed PAS) and a charged one consisting of Pro, Ala, Ser, Thr, Gly, Glu (termed XTEN) and performed for the first time a precise comparative localization, distribution and extravasation study. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a clear linear relationship between hydrodynamic radius and serum half-life across both polypeptides, reaching a half-life of up to 21 h in mice. Tumor uptake was EpCAM-dependent and directly proportional to half-life and size, showing an even tumor penetration for all fusion proteins without unspecific accumulation in non-target tissue. Unexpectedly, charge had no influence on any parameter, neither tumor nor tissue accumulation nor kidney elimination kinetics. Thus, both polypeptide types have a very similar potential for precise half-life modification and tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Brandl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Merten
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Zangemeister-Wittke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Griffin JD, Leon MA, Salash JR, Shao M, Hartwell BL, Pickens CJ, Sestak JO, Berkland C. Acute B-Cell Inhibition by Soluble Antigen Arrays Is Valency-Dependent and Predicts Immunomodulation in Splenocytes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2115-2122. [PMID: 30995843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen valency plays a fundamental role in directing the nature of an immune response to be stimulatory or tolerogenic. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) are an antigen-specific immunotherapy that combats autoimmunity through the multivalent display of autoantigen. Although mechanistic studies have shown SAgAs to induce T- and B-cell anergy, the effect of SAgA valency has never been experimentally tested. Here, SAgAs of discrete antigen valencies were synthesized by click chemistry and evaluated for acute B-cell signaling inhibition as well as downstream immunomodulatory effects in splenocytes. Initial studies using the Raji B-cell line demonstrated SAgA valency dictated the extent of calcium flux. Lower valency constructs elicited the largest reductions in B-cell activation. In splenocytes from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the same valency-dependent effects were evident in the downregulation of the costimulatory marker CD86. The reduction of calcium flux observed in Raji B-cells correlated strongly with downregulation in splenocyte CD86 expression after 72 h. Here, a thorough analysis of SAgA antigenic valency illustrates that low, but not monovalent, presentation of autoantigen was ideal for eliciting the most potent immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cory Berkland
- Orion BioScience , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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9
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Paolino M, Visintin M, Margotti E, Visentini M, Salvini L, Reale A, Razzano V, Giuliani G, Caselli G, Tavanti F, Menziani MC, Cappelli A. Functionalization of protein hexahistidine tags by functional nanoreactors. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03463c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of functional nanoreactors was evaluated in CRB0137 as a model protein to develop a new methodology for the site-specific PEGylation of proteins bearing poly-histidine tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022)
- Università di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022)
- Università di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Vincenzo Razzano
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022)
- Università di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022)
- Università di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | | | - Francesco Tavanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- 41121 Modena
- Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- 41121 Modena
- Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022)
- Università di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
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10
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Warnders FJ, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, Kosterink JGW. Influence of protein properties and protein modification on biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody derivatives, and non-Ig scaffolds. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1837-1873. [PMID: 29635825 DOI: 10.1002/med.21498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed protein drugs that target tumor-associated antigens are often modified in order to increase their therapeutic effect, tumor exposure, and safety profile. During the development of protein drugs, molecular imaging is increasingly used to provide additional information on their in vivo behavior. As a result, there are increasing numbers of studies that demonstrate the effect of protein modification on whole body distribution and tumor uptake of protein drugs. However, much still remains unclear about how to interpret obtained biodistribution data correctly. Consequently, there is a need for more insight in the correct way of interpreting preclinical and clinical imaging data. Summarizing the knowledge gained to date may facilitate this interpretation. This review therefore provides an overview of specific protein properties and modifications that can affect biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody fragments, and nonimmunoglobulin scaffolds. Protein properties that are discussed in this review are molecular size, target interaction, FcRn binding, and charge. Protein modifications that are discussed are radiolabeling, fluorescent labeling drug conjugation, glycosylation, humanization, albumin binding, and polyethylene glycolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Jan Warnders
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Krasniqi A, Bialkowska M, Xavier C, Van der Jeught K, Muyldermans S, Devoogdt N, D'Huyvetter M. Pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled dimeric sdAbs constructs targeting human CD20. N Biotechnol 2018; 45:69-79. [PMID: 29574274 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-domain antibody fragments (sdAbs) are the smallest functional antigen-binding fragments, derived from heavy chain-only camelid antibodies. When designed as radiolabeled monomeric probes for imaging and therapy of cancer, their fast and specific targeting results in high tumor-to-background ratios early after injection. However, their moderate absolute uptake into tumors might not always be sufficient to treat cancerous lesions. We have evaluated the pharmacokinetics of seven constructs derived from a CD20-targeting monomeric sdAb (αCD20). The constructs differed in affinity or avidity towards CD20 (dimeric αCD20-αCD20 and αCD20 fused to a non-targeting control sdAb, referred to as αCD20-ctrl) and blood half-lives (αCD20 fused to an albumin-targeting sdAb (αAlb) = αCD20-αAlb). The constructs were radiolabeled with 111In (imaging) and 177Lu (therapy) using the bifunctional chelator CHX-A"-DTPA and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In mice, tumor uptake of 177Lu-DTPA-αCD20 decreased from 4.82 ± 1.80 to 0.13 ± 0.05% IA/g over 72 h. Due to its rapid blood clearance, tumor-to-blood (T/B) ratios of >100 were obtained within 24 h. Although in vitro internalization indicated that dimeric 177Lu-DTPA-αCD20-αCD20 was superior in terms of total cell-associated radioactivity, this was not confirmed in vivo. Blood clearance was slower and absolute tumor uptake became significantly higher for αCD20-αAlb. Blood levels of 177Lu-DTPA-αCD20-αAlb decreased from 68.30 ± 10.53 to 3.58 ± 0.66% IA/g over 120 h, while tumor uptake increased from 6.21 ± 0.94 to 24.90 ± 2.83% IA/g, resulting in lower T/B ratios. Taken together, these results indicate that the increased size of dimeric αCD20-αCD20 or the fusion of monomeric αCD20 to an albumin-targeting moiety (αAlb) counterbalance their improved tumor targeting capacity compared to monomeric αCD20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Krasniqi
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Magdalena Bialkowska
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catarina Xavier
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Van der Jeught
