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Del Castillo J, Tool ATJ, van Leeuwen K, van Alphen FPJ, Brands MM, Suijker MH, Meijer AB, Hoogendijk AJ, Kuijpers TW. Platelet proteomic profiling in sitosterolemia suggests thrombocytopenia is driven by lipid disorder and not platelet aberrations. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2466-2477. [PMID: 38513134 PMCID: PMC11112606 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which patients develop hypercholesterolemia and may exhibit abnormal hematologic and/or liver test results. In this disease, dysfunction of either ABCG5 or ABCG8 results in the intestinal hyperabsorption of all sterols, including cholesterol and, more specifically, plant sterols or xenosterols, as well as in the impaired ability to excrete xenosterols into the bile. It remains unknown how and why some patients develop hematologic abnormalities. Only a few unrelated patients with hematologic abnormalities at the time of diagnosis have been reported. Here, we report on 2 unrelated pedigrees who were believed to have chronic immune thrombocytopenia as their most prominent feature. Both consanguineous families showed recessive gene variants in ABCG5, which were associated with the disease by in silico protein structure analysis and clinical segregation. Hepatosplenomegaly was absent. Thrombopoietin levels and megakaryocyte numbers in the bone marrow were normal. Metabolic analysis confirmed the presence of strongly elevated plasma levels of xenosterols. Potential platelet proteomic aberrations were longitudinally assessed following dietary restrictions combined with administration of the sterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. No significant effects on platelet protein content before and after the onset of treatment were demonstrated. Although we cannot exclude that lipotoxicity has a direct and platelet-specific impact in patients with sitosterolemia, our data suggest that thrombocytopenia is neither caused by a lack of megakaryocytes nor driven by proteomic aberrations in the platelets themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Del Castillo
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton T. J. Tool
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marion M. Brands
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H. Suijker
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander B. Meijer
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie J. Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang S, He H, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Gu N. Advances in Atherosclerosis Theranostics Harnessing Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308298. [PMID: 38368274 PMCID: PMC11077671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a multifaceted chronic inflammatory disease, has a profound impact on cardiovascular health. However, the critical limitations of atherosclerosis management include the delayed detection of advanced stages, the intricate assessment of plaque stability, and the absence of efficacious therapeutic strategies. Nanotheranostic based on nanotechnology offers a novel paradigm for addressing these challenges by amalgamating advanced imaging capabilities with targeted therapeutic interventions. Meanwhile, iron oxide nanoparticles have emerged as compelling candidates for theranostic applications in atherosclerosis due to their magnetic resonance imaging capability and biosafety. This review delineates the current state and prospects of iron oxide nanoparticle-based nanotheranostics in the realm of atherosclerosis, including pivotal aspects of atherosclerosis development, the pertinent targeting strategies involved in disease pathogenesis, and the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of iron oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of theranostic nanomedicine approaches employing iron oxide nanoparticles, encompassing chemical therapy, physical stimulation therapy, and biological therapy. Finally, this review proposes and discusses the challenges and prospects associated with translating these innovative strategies into clinically viable anti-atherosclerosis interventions. In conclusion, this review offers new insights into the future of atherosclerosis theranostic, showcasing the remarkable potential of iron oxide-based nanoparticles as versatile tools in the battle against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Sciences & Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Hongliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Sciences & Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of MedicineNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Sciences & Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of MedicineNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
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3
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Rezig L, Abdelkrim YZ. Phytosterols: Potential Therapeutic Effects and Challenges in Food Industry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:453-462. [PMID: 38036893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Increases in serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are known as hypercholesterolemia, and it is a significant risk factor for the emergence of cardiovascular illnesses. Any action strategy for lowering serum cholesterol is supported by lifestyle changes. Phytosterols are organic substances from the triterpene family. Phytosterols can lower serum LDL cholesterol levels because of their structural resemblance to cholesterol. Phytosterols are used to enrich or fortify a broad spectrum of food products. Phytosterols are quickly oxidized, just like cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of free phytosterols for the manufacture of functional meals is highlighted in this chapter, which also focuses on the therapeutic effects of phytosterols and their technological concerns in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezig
- University of Carthage, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, LR11ES24, LIP-MB 'Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules', Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Food Industries, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosser Zina Abdelkrim
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/LR16IPT04)/Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Tunis - University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Process Engineering Department, Institut Supérieur des Études Technologiques de Bizerte, Direction Générale des Études Technologiques, Tunis, Tunisia
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4
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Perrotta I. Seeing beyond apoptosis: ultrastructural aspects of necrosis in human atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2023; 66:107560. [PMID: 37453592 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2023.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosive growth of research to decipher the pathobiologic relevance of cell death in the development and progression of various cardiovascular disorders such as arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis. High rates of cell death have been reported in animal models, particularly following balloon catheter injury. Also, in humans there is considerable evidence indicating a close connection between cell death and atherosclerosis. In this regard, diverse biochemical and molecular analysis have suggested that intraplaque cells preferentially die by apoptosis, a mode of cell death considered to be active, highly regulated and programmed. In contrast to apoptosis, necrosis has been classically defined as an uncontrolled form of cell death that can occur in response to chemical or physical insults such as trauma, infection, toxins, or lack of blood supply. Necrosis has long been known to be present within atherosclerotic plaques but to date it is still less well understood and characterized than apoptosis. In addition, although electron microscopy (EM) remains essential in cell death research, only a very small proportion of studies deal with the ultrastructural aspects of cell death and/or include EM images to support their findings. As a consequence, many features of cell death modes in human atherosclerosis have not yet been thoroughly investigated and defined. The present study was undertaken to provide an ultrastructural description of the route/s by which intraplaque cells can die also suggesting novel insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.
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Zhang J, Chen QL, Guo S, Li YH, Li C, Zheng RJ, Luo XQ, Ma HM. Clinical characteristics of sitosterolemic children with xanthomas as the first manifestation. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:100. [PMID: 36229885 PMCID: PMC9563796 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sitosterolemia (STSL) is an extremely rare genetic disease. Xanthomas as the first symptom are frequently misinterpreted as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in children. Inappropriate treatment may deteriorate the condition of STSL. OBJECTIVES To present the clinical and laboratory characteristics of xanthomatous children diagnosed with sitosterolemia in comparison with childhood FH with xanthomas. METHODS We summarized and compared the clinical characteristics of STSL and FH patients with xanthomas as the first manifestations and investigated the different indicators between the STSL and FH groups, as well as their diagnostic values for STSL. RESULTS Two tertiary pediatric endocrinology departments contributed ten STSL cases. Five of the STSL patients (50%) experienced mild anemia, whereas two (20%) had vascular complications. The xanthomas of the STSL group displayed morphologies comparable to those of the FH group. There were ten cases of homozygous FH (HoFH) with xanthomas as the predominant symptom of the control group who had no anemia. The serum cholesterol (Chol) levels of the STSL and FH groups were 12.57 (9.55 ~ 14.62) mmol/L and 17.45 (16.04 ~ 21.47) mmol/L, respectively (p value 0.002). The serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels of the STSL and FH groups were 9.26 ± 2.71 mmol/L and 14.58 ± 4.08 mmol/L, respectively (p value 0.003). Meanwhile, the mean platelet volume (MPV) levels of the STSL and FH groups were 11.00 (9.79 ~ 12.53) fl. and 8.95 (8.88 ~ 12.28) fl., respectively (p value 0.009). The anemia proportions of the STSL and FH groups were 50% and 0%, respectively (p value 0.033). The AUC values of Chol, LDL-c, MPV, hemoglobin (Hb) for the diagnosis of STSL were 0.910, 0.886, 0.869, 0.879, respectively. Chol ≤ 15.41 mmol/L, LDL-c ≤ 13.22 mmol/L, MPV ≥ 9.05 fl., or Hb≤120 g/L were the best thresholds for diagnosing STSL with childhood xanthomas. CONCLUSION The xanthoma morphology of STSL patients resembles that of FH patients. Xanthomas as the initial symptom of a child with Chol ≤ 15.41 mmol/L, LDL-c≤13.22 mmol/L, MPV ≥ 9.05 fl., or Hb≤120 g/L, he was most likely to have STSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China
| | - Qiu-Li Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China
| | - Chuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, GuangXi, China
| | - Ru-Jiang Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China
| | - Xue-Qun Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China.
| | - Hua-Mei Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu District, GuangZhou, China.
