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Gesiorowski A, Ettich J, Werner J, Wittich C, Pieper S, Padrini G, Behnke K, Floss DM, Lang PA, Moll JM, Scheller J. Bispecific soluble cytokine receptor-nanobody fusions inhibit Interleukin (IL-)6 trans-signaling and IL-12/23 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105343. [PMID: 37838173 PMCID: PMC10652096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
At least 0.5% of people in the Western world develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While antibodies that block tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and Interleukin (IL-)23 have been approved for the treatment of IBD, IL-6 antibodies failed in the phase II clinical trial due to non-tolerable side effects. However, two clinical phase II studies suggest that inhibiting IL-6/soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R)-induced trans-signaling via the cytokine receptor gp130 benefit IBD patients with fewer adverse events. Here we develop inhibitors targeting a combination of IL-6/sIL-6R and TNF or IL-12/IL-23 signaling, named cs130-TNFVHHFc and cs130-IL-12/23VHHFc. Surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that recombinant cs130-TNFVHHFc and cs130-IL-12/23VHHFc bind with high affinity to IL-6/sIL-6R complexes and human TNFα (hTNFα) or IL-12/IL-23, respectively. Immunoprecipitation experiments have verified the higher ordered complex formation of the inhibitors with IL-6/sIL-6R and IL-12. We demonstrated that cs130-TNFVHHFc and cs130-IL-12/23VHHFc block IL-6/sIL-6R trans-signaling-induced proliferation and STAT3 phosphorylation of Ba/F3-gp130 cells, as well as hTNFα- or IL-23-induced signaling, respectively. In conclusion, cs130-TNFVHHFc and cs130-IL-12/23VHHFc represent a class of dimeric and bispecific chimeric cytokine inhibitors that consist of a soluble cytokine receptor fused to anti-cytokine nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gesiorowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Ettich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Werner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Pieper
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giacomo Padrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens M Moll
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; PROvendis GmbH, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Chen Y, Jiang M, Chen X. Therapeutic potential of TNFR2 agonists: a mechanistic perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209188. [PMID: 37662935 PMCID: PMC10469862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFR2 agonists have been investigated as potential therapies for inflammatory diseases due to their ability to activate and expand immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Despite TNFR2 being predominantly expressed in Treg cells at high levels, activated effector T cells also exhibit a certain degree of TNFR2 expression. Consequently, the role of TNFR2 signaling in coordinating immune or inflammatory responses under different pathological conditions is complex. In this review article, we analyze possible factors that may determine the therapeutic outcomes of TNFR2 agonism, including the levels of TNFR2 expression on different cell types, the biological properties of TNFR2 agonists, and disease status. Based on recent progress in the understanding of TNFR2 biology and the study of TNFR2 agonistic agents, we discuss the future direction of developing TNFR2 agonists as a therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Ministry of Education (MoE) Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Alvarez-de Miranda FJ, Alonso-Sánchez I, Alcamí A, Hernaez B. TNF Decoy Receptors Encoded by Poxviruses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081065. [PMID: 34451529 PMCID: PMC8401223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine produced in response to viral infections that promotes the recruitment and activation of leukocytes to sites of infection. This TNF-based host response is essential to limit virus spreading, thus poxviruses have evolutionarily adopted diverse molecular mechanisms to counteract TNF antiviral action. These include the expression of poxvirus-encoded soluble receptors or proteins able to bind and neutralize TNF and other members of the TNF ligand superfamily, acting as decoy receptors. This article reviews in detail the various TNF decoy receptors identified to date in the genomes from different poxvirus species, with a special focus on their impact on poxvirus pathogenesis and their potential use as therapeutic molecules.