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Simultaneous Insertion of Two Ligands in gD for Cultivation of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses in Noncancer Cells and Retargeting to Cancer Receptors. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02132-17. [PMID: 29263255 PMCID: PMC5827369 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02132-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Insertion of a single-chain variable-fragment antibody (scFv) to HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) in gD, gH, or gB gives rise to herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) specifically retargeted to HER2-positive cancer cells, hence to highly specific nonattenuated oncolytic agents. Clinical-grade virus production cannot rely on cancer cells. Recently, we developed a double-retargeting strategy whereby gH carries the GCN4 peptide for retargeting to the noncancer producer Vero-GCN4R cell line and gD carries the scFv to HER2 for cancer retargeting. Here, we engineered double-retargeted recombinants, which carry both the GCN4 peptide and the scFv to HER2 in gD. Novel, more-advantageous detargeting strategies were devised so as to optimize the cultivation of the double-retargeted recombinants. Nectin1 detargeting was achieved by deletion of amino acids (aa) 35 to 39, 214 to 223, or 219 to 223 and replacement of the deleted sequences with one of the two ligands. The last two deletions were not attempted before. All recombinants exhibited the double retargeting to HER2 and to the Vero-GCN4R cells, as well as detargeting from the natural receptors HVEM and nectin1. Of note, some recombinants grew to higher yields than others. The best-performing recombinants carried a gD deletion as small as 5 amino acids and grew to titers similar to those exhibited by the singly retargeted R-LM113 and by the nonretargeted R-LM5. This study shows that double retargeting through insertion of two ligands in gD is feasible and, when combined with appropriate detargeting modifications, can result in recombinants highly effective in vitro and in vivo. IMPORTANCE There is increasing interest in oncolytic viruses following the FDA and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of the oncolytic HSV OncovexGM-CSF and, mainly, because they greatly boost the immune response to the tumor and can be combined with immunotherapeutic agents, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors. A strategy to gain high cancer specificity and avoid virus attenuation is to retarget the virus tropism to cancer-specific receptors of choice. However, cultivation of retargeted oncolytics in cells expressing the cancer receptor may not be approvable by regulatory agencies. We devised a strategy for their cultivation in noncancer cells. Here, we describe a double-retargeting strategy, based on the simultaneous insertion of two ligands in gD, one for retargeting to a producer, universal Vero cell derivative and one for retargeting to the HER2 cancer receptor. These insertions were combined with novel, minimally disadvantageous detargeting modifications. The current and accompanying studies indicate how to best achieve the clinical-grade cultivation of retargeted oncolytics.
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13
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Dual Ligand Insertion in gB and gD of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses for Retargeting to a Producer Vero Cell Line and to Cancer Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02122-17. [PMID: 29263257 PMCID: PMC5827396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02122-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses gain cancer specificity in several ways. Like the majority of viruses, they grow better in cancer cells that are defective in mounting the host response to viruses. Often, they are attenuated by deletion or mutation of virulence genes that counteract the host response or are naturally occurring oncolytic mutants. In contrast, retargeted viruses are not attenuated or deleted; their cancer specificity rests on a modified, specific tropism for cancer receptors. For herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based oncolytics, the detargeting-retargeting strategies employed so far were based on genetic modifications of gD. Recently, we showed that even gH or gB can serve as retargeting tools. To enable the growth of retargeted HSVs in cells that can be used for clinical-grade virus production, a double-retargeting strategy has been developed. Here we show that several sites in the N terminus of gB are suitable to harbor the 20-amino-acid (aa)-long GCN4 peptide, which readdresses HSV tropism to Vero cells expressing the artificial GCN4 receptor and thus enables virus cultivation in the producer noncancer Vero-GCN4R cell line. The gB modifications can be combined with a minimal detargeting modification in gD, consisting in the deletion of two residues, aa 30 and 38, and replacement of aa 38 with the scFv to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), for retargeting to the cancer receptor. The panel of recombinants was analyzed comparatively in terms of virus growth, cell-to-cell spread, cytotoxicity, and in vivo antitumor efficacy to define the best double-retargeting strategy. IMPORTANCE There is increasing interest in oncolytic viruses, following FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of HSV OncovexGM-CSF, and, mainly, because they greatly boost the immune response to the tumor and can be combined with immunotherapeutic agents, particularly checkpoint inhibitors. A strategy to gain cancer specificity and avoid virus attenuation is to retarget the virus tropism to cancer-specific receptors of choice. Cultivation of fully retargeted viruses is challenging, since they require cells that express the cancer receptor. We devised a strategy for their cultivation in producer noncancer Vero cell derivatives. Here, we developed a double-retargeting strategy, based on insertion of one ligand in gB for retargeting to a Vero cell derivative and of anti-HER2 ligand in gD for cancer retargeting. These modifications were combined with a minimally destructive detargeting strategy. This study and its companion paper explain the clinical-grade cultivation of retargeted oncolytic HSVs and promote their translation to the clinic.
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14
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Xie S, Wen K, Peng T, Wang J, Yao K, Jiang H. A novel variable antibody fragment dimerized by the dHLX peptide with enhanced affinity against amantadine compared to its corresponding scFv antibody. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1368459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanlei Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Lucas AT, Price LS, Schorzman A, Zamboni WC. Complex effects of tumor microenvironment on the tumor disposition of carrier-mediated agents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2021-2042. [PMID: 28745129 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in carrier-mediated agents, including nanoparticle, conjugates and antibody-drug conjugates, have created revolutionary drug delivery systems in cancer over the past two decades. While these agents provide several advantages, such as greater duration of exposure and solubility, compared with their small-molecule counterparts, there is substantial variability in delivery of these agents to tissues and especially tumors. This review provides an overview of tumor microenvironment factors that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carrier-mediated agents observed in preclinical models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy & Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren Sl Price
- Division of Pharmacotherapy & Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Allison Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy & Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William C Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy & Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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A Strategy for Cultivation of Retargeted Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses in Non-cancer Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00067-17. [PMID: 28250120 PMCID: PMC5411604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00067-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) that has been approved for clinical practice and those HSVs in clinical trials are attenuated viruses, often with the neurovirulence gene γ134.5 and additional genes deleted. One strategy to engineer nonattenuated oncolytic HSVs consists of retargeting the viral tropism to a cancer-specific receptor of choice, exemplified by HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), which is present in breast, ovary, and other cancers, and in detargeting from the natural receptors. Because the HER2-retargeted HSVs strictly depend on this receptor for infection, the viruses employed in preclinical studies were cultivated in HER2-positive cancer cells. The production of clinical-grade viruses destined for humans should avoid the use of cancer cells. Here, we engineered the R-213 recombinant, by insertion of a 20-amino-acid (aa) short peptide (named GCN4) in the gH of R-LM113; this recombinant was retargeted to HER2 through insertion in gD of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to HER2. Next, we generated a Vero cell line expressing an artificial receptor (GCN4R) whose N terminus consists of an scFv to GCN4 and therefore is capable of interacting with GCN4 present in gH of R-213. R-213 replicated as well as R-LM113 in SK-OV-3 cells, implying that addition of the GCN4 peptide was not detrimental to gH. R-213 grew to relatively high titers in Vero-GCN4R cells, efficiently spread from cell to cell, and killed both Vero-GCN4R and SK-OV-3 cells, as expected for an oncolytic virus. Altogether, Vero-GCN4R cells represent an efficient system for cultivation of retargeted oncolytic HSVs in non-cancer cells. IMPORTANCE There is growing interest in viruses as oncolytic agents, which can be administered in combination with immunotherapeutic compounds, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. The oncolytic HSV approved for clinical practice and those in clinical trials are attenuated viruses. An alternative to attenuation is a cancer specificity achieved by tropism retargeting to selected cancer receptors. However, the retargeted oncolytic HSVs strictly depend on cancer receptors for infection. Here, we devised a strategy for in vitro cultivation of retargeted HSVs in non-cancer cells. The strategy envisions a double-retargeting approach: one retargeting is via gD to the cancer receptor, and the second retargeting is via gH to an artificial receptor expressed in Vero cells. The double-retargeted HSV uses alternatively the two receptors to infect cancer cells or producer cells. A universal non-cancer cell line for growth of clinical-grade retargeted HSVs represents a step forward in the translational phase.
