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Shimojima M, Sugimoto S, Taniguchi S, Maeki T, Yoshikawa T, Kurosu T, Tajima S, Lim CK, Ebihara H. N-glycosylation of viral glycoprotein is a novel determinant for the tropism and virulence of highly pathogenic tick-borne bunyaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012348. [PMID: 39008518 PMCID: PMC11271937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus, a tick-borne bunyavirus, causes a severe/fatal disease termed SFTS; however, the viral virulence is not fully understood. The viral non-structural protein, NSs, is the sole known virulence factor. NSs disturbs host innate immune responses and an NSs-mutant SFTS virus causes no disease in an SFTS animal model. The present study reports a novel determinant of viral tropism as well as virulence in animal models, within the glycoprotein (GP) of SFTS virus and an SFTS-related tick-borne bunyavirus. Infection with mutant SFTS viruses lacking the N-linked glycosylation of GP resulted in negligible usage of calcium-dependent lectins in cells, less efficient infection, high susceptibility to a neutralizing antibody, low cytokine production in macrophage-like cells, and reduced virulence in Ifnar-/- mice, when compared with wildtype virus. Three SFTS virus-related bunyaviruses had N-glycosylation motifs at similar positions within their GP and a glycan-deficient mutant of Heartland virus showed in vitro and in vivo phenotypes like those of the SFTS virus. Thus, N-linked glycosylation of viral GP is a novel determinant for the tropism and virulence of SFTS virus and of a related virus. These findings will help us understand the process of severe/fatal diseases caused by tick-borne bunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Dey S, Pratibha M, Singh Dagur H, Rajakumara E. Characterization of host receptor interaction with envelop protein of Kyasanur forest disease virus and predicting suitable epitopes for vaccine candidate. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4110-4120. [PMID: 37272880 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2218924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a zoonotic disease that is endemic to southern India and caused by KFD virus (KFDV) belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Humans are the dead-end host of the KFDV life cycle. The absence of effective treatment strategies against KFD can be attributed to a lack of studies on the mechanistic part of the spread of the disease. Hypothesizing molecular etiological similarity of KFDV to other well characterized flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), we focused on predicting the target receptor protein(s) in host and provided molecular basis of receptor-mediated recognition of the human host by KFDV envelop protein (EKFDV), drawing from the extant knowledge on the dengue counterpart, EDENV. Indeed, in silico approach helped to identify that the EKFDV structure closely resembles the EDENV structure and indicated DC-SIGN and/or Mannose receptors to be the plausible target host receptors. Immune-informatics approach aided in predicting 10 epitopes from E, NS1, NS2A, and NS2B proteins of the KFDV-P9605 genotype for vaccine design against KFDV. Further, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analyses of their complexes with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) identified the epitopes DISLTCRVT and YAMEIRPVH as two high ranking candidates for vaccine design.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath Dey
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, India
| | - Manickavasagam Pratibha
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, India
| | - Hanuman Singh Dagur
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, India
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, India
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Ma TF, Huang JN, Wen B, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of C-type lectins in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) during parental care. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109291. [PMID: 38104702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) exhibit a unique parental care behavior: adult discus produces secretion through their skin, on which the larvae live after birth. The immune components in the skin mucus of parental discus would change during different parental care. C-type lectins (CTLs) could identify and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and play important roles in innate immunity. Studies on CTLs of discus fish especially during parental care, however, are scarce. Here, we identified 186 CTL genes that distributed in 27 linkage groups based on discus genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. aequifasciatus CTL (SaCTL) members were grouped into 14 subfamilies. A total of 80 gene replication events occurred, of which 15 pairs were subjected to segmental duplication and 65 pairs underwent tandem duplication. Ka/Ks ranged from 0.11 (SaCTL25/SaCTL158) to 0.68 (SaCTL36/SaCTL69), all undergoing purifying selection. RNA-seq analysis revealed that SaCTL members, including duplicated genes, in the skin of parental discus show distinct expression patterns in different care stages and between male and female parents. The SaCTL11 was differentially expressed in most care stages and reached the maximum after eggs spawned, but the expression of its paired SaCTL14 was low in each stage. The SaCTL39 increased first and then decreased, reaching a peak in eggs spawned, while paired SaCTL48 first decreased and then increased, reaching a peak in hatched eggs. The SaCTL50 was differentially expressed only in female fish during care, but not in male fish. These results provide new insights into the evolution and potential functional differentiation of CTLs in discus fish during parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Ishida K, Yagi H, Kato Y, Morita E. N-linked glycosylation of flavivirus E protein contributes to viral particle formation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011681. [PMID: 37819933 PMCID: PMC10593244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the envelope protein (E), a major component of viral particles, contains a highly conserved N-linked glycosylation site (E: N154). Glycosylation of the E protein is thought to play an important role in the ability of the virus to attach to target cells during transmission; however, its role in viral particle formation and release remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of N-glycosylation of flaviviral structural proteins in viral particle formation and secretion by introducing mutations in viral structural proteins or cellular factors involved in glycoprotein transport and processing. The number of secreted subviral particles (SVPs) was significantly reduced in N154A, a glycosylation-null mutant, but increased in D67N, a mutant containing additional glycosylation sites, indicating that the amount of E glycosylation regulates the release of SVPs. SVP secretion was reduced in cells deficient in galactose, sialic acid, and N-acetylglucosamine modifications in the Golgi apparatus; however, these reductions were not significant, suggesting that glycosylation mainly plays a role in pre-Golgi transport. Fluorescent labeling of SVPs using a split green fluorescent protein (GFP) system and time-lapse imaging by retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system revealed that the glycosylation-deficient mutant was arrested before endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- Golgi transport. However, the absence of ERGIC-53 and ERGIC-L, ER-Golgi transport cargo receptors that recognize sugar chains on cargo proteins, does not impair SVP secretion. In contrast, the solubility of the N154A mutant of E or the N15A/T17A mutant of prM in cells was markedly lower than that of the wild type, and proteasome-mediated rapid degradation of these mutants was observed, indicating the significance of glycosylation of both prM and E in proper protein folding and assembly of viral particles in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
- Division of Biomolecular Function, Bioresources Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
- Division of Biomolecular Function, Bioresources Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Bhide K, Mochnáčová E, Tkáčová Z, Petroušková P, Kulkarni A, Bhide M. Signaling events evoked by domain III of envelop glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8863. [PMID: 35614140 PMCID: PMC9133079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus can cross the blood–brain barrier via hematogenous route. The attachment of a virion to the cells of a neurovascular unit, which is mediated by domain III of glycoprotein E, initiates a series of events that may aid viral entry. Thus, we sought to uncover the post-attachment biological events elicited in brain microvascular endothelial cells by domain III. RNA sequencing of cells treated with DIII of TBEV and WNV showed significant alteration in the expression of 309 and 1076 genes, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed activation of the TAM receptor pathway. Several genes that regulate tight-junction integrity were also activated, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cell-adhesion molecules, claudins, and matrix metalloprotease (mainly ADAM17). Results also indicate activation of a pro-apoptotic pathway. TLR2 was upregulated in both cases, but MyD88 was not. In the case of TBEV DIII, a MyD88 independent pathway was activated. Furthermore, both cases showed dramatic dysregulation of IFN and IFN-induced genes. Results strongly suggest that the virus contact to the cell surface emanates a series of events namely viral attachment and diffusion, breakdown of tight junctions, induction of virus uptake, apoptosis, reorganization of the extracellular-matrix, and activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic. .,Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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7