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Tada MT, Rocha VZ, Lima IR, Oliveira TGM, Chacra AP, Miname MH, Nunes VS, Nakandakare ER, Costa Gurgel Castelo MH, Jannes CE, Santos RD, Krieger JE, Pereira AC. Screening of
ABCG5
and
ABCG8
Genes for Sitosterolemia in a Familial Hypercholesterolemia Cascade Screening Program. Circ Genom Precis Med 2022; 15:e003390. [DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in
ABCG5/ABCG8
. The disease is characterized by increased plasma plant sterols. Small case series suggest that patients with sitosterolemia have wide phenotypic heterogeneity with great variability on either plasma cholesterol levels or development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The present study aims to characterize the prevalence and clinical features of sitosterolemia participating in a familial hypercholesterolemia genetic cascade screening program.
Methods:
From 443 familial hypercholesterolemia index cases, 260 were negative for familial hypercholesterolemia genes and were sequenced for the
ABCG5/8
genes. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of affected individuals were determined.
Results:
Eight (3.1%) index cases were found to be homozygous or compound heterozygous variant for
ABCG5/ABCG8
genes, confirming the genetic diagnosis of sitosterolemia. Screening their relatives led to the identification of 6 additional confirmed sitosterolemia cases (3 homozygous and 3 compound heterozygous variant) and 18 carriers (heterozygous). The mean age of identified sitosterolemia cases (n=14) was 37.2±19.8 years, 50% were females, and 78.6% (all adults) presented either clinical or subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. As expected, affected individuals presented elevated plasma plant sterol levels (mean β-Sitosterol and campesterol, respectively, 160.3±107.1 and 32.0±19.6 µg/mL) and the highest plasma LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol was 269.0±120.0 mg/dL (range: 122–521 mg/dL). LDL-cholesterol mean reduction with therapy among cases was 65%. Eighty-three percent (83%) of identified sitosterolemia patients presented hematologic abnormalities.
Conclusions:
Testing genes associated with sitosterolemia in the molecular routine workflow of a familial hypercholesterolemia cascade screening program allowed the precise diagnosis of sitosterolemia in a substantial number of patients with varying LDL-C levels and high incidence of early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and hematologic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Teruo Tada
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM13) (M.T.T., I.R.L., T.G.M.O., C.E.J., J.E.K., A.C.P.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) (V.Z.R., A.P.C., M.H.M., R.D.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Isabella Ramos Lima
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM13) (M.T.T., I.R.L., T.G.M.O., C.E.J., J.E.K., A.C.P.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Théo Gremen Mimary Oliveira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM13) (M.T.T., I.R.L., T.G.M.O., C.E.J., J.E.K., A.C.P.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Ana Paula Chacra
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) (V.Z.R., A.P.C., M.H.M., R.D.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Marcio Hiroshi Miname
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) (V.Z.R., A.P.C., M.H.M., R.D.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo (V.S.N., E.R.N.)
| | - Edna Regina Nakandakare
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo (V.S.N., E.R.N.)
| | | | - Cinthia Elim Jannes
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM13) (M.T.T., I.R.L., T.G.M.O., C.E.J., J.E.K., A.C.P.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Raul D. Santos
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) (V.Z.R., A.P.C., M.H.M., R.D.S.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
- Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil (R.D.S.)
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM13) (M.T.T., I.R.L., T.G.M.O., C.E.J., J.E.K., A.C.P.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
| | - Alexandre Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (LIM13) (M.T.T., I.R.L., T.G.M.O., C.E.J., J.E.K., A.C.P.), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.C.P.)
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7
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Li X, Xin Y, Mo Y, Marozik P, He T, Guo H. The Bioavailability and Biological Activities of Phytosterols as Modulators of Cholesterol Metabolism. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020523. [PMID: 35056839 PMCID: PMC8781140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are natural sterols widely found in plants that have a variety of physiological functions, and their role in reducing cholesterol absorption has garnered much attention. Although the bioavailability of phytosterols is only 0.5–2%, they can still promote cholesterol balance in the body. A mechanism of phytosterols for lowering cholesterol has now been proposed. They not only reduce the uptake of cholesterol in the intestinal lumen and affect its transport, but also regulate the metabolism of cholesterol in the liver. In addition, phytosterols can significantly reduce the plasma concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), with a dose-response relationship. Ingestion of 3 g of phytosterols per day can reach the platform period, and this dose can reduce LDL-C by about 10.7%. On the other hand, phytosterols can also activate the liver X receptor α-CPY7A1 mediated bile acids excretion pathway and accelerate the transformation and metabolism of cholesterol. This article reviews the research progress of phytosterols as a molecular regulator of cholesterol and the mechanism of action for this pharmacological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
| | - Yan Xin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuqian Mo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Pavel Marozik
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Taiping He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-759-2388-523 (T.H.); +86-769-2289-6576 (H.G.)
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-759-2388-523 (T.H.); +86-769-2289-6576 (H.G.)