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17
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Molecular Simulation of Receptor Occupancy and Tumor Penetration of an Antibody and Smaller Scaffolds: Application to Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:656-664. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Reichard EE, Nanaware-Kharade N, Gonzalez GA, Thakkar S, Owens SM, Peterson EC. PEGylation of a High-Affinity Anti-(+)Methamphetamine Single Chain Antibody Fragment Extends Functional Half-Life by Reducing Clearance. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2954-2966. [PMID: 27620175 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a worldwide drug problem, yet no FDA-approved pharmacological treatments are available for METH abuse. Therefore, we produced an anti-METH single chain antibody fragment (scFv7F9Cys) as a pharmacological treatment for METH abuse. ScFv's have a short half-life due to their small size, limiting their clinical use. Thus, we examined the pharmacokinetic effects of conjugating poly(ethylene) glycol (-PEG) to scFv7F9Cys to extend its functional half-life. METHODS The affinity of scFv7F9Cys and PEG conjugates to METH was determined in vitro via equilibrium dialysis saturation binding. Pharmacokinetic and parameters of scFv7F9Cys and scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K (30 mg/kg i.v. each) and their ability to bind METH in vivo were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a subcutaneous infusion of METH (3.2 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Of three PEGylated conjugates, scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K was determined the most viable therapeutic candidate. PEGylation of scFv7F9Cys did not alter METH binding functionality in vitro, and produced a 27-fold increase in the in vivo half-life of the antibody fragment. Furthermore, total METH serum concentrations increased following scFv7F9Cys or scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K administration, with scFv7F9Cys-PEG20K producing significantly longer changes in METH distribution than scFv7F9Cys. CONCLUSIONS PEGylation of scFv7F9Cys significantly increase the functional half-life of scFv7F9Cys, suggesting it may be a long-lasting pharmacological treatment option for METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Reichard
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Guillermo A Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - S Michael Owens
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA.
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19
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Miyashita M, Gonda K, Tada H, Watanabe M, Kitamura N, Kamei T, Sasano H, Ishida T, Ohuchi N. Quantitative diagnosis of HER2 protein expressing breast cancer by single-particle quantum dot imaging. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2813-2824. [PMID: 27666577 PMCID: PMC5083734 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of HER2 is one of the major causes of breast cancer, and therefore precise diagnosis of its protein expression level is important. However, current methods estimating the HER2‐expression level are insufficient due to problem with the lack of quantification. This might result in a gap between diagnostics and therapeutics targeting HER2. Therefore, a new effective diagnostic method is needed. We developed a new immunohistochemical (IHC) technique with quantum dots (QD)‐conjugated trastuzumab using single‐particle imaging to quantitatively measure the HER2 expression level. Tissues from 37 breast cancer patients with available detailed clinical information were tested by IHC with QDs (IHC‐QD) and the correlation with IHC with 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and IHC‐QD was examined. The number of QD‐conjugated trastuzumab particles binding specifically to a cancer cell was precisely calculated as the IHC‐QD score. The IHC‐QD score in 37 cases was correlated proportionally with the score of HER2 gene copy number as assessed by FISH (R = 0.83). When HER2 positivity was judged to be positive, the IHC‐QD score with our cut‐off level was exactly concordant with the FISH score with a cut‐off value of 2.0. Furthermore, IHC‐QDs score and time to progression (TTP) of trastuzumab therapy were well correlated in HER2‐positive cases (R = 0.69). Conversely, the correlation between FISH score and TTP was not observed. We developed a precisely quantitative IHC method using trastuzumab‐conjugated QDs and single‐particle imaging analysis and propose the possibility of using IHC‐QDs score as a predictive factor for trastuzumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Miyashita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Nano-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Gonda
- Department of Nano-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. .,Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Narufumi Kitamura
- Department of Nano-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ohuchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Nano-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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20
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Homogeneous time-resolved G protein-coupled receptor–ligand binding assay based on fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2016; 502:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Lv X, Zhang J, Xu R, Dong Y, Sun A, Shen Y, Wei D. Gigantoxin-4-4D5 scFv is a novel recombinant immunotoxin with specific toxicity against HER2/neu-positive ovarian carcinoma cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6403-6413. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Campadelli-Fiume G, Petrovic B, Leoni V, Gianni T, Avitabile E, Casiraghi C, Gatta V. Retargeting Strategies for Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses 2016; 8:63. [PMID: 26927159 PMCID: PMC4810253 DOI: 10.3390/v8030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) exhibit a high safety profile achieved through attenuation. They carry defects in virulence proteins that antagonize host cell response to the virus, including innate response, apoptosis, authophagy, and depend on tumor cell proliferation. They grow robustly in cancer cells, provided that these are deficient in host cell responses, which is often the case. To overcome the attenuation limits, a strategy is to render the virus highly cancer-specific, e.g., by retargeting their tropism to cancer-specific receptors, and detargeting from natural receptors. The target we selected is HER-2, overexpressed in breast, ovarian and other cancers. Entry of wt-HSV requires the essential glycoproteins gD, gH/gL and gB. Here, we reviewed that oncolytic HSV retargeting was achieved through modifications in gD: the addition of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to HER-2 coupled with appropriate deletions to remove part of the natural receptors' binding sites. Recently, we showed that also gH/gL can be a retargeting tool. The insertion of an scFv to HER-2 at the gH N-terminus, coupled with deletions in gD, led to a recombinant capable to use HER-2 as the sole receptor. The retargeted oncolytic HSVs can be administered systemically by means of carrier cells-forcedly-infected mesenchymal stem cells. Altogether, the retargeted oncolytic HSVs are highly cancer-specific and their replication is not dependent on intrinsic defects of the tumor cells. They might be further modified to express immunomodulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Biljana Petrovic