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Martin MF, Maarifi G, Abiven H, Seffals M, Mouchet N, Beck C, Bodet C, Lévèque N, Arhel NJ, Blanchet FP, Simonin Y, Nisole S. Usutu virus escapes langerin-induced restriction to productively infect human Langerhans cells, unlike West Nile virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:761-774. [PMID: 35191820 PMCID: PMC8903762 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2045875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are phylogenetically close emerging arboviruses and constitute a global public health threat. Since USUV and WNV are transmitted by mosquitoes, the first immune cells they encounter are skin-resident dendritic cells, the most peripheral outpost of immune defense. This unique network is composed of Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs, which reside in the epidermis and the dermis, respectively. Using human skin explants, we show that while both viruses can replicate in keratinocytes, they can also infect resident DCs with distinct tropism: WNV preferentially infects DCs in the dermis, whereas USUV has a greater propensity to infect LCs. Using both purified human epidermal LCs (eLCs) and monocyte derived LCs (MoLCs), we confirm that LCs sustain a faster and more efficient replication of USUV than WNV and that this correlates with a more intense innate immune response to USUV compared with WNV. Next, we show that ectopic expression of the LC-specific C-type lectin receptor (CLR), langerin, in HEK293T cells allows WNV and USUV to bind and enter, but supports the subsequent replication of USUV only. Conversely, blocking or silencing langerin in MoLCs or eLCs made them resistant to USUV infection, thus demonstrating that USUV uses langerin to enter and replicate in LCs. Altogether, our results demonstrate that LCs constitute privileged target cells for USUV in human skin, because langerin favours its entry and replication. Intriguingly, this suggests that USUV efficiently escapes the antiviral functions of langerin, which normally safeguards LCs from most viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Martin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Abiven
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Seffals
- Plateforme H2P2, Université de Rennes 1, Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Mouchet
- Plateforme H2P2, Université de Rennes 1, Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR1161 Virologie, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévèque
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie J Arhel
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Yan D, Wang B, Shi Y, Ni X, Wu X, Li X, Liu X, Wang H, Su X, Teng Q, Yang J, Liu Q, Li Z. A Single Mutation at Position 120 in the Envelope Protein Attenuates Tembusu Virus in Ducks. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030447. [PMID: 35336854 PMCID: PMC8951291 DOI: 10.3390/v14030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A live attenuated duck Tembusu virus (TMUV) vaccine FX2010-180P (180P) was successfully utilized to prevent TMUV infections in ducks in China. Compared with wild-type TMUV, 180P was highly attenuated and lost transmissibility in ducks. However, the mechanism of the attenuation of 180P remains poorly understood. To explore the key molecular basis of attenuation, chimeric and site mutant viruses in the background of the wild-type TMUV-FX2010 (FX) strain were rescued, and the replication, tissue tropism, and transmissibility were characterized in ducks. The results show that the envelope (E) protein was responsible for attenuation and loss of transmission in ducks. Further studies showed that a D120N amino acid mutation located in domain II of the E protein was responsible for the attenuation and transmissibility loss of 180P in ducks. The D120N substitution resulted in an extra high-mannose type N-linked glycosylation (NLG) in the E protein of 180P compared with the wild-type TMUV, which might restrict the tissue tropism and transmissibility of TMUV in ducks. Our findings elucidate that N120 in the E protein is a key molecular basis of TMUV attenuation in ducks and provide new insight into the role of NLG in TMUV tissue tropism and transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Xintao Ni
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xingpo Liu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Haiwang Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zejun Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
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9
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Anwar MN, Akhtar R, Abid M, Khan SA, Rehman ZU, Tayyub M, Malik MI, Shahzad MK, Mubeen H, Qadir MS, Hameed M, Wahaab A, Li Z, Liu K, Li B, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Wei J. The interactions of flaviviruses with cellular receptors: Implications for virus entry. Virology 2022; 568:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Cheng M, Ge N, Shu J, Xu Z, Su X, Kou Z, Tong Y, Qin C, Jin X. A single nonsynonymous mutation on ZIKV E protein-coding sequences leads to markedly increased neurovirulence in vivo. Virol Sin 2022; 37:115-126. [PMID: 35234632 PMCID: PMC8922429 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect a wide range of tissues including the developmental brain of human fetus. Whether specific viral genetic variants are linked to neuropathology is incompletely understood. To address this, we have intracranially serially passaged a clinical ZIKV isolate (SW01) in neonatal mice and discovered variants that exhibit markedly increased virulence and neurotropism. Deep sequencing analysis combining with molecular virology studies revealed that a single 67D (Aspartic acid) to N (Asparagine) substitution on E protein is sufficient to confer the increased virulence and neurotropism in vivo. Notably, virus clones with D67N mutation had higher viral production and caused more severe cytopathic effect (CPE) in human neural astrocytes U251 cells in vitro, indicating its potential neurological toxicity to human brain. These findings revealed that a single mutation D67N on ZIKV envelope may lead to severe neuro lesion that may help to explain the neurovirulence of ZIKV and suggest monitoring the occurrence of this mutation during nature infection may be important. Construction of a ZIKV adaptation mouse mode. Specific viral genetic changes of ZIKV are associated with severe neuropathology. D67N mutation on E protein markedly increase the neurovirulence of ZIKA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Mengli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ningning Ge
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jiayi Shu
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Xia Jin
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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11
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VanBlargan LA, Errico JM, Kafai NM, Burgomaster KE, Jethva PN, Broeckel RM, Meade-White K, Nelson CA, Himansu S, Wang D, Handley SA, Gross ML, Best SM, Pierson TC, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protect against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210174. [PMID: 33831142 PMCID: PMC8040518 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-transmitted flavivirus that causes severe or fatal neuroinvasive disease in humans, medical countermeasures have not yet been developed. Here, we developed a panel of neutralizing anti-POWV mAbs recognizing six distinct antigenic sites. The most potent of these mAbs bind sites within domain II or III of the envelope (E) protein and inhibit postattachment viral entry steps. A subset of these mAbs cross-react with other flaviviruses. Both POWV type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing mAbs confer protection in mice against POWV infection when given as prophylaxis or postexposure therapy. Several cross-reactive mAbs mapping to either domain II or III also protect in vivo against heterologous tick-transmitted flaviviruses including Langat and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Our experiments define structural and functional correlates of antibody protection against POWV infection and identify epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies with therapeutic potential against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John M. Errico
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Katherine E. Burgomaster
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Rebecca M. Broeckel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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12
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Dey D, Poudyal S, Rehman A, Hasan SS. Structural and biochemical insights into flavivirus proteins. Virus Res 2021; 296:198343. [PMID: 33607183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are the fastest spreading arthropod-borne viruses that cause severe symptoms such as hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital deformities. Nearly 40 % of the entire human population is at risk of flavivirus epidemics. Yet, effective vaccination is restricted only to a few flaviviruses such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and most recently for select cases of dengue virus infections. Despite the global spread of dengue virus, and emergence of new threats such as Zika virus and a new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus, insights into flavivirus targets for potentially broad-spectrum vaccination are limited. In this review article, we highlight biochemical and structural differences in flavivirus proteins critical for virus assembly and host interactions. A comparative sequence analysis of pH-responsive properties of viral structural proteins identifies trends in conservation of complementary acidic-basic character between interacting viral structural proteins. This is highly relevant to the understanding of pH-sensitive differences in virus assembly in organelles such as neutral ER and acidic Golgi. Surface residues in viral interfaces identified by structural approaches are shown to demonstrate partial conservation, further reinforcing virus-specificity in assembly and interactions with host proteins. A comparative analysis of epitope conservation in emerging flaviviruses identifies therapeutic antibody candidates that have potential as broad spectrum anti-virals, thus providing a path towards development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Shishir Poudyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Asma Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - S Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St. Baltimore MD 21201, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA.