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8
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Limonova AS, Ershova AI, Meshkov AN, Kiseleva AV, Divashuk MG, Kurkina MV, Drapkina OM. Case Report: Next Generation Sequencing in Clinical Practice–A Real Tool for Ending the Protracted Diagnostic Odyssey. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:778961. [PMID: 35096999 PMCID: PMC8792487 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.778961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported a case of sitosterolemia, which is a rare genetic disease, characterized by increased plant sterol absorption and great heterogeneity of clinical manifestations. Our patient was initially referred to the lipid clinic due to high cholesterol levels and premature cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia was established in accordance with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. Next-generation sequencing was later performed, which revealed a nonsense mutation in the ABCG8 gene, which led to the diagnosis of sitosterolemia. The aim of our report is to demonstrate, how genetic testing helped to make the correct diagnosis and to explain many of the patient's health problems, which etiology remained unclear for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena S. Limonova
- Laboratory of Clinomics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alena S. Limonova
| | - Alexandra I. Ershova
- Laboratory of Clinomics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey N. Meshkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kiseleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail G. Divashuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Genomics Center-ARRIAB, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Kurkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Medical Genetic Scientific Center Named After Academician N.P. Bochkova”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana M. Drapkina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Pinzon Grimaldos A, Bini S, Pacella I, Rossi A, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, D’Erasmo L, Arca M, Piconese S. The role of lipid metabolism in shaping the expansion and the function of regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 208:181-192. [PMID: 35020862 PMCID: PMC9188345 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation, defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation, is implicated in numerous metabolic diseases. In recent years, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as key controllers of metabolic inflammation has emerged, but our comprehension on how different metabolic pathways influence Treg functions needs a deeper understanding. Here we focus on how circulating and intracellular lipid metabolism, in particular cholesterol metabolism, regulates Treg homeostasis, expansion, and functions. Cholesterol is carried through the bloodstream by circulating lipoproteins (chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins). Tregs are equipped with a wide array of metabolic sensors able to perceive and respond to changes in the lipid environment through the activation of different intracellular pathways thus conferring to these cells a crucial metabolic and functional plasticity. Nevertheless, altered cholesterol transport, as observed in genetic dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis, impairs Treg proliferation and function through defective cellular metabolism. The intracellular pathway devoted to the cholesterol synthesis is the mevalonate pathway and several studies have shown that this pathway is essential for Treg stability and suppressive activity. High cholesterol concentrations in the extracellular environment may induce massive accumulation of cholesterol inside the cell thus impairing nutrients sensors and inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of circulating and cellular cholesterol metabolism in the regulation of Treg metabolism and functions. In particular, we will discuss how different pathological conditions affecting cholesterol transport may affect cellular metabolism in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Minicocci
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D’Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Correspondence: Silvia Piconese, Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Leng Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Zhuang Q, Lu Y. Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases 1/3: The Potential Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762334. [PMID: 34867386 PMCID: PMC8637748 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor interacting protein kinases 1/3 (RIPK1/3) have emerged as the key mediators in cell death pathways and inflammatory signaling, whose ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and inhibition could regulate the necroptosis and apoptosis effectually. Recently, more and more studies show great interest in the mechanisms and the regulator of RIPK1/3-mediated inflammatory response and in the physiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The crosstalk of autophagy and necroptosis in cardiomyocyte death is a nonnegligible conversation of cell death. We elaborated on RIPK1/3-mediated necroptosis, pathways involved, the latest regulatory molecules and therapeutic targets in terms of ischemia reperfusion, myocardial remodeling, myocarditis, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and cardiovascular transplantation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Leng
- Clinical Research Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Zhuang
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Clinical Research Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Elevated blood cholesterol levels are not only the major but also the best modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Lifestyle modifications which include a healthy diet are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy. So-called functional foods supplemented with plant sterols lower blood cholesterol levels by about 10–15%. Recent Findings In the recent revision of the ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guideline 2019, plant sterols are recommended for the first time as an adjunct to lifestyle modification to lower blood cholesterol levels. However, the German Cardiac Society (DGK) is more critical of food supplementation with plant sterols and calls for randomized controlled trials investigating hard cardiovascular outcomes. An increasing body of evidence suggests that plant sterols per se are atherogenic. Summary This review discusses this controversy based on findings from in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical trials, and genetic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umidakhon Makhmudova
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - P. Christian Schulze
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für klinische Chemie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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12
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Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Alexandersson KF, Tragante V, Thorsteinsdottir M, Eiriksson FF, Gretarsdottir S, Björnsson E, Magnusson O, Sveinbjornsson G, Jonsdottir I, Steinthorsdottir V, Ferkingstad E, Jensson BÖ, Stefansson H, Olafsson I, Christensen AH, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L, Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Sørensen E, Brunak S, Banasik K, Hansen TF, Nyegaard M, Eyjolfssson GI, Sigurdardottir O, Thorarinsson BL, Matthiasson SE, Steingrimsdottir T, Bjornsson ES, Danielsen R, Asselbergs FW, Arnar DO, Ullum H, Bundgaard H, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Holm H, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. Genetic variability in the absorption of dietary sterols affects the risk of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2618-2628. [PMID: 32702746 PMCID: PMC7377579 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore whether variability in dietary cholesterol and phytosterol absorption impacts the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) using as instruments sequence variants in the ABCG5/8 genes, key regulators of intestinal absorption of dietary sterols. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of ABCG5/8 variants on non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol (N up to 610 532) and phytosterol levels (N = 3039) and the risk of CAD in Iceland, Denmark, and the UK Biobank (105 490 cases and 844 025 controls). We used genetic scores for non-HDL cholesterol to determine whether ABCG5/8 variants confer greater risk of CAD than predicted by their effect on non-HDL cholesterol. We identified nine rare ABCG5/8 coding variants with substantial impact on non-HDL cholesterol. Carriers have elevated phytosterol levels and are at increased risk of CAD. Consistent with impact on ABCG5/8 transporter function in hepatocytes, eight rare ABCG5/8 variants associate with gallstones. A genetic score of ABCG5/8 variants predicting 1 mmol/L increase in non-HDL cholesterol associates with two-fold increase in CAD risk [odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75-2.31, P = 9.8 × 10-23] compared with a 54% increase in CAD risk (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.49-1.59, P = 1.1 × 10-154) associated with a score of other non-HDL cholesterol variants predicting the same increase in non-HDL cholesterol (P for difference in effects = 2.4 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in cholesterol absorption affects levels of circulating non-HDL cholesterol and risk of CAD. Our results indicate that both dietary cholesterol and phytosterols contribute directly to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helgadottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Vinicius Tragante
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Margret Thorsteinsdottir
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Eythór Björnsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur Magnusson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Egil Ferkingstad
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali -National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alex H Christensen
- Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 1, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- The Capital Region's Unit of Inherited Cardiac Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Ringstedgade 61, 4700 Næstved, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup, Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.,Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Boserupvej 2, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Olof Sigurdardottir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Akureyri Hospital, Eyrarlandsvegur, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Bjorn L Thorarinsson
- Department of Neurology, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Thora Steingrimsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali - National University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar S Bjornsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ragnar Danielsen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- The Capital Region's Unit of Inherited Cardiac Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Dunhagi, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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13
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Takayasu BS, Martins IR, Garnique AM, Miyamoto S, Machado-Santelli GM, Uemi M, Onuki J. Biological effects of an oxyphytosterol generated by β-Sitosterol ozonization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Kloska A, Węsierska M, Malinowska M, Gabig-Cimińska M, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J. Lipophagy and Lipolysis Status in Lipid Storage and Lipid Metabolism Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6113. [PMID: 32854299 PMCID: PMC7504288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses how lipophagy and cytosolic lipolysis degrade cellular lipids, as well as how these pathway ys communicate, how they affect lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in cells and how their dysfunction affects the pathogenesis of lipid storage and lipid metabolism diseases. Answers to these questions will likely uncover novel strategies for the treatment of aforementioned human diseases, but, above all, will avoid destructive effects of high concentrations of lipids-referred to as lipotoxicity-resulting in cellular dysfunction and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Węsierska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcelina Malinowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.W.); (M.M.)