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Elisa Avitabile
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Osaki T, Fujisawa S, Kitaguchi M, Kitamura M, Nakanishi T. Development of a bispecific antibody tetramerized through hetero-associating peptides. FEBS J 2015; 282:4389-401. [PMID: 26337767 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The specific assembly of self-associating peptides can be useful in building a functional antibody complex from small antibody fragments. We have focused on the exceedingly specific heterotetrameric assembly of Lin-2 and Lin-7 (L27) domains, which work as protein-protein interaction modules in many scaffold proteins. Here, we describe a novel method for constructing a highly functional antibody based on the hetero-association of L27 domains. In this study, we used a bacterial expression system to produce a bispecific antibody that was heterotetramerized through L27 domains and that targeted both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Fcγ receptor III (FcγRIII or CD16). Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and gel filtration analyses revealed that the constructed recombinant antibody was a disulfide-linked heterotetramer. The tetramerized antibody bound to EGFR and CD16 simultaneously, according to results from flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the bispecific antibody showed cytotoxic activity against EGFR-expressing tumor cells by using CD16-positive lymphocytes as effectors, and its cytotoxicity was comparable to that of a commercial therapeutic antibody. Taken together, the results show that our method has high potential for the cost-efficient production of highly active therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujisawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Masaya Kitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Japan
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Mendler CT, Friedrich L, Laitinen I, Schlapschy M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ, Skerra A. High contrast tumor imaging with radio-labeled antibody Fab fragments tailored for optimized pharmacokinetics via PASylation. MAbs 2015; 7:96-109. [PMID: 25484039 PMCID: PMC4622060 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) of antibodies constitute established tracers for in vivo radiodiagnostics, their functionality is hampered by a very short circulation half-life. PASylation, the genetic fusion with a long, conformationally disordered amino acid chain comprising Pro, Ala and Ser, provides a convenient way to expand protein size and, consequently, retard renal filtration. Humanized αHER2 and αCD20 Fabs were systematically fused with 100 to 600 PAS residues and produced in E. coli. Cytofluorimetric titration analysis on tumor cell lines confirmed that antigen-binding activities of the parental antibodies were retained. The radio-iodinated PASylated Fabs were studied by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and biodistribution analysis in mouse tumor xenograft models. While the unmodified αHER2 and αCD20 Fabs showed weak tumor uptake (0.8% and 0.2% ID/g, respectively; 24 h p.i.) tumor-associated radioactivity was boosted with increasing PAS length (up to 9 and 26-fold, respectively), approaching an optimum for Fab-PAS400. Remarkably, 6- and 5-fold higher tumor-to-blood ratios compared with the unmodified Fabs were measured in the biodistribution analysis (48 h p.i.) for αHER2 Fab-PAS100 and Fab-PAS200, respectively. These findings were confirmed by PET studies, showing high imaging contrast in line with tumor-to-blood ratios of 12.2 and 5.7 (24 h p.i.) for αHER2 Fab-PAS100 and Fab-PAS200. Even stronger tumor signals were obtained with the corresponding αCD20 Fabs, both in PET imaging and biodistribution analysis, with an uptake of 2.8% ID/g for Fab-PAS100vs. 0.24% ID/g for the unmodified Fab. Hence, by engineering Fabs via PASylation, plasma half-life can be tailored to significantly improve tracer uptake and tumor contrast, thus optimally matching reagent/target interactions.
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Key Words
- ABD, albumin binding domain
- CD20
- CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention effect
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fab, antigen-binding fragment
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- HER2
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- ID, injected dose
- IDA, iminodiacetic acid
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- MIP, maximum intensity projection
- NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- PEGylation
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- RIT, radioimmuno therapy
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- TLC, thin layer chromatography
- antibody fragment
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- p.i., post injection
- plasma half-life
- protein tracer
- scFv, single-chain variable antibody fragment
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia T Mendler
- a Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie ; Technische Universität München ; Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
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25
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Schneeweis LA, Obenauer-Kutner L, Kaur P, Yamniuk AP, Tamura J, Jaffe N, O'Mara BW, Lindsay S, Doyle M, Bryson J. Comparison of Ensemble and Single Molecule Methods for Particle Characterization and Binding Analysis of a PEGylated Single-Domain Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4015-4024. [PMID: 26343417 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Domain antibodies (dAbs) are single immunoglobulin domains that form the smallest functional unit of an antibody. This study investigates the behavior of these small proteins when covalently attached to the polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety that is necessary for extending the half-life of a dAb. The effect of the 40 kDa PEG on hydrodynamic properties, particle behavior, and receptor binding of the dAb has been compared by both ensemble solution and surface methods [light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)] and single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods (topography, recognition imaging, and force microscopy). The large PEG dominates the properties of the dAb-PEG conjugate such as a hydrodynamic radius that corresponds to a globular protein over four times its size and a much reduced association rate. We have used AFM single-molecule studies to determine the mechanism of PEG-dependent reductions in the effectiveness of the dAb observed by SPR kinetic studies. Recognition imaging showed that all of the PEGylated dAb molecules are active, suggesting that some may transiently become inactive if PEG sterically blocks binding. This helps explain the disconnect between the SPR, determined kinetically, and the force microscopy and ITC results that demonstrated that PEG does not change the binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumelle A Schneeweis
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543.