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13
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Brzuska G, Pastuch-Gawolek G, Krawczyk M, Szewczyk B, Krol E. Anti-Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Activity of Novel Uridine Glycoconjugates Containing Amide or/and 1,2,3-Triazole Moiety in the Linker Structure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120460. [PMID: 33322151 PMCID: PMC7764612 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) transmitted by ticks is a pathogen of great medical importance. As still no effective antiviral treatment is available, in the present study, a series of uridine glycoconjugates containing amide or/and 1,2,3-triazole moiety in the linker structure was synthesized and evaluated for the antiviral activity against two strains of TBEV: a highly virulent Hypr strain and less virulent Neudoerfl strain, using standardized previously in vitro assays. Our data have shown that four compounds from the series (18–21) possess strong activity against both TBEV strains. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of compounds 18–21 were between 15.1 and 3.7 μM depending on the virus strain, which along with low cytotoxicity resulted in high values of the selectivity index (SI). The obtained results suggest that these compounds may be promising candidates for further development of new therapies against flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Brzuska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (G.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawolek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (G.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (G.B.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-63-83
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14
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Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh RV, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Bharati J, Singh SV. Association of genetic variability in CD209 gene with bovine paratuberculosis disease: a case-control study in the Indian cattle population. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:664-671. [PMID: 32985930 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1823400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD209 gene with the occurrence of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Indian cattle. A total of 213 animals were preliminarily selected on the basis of physical body condition score, which was then screened by a panel of diagnostic tests viz. Johnin, ELISA, fecal microscopy, and fecal culture, for the establishment of a case-control resource population. A total of four SNPs viz. rs208222804, rs211654540, rs208814257, and rs210748127 in CD209 gene were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. All SNPs, except rs210748127, were polymorphic in our population. Genotypic-phenotypic associations were assessed by the PROCLOGISTIC procedure of SAS 9.3. The SNP rs208814257 yielded three genotypes viz. CC, CG, and GG, which were significantly (p < 0.05) different in case as compared to the control population. The odds of CC and CG in comparison to GG genotype were 1.21 and 0.40, respectively. The CG genotype was significantly higher in control population, indicating that this genotype may provide resistance against PTB in our resource population. Upon validation in an independent, larger test population and following biological characterization, SNP rs208814257 can be incorporated in marker panel for selection of animals with greater resistance to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ran Vir Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Jaya Bharati
- Animal Physiology, ICAR National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
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15
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Katzelnick LC, Bos S, Harris E. Protective and enhancing interactions among dengue viruses 1-4 and Zika virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:59-70. [PMID: 32979816 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue viruses 1-4 (DENV 1-4) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are closely related flaviviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that co-circulate in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Oceania. Here, we review recent and historical literature on in vitro experiments, animal models, and clinical and epidemiological studies to describe how the sequence of DENV 1-4 and ZIKV infections modulates subsequent dengue and Zika disease outcome. Overall, we find these interactions are asymmetric. Immunity from a prior DENV infection or a prior ZIKV infection can enhance future severe dengue disease for some DENV serotypes while protecting against other serotypes. Further, prior DENV immunity has not been shown to enhance future uncomplicated or severe Zika and instead appears to be protective. Interestingly, secondary ZIKV infection induces type-specific ZIKV immunity but only generates weakly cross-neutralizing anti-DENV/ZIKV immunity, consistent with risk of future dengue disease. In contrast, secondary DENV infection induces strongly cross-neutralizing antibodies that protect against subsequent severe dengue disease. These immunologic interactions may be explained by differences in virion structure between DENV 1-4 and ZIKV, which modulate thermostability, susceptibility to neutralization, and cell infectivity. Overall, these observations are important for the understanding and prediction of epidemics and the development and evaluation of dengue and Zika vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, 1951 Oxford Street, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, United States.
| | - Sandra Bos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, 1951 Oxford Street, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, United States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, 1951 Oxford Street, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, United States.
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16
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Flavivirus Envelope Protein Glycosylation: Impacts on Viral Infection and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00104-20. [PMID: 32161171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00104-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses encode one, two, or no N-linked glycosylation sites on their envelope proteins. Glycosylation can impact virus interactions with cell surface attachment factors and also may impact virion stability and virus replication. Envelope protein glycosylation has been identified as a virulence determinant for multiple flaviviruses, but the mechanisms by which glycosylation mediates pathogenesis remain unclear. In this Gem, we summarize current knowledge on flavivirus envelope protein glycosylation and its impact on viral infection and pathogenesis.
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17
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Rana J, Slon Campos JL, Poggianella M, Burrone OR. Dengue virus capsid anchor modulates the efficiency of polyprotein processing and assembly of viral particles. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1663-1673. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and secretion of flaviviruses are part of an elegantly regulated process. During maturation, the viral polyprotein undergoes several co- and post-translational cleavages mediated by both viral and host proteases. Among these, sequential cleavage at the N and C termini of the hydrophobic capsid anchor (Ca) is crucial in deciding the fate of viral infection. Here, using a refined dengue pseudovirus production system, along with cleavage and furin inhibition assays, immunoblotting and secondary structure prediction analysis, we show that Ca plays a key role in the processing efficiency of dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) structural proteins and viral particle assembly. Replacement of the DENV2 Ca with the homologous regions from West nile or Zika viruses or, alternatively, increasing its length, improved cleavage and hence particle assembly. Further, we showed that substitution of the Ca conserved proline residue (P110) to alanine abolishes pseudovirus production, regardless of the Ca sequence length. Besides providing the results of a biochemical analysis of DENV2 structural polyprotein processing, this study also presents a system for efficient production of dengue pseudoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Present address: Gene and Cell Therapy group, IU School of Medicine, Wells Center of Pediatric Research, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - José Luis Slon Campos
- Present address: Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Poggianella
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Oscar R. Burrone
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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18
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The sugar code: letters and vocabulary, writers, editors and readers and biosignificance of functional glycan-lectin pairing. Biochem J 2019; 476:2623-2655. [PMID: 31551311 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous occurrence in Nature, abundant presence at strategically important places such as the cell surface and dynamic shifts in their profile by diverse molecular switches qualifies the glycans to serve as versatile biochemical signals. However, their exceptional structural complexity often prevents one noting how simple the rules of objective-driven assembly of glycan-encoded messages are. This review is intended to provide a tutorial for a broad readership. The principles of why carbohydrates meet all demands to be the coding section of an information transfer system, and this at unsurpassed high density, are explained. Despite appearing to be a random assortment of sugars and their substitutions, seemingly subtle structural variations in glycan chains by a sophisticated enzymatic machinery have emerged to account for their specific biological meaning. Acting as 'readers' of glycan-encoded information, carbohydrate-specific receptors (lectins) are a means to turn the glycans' potential to serve as signals into a multitude of (patho)physiologically relevant responses. Once the far-reaching significance of this type of functional pairing has become clear, the various modes of spatial presentation of glycans and of carbohydrate recognition domains in lectins can be explored and rationalized. These discoveries are continuously revealing the intricacies of mutually adaptable routes to achieve essential selectivity and specificity. Equipped with these insights, readers will gain a fundamental understanding why carbohydrates form the third alphabet of life, joining the ranks of nucleotides and amino acids, and will also become aware of the importance of cellular communication via glycan-lectin recognition.