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15
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Robinson N, Ganesan R, Hegedűs C, Kovács K, Kufer TA, Virág L. Programmed necrotic cell death of macrophages: Focus on pyroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101239. [PMID: 31212216 PMCID: PMC6582207 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic cells of the innate immune system. Macrophages play central roles in immunity against microbes and contribute to a wide array of pathologies. The processes of macrophage activation and their functions have attracted considerable attention from life scientists. Although macrophages are highly resistant to many toxic stimuli, including oxidative stress, macrophage death has been reported in certain diseases, such as viral infections, tuberculosis, atherosclerotic plaque development, inflammation, and sepsis. While most studies on macrophage death focused on apoptosis, a significant body of data indicates that programmed necrotic cell death forms may be equally important modes of macrophage death. Three such regulated necrotic cell death modalities in macrophages contribute to different pathologies, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos. Various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite have been shown to act as triggers, mediators, or modulators in regulated necrotic cell death pathways. Here we discuss recent advances in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos, with a strong focus on the role of redox homeostasis in the regulation of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Robinson
- Inflammation and Human Ailments Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Inflammation and Human Ailments Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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16
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Dumolt JH, Rideout TC. The Lipid-lowering Effects and Associated Mechanisms of Dietary Phytosterol Supplementation. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:5077-5085. [PMID: 28745211 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170725142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) are plant-based structural analogous of mammalian cholesterol that have been shown to lower blood cholesterol concentrations by ~10%, although inter-individual response to PS supplementation due to subject-specific metabolic and genetic factors is evident. Recent work further suggests that PS may act as effective triglyceride (TG)-lowering agents with maximal TG reductions observed in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Although PS have been demonstrated to interfere with cholesterol and perhaps TG absorption within the intestine, they also have the capacity to modulate the expression of lipid regulatory genes through liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in key cholesterol and TG regulating genes, in particular adenosine triphosphate binding cassette G8 (ABCG8) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) have provided insight into the potential of utilizing genomic identifiers as an indicator of PS responsiveness. While PS supplementation is deemed safe, expanding research into the atherogenic potential of oxidized phytosterols (oxyphytosterols) has emerged with their identification in arterial lesions. This review will highlight the lipid-lowering utility and associated mechanisms of PS and discuss novel applications and future research priorities for PS pertaining to in utero PS exposure for long-term cardiovascular disease risk protection and combination therapies with lipidlowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerad H Dumolt
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
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17
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Tao C, Shkumatov AA, Alexander ST, Ason BL, Zhou M. Stigmasterol accumulation causes cardiac injury and promotes mortality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:20. [PMID: 30675518 PMCID: PMC6335236 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is expected to remain the leading cause of death worldwide despite the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors that effectively control cholesterol. Identifying residual risk factors for cardiovascular disease remains an important step for preventing and clinically managing the disease. Here we report cardiac injury and increased mortality occurring despite a 50% reduction in plasma cholesterol in a mouse model of phytosterolemia, a disease characterized by elevated levels of dietary plant sterols in the blood. Our studies show accumulation of stigmasterol, one of phytosterol species, leads to left ventricle dysfunction, cardiac interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration without atherosclerosis, and increased mortality. A pharmacological inhibitor of sterol absorption prevents cardiac fibrogenesis. We propose that the pathological mechanism linking clinical sitosterolemia to the cardiovascular outcomes primarily involves phytosterols-induced cardiac fibrosis rather than cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis. Our studies suggest stigmasterol is a potent and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Artem A. Shkumatov
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shawn T. Alexander
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Brandon L. Ason
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
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18
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Kashyap S, Kumar S, Agarwal V, Misra DP, Phadke SR, Kapoor A. Protein protein interaction network analysis of differentially expressed genes to understand involved biological processes in coronary artery disease and its different severity. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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19
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Vascular peroxide 1 promotes ox-LDL-induced programmed necrosis in endothelial cells through a mechanism involving β-catenin signaling. Atherosclerosis 2018; 274:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Type D personality and coronary atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability: The potential mediating effect of health behavior. J Psychosom Res 2018; 108:54-60. [PMID: 29602326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between type D personality and coronary plaque vulnerability has been suggested. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential mediating effects of health behavior on the association between type D personality and plaque vulnerability in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. METHODS A total of 319 CAD patients were assessed for type D personality and health behavior via self-administered questionnaires. The plaque vulnerability, evaluated according to characteristics, accompaniment, and outcomes of plaque, was assessed by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS Regression analysis showed that type D personality was independently associated with lipid plaque (odds ratio [OR] = 2.387, p = 0.001), thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) (OR = 2.366, p = 0.001), rupture (OR = 2.153, p = 0.002), and lipid arc (β = -0.291, p < 0.001). Mediation analyses showed that aspects of health behavior were significant mediators of the relationship between type D personality and plaque vulnerability. Psychological stress mediated the relationship between type D and lipid plaque (p = 0.030), TCFA (p = 0.034), and rupture (p = 0.013). Living habits significantly mediated the relationship between type D and lipid plaque (p = 0.028), TCFA (p = 0.036), but not rupture (p = 0.066). Participating in activities was not a significant mediator of the relationship between type D personality and lipid plaque (p = 0.115), TCFA (p = 0.115), or rupture (p = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS Health behaviors (psychological stress and living habits) may be mediators of the association between type D personality and plaque vulnerability.
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21
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Role of autophagy in advanced atherosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2903-2908. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Yamamoto T, Matsuda J, Dateki S, Ouchi K, Fujimoto W. Numerous intertriginous xanthomas in infant: A diagnostic clue for sitosterolemia. J Dermatol 2016; 43:1340-1344. [PMID: 27401767 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a very rare autosomal recessive lipoprotein metabolic disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in one of the two adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter genes, ABCG5 and ABCG8. Sitosterolemia is clinically characterized by xanthomas and atherosclerosis, arthritis, fever, hemolysis and macrothrombocytopenia even in early childhood. We described a 16-month-old girl, who had numerous yellowish-brown intertriginous xanthomas along the skin creases on the extremities with severe hypercholesterolemia and elevated plant sterol levels. Histopathologically, xanthoma showed aggregation of foam cells in the dermis with a zone of mucin deposits in the dermal papilla. Electron microscopy showed numerous membrane-bound lipid droplets and multivesicular lipid bodies in the foam cells, a round cell containing lipid droplets in the basal cell layer and abundant mucin deposits just beneath the basal lamina. Diagnosis of sitosterolemia was confirmed by DNA sequencing showing compound heterozygosity for previously reported missense mutations in exon 9 of ABCG5. Infants presenting with multiple xanthomas should be investigated for sitosterolemia, if there is no family history of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Sumito Dateki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Ouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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23
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Wohlschlaeger J, Bertram S, Theegarten D, Hager T, Baba HA. [Coronary atherosclerosis and progression to unstable plaques : Histomorphological and molecular aspects]. Herz 2016. [PMID: 26216542 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-015-4341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis causes clinical symptoms through luminal narrowing by stenosis or by precipitating thrombi that obstruct blood flow to the myocardium (coronary artery disease), central nervous system (ischemic stroke) or lower extremities (peripheral vascular disease). The most common of these manifestations of atherosclerosis is coronary artery disease, clinically presenting as either stable angina or acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerosis is a mainly lipoprotein-driven disease, which is associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques at specific sites of the vascular system through inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis and calcification. In most cases, plaque rupture of a so-called thin-cap fibroatheroma leads to contact of the necrotic core material of the underlying atherosclerotic plaque with blood, resulting in the formation of a thrombus with acute occlusion of the affected (coronary) artery. The atherosclerotic lesions that can cause acute coronary syndromes by formation of a thrombotic occlusion encompass (1) thin-cap fibroatheroma, (2) plaque erosion and (3) so-called calcified nodules in calcified and tortuous arteries of aged individuals. The underlying pathomechanisms remain incompletely understood so far. In this review, the mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque initiation and progression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland.