| | - Linda Obenauer-Kutner
- Biologic Process and Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Aaron P Yamniuk
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - James Tamura
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Neil Jaffe
- Biologic Process and Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Brian W O'Mara
- Biologic Process and Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Michael Doyle
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - James Bryson
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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Stenderup K, Rosada C, Shanebeck K, Brady W, Van Brunt MP, King G, Marelli M, Slagle P, Xu H, Nairn NW, Johnson J, Wang AA, Li G, Thornton KC, Dam TN, Grabstein KH. AZ17: a new bispecific drug targeting IL-6 and IL-23 with potential clinical use—improves psoriasis in a human xenograft transplantation model. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:467-80. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Nanaware-Kharade N, Thakkar S, Gonzalez GA, Peterson EC. A Nanotechnology-Based Platform for Extending the Pharmacokinetic and Binding Properties of Anti-methamphetamine Antibody Fragments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12060. [PMID: 26159352 PMCID: PMC4498229 DOI: 10.1038/srep12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the need for effective medications to aid in the treatment of methamphetamine (METH) abuse, we used a nanotechnology approach to customize the in vivo behavior of an anti-METH single chain antibody (scFv7F9Cys). Anti-METH scFv7F9Cys was conjugated to dendrimer nanoparticles via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker to generate high-order conjugates termed dendribodies. We found that the high affinity (KD = 6.2 nM) and specificity for METH was unchanged after nanoparticle conjugation. The dendribodies were administered in an i.v. bolus to male Sprague Dawley rats after starting a s.c. infusion of METH. The PCKN values for clearance and volume of distribution of scFv7F9Cys after conjugation to dendrimers decreased 45 and 1.6-fold respectively, and the terminal elimination half-life increased 20-fold. Organ distribution of scFv7F9Cys and dendribody in blood and urine agreed well with the PCKN data. Renal clearance appeared to be the major route of elimination for both experimental medications. We have thus successfully developed a novel multivalent METH-binding nanomedicine by conjugating multiple anti-METH scFvs to dendrimer nanoparticles, extending the scFv half-life from 1.3 (±0.3) to 26 (±2.6) hr. These data suggest that the dendribody design could be a feasible platform for generating multivalent antibodies with customizable PCKN profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 750, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Guillermo A Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Eric C Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., # 611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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The Engineering of a Novel Ligand in gH Confers to HSV an Expanded Tropism Independent of gD Activation by Its Receptors. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004907. [PMID: 25996983 PMCID: PMC4440635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) enters cells by means of four essential glycoproteins - gD, gH/gL, gB, activated in a cascade fashion by gD binding to one of its receptors, nectin1 and HVEM. We report that the engineering in gH of a heterologous ligand – a single-chain antibody (scFv) to the cancer-specific HER2 receptor – expands the HSV tropism to cells which express HER2 as the sole receptor. The significance of this finding is twofold. It impacts on our understanding of HSV entry mechanism and the design of retargeted oncolytic-HSVs. Specifically, entry of the recombinant viruses carrying the scFv-HER2–gH chimera into HER2+ cells occurred in the absence of gD receptors, or upon deletion of key residues in gD that constitute the nectin1/HVEM binding sites. In essence, the scFv in gH substituted for gD-mediated activation and rendered a functional gD non-essential for entry via HER2. The activation of the gH moiety in the chimera was carried out by the scFv in cis, not in trans as it occurs with wt-gD. With respect to the design of oncolytic-HSVs, previous retargeting strategies were based exclusively on insertion in gD of ligands to cancer-specific receptors. The current findings show that (i) gH accepts a heterologous ligand. The viruses retargeted via gH (ii) do not require the gD-dependent activation, and (iii) replicate and kill cells at high efficiency. Thus, gH represents an additional tool for the design of fully-virulent oncolytic-HSVs retargeted to cancer receptors and detargeted from gD receptors. To enter cells, all herpesviruses use the core fusion glycoproteins gH/gL and gB, in addition to species-specific glycoproteins responsible for specific tropism, etc. In HSV, the additional glycoprotein is the essential gD. We engineered in gH a heterologous ligand to the HER2 cancer receptor. The recombinant viruses entered cells through HER2, independently of gD activation by its receptors, or despite deletion of key residues that are part of the receptors’ binding sites in gD. The ligand activated gH in cis. Cumulatively, the receptor-binding and activating functions of gD were no longer essential and were replaced by the heterologous ligand in gH. Relevance to translational medicine rests in the fact that gH can serve as a tool to retarget HSV tropism to cancer-specific receptors. This expands the toolkit for the design of fully-virulent oncolytic-HSVs.
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Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN, Petrovskaya LE, Dolgikh DA, Gabibov AG, Kirpichnikov MP. Man-made antibodies and immunoconjugates with desired properties: function optimization using structural engineering. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Srivastava A, O’Connor IB, Pandit A, Gerard Wall J. Polymer-antibody fragment conjugates for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Wang W, He W, Wang L, Zhang G, Gao B. Pentamerisation of a scFv directed against TRAIL receptor 2 increases its antitumour efficacy. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:360-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPRC
| | - Wen He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Biochemistry Teaching and Research Office, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
| | - Ge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
| | - Bin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
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32
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Carroll S, Georgiou G. Antibody-mediates inhibition of human C1s and the classical complement pathway. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1041-8. [PMID: 23434433 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disregulation of complement activation plays a critical role in numerous inflammatory diseases and therefore, inhibition of the complement pathway is of great therapeutic interest. In the classical complement pathway, immune complexes formed by IgM, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies result in the activation of the C1s protease that in turn cleaves C4 and then C4-bound-C2 yielding the proteolytic fragments C4b and C2a which associate to form a C3 convertase enzyme. We report here the engineering of a potent human antibody inhibitor of C1s protease activity. Phage panning of a very large synthetic (F(AB)) antibody fragment library using a truncated version of C1s, comprising the second CCP domain and serine protease domain (CCP₂-SP) and expressed in insect cells, resulted in the isolation of a F(AB) that inhibited the catalytic activity of C1s. An affinity matured variant of the F(AB) format antibody displaying subnanomolar K(D) for C1s was shown to exhibit >80% inhibition of C2 processing at a 5:1 antibody:C1s molar ratio. We show that this engineered antibody, D.35, displays potent inhibition of complement deposition and lysis of Ramos cells by the anti-CD20 therapeutic antibody rituximab relative to the approved, but less-specific, human plasma-derived C1-inhibitor (CINRYZE). C1s inhibitory antibodies should be useful for delineating the role of the classical pathway in disease models and may hold promise as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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33