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19
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Campos RK, Garcia-Blanco MA, Bradrick SS. Roles of Pro-viral Host Factors in Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 419:43-67. [PMID: 28688087 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification and analysis of viral host factors is a growing area of research which aims to understand the how viruses molecularly interface with the host cell. Investigations into flavivirus-host interactions has led to new discoveries in viral and cell biology, and will potentially bolster strategies to control the important diseases caused by these pathogens. Here, we address the current knowledge of prominent host factors required for the flavivirus life-cycle and mechanisms by which they promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael K Campos
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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20
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Envelope Protein Glycosylation Mediates Zika Virus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00113-19. [PMID: 30944176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00113-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus. Recent ZIKV outbreaks have produced serious human disease, including neurodevelopmental malformations (congenital Zika syndrome) and Guillain-Barré syndrome. These outcomes were not associated with ZIKV infection prior to 2013, raising the possibility that viral genetic changes could contribute to new clinical manifestations. All contemporary ZIKV isolates encode an N-linked glycosylation site in the envelope (E) protein (N154), but this glycosylation site is absent in many historical ZIKV isolates. Here, we investigated the role of E protein glycosylation in ZIKV pathogenesis using two contemporary Asian-lineage strains (H/PF/2013 and PRVABC59) and the historical African-lineage strain (MR766). We found that glycosylated viruses were highly pathogenic in Ifnar1-/- mice. In contrast, nonglycosylated viruses were attenuated, producing lower viral loads in the serum and brain when inoculated subcutaneously but remaining neurovirulent when inoculated intracranially. These results suggest that E glycosylation is advantageous in the periphery but not within the brain. Accordingly, we found that glycosylation facilitated infection of cells expressing the lectins dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) or DC-SIGN-related (DC-SIGNR), suggesting that inefficient infection of lectin-expressing leukocytes could contribute to the attenuation of nonglycosylated ZIKV in mice.IMPORTANCE It is unclear why the ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cause serious disease, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects, was not recognized until recent outbreaks. One contributing factor could be genetic differences between contemporary ZIKV strains and historical ZIKV strains. All isolates from recent outbreaks encode a viral envelope protein that is glycosylated, whereas many historical ZIKV strains lack this glycosylation. We generated nonglycosylated ZIKV mutants from contemporary and historical strains and evaluated their virulence in mice. We found that nonglycosylated viruses were attenuated and produced lower viral loads in serum and brains. Our studies suggest that envelope protein glycosylation contributes to ZIKV pathogenesis, possibly by facilitating attachment to and infection of lectin-expressing leukocytes.
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21
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ZIKA virus entry mechanisms in human cells. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 69:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Ke PY. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Flavivirus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123940. [PMID: 30544615 PMCID: PMC6321027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process in which intracellular components are eliminated via lysosomal degradation to supply nutrients for organelle biogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Flavivirus infections underlie multiple human diseases and thus exert an immense burden on public health worldwide. Mounting evidence indicates that host autophagy is subverted to modulate the life cycles of flaviviruses, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. The diverse interplay between autophagy and flavivirus infection not only regulates viral growth in host cells but also counteracts host stress responses induced by viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in the flavivirus life cycle. We also discuss the impacts of virus-induced autophagy on the pathogeneses of flavivirus-associated diseases and the potential use of autophagy as a therapeutic target for curing flavivirus infections and related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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23
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Role of Capsid Anchor in the Morphogenesis of Zika Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01174-18. [PMID: 30158295 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01174-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus capsid protein (C) is separated from the downstream premembrane (PrM) protein by a hydrophobic sequence named capsid anchor (Ca). During polyprotein processing, Ca is sequentially cleaved by the viral NS2B/NS3 protease on the cytosolic side and by signal peptidase on the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To date, Ca is considered important mostly for directing translocation of PrM into the ER lumen. In this study, the role of Ca in the assembly and secretion of Zika virus was investigated using a pseudovirus-based approach. Our results show that, while Ca-mediated anchoring of C to the ER membrane is not needed for the production of infective particles, Ca expression in cis with respect to PrM is strictly required to allow proper assembly of infectious particles. Finally, we show that the presence of heterologous, but not homologous, Ca induces degradation of E through the autophagy/lysosomal pathway.IMPORTANCE The capsid anchor (Ca) is a single-pass transmembrane domain at the C terminus of the capsid protein (C) known to function as a signal for the translocation of PrM into the ER lumen. The objective of this study was to further examine the role of Ca in Zika virus life cycle, whether involved in the formation of nucleocapsid through association with C or in the formation of viral envelope. In this study, we show that Ca has a function beyond the one of translocation signal, controlling protein E stability and therefore its availability for assembly of infectious particles.
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24
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Laureti M, Narayanan D, Rodriguez-Andres J, Fazakerley JK, Kedzierski L. Flavivirus Receptors: Diversity, Identity, and Cell Entry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2180. [PMID: 30319635 PMCID: PMC6168832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne pathogens responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The genus comprises more than seventy small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, which are responsible for a spectrum of human and animal diseases ranging in symptoms from mild, influenza-like infection to fatal encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. Despite genomic and structural similarities across the genus, infections by different flaviviruses result in disparate clinical presentations. This review focusses on two haemorrhagic flaviviruses, dengue virus and yellow fever virus, and two neurotropic flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus and Zika virus. We review current knowledge on host-pathogen interactions, virus entry strategies and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laureti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Divya Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Huang X, Qiu H, Peng X, Zhao W, Lu X, Mo K, Yan Y, Liao M, Zhou J. Molecular analysis and serological survey of Tembusu virus infection in Zhejiang, China, 2010-2016. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3225-3234. [PMID: 30128611 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an important pathogen that causes acute egg drop syndrome in poultry. To investigate the epidemiological status of Tembusu virus in Zhejiang province, we collected clinical samples and sera from the local area from 2010 to 2016. A total of 41 out of the 88 collected tissue samples were identified as TMUV-infected by RT-PCR and were confirmed by sequencing. Six TMUV strains were isolated from TMUV-positive samples, and their complete genome sequences were determined. In addition, 19 E gene sequences amplified from RT-PCR-positive samples were determined. Sequence identity values among the 19 E genes and reference E sequences ranged from 96.8% to 100.0%, and they ranged from 97.3% to 99.9% when comparing the six genome sequences and references. Nineteen sites with amino acid mutations were identified in the E protein of nineteen strains, and these were at positions that are usually conserved in other TMUV strains. Antibodies to TMUV in serum samples were detected by indirect ELISA using recombinant EDIII (domain III of the E protein) as the antigen. The results showed that TMUV-specific antibodies were widely present in duck populations, with positive rates of 17.38%, 21.99%, 26.68%, and 17.79% in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The data from this study provide a good understanding of the epidemiology of TMUV infections in Zhejiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Huibo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Lu
- Yuyao Municipal Institute of Poultry Disease, Yuyao, 315400, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikun Mo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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26
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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27
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Xue D, Guang-Hua W, Yan-Li S, Min Z, Yong-Hua H. Black rockfish C-type lectin, SsCTL4: A pattern recognition receptor that promotes bactericidal activity and virus escape from host immune defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:340-350. [PMID: 29803666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin (CTL) is an immune receptor and is received extensive attention of its important roles in immune response and immune escape. Some CTL, such as CTL4, has been well characterized in human and several other mammals, but much less documentation exists about the immunological function of CTL4 in lower vertebrates. In the present study, a C-type lectin domain family 4 member, SsCTL4, which is also high homology with CD209 antigen-like protein, from the teleost fish black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) was identified and examined at expression and functional levels. The open reading frame of SsCTL4 is 765 bp, and the deduced amino acid sequence of SsCTL4 shares 78%-84% overall identities with the C-type lectin of several fish species. In silico analysis identified several conserved C-type lectin features, including a carbohydrate-recognition domain and four disulfide bond-forming cysteine residues. Expression of SsCTL4 occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated during bacterial and viral infection. Recombinant SsCTL4 (rSsCTL4) exhibited apparent binding activities against bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum) and virus (infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, ISKNV). rSsCTL4 was able to agglutinate the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The agglutinating ability of rSsCTL4 was abolished in the absence of calcium or presence of mannose. rSsCTL4 also increased macrophage bactericidal activity. In the presence of rSsCTL4, fish exhibited enhanced resistance against bacterial infection but increased susceptibility to viral infections. Collectively, these results indicate that SsCTL4 serves as a pattern recognition receptor that not only promotes bactericidal activity, but may also serve as targets for virus manipulation of host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Xue
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wang Guang-Hua
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Su Yan-Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhang Min
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Hu Yong-Hua
- Institute of Tropical Biosciece and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China.