- Institut für Pathologie, Evang.-luth. Diakonissenanstalt zu Flensburg, Flensburg, Deutschland.
| | - S Bertram
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - D Theegarten
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - T Hager
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - H A Baba
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
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Yoo EG. Sitosterolemia: a review and update of pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and management. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:7-14. [PMID: 27104173 PMCID: PMC4835564 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increased plant sterol levels, xanthomas, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Although it was originally reported in patients with normolipemic xanthomas, severe hypercholesterolemia have been reported in patients with sitosterolemia, especially in children. Sitosterolemia is caused by increased intestinal absorption and decreased biliary excretion of sterols resulting from biallelic mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8, which encode the sterol efflux transporter ABCG5 and ABCG8. Patients with sitosterolemia show extreme phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from almost asymptomatic individuals to those with severe hypercholesterolemia leading to accelerated atherosclerosis and premature cardiac death. Hematologic manifestations include hemolytic anemia with stomatocytosis, macrothrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and abnormal bleeding. The mainstay of therapy includes dietary restriction of both cholesterol and plant sterols and the sterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe. Foods rich in plant sterols include vegetable oils, wheat germs, nuts, seeds, avocado, shortening, margarine and chocolate. Hypercholesterolemia in patients with sitosterolemia is dramatically responsive to low cholesterol diet and bile acid sequestrants. Plant sterol assay should be performed in patients with normocholesterolemic xanthomas, hypercholesterolemia with unexpectedly good response to dietary modifications or to cholesterol absorption inhibitors, or hypercholesterolemia with poor response to statins, or those with unexplained hemolytic anemia and macrothrombocytopenia. Because prognosis can be improved by proper management, it is important to find these patients out and diagnose correctly. This review article aimed to summarize recent publications on sitosterolemia, and to suggest clinical indications for plant sterol assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyong Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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Ensembling and filtering: an effective and rapid in silico multitarget drug-design strategy to identify RIPK1 and RIPK3 inhibitors. J Mol Model 2015; 21:314. [PMID: 26589407 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a programmed necrosis pathway, is witnessed in diverse human diseases and is primarily regulated by receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3. Ablation or inhibition of these individual proteins, or both, has been shown to be protective in various in vitro and in vivo disease models involving necroptosis. In this study, we propose an effective and rapid virtual screening strategy to identify multitarget inhibitors of both RIPK1 and RIPK3. It involves ensemble pharmacophore-based screening (EPS) of a compound database, post-EPS filtration (PEPSF) of the ligand hits, and multiple dockings. Structurally diverse inhibitors were identified through ensemble pharmacophore features, and the speed of this process was enhanced by filtering out the compounds containing cross-features. The stability of these inhibitors with both of the proteins was verified by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Graphical Abstract A generalized workflow employed in this study. Subsequent utilization of EPS and PEPSF might lead to reduced computational time and load.
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Liu H, Cao Y, Tong T, Shi J, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu C. Autophagy in atherosclerosis: a phenomenon found in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:69-74. [PMID: 25563316 PMCID: PMC4837822 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.147815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy has been found to be involved in animal and cell models of atherosclerosis, but to date, it lacks general observation in human atherosclerotic plaques. Here, we investigated autophagy in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analysis. Methods: The histopathologic morphology of these plaques was observed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. The ultrastructural morphology of the SMCs, ECs, and macrophages in these plaques was observed via TEM. The localization of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1-LC3), a relatively special maker of autophagy, in plaques was observed by double fluorescent immunochemistry and western blotting. Results: All of these human atherosclerotic plaques were considered advanced and unstable in histologically observation. By double fluorescent immunochemistry, the expression of LC3-II increased in the SMCs of the fibrous cap, the macrophages, and the microvascular ECs of the plaque shoulders. The protein level of LC3-II by western blotting significantly increased in plaques compared with normal controls. In addition, TEM observation of plaques revealed certain features of autophagy in SMCs, ECs, and macrophages including the formation of myelin figures, vacuolization, and the accumulation of inclusions in the cytosol. These results indicate that autophagy is activated in SMCs, ECs, and macrophages in human advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Conclusions: Our study is to demonstrate the existence of autophagy in human atherosclerotic plaques by different methods, which may contribute to the development of pharmacological approaches to stabilize vulnerable and rupture-prone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Zhang YY, Liu H. Connections between various trigger factors and the RIP1/ RIP3 signaling pathway involved in necroptosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:7069-74. [PMID: 24460252 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a basic cellular process that is critical to maintaining tissue homeostasis. In contrast to apoptosis, necrosis was previously regarded as an unregulated and uncontrollable process. However, as research has progressed, necrosis, also known as necroptosis or programmed necrosis, is drawing increasing attention, not least becasu of its possible impications for cancer research. Necroptosis exhibits a unique signaling pathway that requires the involvement of receptor interaction protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3), mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) and can be specifically inhibited by necrostatins. Not only does necroptosis serve as a backup cell death program when apoptosis is inhibited, but it is now recognized to play a pivotal role in regulating various physiological processes and the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases such as ischemic brain injury, immune system disorders and cancer. The control of necroptosis by various defined trigger factors and signaling pathways now offers the opportunity to target this cellular process for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this paper is to review current findings concerning the connections between various trigger factors and the RIP1/RIP3 signaling pathway as it relates to necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China E-mail :
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Naruse R, Hori KI, Terasawa T, Hara K, Suetsugu M, Takebayashi K, Morita K, Aso Y, Inukai T. Alterations of plant sterols, lathosterol, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after the combination therapy of ezetimibe and statin drugs in type 2 diabetic patients. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 9:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sukwan C, Wray S, Kupittayanant S. The effects of Ginseng Java root extract on uterine contractility in nonpregnant rats. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12230. [PMID: 25472610 PMCID: PMC4332211 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng Java or Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Geartn has long been used in herbal recipes because of its various therapeutic properties. Ginseng Java is believed to be beneficial to the female reproductive system by inducing lactation and restoring uterine functions after the postpartum period. There are, however, no scientific data on verifying the effects on the uterus to support its therapeutic relevance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Ginseng Java root extract and its possible mechanism(s) of action on uterine contractility. Female virgin rats were humanely killed by CO2 asphyxia and uteri removed. Isometric force was measured in strips of longitudinal myometrium. The effects of Ginseng Java root extract at its IC50 concentration (0.23 mg/mL) on spontaneous, oxytocin‐induced (10 nmol/L), and depolarized (KCl 40 mmol/L) contraction were investigated. After establishing regular phasic contractions, the application of Java root extract significantly inhibited spontaneous uterine contractility (n =5). The extract also significantly inhibited the contraction induced by high KCl solution (n =5) and oxytocin (n =5). The extract also inhibited oxytocin‐induced contraction in the absence of external Ca entry (n =7) and the tonic force induced by oxytocin in the presence of high KCl solution. Taken together, the data demonstrate a potent and consistent ability of extract from Ginseng Java root to reduce myometrial contractility. The tocolytic effects were demonstrated on both spontaneous and agonist‐induced contractions. The fact that force was inhibited in depolarized conditions suggests that the possible mechanisms may be blockade of Ca influx via L‐type Ca channels. The data in Ca‐free solutions suggest that the extract also reduces IP3‐induced Ca release from the internal store. These tocolytic effects do not support the use of ginseng to help with postpartum contractility, but instead suggest it may be helpful in reducing inappropriate uterine contractions, such as in threatened preterm delivery. The data demonstrate a potent and consistent ability of extract from Ginseng Java root to reduce myometrial contractility. The tocolytic effects were demonstrated on both spontaneous and agonist‐induced contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catthareeya Sukwan