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Nichols DB, De Martini W, Cottrell J. Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080215. [PMID: 28786952 PMCID: PMC5580472 DOI: 10.3390/v9080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Leporipoxvirus. All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brian Nichols
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - William De Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
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5
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Epperson ML, Lee CA, Fremont DH. Subversion of cytokine networks by virally encoded decoy receptors. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:199-215. [PMID: 23046131 PMCID: PMC3693748 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, viruses have captured or created a diverse array of open reading frames, which encode for proteins that serve to evade and sabotage the host innate and adaptive immune responses that would otherwise lead to their elimination. These viral genomes are some of the best textbooks of immunology ever written. The established arsenal of immunomodulatory proteins encoded by viruses is large and growing, and includes specificities for virtually all known inflammatory pathways and targets. The focus of this review is on herpes and poxvirus-encoded cytokine and chemokine-binding proteins that serve to undermine the coordination of host immune surveillance. Structural and mechanistic studies of these decoy receptors have provided a wealth of information, not only about viral pathogenesis but also about the inner workings of cytokine signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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6
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Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse pathogens challenging the host immune system, and as such are a severe threat to human health. To this end, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade and subvert the host immune response. Host-pathogen interactions are usually initiated via recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and DNA receptors. Effective sensing of PAMPs rapidly triggers host immune responses, via activation of complex signalling pathways that culminates in the induction of inflammatory responses and the eradication of pathogens. Activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription pathway is crucial for the immediate early step of immune activation. This review discusses the recent evidence describing a variety of viral effectors that have been shown to prevent NF-κB signalling. Most of these viral effectors can be broadly classified into three categories based on the site of inhibition within the NF-κB pathway, that is, at the (i) TLRs, (ii) IKK complex or (iii) the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Le Negrate
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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7
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Bayry J. New horizons in natural TNF-α antagonist research. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:538-40. [PMID: 21802362 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Baravalle C, Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Neder VE, Canavesio VR, Calvinho LF. Effect of Panax ginseng on cytokine expression in bovine mammary glands at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:224-30. [PMID: 20732717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRM) are agents that modify the host's response to pathogens with resultant beneficial prophylactic or therapeutic effects. The objectives of this study were to describe the immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng (GS) on bovine mammary glands at the end of lactation. Eight mammary quarters from six nonpregnant cows in late lactation were infused with 10mL of BRM (3mg/mL), six quarters were treated with placebo (vehicle alone) and six quarters were maintained as uninoculated controls. Milk samples were collected at different time points for detection of specific cytokines mRNA by RT-PCR and Western blotting assay. A significant increase of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression was observed in BRM-treated compared with placebo-treated quarters at 48h post-treatment (pt) (P<0.05). A 17kDa TNF-α band expressed a sharp elevation at 24h and reduction in its level at 48h pt in BRM-treated quarters. Differences in this cytokine level between 24 and 48h pt times were significant (P<0.05). GS extract inoculation at drying off was associated with somatic cell counts increase, cytokines mRNA transcription and the presence of TNF-α in milk and can therefore exert immunomodulating effects in bovine mammary gland at drying off.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baravalle
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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10
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Abstract
Studies of the functional proteins encoded by the poxvirus genome provide information about the composition of the virus as well as individual virus-virus protein and virus-host protein interactions, which provides insight into viral pathogenesis and drug discovery. Widely used proteomic techniques to identify and characterize specific protein-protein interactions include yeast two-hybrid studies and coimmunoprecipitations. Recently, various mass spectrometry techniques have been employed to identify viral protein components of larger complexes. These methods, combined with structural studies, can provide new information about the putative functions of viral proteins as well as insights into virus-host interaction dynamics. For viral proteins of unknown function, identification of either viral or host binding partners provides clues about their putative function. In this review, we discuss poxvirus proteomics, including the use of proteomic methodologies to identify viral components and virus-host protein interactions. High-throughput global protein expression studies using protein chip technology as well as new methods for validating putative protein-protein interactions are also discussed.
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11
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Alejo A, Saraiva M, Ruiz-Argüello MB, Viejo-Borbolla A, de Marco MF, Salguero FJ, Alcami A. A method for the generation of ectromelia virus (ECTV) recombinants: in vivo analysis of ECTV vCD30 deletion mutants. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5175. [PMID: 19365546 PMCID: PMC2664468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is the causative agent of mousepox, a lethal disease of mice with similarities to human smallpox. Mousepox progression involves replication at the initial site of infection, usually the skin, followed by a rapid spread to the secondary replicative organs, spleen and liver, and finally a dissemination to the skin, where the typical rash associated with this and other orthopoxviral induced diseases appears. Case fatality rate is genetically determined and reaches up to 100% in susceptible mice strains. Like other poxviruses, ECTV encodes a number of proteins with immunomodulatory potential, whose role in mousepox progression remains largely undescribed. Amongst these is a secreted homologue of the cellular tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member CD30 which has been proposed to modulate a Th1 immune response in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To evaluate the contribution of viral CD30 (vCD30) to virus pathogenesis in the infected host, we have adapted a novel transient dominant method for the selection of recombinant ECTVs. Using this method, we have generated an ECTV vCD30 deletion mutant, its corresponding revertant control virus as well as a virus encoding the extracellular domain of murine CD30. These viruses contain no exogenous marker DNA sequences in their genomes, as opposed to other ECTVs reported up to date. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We show that the vCD30 is expressed as a secreted disulfide linked trimer and that the absence of vCD30 does not impair mousepox induced fatality in vivo. Replacement of vCD30 by a secreted version of mouse CD30 caused limited attenuation of ECTV. The recombinant viruses generated may be of use in the study of the role of the cellular CD30-CD30L interaction in the development of the immune response. The method developed might be useful for the construction of ECTV mutants for the study of additional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Begoña Ruiz-Argüello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Fernández de Marco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Salguero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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12