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28
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Liang JJ, Chou MW, Lin YL. DC-SIGN Binding Contributed by an Extra N-Linked Glycosylation on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein Reduces the Ability of Viral Brain Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:239. [PMID: 30042931 PMCID: PMC6048278 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major structural envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) facilitates cellular binding/entry and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. JEV E protein has one N-linked glycosylation site at N154 (G2 site), but the related dengue virus E protein has two glycosylation sites at N67 (G1 site) and N153 (G2 site). We generated three recombinant JEVs with different glycosylation patterns on the E protein. As compared with wild-type (WT) JEV with G2 glycosylation, viral growth in culture cells as well as neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in challenged mice were reduced when infected with the G1 mutant (E-D67N/N154A) with glycosylation shifted to G1 site, and the G0 mutant (E-N154A) with non-glycosylation. The G1G2 mutant (E-D67N), with E-glycosylation on both G1 and G2 sites, showed potent in vitro viral replication and in vivo neurovirulence, but reduced neuroinvasiveness. Furthermore, the JEV mutants with G1 glycosylation showed enhanced DC-SIGN binding, which may then lead to reduced brain invasion and explain the reason why WT JEV is devoid of this G1 site of glycosylation. Overall, the patterns of N-linked glycosylation on JEV E proteins may affect viral interaction with cellular lectins and contribute to viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wei Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Qadir A, Riaz M, Saeed M, Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S. Potential targets for therapeutic intervention and structure based vaccine design against Zika virus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:444-460. [PMID: 30015077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Continuously increasing number of reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections and associated severe clinical manifestations, including autoimmune abnormalities and neurological disorders such as neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome have created alarming situation in various countries. To date, no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine is available against ZIKV. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the potential therapeutic targets and describes viral epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in vaccine design perspective. Interactions between ZIKV envelope glycoprotein E and cellular receptors mediate the viral fusion and entry to the target cell. Blocking these interactions by targeting cellular receptors or viral structural proteins mediating these interactions or viral surface glycans can inhibit viral entry to the cell. Similarly, different non-structural proteins of ZIKV and un-translated regions (UTRs) of its RNA play essential roles in viral replication cycle and potentiate for therapeutic interventions. Structure based vaccine design requires identity and structural description of the epitopes of bNAbs. We have described different conserved bNAb epitopes present in the ZIKV envelope as potential targets for structure based vaccine design. This review also highlights successes, unanswered questions and future perspectives in relation to therapeutic and vaccine development against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Qadir
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Shahzad-Ul-Hussan
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
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30
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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31
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Klitting R, Roth L, Rey FA, de Lamballerie X. Molecular determinants of Yellow Fever Virus pathogenicity in Syrian Golden Hamsters: one mutation away from virulence. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:51. [PMID: 29593212 PMCID: PMC5874243 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (Flavivirus genus) is an arthropod-borne pathogen, which can infect humans, causing a severe viscerotropic disease with a high mortality rate. Adapted viral strains allow the reproduction of yellow fever disease in hamsters with features similar to the human disease. Here, we used the Infectious Subgenomic Amplicons reverse genetics method to produce an equivalent to the hamster-virulent strain, Yellow Fever Ap7, by introducing a set of four synonymous and six nonsynonymous mutations into a single subgenomic amplicon, derived from the sequence of the Asibi strain. The resulting strain, Yellow Fever Ap7M, induced a disease similar to that described for Ap7 in terms of symptoms, weight evolution, viral loads in the liver and lethality. Using the same methodology, we produced mutant strains derived from either Ap7M or Asibi viruses and investigated the role of each of Ap7M nonsynonymous mutations in its in vivo phenotype. This allowed identifying key components of the virulence mechanism in hamsters. In Ap7M virus, the reversion of either E/Q27H or E/D155A mutations led to an important reduction of both virulence and in vivo replicative fitness. In addition, the introduction of the single D155A Ap7M mutation within the E protein of the Asibi virus was sufficient to drastically modify its phenotype in hamsters toward both a greater replication efficiency and virulence. Finally, inspection of the Asibi strain E protein structure combined to in vivo testing revealed the importance of an exposed α-helix in domain I, containing residues 154 and 155, for Ap7M virulence in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- UMR EPV: "Émergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Laura Roth
- UMR EPV: "Émergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR EPV: "Émergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
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32
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Hasan SS, Sevvana M, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG. Structural biology of Zika virus and other flaviviruses. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:13-20. [PMID: 29323278 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, icosahedral flavivirus that has structural and functional similarities to other human flavivirus pathogens such as dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis (JEV) viruses. ZIKV infections have been linked to fetal microcephaly and the paralytic Guillain-Barré syndrome. This review provides a comparative structural analysis of the assembly, maturation and host-cell entry of ZIKV with other flaviviruses, especially DENV. We also discuss the mechanisms of neutralization by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saif Hasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Madhumati Sevvana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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33
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Goo L, DeMaso CR, Pelc RS, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Kuhn RJ, Pierson TC. The Zika virus envelope protein glycan loop regulates virion antigenicity. Virology 2018; 515:191-202. [PMID: 29304471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Because antibodies are an important component of flavivirus immunity, understanding the antigenic structure of flaviviruses is critical. Compared to dengue virus (DENV), the loop containing the single N-linked glycosylation site on Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope (E) proteins extends further towards the DII fusion loop (DII-FL) on neighboring E proteins within E dimers on mature viruses. Although ZIKV is poorly neutralized by DII-FL antibodies, we demonstrated significantly increased neutralization sensitivity of ZIKV particles incorporating the DENV glycan loop. Increased neutralization sensitivity was independent of E protein glycosylation: ZIKV lacking E protein glycans remained poorly neutralized, whereas ZIKV loop chimeras with or without an E protein glycan were potently neutralized. ZIKV particles lacking the E protein glycan were capable of infecting Raji cells expressing the lectin DC-SIGNR, suggesting the prM glycan of partially mature particles can facilitate entry. Our study provides insight into the determinants of ZIKV E protein function and antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Goo
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Christina R DeMaso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S Pelc
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Markey Center for Structural Biology and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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34
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Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a major public health threat has focused research on understanding virus biology and developing a suite of strategies for disease intervention. Recent advances in cryoelectron microscopy have accelerated structure-function studies of flaviviruses and of ZIKV in particular. Structures of the mature and immature ZIKV have demonstrated its similarity with other known flaviviruses such as dengue and West Nile viruses. However, ZIKV's unique pathobiology demands an explanation of how its structure, although similar to its flavivirus relatives, is sufficiently unique to address questions of receptor specificity, transmission, and antigenicity. Progress in defining the immunodominant epitopes and how neutralizing antibodies bind to them will provide great insight as vaccines progress through clinical trials. Identification of host receptors will substantially illuminate the interesting ZIKV tropism and provide insights into pathogenesis. Although the answers to all of these questions are not yet available, rapid progress in combining structural biology with other techniques is revealing the similarities and the differences in virion structure and function between ZIKV and related flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Sirohi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Screaton