- Agricultural Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Susan Wray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Sajeera Kupittayanant
- School of Physiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Fayaz SM, Rajanikant GK. Ensemble pharmacophore meets ensemble docking: a novel screening strategy for the identification of RIPK1 inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:779-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Baker B, Maitra U, Geng S, Li L. Molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for cellular stress and low-grade inflammation induced by a super-low dose of endotoxin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16262-9. [PMID: 24759105 PMCID: PMC4047395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-low-dose endotoxemia in experimental animals and humans is linked to low-grade chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of a super-low dose of LPS on low-grade inflammation in macrophages as well as underlying mechanisms. We observed that a super-low dose of LPS induces mitochondrial fission and cell necroptosis in primary murine macrophages, dependent upon interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1). Mechanistically, our study reveals that a super-low dose of LPS causes protein ubiquitination and degradation of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), a molecule required for maintaining proper mitochondrial fusion. A super-low dose of LPS also leads to dephosphorylation and activation of Drp1, a molecule responsible for mitochondrial fission and cell necroptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a super-low dose of LPS activates receptor interacting protein 3 kinase (RIP3), a key molecule critical for the assembly of the necrosome complex, the initiation of Drp1 dephosphorylation, and necroptosis. The effects of a super-low dose of LPS are abolished in macrophages harvested from IRAK-1-deficient mice. Taken together, our study identified a novel molecular pathway that leads to cellular stress and necroptosis in macrophages challenged with a super-low dose of endotoxin. This may reconcile low-grade inflammation often associated with low-grade endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Baker
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
| | - Urmila Maitra
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
| | - Shuo Geng
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
| | - Liwu Li
- From the Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0910
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Escolà-Gil JC, Quesada H, Julve J, Martín-Campos JM, Cedó L, Blanco-Vaca F. Sitosterolemia: Diagnosis, Investigation, and Management. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 16:424. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-014-0424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Park JH, Chung IH, Kim DH, Choi MH, Garg A, Yoo EG. Sitosterolemia presenting with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas in a breastfed infant: case report and brief review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1512-8. [PMID: 24423340 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increased intestinal absorption of plant sterols. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G5 (ABCG5) or G8 (ABCG8), and clinical features include elevated plant sterol levels, xanthomas, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Although it was originally reported in patients with normolipemic xanthomas, patients with sitosterolemia also hyperabsorb cholesterol, and serum cholesterol levels tend to be elevated. OBJECTIVE We report an infant with sitosterolemia who presented with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas. CASE REPORT A 15-month-old Korean girl presented with yellow dermal plaques over flexural areas including the wrist, neck, and gluteal folds, which were consistent with intertriginous xanthomas. The lesions were first noticed at 3 months of age when she was being exclusively breastfed. Her total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were 675 and 540 mg/dL, respectively. A low-fat/low-cholesterol diet and cholestyramine therapy were introduced. Unexpectedly, her serum cholesterol level decreased dramatically and normalized in 2 months. Cholestyramine was tapered off. The xanthomas also regressed and disappeared by 3 years of age. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was performed with serum drawn at 3 years of age when her low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was 118 mg/dL, which revealed striking elevation of her sitosterol level at 19.36 mg/dL. Direct sequencing for ABCG5 revealed compound heterozygous null mutations c.904+1G>A (p.Met302Asnfs*82) and c.1336C>T(p.Arg446*). CONCLUSIONS Our case suggests that sitosterolemia can present with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas. Sitosterolemia should be suspected when a patient with hypercholesterolemia shows unexpectedly good response to dietary modification or bile acid sequestrant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Heum Park
- Departments of Pediatrics (J.H.P., I.H.C., E.-G.Y.) and Dermatology (D.H.K.), CHA University, Sungnam 463-712, Korea; Future Convergence Research Division (M.H.C.), Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea; and Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases (A.G.), Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Maeda T, Takeuchi K, Xiaoling P, P Zankov D, Takashima N, Fujiyoshi A, Kadowaki T, Miura K, Ueshima H, Ogita H. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 regulates macrophage apoptosis via the Akt and caspase-7 pathways. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:839-53. [PMID: 24717759 DOI: 10.5551/jat.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Mutations in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) are related to atherosclerosis. However, the molecular effects of Lp-PLA2 on atherosclerosis have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study attempted to elucidate this issue. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from randomly selected healthy male volunteers according to each Lp-PLA2 genotype (wild-type Lp-PLA2 [Lp-PLA2 (V/V)], the heterozygous V279F mutation [LpPLA2 (V/F)] and the homozygous V279F mutation [Lp-PLA2 (F/F)]) and differentiated into macrophages. The level of apoptosis in the macrophages following incubation without serum was measured using the annexin V/propidium iodide double staining method, and the underlying mechanisms were further examined using a culture cell line. RESULTS The average plasma Lp-PLA2 concentration [Lp-PLA2 (V/V): 129.4 ng/mL, Lp-PLA2 (V/F): 70.7 ng/mL, Lp-PLA2 (F/F): 0.4 ng/mL] and activity [Lp-PLA2 (V/V): 164.3 nmol/min/mL, LpPLA2 (V/F): 100.9 nmol/min/mL, Lp-PLA2 (F/F): 11.6 nmol/min/mL] were significantly different between each genotype, although the basic clinical characteristics were similar. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher among the Lp-PLA2 (F/F) macrophages compared with that observed in the Lp-PLA2 (V/V) macrophages. This induction of apoptosis was independent of the actions of acetylated low-density lipoproteins. In addition, the transfection of the expression plasmid of V279F mutant Lp-PLA2 into Cos-7 cells or monocyte/macrophage-like U937 cells promoted apoptosis. The knockdown of Lp-PLA2 also increased the number of apoptotic cells. Among the cells expressing mutant Lp-PLA2, the caspase-7 activity was increased, while the activated Akt level was decreased. CONCLUSIONS The V279F mutation of Lp-PLA2 positively regulates the induction of apoptosis in macrophages and Cos-7 cells. An increase in the caspase-7 activity and a reduction in the activated Akt level are likely to be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinaga Maeda
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science
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Gylling H, Plat J, Turley S, Ginsberg HN, Ellegård L, Jessup W, Jones PJ, Lütjohann D, Maerz W, Masana L, Silbernagel G, Staels B, Borén J, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Deanfield J, Descamps OS, Kovanen PT, Riccardi G, Tokgözoglu L, Chapman MJ. Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2014; 232:346-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Induction of apoptosis and necroptosis by 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is dependent on activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e990. [PMID: 24407243 PMCID: PMC4040651 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which is enzymatically produced in the brain, has an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis. We have previously reported that 24S-OHC induces necroptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which 24S-OHC-induced cell death occurs. We found that lipid droplets formed at the early stages in the treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 24S-OHC. These lipid droplets could be almost completely eliminated by treatment with a specific inhibitor or by siRNA knockdown of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1). In association with disappearance of lipid droplets, cell viability was recovered by treatment with the inhibitor or siRNA for ACAT1. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we confirmed that 24S-OHC-treated cells exhibited accumulation of 24S-OHC esters but not of cholesteryl esters and confirmed that accumulation of 24S-OHC esters was reduced when ACAT1 was inhibited. 24S-OHC induced apoptosis in T-lymphoma Jurkat cells, which endogenously expressed caspase-8, but did not induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, which expressed no caspase-8. In Jurkat cells treated with the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD and in caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cells, 24S-OHC was found to induce caspase-independent cell death, and this was partially but significantly inhibited by Necrostatin-1. Similarly, knockdown of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3, which is one of the essential kinases for necroptosis, significantly suppressed 24S-OHC-induced cell death in Jurkat cells treated with ZVAD. These results suggest that 24S-OHC can induce apoptosis or necroptosis, which of the two is induced being determined by caspase activity. Regardless of the presence or absence of ZVAD, 24S-OHC treatment induced the formation of lipid droplets and cell death in Jurkat cells, and this was suppressed by treatment with ACAT1 inhibitor. Collectively, these results suggest that it is ACAT1-catalyzed 24S-OHC esterification and the resulting lipid droplet formation that is the initial key event which is responsible for 24S-OHC-induced cell death.