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Herrington-Symes AP, Farys M, Khalili H, Brocchini S. Antibody fragments: Prolonging circulation half-life special issue-antibody research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.45090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Schwarz C, Bohne AV, Wang F, Cejudo FJ, Nickelsen J. An intermolecular disulfide-based light switch for chloroplast psbD gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:378-89. [PMID: 22725132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the chloroplast psbD gene encoding the D2 protein of the photosystem II reaction center is regulated by light. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, D2 synthesis requires a high-molecular-weight complex containing the RNA stabilization factor Nac2 and the translational activator RBP40. Based on size exclusion chromatography analyses, we provide evidence that light control of D2 synthesis depends on dynamic formation of the Nac2/RBP40 complex. Furthermore, 2D redox SDS-PAGE assays suggest an intermolecular disulfide bridge between Nac2 and Cys11 of RBP40 as the putative molecular basis for attachment of RBP40 to the complex in light-grown cells. This covalent link is reduced in the dark, most likely via NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C, supporting the idea of a direct relationship between chloroplast gene expression and chloroplast carbon metabolism during dark adaption of algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarz
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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35
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Khalili H, Godwin A, Choi JW, Lever R, Brocchini S. Comparative binding of disulfide-bridged PEG-Fabs. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2262-77. [PMID: 22994419 DOI: 10.1021/bc300372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein PEGylation is the most clinically validated method to improve the efficacy of protein-based medicines. Antibody fragments such as Fabs display rapid clearance from blood circulation and therefore are good candidates for PEGylation. We have developed PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 that can selectively alkylate both sulfurs derived from a native disulfide. Using PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1, conjugation of PEG specifically targets the disulfide distal to the binding region of the Fab (Scheme 2 ). PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 (10-40 kDa) were used to generate the corresponding PEG-mono-sulfones 2 that underwent essentially quantitative conjugation to give the PEG-Fab product 4. Four Fabs were PEGylated: Fab(beva), Fab'(beva), Fab(rani), and Fab(trast). Proteolytic digestion of bevacizumab with papain gave Fab(beva), while digestion of bevacizumab with IdeS gave F(ab')(2-beva), which after reaction with DTT and PEG-mono-sulfone 2 gave PEG(2)-Fab'(beva). Ranibizumab, which is a clinically used Fab, was directly PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(rani). Trastuzumab was proteolytically digested with papain, and its corresponding Fab was PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(trast). Purification of the PEGylated Fabs was accomplished by a single ion exchange chromatography step to give pure PEG-Fab products as determined by silver-stained SDS-PAGE. No loss of PEG was detected post conjugation. A comparative binding study by SPR using Biacore with low ligand immobilization density was conducted using (i) VEGF(165) for the bevacizumab and ranibizumab derived products or (ii) HER2 for the trastuzumab derived products. VEGF(165) is a dimeric ligand with two binding sites for bevacizumab. HER2 has one domain for the binding of trastuzumab. Binding studies with PEG-Fab(beva) indicated that the apparent affinity was 2-fold less compared to the unPEGylated Fab(beva). Binding properties of the PEG-Fab(beva) products appeared to be independent of PEG molecular weight. Site-specific conjugation of two PEG molecules gave PEG(2×20)-Fab'(beva), whose apparent binding affinity was similar to that observed for PEG-Fab(beva) derivatives. The k(d) values were similar to those of the unPEGylated Fab(beva); hence, once bound, PEG-Fab(beva) remained bound to the same degree as Fab(beva). Biacore analysis indicated that both Fab(rani) and PEG(20)-Fab(rani) did not dissociate from the immobilized VEGF at 25 °C, but ELISA using immobilized VEGF showed 2-fold less apparent binding affinity for PEG(20)-Fab(rani) compared to the unPEGylated Fab(rani). Additionally, the apparent binding affinities for trastuzumab and Fab(trast) were comparable by both Biacore and ELISA. Biacore results suggested that trastuzumab had a slower association rate compared to Fab(trast); however, both molecules displayed the same apparent binding affinity. This could have been due to enhanced rebinding effects of trastuzumab, as it is a bivalent molecule. Analogous to PEG-Fab(beva) products, PEG(20)-Fab(trast) displayed 2-fold lower binding compared to Fab(trast) when evaluated by ELISA. The variations in the apparent affinity for the PEGylated Fab variants were all related to the differences in the association rates (k(a)) rather than the dissociation rates (k(d)). We have shown that (i) Fabs are well-matched for site-specific PEGylation with our bis-alkylation PEG reagents, (ii) PEGylated Fabs display only a 2-fold reduction in apparent affinity without any change in the dissociation rate, and (iii) the apparent binding rates and affinities remain constant as the PEG molecular weight is varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Khalili
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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36
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Nanaware-Kharade N, Gonzalez GA, Lay JO, Hendrickson HP, Peterson EC. Therapeutic anti-methamphetamine antibody fragment-nanoparticle conjugates: synthesis and in vitro characterization. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1864-72. [PMID: 22873701 DOI: 10.1021/bc300204n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatments specific to the medical problems caused by methamphetamine (METH) abuse are greatly needed. Toward this goal, we are developing new multivalent anti-METH antibody fragment-nanoparticle conjugates with customizable pharmacokinetic properties. We have designed a novel anti-METH single chain antibody fragment with an engineered terminal cysteine (scFv6H4Cys). Generation 3 (G3) polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoparticles were chosen for conjugation due to their monodisperse properties and multiple amine functional groups. ScFv6H4Cys was conjugated to G3 dendrimers via a heterobifunctional PEG cross-linker that is reactive to a free amine on one end and a thiol group on the other. PEG modified dendrimers were synthesized by reacting the PEG cross-linker with dendrimers in a stoichiometric ratio of 11:1, which were further reacted with 3-fold molar excess of anti-METH scFv6H4Cys. This reaction resulted in a heterogeneous mix of G3-PEG-scFv6H4Cys conjugates (dendribodies) with three to six scFv6H4Cys conjugated to each dendrimer. The dendribodies were separated from the unreacted PEG modified dendrimers and scFv6H4Cys using affinity chromatography. A detailed in vitro characterization of the PEG modified dendrimers and the dendribodies was performed to determine size, purity, and METH binding function. The dendribodies were found to have affinity for METH identical to that of the unconjugated scFv6H4Cys in saturation binding assays, whereas the PEG modified dendrimers had no affinity for METH. These data suggest that an anti-METH scFv can be successfully conjugated to a PEG modified dendrimer nanoparticle with no adverse effects on METH binding properties. This study is a critical step toward preclinical characterization and development of a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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37
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Heptameric targeting ligands against EGFR and HER2 with high stability and avidity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43077. [PMID: 22912791 PMCID: PMC3415411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivalency of targeting ligands provides significantly increased binding strength towards their molecular targets. Here, we report the development of a novel heptameric targeting system, with general applications, constructed by fusing a target-binding domain with the heptamerization domain of the Archaeal RNA binding protein Sm1 through a flexible hinge peptide. The previously reported affibody molecules against EGFR and HER2, ZEGFR and ZHER2, were used as target binding moieties. The fusion molecules were highly expressed in E. coli as soluble proteins and efficiently self-assembled into multimeric targeting ligands with the heptamer as the predominant form. We demonstrated that the heptameric molecules were resistant to protease-mediated digestion or heat- and SDS-induced denaturation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis showed that both heptameric ZEGFR and ZHER2 ligands have a significantly enhanced binding strength to their target receptors with a nearly 100 to 1000 fold increase relative to the monomeric ligands. Cellular binding assays showed that heptameric ligands maintained their target-binding specificities similar to the monomeric forms towards their respective receptor. The non-toxic property of each heptameric ligand was demonstrated by the cell proliferation assay. In general,, the heptamerization strategy we describe here could be applied to the facile and efficient engineering of other protein domain- or short peptide-based affinity molecules to acquire significantly improved target-binding strengths with potential applications in the targeted delivery of various imaging or therapeutic agents..