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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36
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Tongue Sole CD209: A Pattern-Recognition Receptor that Binds a Broad Range of Microbes and Promotes Phagocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091848. [PMID: 28869534 PMCID: PMC5618497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD209 is an immune receptor that plays an important role in the initiation of innate immunity and activation of adaptive immunity in mammals. However, much less is known about the immunological function of CD209 in lower vertebrates. In the present study, we examined the immune effect of a CD209 homologue (CsCD209) from the teleost fish tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. CsCD209 possesses a lectin domain that shares high levels of similarity with the lectin domains of human and mouse CD209. CsCD209 expression was most abundant in kidney and blood and was significantly upregulated during bacterial infection. CsCD209 exhibited a subcellular localization mainly on the cell surface of myelomonocytes. Recombinant CsCD209 displayed apparent binding capacities to a broad range of bacteria and fungi, and significantly promoted the phagocytosis of the bound bacteria by C. semilaevis leukocytes. Collectively, the results indicate that teleost CD209 serves as a pattern recognition receptor that exerts an influence on the phagocytosis process during pathogen infections.
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Rey FA, Stiasny K, Heinz FX. Flavivirus structural heterogeneity: implications for cell entry. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 24:132-139. [PMID: 28683393 PMCID: PMC6037290 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The explosive spread of Zika virus is the most recent example of the threat imposed to human health by flaviviruses. High-resolution structures are available for several of these arthropod-borne viruses, revealing alternative icosahedral organizations of immature and mature virions. Incomplete proteolytic maturation, however, results in a cloud of highly heterogeneous mosaic particles. This heterogeneity is further expanded by a dynamic behavior of the viral envelope glycoproteins. The ensemble of heterogeneous and dynamic infectious particles circulating in infected hosts offers a range of alternative possible receptor interaction sites at their surfaces, potentially contributing to the broad flavivirus host-range and variation in tissue tropism. The potential synergy between heterogeneous particles in the circulating cloud thus provides an additional dimension to understand the unanticipated properties of Zika virus in its recent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kim SY, Li B, Linhardt RJ. Pathogenesis and Inhibition of Flaviviruses from a Carbohydrate Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E44. [PMID: 28471403 PMCID: PMC5490401 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped, positive single stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses with various routes of transmission. While the type and severity of symptoms caused by pathogenic flaviviruses vary from hemorrhagic fever to fetal abnormalities, their general mechanism of host cell entry is similar. All pathogenic flaviviruses, such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Zika virus, bind to glycosaminglycans (GAGs) through the putative GAG binding sites within their envelope proteins to gain access to the surface of host cells. GAGs are long, linear, anionic polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit and are involved in many biological processes, such as cellular signaling, cell adhesion, and pathogenesis. Flavivirus envelope proteins are N-glycosylated surface proteins, which interact with C-type lectins, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) through their glycans. In this review, we discuss both host and viral surface receptors that have the carbohydrate components, focusing on the surface interactions in the early stage of flavivirus entry. GAG-flavivirus envelope protein interactions as well as interactions between flavivirus envelope proteins and DC-SIGN are discussed in detail. This review also examines natural and synthetic inhibitors of flaviviruses that are carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-targeting. Both advantages and drawbacks of these inhibitors are explored, as are potential strategies to improve their efficacy to ultimately help eradicate flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Kim SY, Zhao J, Liu X, Fraser K, Lin L, Zhang X, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Interaction of Zika Virus Envelope Protein with Glycosaminoglycans. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1151-1162. [PMID: 28151637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In February 2016, the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on Zika Virus (ZIKV), because of its association with severe fetal anomalies of congenitally infected humans. This has led to urgent efforts by academic, federal, and industry research groups to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of ZIKV and to develop detection methods, therapeutic strategies, and vaccines. Although we still do not have the entire picture of the pathogenesis of ZIKV, extensive research has been conducted on related pathogenic flaviviruses (i.e., dengue virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus). Binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) through its envelope protein is the first step in successful host cell invasion of dengue virus. In this study, we examined ZIKV envelope protein (ZIKV E) binding to GAGs in a real time interaction study using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to explore the role of GAGs in host cell entry of ZIKV into placenta and brain. ZIKV E strongly binds (KD = 443 nM) pharmaceutical heparin (HP), a highly sulfated GAG, and binds with lower avidity to less sulfated GAGs, suggesting that the ZIKV E-GAG interaction may be electrostatically driven. Using SPR competition assays with various chain length HP oligosaccharides (from 4 to 18 saccharide units in length), we observed that ZIKV E preferentially binds to longer HP oligosaccharides (with 8-18 saccharides). Next, we examined GAGs prepared from human placentas to determine if they bound ZIKV E, possibly mediating placental cell invasion of ZIKV. Compositional analysis of these GAGs as well as SPR binding studies showed that both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate GAGs, present on the placenta, showed low-micromolar interactions with ZIKV E. Both porcine brain CS and HS also showed micromolar binding with ZIKV E. Moreover, heparan sulfate with a higher TriS content, the dominant repeating unit of HP, shows a high affinity for ZIKV E. These results suggest that GAGs may be utilized as attachment factors for host cell entry of Zika virus as they do in other pathogenic flaviviruses. They may also assist us in advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of ZIKV and guide us in designing therapeutics to combat ZIKV with more insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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40
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Gabius HJ, Manning JC, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1989-2016. [PMID: 26956894 PMCID: PMC11108359 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - J C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - H Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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41
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Bagdonaite I, Nordén R, Joshi HJ, King SL, Vakhrushev SY, Olofsson S, Wandall HH. Global Mapping of O-Glycosylation of Varicella Zoster Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12014-28. [PMID: 27129252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are among the most complex and widespread viruses, infection and propagation of which depend on envelope proteins. These proteins serve as mediators of cell entry as well as modulators of the immune response and are attractive vaccine targets. Although envelope proteins are known to carry glycans, little is known about the distribution, nature, and functions of these modifications. This is particularly true for O-glycans; thus we have recently developed a "bottom up" mass spectrometry-based technique for mapping O-glycosylation sites on herpes simplex virus type 1. We found wide distribution of O-glycans on herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins and demonstrated that elongated O-glycans were essential for the propagation of the virus. Here, we applied our proteome-wide discovery platform for mapping O-glycosites on representative and clinically significant members of the herpesvirus family: varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. We identified a large number of O-glycosites distributed on most envelope proteins in all viruses and further demonstrated conserved patterns of O-glycans on distinct homologous proteins. Because glycosylation is highly dependent on the host cell, we tested varicella zoster virus-infected cell lysates and clinically isolated virus and found evidence of consistent O-glycosites. These results present a comprehensive view of herpesvirus O-glycosylation and point to the widespread occurrence of O-glycans in regions of envelope proteins important for virus entry, formation, and recognition by the host immune system. This knowledge enables dissection of specific functional roles of individual glycosites and, moreover, provides a framework for design of glycoprotein vaccines with representative glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Rickard Nordén