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Rahman MM, Jeng D, Singh R, Coughlin J, Essani K, McFadden G. Interaction of human TNF and beta2-microglobulin with Tanapox virus-encoded TNF inhibitor, TPV-2L. Virology 2009; 386:462-8. [PMID: 19232662 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tanapox virus (TPV) encodes and expresses a secreted TNF-binding protein, TPV-2L or gp38, that displays inhibitory properties against TNF from diverse mammalian species, including human, monkey, canine and rabbit. TPV-2L also has sequence similarity with the MHC-class I heavy chain and interacts differently with human TNF as compared to the known cellular TNF receptors or any of the known virus-encoded TNF receptor homologs derived from many poxviruses. In order to determine the TNF binding region in TPV-2L, various TPV-2L C-terminal truncations and internal deletions were created and the muteins were expressed using recombinant baculovirus vectors. C-terminal deletions from TPV-2L resulted in reduced binding affinity for human TNF and specific mutants of TNF that discriminate between TNF-R1 and TNF-R2. However, deletion of C-terminal 42 amino acid residues totally abolished the binding of human TNF and its mutants. Removal of any of the predicted internal domains resulted in a mutant TPV-2L protein incapable of binding to human TNF. Deletion of C-terminal residues also affected the ability of TPV-2L to block TNF-induced cellular cytotoxicity. In addition to TNF, TPV-2L can also form complexes with human beta2-microglobulin to form a novel macromolecular complex. In summary, the TPV-2L protein is a bona fide MHC-1 heavy chain family member that binds and inhibits human TNF in a fashion very distinct from other known poxvirus-encoded TNF inhibitors, and also can form a novel complex with the human MHC-1 light chain, beta2-microglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Rahman MM, Lucas AR, McFadden G. Viral TNF inhibitors as potential therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 666:64-77. [PMID: 20054975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1601-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system functions by maintaining a delicate balance between the activities of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Unbalanced activation of these pathways often leads to the development of serious inflammatory diseases. TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, which can cause several inflammatory diseases when inappropriately up-regulated. Inhibition of TNF activities by using modulatory recombinant proteins has become a successful therapeutic approach to control TNF activity levels but these anti-TNF reagents also have risks and certain limitations. Biological molecules with a different mode of action in regulating TNF biology might provide a clinically useful alternative to the current therapeutics or in some cases might be efficacious in combination with existinganti-TNF therapies. TNF is also a powerful host defense cytokine commonly induced in the host response against various invading pathogens. Many viral pathogens can block TNF function by encoding modulators of TNF, its receptors or downstream signaling pathways. Here, we review the known virus-encoded TNF inhibitors and evaluate their potential as alternative future anti-TNF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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14
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Graham SC, Bahar MW, Abrescia NGA, Smith GL, Stuart DI, Grimes JM. Structure of CrmE, a Virus-encoded Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor. J Mol Biol 2007; 372:660-71. [PMID: 17681535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV), the smallpox vaccine, encodes many proteins that subvert the host immune response. One of these, cytokine response modifier E (CrmE), is secreted by infected cells and protects these cells from apoptotic challenge by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). We have expressed recombinant CrmE from VACV strain Lister in Escherichia coli, shown that the purified protein is monomeric in solution and competent to bind TNFalpha, and solved the structure to 2.0 A resolution. This is the first structure of a virus-encoded tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). CrmE shares significant sequence similarity with mammalian type 2 TNF receptors (TNFSFR1B, p75; TNFR type 2). The structure confirms that CrmE adopts the canonical TNFR fold but only one of the two "ligand-binding" loops of TNFRSF1A is conserved in CrmE, suggesting a mechanism for the higher affinity of poxvirus TNFRs for TNFalpha over lymphotoxin-alpha. The roles of dimerisation and pre-ligand-assembly domains (PLADs) in poxvirus and mammalian TNFR activity are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/isolation & purification
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vaccinia virus/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/isolation & purification
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Graham
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Protein Production Facility Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Barrett JW, Sypula J, Wang F, Alston LR, Shao Z, Gao X, Irvine TS, McFadden G. M135R is a novel cell surface virulence factor of myxoma virus. J Virol 2007; 81:106-14. [PMID: 17065210 PMCID: PMC1797242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01633-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MV) encodes a cell surface protein (M135R) that is predicted to mimic the host alpha/beta interferon receptor (IFN-alpha/beta-R) and thus prevent IFN-alpha/beta from triggering a host antiviral response. This prediction is based on sequence similarity to B18R, the viral IFN-alpha/beta-R from vaccinia virus (VV), which has been demonstrated to bind and inhibit type I interferons. However, M135R is only half the size of VV B18R. All other poxvirus-encoded IFN-alpha/beta-R homologs align only to the amino-terminal half of M135R. Peptide antibodies raised against M135R were used for immunoblotting and immunofluorescence and indicate that M135R is expressed as an early gene and that the product is a cell surface N-linked glycoprotein that is not secreted. In contrast to the predicted properties of M135R as an inhibitor of type I interferon, all binding and inhibition assays designed to demonstrate whether M135R can interact with IFN-alpha/beta have been negative. However, pathogenesis studies with a targeted M135-knockout MV construct (vMyx135KO) indicate that the deletion of M135R severely attenuates MV pathogenesis in the European rabbit. We propose that M135R is an important immunomodulatory virulence factor for myxomatosis but that the target immune ligand is not from the predicted type I interferon family and remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Barrett
- Biotherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1400 Western Road, Room 126, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
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16
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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