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Othman RA, Myrie SB, Jones PJH. Non-cholesterol sterols and cholesterol metabolism in sitosterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:291-9. [PMID: 24267242 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sitosterolemia (STSL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, manifested by extremely elevated plant sterols (PS) in plasma and tissue, leading to xanthoma and premature atherosclerotic disease. Therapeutic approaches include limiting PS intake, interrupting enterohepatic circulation of bile acid using bile acid binding resins such as cholestyramine, and/or ileal bypass, and inhibiting intestinal sterol absorption by ezetimibe (EZE). The objective of this review is to evaluate sterol metabolism in STSL and the impact of the currently available treatments on sterol trafficking in this disease. The role of PS in initiation of xanthomas and premature atherosclerosis is also discussed. Blocking sterols absorption with EZE has revolutionized STSL patient treatment as it reduces circulating levels of non-cholesterol sterols in STSL. However, none of the available treatments including EZE have normalized plasma PS concentrations. Future studies are needed to: (i) explore where cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols accumulate, (ii) assess to what extent these sterols in tissues can be mobilized after blocking their absorption, and (iii) define the factors governing sterol flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rgia A Othman
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Bulgarelli A, Leite ACA, Dias AAM, Maranhão RC. Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Methotrexate Carried by a Lipid Nanoemulsion That Binds to LDL Receptors in Cholesterol-fed Rabbits. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 27:531-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hong SE, Kim EK, Jin HO, Kim HA, Lee JK, Koh JS, Seol H, Kim JI, Park IC, Noh WC. S6K1 inhibition enhances tamoxifen-induced cell death in MCF-7 cells through translational inhibition of Mcl-1 and survivin. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:273-82. [PMID: 23942996 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) was suggested to be a marker for endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. We examined whether tamoxifen's effect can be modulated by S6K1 inhibition. S6K1 inhibition by PF4708671, a selective inhibitor of S6K1, acts synergistically with tamoxifen in S6K1-high MCF-7 cells. Similarly, the knockdown of S6K1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly sensitized MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen. Inhibition of S6K1 by PF4708671 led to a marked decrease in the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and survivin, which was not related to mRNA levels. In addition, suppression of Mcl-1 or survivin, using specific siRNA, further enhanced cell sensitivity to tamoxifen. These results showed that inhibition of S6K1 acts synergistically with tamoxifen, via translational modulation of Mcl-1 and survivin. Based on these findings, we propose that targeting S6K1 may be an effective strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Hong
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea.
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Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Izquierdo MC, Gonzalez-Espinoza L, Ucero AC, Poveda J, Ruiz-Andres O, Ruiz-Ortega M, Selgas R, Egido J, Ortiz A. Macrophages and recently identified forms of cell death. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:9-22. [PMID: 23802146 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.771183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell death biology have uncovered an ever increasing range of cell death forms. Macrophages have a bidirectional relationship with cell death that modulates the immune response. Thus, macrophages engulf apoptotic cells and secrete cytokines that may promote cell death in parenchymal cells. Furthermore, the presence of apoptotic or necrotic dead cells in the microenvironment elicits differential macrophage responses. Apoptotic cells elicit anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages. By contrast macrophages may undergo a proinflammatory form of cell death (pyroptosis) in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from necrotic cells and also in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Pyroptosis is a recently identified form of cell death that occurs predominantly in subsets of inflammatory macrophages and is associated to the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Deregulation of these processes may result in disease. Thus, failure of macrophages to engulf apoptotic cells may be a source of autoantigens in autoimmune diseases, excessive macrophage release of proapoptotic factors or sterile pyroptosis may contribute to tissue injury and failure of pathogen-induced pyroptosis may contribute to pathogen survival. Ongoing research is exploring the therapeutic opportunities resulting this new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Sanz
- 1Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Fundación Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain
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Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F, Ladich E, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression. Heart Lung Circ 2013; 22:399-411. [PMID: 23541627 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture with luminal thrombosis is the most common mechanism responsible for the majority of acute coronary syndromes and sudden coronary death. The precursor lesion of plaque rupture is thought to be a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) or "vulnerable plaque". TCFA is characterised by a necrotic core with an overlying thin fibrous cap (≤65 μm) that is infiltrated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Intraplaque haemorrhage is a major contributor to the enlargement of the necrotic core. Haemorrhage is thought to occur from leaky vasa vasorum that invades the intima from the adventitia as the intima enlarges. The early atherosclerotic plaque progression from pathologic intimal thickening (PIT) to a fibroatheroma is thought to be the result of macrophage infiltration. PIT is characterised by the presence of lipid pools which consist of proteoglycan with lipid insudation. The conversion of the lipid pool to a necrotic core is poorly understood but is thought to occur as a result of macrophage infiltration which releases matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) along with macrophage apoptosis that leads to the formation of a acellular necrotic core. The fibroatheroma has a thick fibrous cap that begins to thin over time through macrophage MMP release and apoptotic death of smooth muscle cells converting the fibroatheroma into a TCFA. Other causes of thrombosis include plaque erosion which is less frequent than plaque rupture but is a common cause of thrombosis in young individuals especially women <50 years of age. The underlying lesion morphology in plaque erosion consists of PIT or a thick cap fibroatheroma. Calcified nodule is the least frequent cause of thrombosis, which occurs in older individuals with heavily calcified and tortious arteries.
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Lin J, Li H, Yang M, Ren J, Huang Z, Han F, Huang J, Ma J, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Wu J, Huang D, Qiao M, Jin G, Wu Q, Huang Y, Du J, Han J. A role of RIP3-mediated macrophage necrosis in atherosclerosis development. Cell Rep 2013; 3:200-10. [PMID: 23333278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic death of macrophages has long been known to be present in atherosclerotic lesions but has not been studied. We examined the role of receptor interacting protein (RIP) 3, a mediator of necrotic cell death, in atherosclerosis and found that RIP3(-/-);Ldlr(-/-) mice were no different from RIP3(+/+);Ldlr(-/-) mice in early atherosclerosis but had significant reduction in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Similar results were observed in Apoe(-/-) background mice. Bone marrow transplantation revealed that loss of RIP3 expression from bone-marrow-derived cells is responsible for the reduced disease progression. While no difference was found in apoptosis between RIP3(-/-);Ldlr(-/-) and RIP3(+/+);Ldlr(-/-) mice, electron microscopy revealed a significant reduction of macrophage primary necrosis in the advanced lesions of RIP3(-/-) mice. In vitro cellular studies showed that RIP3 deletion had no effect on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced macrophage apoptosis, but prevented macrophage primary necrosis occurring in response to oxidized LDL under caspase inhibition or RIP3 overexpression conditions. RIP3-dependent necrosis is not postapoptotic, and the increased primary necrosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions most likely resulted from the increase of RIP3 expression. Our data demonstrate that primary necrosis of macrophages is proatherogenic during advanced atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Su K, Sabeva NS, Liu J, Wang Y, Bhatnagar S, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. The ABCG5 ABCG8 sterol transporter opposes the development of fatty liver disease and loss of glycemic control independently of phytosterol accumulation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28564-75. [PMID: 22715101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.360081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCG5 and ABCG8 form a complex (G5G8) that opposes the absorption of plant sterols but is also expressed in liver where it promotes the excretion of cholesterol into bile. Hepatic G5G8 is transcriptionally regulated by a number of factors implicated in the development of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, we hypothesized that G5G8 may influence the development of diet-induced obesity phenotypes independently of its role in opposing phytosterol absorption. G5G8 knock-out (KO) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates were challenged with a plant sterol-free low fat or high fat (HF) diet. Weight gain and the rise in fasting glucose were accelerated in G5G8 KO mice following HF feeding. HF-fed G5G8 KO mice had increased liver weight, hepatic lipids, and plasma alanine aminotransferase compared with WT controls. Consistent with the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, macrophage infiltration, the number of TUNEL-positive cells, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines were also increased in G5G8 KO mice. Hepatic lipid accumulation was associated with increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ, CD36, and fatty acid uptake. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eiF2α) and expression of activating transcription factor 4 and tribbles 3 were elevated in HF-fed G5G8 KO mice, a pathway that links the unfolded protein response to the development of insulin resistance through inhibition of protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor was reduced, whereas serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 was elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Tristão VR, Gonçalves PF, Dalboni MA, Batista MC, Durão MDS, Monte JCM. Nec-1 protects against nonapoptotic cell death in cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Ren Fail 2012; 34:373-7. [PMID: 22260305 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.647343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) inhibits necroptosis, a nonapoptotic cell death pathway. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical problem of high incidence and mortality. It involves several mechanisms of cell death. We aim to evaluate the effect of Nec-1 in the toxic kidney injury model by cisplatin. METHODS We analyzed the effect of Nec-1 in AKI by cisplatin in human proximal tubule cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results show that Nec-1 has no effect on apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (Nec-1 + Cis group 13.4 ± 1.7% vs. Cis group 14.6 ± 1.4%) (p > 0.05). But, in conditions in which apoptosis was blocked by benzyloxy-carbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (z-VAD-fmk) the use of Nec-1 completely reversed cell viability (Nec-1 + Cis + z-VAD group 72.9 ± 6.3% vs. Cis group 35.5 ± 2.2%) (p < 0.05) suggesting that Nec-1 has effect on nonapoptotic cell death (necroptosis). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the combined use of apoptosis and necroptosis inhibitors can provide additional cytoprotection in AKI. Furthermore, this is the first study to demonstrate that Nec-1 inhibits tubular kidney cell death and restores cell viability via a nonapoptotic mechanism.