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sarah L King
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans H Wandall
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
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42
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Context-Dependent Cleavage of the Capsid Protein by the West Nile Virus Protease Modulates the Efficiency of Virus Assembly. J Virol 2015; 89:8632-42. [PMID: 26063422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01253-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular mechanisms that define the specificity of flavivirus RNA encapsulation are poorly understood. Virions composed of the structural proteins of one flavivirus and the genomic RNA of a heterologous strain can be assembled and have been developed as live attenuated vaccine candidates for several flaviviruses. In this study, we discovered that not all combinations of flavivirus components are possible. While a West Nile virus (WNV) subgenomic RNA could readily be packaged by structural proteins of the DENV2 strain 16681, production of infectious virions with DENV2 strain New Guinea C (NGC) structural proteins was not possible, despite the very high amino acid identity between these viruses. Mutagenesis studies identified a single residue (position 101) of the DENV capsid (C) protein as the determinant for heterologous virus production. C101 is located at the P1' position of the NS2B/3 protease cleavage site at the carboxy terminus of the C protein. WNV NS2B/3 cleavage of the DENV structural polyprotein was possible when a threonine (Thr101 in strain 16681) but not a serine (Ser101 in strain NGC) occupied the P1' position, a finding not predicted by in vitro protease specificity studies. Critically, both serine and threonine were tolerated at the P1' position of WNV capsid. More extensive mutagenesis revealed the importance of flanking residues within the polyprotein in defining the cleavage specificity of the WNV protease. A more detailed understanding of the context dependence of viral protease specificity may aid the development of new protease inhibitors and provide insight into associated patterns of drug resistance. IMPORTANCE West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. No specific antiflavivirus therapeutics are available for treatment of infection. Proteolytic processing of the flavivirus polyprotein is an essential step in the replication cycle and is an attractive target for antiviral development. The design of protease inhibitors has been informed by insights into the molecular details of the interactions of proteases and their substrates. In this article, studies of the processing of WNV and DENV capsid proteins by the WNV protease identified an unexpected contribution of the sequence surrounding critical residues within the cleavage site on protease specificity. This demonstration of context-dependent protease cleavage has implications for the design of chimeric flaviviruses, new therapeutics, and the interpretation of flavivirus protease substrate specificity studies.
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Bagdonaite I, Nordén R, Joshi HJ, Dabelsteen S, Nyström K, Vakhrushev SY, Olofsson S, Wandall HH. A strategy for O-glycoproteomics of enveloped viruses--the O-glycoproteome of herpes simplex virus type 1. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004784. [PMID: 25830354 PMCID: PMC4382219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is important for infectivity and interaction with host immunity, however, our current knowledge of the functions of glycosylation is largely limited to N-glycosylation because it is difficult to predict and identify site-specific O-glycosylation. Here, we present a novel proteome-wide discovery strategy for O-glycosylation sites on viral envelope proteins using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a model. We identified 74 O-linked glycosylation sites on 8 out of the 12 HSV-1 envelope proteins. Two of the identified glycosites found in glycoprotein B were previously implicated in virus attachment to immune cells. We show that HSV-1 infection distorts the secretory pathway and that infected cells accumulate glycoproteins with truncated O-glycans, nonetheless retaining the ability to elongate most of the surface glycans. With the use of precise gene editing, we further demonstrate that elongated O-glycans are essential for HSV-1 in human HaCaT keratinocytes, where HSV-1 produced markedly lower viral titers in HaCaT with abrogated O-glycans compared to the isogenic counterpart with normal O-glycans. The roles of O-linked glycosylation for viral entry, formation, secretion, and immune recognition are poorly understood, and the O-glycoproteomics strategy presented here now opens for unbiased discovery on all enveloped viruses. Information on site-specific O-glycosylation of viral envelope glycoproteins is generally very limited despite important functions. We present a powerful mass-spectrometry based strategy to globally identify O-glycosylation sites on viral envelope proteins of a given virus in the context of a productive infection. We successfully utilized the strategy to map O-linked glycosylation sites on the complex HSV-1 virus demonstrating that O-glycosylation is widely distributed on most envelope proteins. Moreover, we used genetically engineered keratinocytes lacking O-glycan elongation capacity to demonstrate that O-linked glycans are indeed important for HSV-1 biology as HSV-1 particles produced in these cells had significantly lower titers compared to wild-type keratinocytes. These tools enable wider discovery and detailed analysis of the role of site-specific O-glycosylation in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Clinical Virology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiren J. Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Institute of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department of Clinical Virology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sergey Y. Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Virology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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44
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Roby JA, Setoh YX, Hall RA, Khromykh AA. Post-translational regulation and modifications of flavivirus structural proteins. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1551-69. [PMID: 25711963 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that generally circulate between arthropod vectors and susceptible vertebrate hosts, producing significant human and veterinary disease burdens. Intensive research efforts have broadened our scientific understanding of the replication cycles of these viruses and have revealed several elegant and tightly co-ordinated post-translational modifications that regulate the activity of viral proteins. The three structural proteins in particular - capsid (C), pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) - are subjected to strict regulatory modifications as they progress from translation through virus particle assembly and egress. The timing of proteolytic cleavage events at the C-prM junction directly influences the degree of genomic RNA packaging into nascent virions. Proteolytic maturation of prM by host furin during Golgi transit facilitates rearrangement of the E proteins at the virion surface, exposing the fusion loop and thus increasing particle infectivity. Specific interactions between the prM and E proteins are also important for particle assembly, as prM acts as a chaperone, facilitating correct conformational folding of E. It is only once prM/E heterodimers form that these proteins can be secreted efficiently. The addition of branched glycans to the prM and E proteins during virion transit also plays a key role in modulating the rate of secretion, pH sensitivity and infectivity of flavivirus particles. The insights gained from research into post-translational regulation of structural proteins are beginning to be applied in the rational design of improved flavivirus vaccine candidates and make attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Roby
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Hussmann KL, Vandergaast R, Zheng K, Hoover LI, Fredericksen BL. Structural proteins of West Nile virus are a major determinant of infectious particle production and fitness in astrocytes. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1991-2003. [PMID: 24920724 PMCID: PMC4135089 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for the increased resistance of astrocytes to a non-neuropathogenic strain of West Nile virus (WNV), WNV-MAD78, compared with the neuropathogenic strain WNV-NY remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the reduced susceptibility of astrocytes to WNV-MAD78 is due to a combination of both cellular activities as well as viral determinants. Analyses of the viral particle indicated that astrocyte-derived WNV-MAD78 particles were less infectious than those of WNV-NY. Additionally, inhibition of cellular furin-like proteases increased WNV-MAD78 infectious particle production in astrocytes, suggesting that high levels of furin-like protease activity within these cells acted in a cell- and strain-specific manner to inhibit WNV-MAD78 replication. Moreover, analysis of recombinant viruses indicated that the structural proteins of WNV-MAD78 were responsible for decreased particle infectivity and the corresponding reduction in infectious particle production compared with WNV-NY. Thus, the composition of the WNV virion was also a major determinant for viral fitness within astrocytes and may contribute to WNV propagation within the central nervous system. Whether the WNV-MAD78 structural genes reduce virus replication and particle infectivity through the same mechanism as the cellular furin-like protease activity or whether these two determinants function through distinct pathways remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Hussmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rianna Vandergaast