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Lerner MB, D’Souza J, Pazina T, Dailey J, Goldsmith BR, Robinson MK, Johnson AC. Hybrids of a genetically engineered antibody and a carbon nanotube transistor for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5143-9. [PMID: 22575126 PMCID: PMC3383883 DOI: 10.1021/nn300819s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel detection method for osteopontin (OPN), a new biomarker for prostate cancer, by attaching a genetically engineered single-chain variable fragment (scFv) protein with high binding affinity for OPN to a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (NT-FET). Chemical functionalization using diazonium salts is used to covalently attach scFv to NT-FETs, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy, while preserving the activity of the biological binding site for OPN. Electron transport measurements indicate that functionalized NT-FET may be used to detect the binding of OPN to the complementary scFv protein. A concentration-dependent increase in the source-drain current is observed in the regime of clinical significance, with a detection limit of approximately 30 fM. The scFv-NT hybrid devices exhibit selectivity for OPN over other control proteins. These devices respond to the presence of OPN in a background of concentrated bovine serum albumin, without loss of signal. On the basis of these observations, the detection mechanism is attributed to changes in scattering at scFv protein-occupied defect sites on the carbon nanotube sidewall. The functionalization procedure described here is expected to be generalizable to any antibody containing an accessible amine group and to result in biosensors appropriate for detection of corresponding complementary proteins at fM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell B. Lerner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Jimson D’Souza
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Tatiana Pazina
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Brett R. Goldsmith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Matthew K. Robinson
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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| | - A.T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Moosmann A, Gerlach E, Lindner R, Böttinger H. Purification of a PEGylated single chain Fv. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dual-Targeting for the Elimination of Cancer Cells with Increased Selectivity. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Cloninger MJ, Bilgiçer B, Li L, Mangold SL, Phillips ST, Wolfenden ML. Multivalency. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hussack G, Mackenzie CR, Tanha J. Characterization of single-domain antibodies with an engineered disulfide bond. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 911:417-29. [PMID: 22886266 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-968-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Camelidae single-domain antibodies (VHHs) represent a unique class of emerging therapeutics. Similar to other recombinant antibody fragments (e.g., Fabs, scFvs), VHHs are amenable to library screening and selection, but benefit from superior intrinsic biophysical properties such as high refolding efficiency, high solubility, no tendency for aggregation, resistance to proteases and chemical denaturants, and high expression, making them ideal agents for antibody-based drug design. Despite these favorable biophysical characteristics, further improvements to VHH stability are desirable when considering applications in adverse environments like high heat, low humidity, pH extremes, and the acidic, protease-rich gastrointestinal tract. Recently, the introduction of a disulfide bond into the hydrophobic core of camelid VHHs increased antibody thermal and conformational stability. Here, we present additional protocols for characterizing the effects of the introduced disulfide bond on a panel of llama VHHs. Specifically, we employ mass spectrometry fingerprinting analysis of VHH peptides to confirm the presence of the introduced disulfide bond, size exclusion chromatography, and surface plasmon resonance to examine the effects on aggregation state and target affinity, and circular dichroism spectroscopy and protease digestion assays to assess the effects on thermal and proteolytic stability. The disulfide bond stabilization strategy can be incorporated into antibody library design and should lead to hyperstabilized single-domain antibodies (VHHs, VHs), and possibly Fabs and scFvs, if selection pressures such as denaturants or proteases are introduced during antibody selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hussack
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Marcucci F, Corti A. How to improve exposure of tumor cells to drugs: promoter drugs increase tumor uptake and penetration of effector drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:53-68. [PMID: 21983328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by an abnormal architecture and composition that limit the uptake and distribution of antitumor drugs. Over the last two decades, drugs have been identified that improve the tumor uptake and distribution of drugs that have direct antitumor effects. We propose to refer to these drugs as promoter drugs, and as effector drugs to drugs that have direct antitumor effects. Some promoter drugs have received regulatory approval, while others are in active clinical development. This review gives an overview of promoter drugs, by classifying them according to their mechanism of action: promoter drugs that modulate tumor blood flow, modify the barrier function of tumor vessels, induce tumor cell killing, and overcome stromal barriers. Eventually, we discuss those that we feel are the main conclusions to be drawn from promoter drug research that has been performed so far, and suggest areas of future investigation to improve the efficacy of promoter drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanita' (ISS), Rome, Italy.
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Grote M, Haas AK, Klein C, Schaefer W, Brinkmann U. Bispecific antibody derivatives based on full-length IgG formats. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 901:247-63. [PMID: 22723106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-931-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have emerged as an effective therapeutic modality, and numerous antibodies have been approved for the treatment of several severe diseases or are currently in clinical development. To improve their therapeutic potential, monoclonal antibodies are constantly evolved by protein engineering. Particularly, the generation of bispecific antibodies raised special interest because of their ability to bind two different antigens at the same time, and the efficiency of these formats has been demonstrated in several clinical and preclinical studies. Up to now, the major drawbacks in using bispecific antibodies as a therapeutic agent have been difficult design and low-yield expression of homogeneous antibody populations. However, major technological improvements were made in protein engineering during the last years. This allows the design of several new IgG-based bispecific antibody formats that can be prepared in high yields and high homogeneity using conventional expression and purification techniques. Especially, recent development of IgG-fusions with disulfide-stabilized Fv fragments and of CrossMab-technologies facilitates the generation of bispecific antibodies with IgG-like architectures. Here we describe design principles and methods to express and purify different bispecific antibody formats derived from full-length IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grote
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