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Abstract
Cell death is an integral part of the life of an organism being necessary for the maintenance of organs and tissues. If, however, cell death is allowed to proceed unrestricted, tissue damage and degenerative disease may ensue. Until recently, three morphologically distinct types of cell death were recognized, apoptosis (type I), autophagy (type II) and necrosis (type III). Apoptosis is a highly regulated, genetically determined mechanism designed to dismantle cells systematically (e.g. cells that are no longer functionally viable), via protease (caspase) action, and maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic material, e.g. proteins and organelles, through autophagosome formation and subsequent proteolytic degradation by lysosomes, and is normally considered in the context of survival although it is sometimes associated with cell death. Necrosis was formerly considered to be an accidental, unregulated form of cell death resulting from excessive stress, although it has been suggested that this is an over-simplistic view as necrosis may under certain circumstances involve the mobilization of specific transduction mechanisms. Indeed, recently, an alternative death pathway, termed necroptosis, was delineated and proposed as a form of ‘programmed necrosis’. Identified with the aid of specific inhibitors called necrostatins, necroptosis shares characteristics with both necrosis and apoptosis. Necroptosis involves Fas/tumour necrosis factor-α death domain receptor activation and inhibition of receptor-interacting protein I kinase, and it has been suggested that it may contribute to the development of neurological and myocardial diseases. Significantly, necrostatin-like drugs have been mooted as possible future therapeutic agents for the treatment of degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C T Smith
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
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Nicolaou M, Andress EJ, Zolnerciks JK, Dixon PH, Williamson C, Linton KJ. Canalicular ABC transporters and liver disease. J Pathol 2011; 226:300-15. [DOI: 10.1002/path.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Dunai Z, Bauer PI, Mihalik R. Necroptosis: biochemical, physiological and pathological aspects. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:791-800. [PMID: 21773880 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a key component of tissue homeostasis, normal development and wide variety of diseases. Conventional view refers to programmed cell death form as caspase-mediated apoptosis while necrosis is considered as an accidental and unwanted cell demise, carried out in a non-regulated manner and caused by extreme conditions. However, accumulating evidences indicate that necrotic cell death can also be a regulated process. The term necroptosis has been introduced to describe a cell death receptor-induced, caspase-independent, highly regulated type of programmed cell death process with morphological resemblance of necrosis. Necroptosis recently has been found to contribute to a wide range of pathologic cell death forms including ischemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infection, therefore a better understanding of the necroptotic signaling machinery has clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Dunai
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György street 7-9, Budapest H-1122, Hungary.
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Weingärtner O, Ulrich C, Lütjohann D, Ismail K, Schirmer SH, Vanmierlo T, Böhm M, Laufs U. Differential effects on inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant stanol and plant sterol esters in apoE-/- mice. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:484-92. [PMID: 21257611 PMCID: PMC3096304 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS 'Functional foods' supplemented with plant sterol esters (PSE) and plant stanol esters (PSA) are therapeutic options for the management of hypercholesterolaemia. However, their effects on blood monocytes, endothelial function, atherogenesis, and sterol tissue concentrations are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Male apoE-/- mice (n= 30) were randomized to three different diets for 6 weeks (n= 10 per group): high-cholesterol (1.25%) western-type diet (WTD), WTD + 2% PSE, and WTD + 2% PSA. Both supplements reduced serum cholesterol. WTD + PSE resulted in increased plant sterol serum concentrations and increased inflammatory Ly-6C(high) monocyte numbers. WTD + PSA increased plant stanol serum concentrations and Ly-6C-monocyte numbers, but decreased vascular superoxide release, lipid hydroperoxides, and inflammatory cytokines in aortic tissue, in plasma, and in circulating monocytes. Despite reduced serum cholesterol concentrations, both supplements impaired endothelial vasodilation compared with WTD. WTD + PSA reduced the development of atherosclerotic lesions compared with WTD alone (12.7 ± 3.7 vs. 28.3 ± 3.5%), and WTD + PSE was less effective (17.5 ± 3.7%). WTD + PSE and WTD + PSA reduced the cholesterol content in the liver, but not in the brain. However, WTD + PSE and WTD + PSA increased plant sterol and plant stanol concentrations in the liver as well as in the brain. CONCLUSION PSE and PSA supplementation reduced serum cholesterol, but increased plant sterol and plant stanol concentrations. Elevated levels of PSE and PSA were associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased central nervous system depositions. Atherosclerotic lesion retardation was more pronounced in WTD + PSA, coinciding with higher regenerative monocyte numbers, decreased oxidative stress, and decreased inflammatory cytokines compared with WTD + PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse, Gebäude 40, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Necrotic cell death in atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:749-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yamanaka K, Saito Y, Yamamori T, Urano Y, Noguchi N. 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol induces neuronal cell death through necroptosis, a form of programmed necrosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24666-73. [PMID: 21613228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.236273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) produced by cholesterol 24-hydroxylase expressed mainly in neurons plays an important physiological role in the brain. Conversely, it has been reported that 24S-OHC possesses potent cytotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms of 24S-OHC-induced cell death have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neuronal cells derived from rat embryo, we characterized the form of cell death induced by 24S-OHC. SH-SY5Y cells treated with 24S-OHC exhibited neither fragmentation of the nucleus nor caspase activation, which are the typical characteristics of apoptosis. 24S-OHC-treated cells showed necrosis-like morphological changes but did not induce ATP depletion, one of the features of necrosis. When cells were treated with necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) required for necroptosis, 24S-OHC-induced cell death was significantly suppressed. The knockdown of RIPK1 by transfection of small interfering RNA of RIPK1 effectively attenuated 24S-OHC-induced cell death. It was found that neither SH-SY5Y cells nor primary cortical neuronal cells expressed caspase-8, which was regulated for RIPK1-dependent apoptosis. Collectively, these results suggest that 24S-OHC induces neuronal cell death by necroptosis, a form of programmed necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamanaka
- Systems Life Sciences, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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