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lisa I Hoover
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brenda L Fredericksen
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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46
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Neal JW. Flaviviruses are neurotropic, but how do they invade the CNS? J Infect 2014; 69:203-15. [PMID: 24880028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flaviruses (FV) are RNA viruses carried by mosquitoes. Neurological signs including acute encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis develop in a small percentage of infected individuals; long term sequlae are, Parkinsonism, dystonias and cognitive changes. FV neuroinfection is neurotropic involving subcortical nuclei (substantia nigra and thalamus) anterior horn neurons and neocortex. Glycosylation of the FV E envelope protein is one determinant of neuroinvasion, increasing both axonal and trans-epithelial transportation. Neutralizing antibodies against the E and NS proteins prevents FV uptake into several cell types, including axons. CD8+ T cells are vital for clearance of WNF infected cells from the CNS, whereas TLR-3 and TLR-7 mediated anti-virus response through increased serum inflammatory cytokines to disrupt the BBB providing infected leucocytes and free virus access to the CNS (so called Trojan horse) Cellular virus attachment factors, promoting FV cell entry are widely distributed and include DC-SIGN (that detects complex carbohydrate molecules); Glycosamino glycans (GAG), Heparan sulphate(HSPG) Semaphorin 7A, Low Density Lipid receptors (LDLR); these are not FV specific virus entry receptors. The FV also crosses epithelial and endothelial barriers by disrupting Tight Junction complexes to increase BBB permeability. This review describes the multiple pathways responsible for the neuroinvasive properties of the Flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Neal
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
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47
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is a correlate of protection for many human vaccines, including currently licensed vaccines against flaviviruses. NAbs are typically measured using a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Despite its extensive use, parameters that impact the performance of the PRNT have not been investigated from a mechanistic perspective. The results of a recent phase IIb clinical trial of a tetravalent dengue virus (DENV) vaccine suggest that NAbs, as measured using a PRNT performed with Vero cells, do not correlate with protection. This surprising finding highlights the importance of understanding how well the PRNT captures the complexity of the NAb response to DENV. In this study, we demonstrated that the structural heterogeneity of flaviviruses arising from inefficient virion maturation impacts the results of neutralization assays in a cell type-dependent manner. Neutralization titers of several monoclonal antibodies were significantly reduced when assayed on Vero cells compared to Raji cells expressing DC-SIGNR. This pattern can be explained by differences in the efficiency with which partially mature flaviviruses attach to each cell type, rather than a differential capacity of antibody to block infection. Vero cells are poorly permissive to the fraction of virions that are most sensitive to neutralization. Analysis of sera from recipients of live-attenuated monovalent DENV vaccine candidates revealed a strong correlation between the sensitivity of serum antibodies to the maturation state of DENV and cell type-dependent patterns of neutralization. Cross-reactive patterns of neutralization may be underrepresented by the "gold-standard" PRNT that employs Vero cells. IMPORTANCE Cell type-dependent patterns of neutralization describe a differential capacity of antibodies to inhibit virus infection when assayed on multiple cellular substrates. In this study, we established a link between antibodies that neutralize infection in a cell type-dependent fashion and those sensitive to the maturation state of the flavivirus virion. We demonstrated that cell type-dependent neutralization reflects a differential capacity to measure neutralization of viruses that are incompletely mature. Partially mature virions that most efficiently bind maturation state-sensitive antibodies are poorly represented by assays typically used in support of flavivirus vaccine development. The selection of cellular substrate for neutralization assays may significantly impact evaluation of the neutralization potency of the polyclonal response. These data suggest that current assays do not adequately capture the full complexity of the neutralizing antibody response and may hinder the identification of correlates of protection following flavivirus vaccination.
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48
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B cell response and mechanisms of antibody protection to West Nile virus. Viruses 2014; 6:1015-36. [PMID: 24594676 PMCID: PMC3970136 DOI: 10.3390/v6031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has become the principal cause of viral encephalitis in North America since its introduction in New York in 1999. This emerging virus is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected mosquito. While there have been several candidates in clinical trials, there are no approved vaccines or WNV-specific therapies for the treatment of WNV disease in humans. From studies with small animal models and convalescent human patients, a great deal has been learned concerning the immune response to infection with WNV. Here, we provide an overview of a subset of that information regarding the humoral and antibody response generated during WNV infection.
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Flavivirus entry receptors: an update. Viruses 2013; 6:69-88. [PMID: 24381034 PMCID: PMC3917432 DOI: 10.3390/v6010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses enter host cells by endocytosis initiated when the virus particles interact with cell surface receptors. The current model suggests that flaviviruses use at least two different sets of molecules for infectious entry: attachment factors that concentrate and/or recruit viruses on the cell surface and primary receptor(s) that bind to virions and direct them to the endocytic pathway. Here, we present the currently available knowledge regarding the flavivirus receptors described so far with specific attention to C-type lectin receptors and the phosphatidylserine receptors, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) and TYRO3, AXL and MER (TAM). Their role in flavivirus attachment and entry as well as their implication in the virus biology will be discussed in depth.
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Yu K, Sheng ZZ, Huang B, Ma X, Li Y, Yuan X, Qin Z, Wang D, Chakravarty S, Li F, Song M, Sun H. Structural, antigenic, and evolutionary characterizations of the envelope protein of newly emerging Duck Tembusu Virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71319. [PMID: 23990944 PMCID: PMC3750017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported cases of ducks infected with a previously unknown flavivirus in eastern China in April 2010, the virus, provisionally designated Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV), has spread widely in domestic ducks in China and caused significant economic losses to poultry industry. In this study, we examined in detail structural, antigenic, and evolutionary properties of envelope (E) proteins of six DTMUV isolates spanning 2010–2012, each being isolated from individual farms with different geographical locations where disease outbreaks were documented. Structural analysis showed that E proteins of DTMUV and its closely related flavivirus (Japanese Encephalitis Virus) shared a conserved array of predicted functional domains and motifs. Among the six DTMUV strains, mutations were observed only at thirteen amino acid positions across three separate domains of the E protein. Interestingly, these genetic polymorphisms resulted in no detectable change in viral neutralization properties as demonstrated in a serum neutralization assay. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the E proteins showed that viruses evolved into two distinct genotypes, termed as DTMUV.I and DTMUV.II, with II emerging as the dominant genotype. New findings described here shall give insights into the antigenicity and evolution of this new pathogen and provide guidance for further functional studies of the E protein for which no effective vaccine has yet been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Zhang Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Bing Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuli Ma
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yuan
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhuoming Qin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Suvobrata Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FL); (MS); (HS)
| | - Minxun Song
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (MS); (HS)
| | - Huaichang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (MS); (HS)
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