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Chen C, Constantinou A, Deonarain M. Modulating antibody pharmacokinetics using hydrophilic polymers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1221-36. [PMID: 21854300 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.602399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of hydrophilic polymers as a substitute for the Fc-domain in immuno- or non-immuno-based binding proteins is accelerating. Chemical PEGylation has led the way and is still the most advanced and clinically-approved approach. Hydrophilic polymers act by maintaining a flexible conformation and hydrogen bonding to a network of water molecules to acquire a larger hydrodynamic volume and apparent mass than their actual molecular mass suggest. The benefits are increased blood half-life and bioavailability, stability and reduced immunogenicity. In the case of PEG, there is also evidence of enhanced targeting and reduced side effects, but drawbacks include the fact that PEG is non-biodegradable. AREAS COVERED This report reviews the state of the art for antibody PEGylation in terms of approaches and effects. Additionally, non-biological (such as N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) and potentially superior biological alternatives (such as polysialylation) are described, ending with recombinant approaches (such as hydrophilic peptides and glyco-engineering), which promise to circumvent the need for chemical modification altogether. EXPERT OPINION The emergence of many small, antibody fragment-like mimics will drive the need for such technologies, and PEGylation is still the choice polymer due to its established use and track record. However, there will be a place for many alternative technologies if they can match the pharmacokinetics of PEG-conjugates and bring addition beneficial features such as easier production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Rudnick SI, Lou J, Shaller CC, Tang Y, Klein-Szanto AJP, Weiner LM, Marks JD, Adams GP. Influence of affinity and antigen internalization on the uptake and penetration of Anti-HER2 antibodies in solid tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2250-9. [PMID: 21406401 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drugs are widely used in cancer therapy, but conditions to maximize tumor penetration and efficacy have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impact of antibody binding affinity on tumor targeting and penetration with affinity variants that recognize the same epitope. Specifically, we compared four derivatives of the C6.5 monoclonal antibody (mAb), which recognizes the same HER2 epitope (monovalent K(D) values ranging from 270 to 0.56 nmol/L). Moderate affinity was associated with the highest tumor accumulation at 24 and 120 hours after intravenous injection, whereas high affinity was found to produce the lowest tumor accumulation. Highest affinity mAbs were confined to the perivascular space of tumors with an average penetration of 20.4 ± 7.5 μm from tumor blood vessels. Conversely, lowest affinity mAbs exhibited a broader distribution pattern with an average penetration of 84.8 ± 12.8 μm. In vitro internalization assays revealed that antibody internalization and catabolism generally increased with affinity, plateauing once the rate of HER2 internalization exceeded the rate of antibody dissociation. Effects of internalization and catabolism on tumor targeting were further examined using antibodies of moderate (C6.5) or high-affinity (trastuzumab), labeled with residualizing ((111)In-labeled) or nonresidualizing ((125)I-labeled) radioisotopes. Significant amounts of antibody of both affinities were degraded by tumors in vivo. Furthermore, moderate- to high-affinity mAbs targeting the same HER2 epitope with monovalent affinity above 23 nmol/L had equal tumor accumulation of residualizing radiolabel over 120 hours. Results indicated equal tumor exposure, suggesting that mAb penetration and retention in tumors reflected affinity-based differences in tumor catabolism. Together, these results suggest that high-density, rapidly internalizing antigens subject high-affinity antibodies to greater internalization and degradation, thereby limiting their penetration of tumors. In contrast, lower-affinity antibodies penetrate tumors more effectively when rates of antibody-antigen dissociation are higher than those of antigen internalization. Together, our findings offer insights into how to optimize the ability of therapeutic antibodies to penetrate tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indium Radioisotopes
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Rudnick
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Baral TN, Murad Y, Nguyen TD, Iqbal U, Zhang J. Isolation of functional single domain antibody by whole cell immunization: implications for cancer treatment. J Immunol Methods 2011; 371:70-80. [PMID: 21741385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 6 is over-expressed in different types of cancer cells. In addition, it has also been implicated in some infectious diseases. Targeting this molecule by an antibody might have applications in diverse tumor models. Single domain antibody (sdAb) is becoming very useful format in antibody engineering as potential tools for treating acute and chronic disease conditions such as cancer for both diagnostic as well as therapeutic application. Generally, sdAbs with good affinity are isolated from an immune library. Discovery of a new target antigen would require a new immunization with purified antigen which is not always easy. In this study, we have isolated, by phage display, an sdAb against CEACAM6 with an affinity of 5 nM from a llama immunized with cancer cells. The antibody has good biophysical properties, and it binds to the cells expressing the target antigen. Furthermore, it reduces cancer cells proliferation in vitro and shows an excellent tumor targeting in vivo. This sdAb could be useful in diagnosis as well as therapy of CEACAM6 expressing tumors. Finally, we envisage it would be feasible to isolate good sdAbs against other interesting tumor associated antigens from this library. Therefore, this immunization method could be a general strategy for isolating sdAbs against any surface antigen without immunizing the animal with the antigen of interest each time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toya Nath Baral
- Antibody Engineering, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Isolation of human Fab antibodies specific for the low-affinity IgE receptor (CD23) by selecting a hierarchical antibody library system against B lymphoblastic IM-9 cells. Immunol Lett 2011; 136:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chronic delivery of antibody fragments using immunoisolated cell implants as a passive vaccination tool. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18268. [PMID: 21533130 PMCID: PMC3080361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments are powerful biotherapeutics for various debilitating diseases. However, high production costs, functional limitations such as inadequate pharmacokinetics and tissue accessibility are the current principal disadvantages for broadening their use in clinic. Methodology and Principal Findings We report a novel method for the long-term delivery of antibody fragments. We designed an allogenous immunoisolated implant consisting of polymer encapsulated myoblasts engineered to chronically release scFv antibodies targeted against the N-terminus of the Aβ peptide. Following a 6-month intracerebral therapy we observed a significant reduction of the production and aggregation of the Aβ peptide in the APP23 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, functional assessment showed prevention of behavioral deficits related to anxiety and memory traits. Conclusions and Significance The chronic local release of antibodies using immunoisolated polymer cell implants represents an alternative passive vaccination strategy in Alzheimer's disease. This novel technique could potentially benefit other diseases presently treated by local and systemic antibody administration.
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Wong RL, Liu B, Zhu X, You L, Kong L, Han KP, Lee HI, Chavaillaz PA, Jin M, Wang Y, Rhode PR, Wong HC. Interleukin-15:Interleukin-15 receptor α scaffold for creation of multivalent targeted immune molecules. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:373-83. [PMID: 21177283 PMCID: PMC3049345 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin-15 (hIL-15) and its receptor α (hIL-15Rα) are co-expressed in antigen presenting cells allowing trans-presentation of the cytokine to immune effector cells. We exploited the high-affinity interactions between hIL-15 and the extracellular hIL-15Rα sushi domain (hIL-15RαSu) to create a functional scaffold for the design of multispecific fusion protein complexes. Using single-chain T cell receptors (scTCRs) as recognition domains linked to the IL-15:IL-15Rα scaffold, we generated both bivalent and bispecific complexes. In these fusions, the scTCR domains retain the antigen-binding activity and the hIL-15 domain exhibits receptor binding and biological activity. As expected, bivalent scTCR fusions exhibited improved antigen binding due to increased avidity, whereas fusions comprising two different scTCR domains were capable of binding two cognate peptide/MHC complexes. Bispecific molecules containing scTCR and scCD8αβ domains also exhibit enhanced binding to peptide/MHC complexes, demonstrating that the IL-15:IL-15Rα scaffold displays flexibility necessary to support multi-domain interactions with a given target. Surprisingly, functional heterodimeric molecules could be formed by co-expressing the TCR α and β chains separately as fusions to the hIL-15 and hIL-15RαSu domains. Together, these properties indicate that the hIL-15 and hIL-15RαSu domains can be used as versatile, functional scaffold for generating novel targeted immune molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Lijing You
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Lin Kong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Kai-Ping Han
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Hyung-il Lee
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | | | - Moonsoo Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | - Hing C. Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
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