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Shimada H, Powell TL, Jansson T. Regulation of placental amino acid transport in health and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14157. [PMID: 38711335 PMCID: PMC11162343 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal fetal growth, i.e., intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or fetal growth restriction (FGR) and fetal overgrowth, is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality and is strongly linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in childhood and later in life. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in placental amino acid transport may contribute to abnormal fetal growth. This review is focused on amino acid transport in the human placenta, however, relevant animal models will be discussed to add mechanistic insights. At least 25 distinct amino acid transporters with different characteristics and substrate preferences have been identified in the human placenta. Of these, System A, transporting neutral nonessential amino acids, and System L, mediating the transport of essential amino acids, have been studied in some detail. Importantly, decreased placental Systems A and L transporter activity is strongly associated with IUGR and increased placental activity of these two amino acid transporters has been linked to fetal overgrowth in human pregnancy. An array of factors in the maternal circulation, including insulin, IGF-1, and adiponectin, and placental signaling pathways such as mTOR, have been identified as key regulators of placental Systems A and L. Studies using trophoblast-specific gene targeting in mice have provided compelling evidence that changes in placental Systems A and L are mechanistically linked to altered fetal growth. It is possible that targeting specific placental amino acid transporters or their upstream regulators represents a novel intervention to alleviate the short- and long-term consequences of abnormal fetal growth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
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2
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Paroha R, Wang J, Lee S. PDCD4 as a marker of mTOR pathway activation and therapeutic target in mycobacterial infections. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0006224. [PMID: 38912807 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00062-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) is instrumental in regulating a range of cellular processes such as translation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and inflammatory responses. There is a notable inverse correlation between PDCD4 and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is integral to cellular growth control. Activation of mTOR is associated with the degradation of PDCD4. Although the role of PDCD4 is well established in oncogenesis and immune response regulation, its function in mycobacterial infections and its interplay with the mTOR pathway necessitate further elucidation. This study investigates the modulation of PDCD4 expression in the context of mycobacterial infections, revealing a consistent pattern of downregulation across diverse mycobacterial species. This observation underscores the potential utility of PDCD4 as a biomarker for assessing mTOR pathway activation during such infections. Building on this finding, we employed a novel approach using PDCD4-based mTOR (Tor)-signal-indicator (TOSI) reporter cells for the high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs, focusing on mTOR inhibitors. This methodology facilitated the identification of several agents, inclusive of known mTOR inhibitors, which upregulated PDCD4 expression and concurrently exhibited efficacy in impeding mycobacterial proliferation within macrophages. These results not only reinforce the significance of PDCD4 as a pivotal marker in the understanding of infectious diseases, particularly mycobacterial infections, but also illuminate its potential in the identification of mTOR inhibitors, thereby contributing to the advancement of therapeutic strategies. IMPORTANCE This study emphasizes the critical role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in macrophage responses to mycobacterial infections, elucidating how mycobacteria activate mTOR, resulting in PDCD4 degradation. The utilization of the (Tor)-signal-indicator (TOSI) vector for real-time monitoring of mTOR activity represents a significant advancement in understanding mTOR regulation during mycobacterial infection. These findings deepen our comprehension of mycobacteria's innate immune mechanisms and introduce PDCD4 as a novel marker for mTOR activity in infectious diseases. Importantly, this research laid the groundwork for high-throughput screening of mTOR inhibitors using FDA-approved drugs, offering the potential for repurposing treatments against mycobacterial infections. The identification of drugs that inhibit mTOR activation opens new avenues for host-directed therapies, marking a significant step forward in combating tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Paroha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Alsabaani NA, Amawi K, Eleawa SM, Nabeel Ibrahim W, Aldhaban W, Alaraj AM, Alkhalaf B, Sami W, Alshaikhli H, Alkhateeb MA. Nrf-2-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects underlie the protective effect of esculeoside A against retinal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116461. [PMID: 38503237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Esculeoside A (ESA) is a tomato-derived glycoside with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The protective effect of ESA against diabetic retinopathy is not well-investigated and was the core objective of this study. In addition, we tested if such protection involves the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was induced in adult Wistar male rats by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Non-diabetic and T1DM rats were divided into two subgroup groups given either the vehicle or ESA (100 mg)/kg. An additional T1DM group was given ESA (100 mg/kg) and an Nrf2 inhibitor (2 mg/kg) (n=8 rats/group). Treatments continued for 12 weeks. In this study, according to the histological features, ESA improved the structure of ganglionic cells and increased the number of cells of the inner nuclear and plexiform layers in the retinas of T1DM rats. Concomitantly, it reduced the retina levels of malondialdehyde (lipid peroxides), vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, Bax, and caspase-3. In the retinas of the control and diabetic rats, ESA boosted the levels of total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, heme-oxygenase-1, and Bcl2, reduced the mRNA levels of REDD1, and enhanced cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of Nrf2. However, ESA failed to alter the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and keap1, protein levels of keap1, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL-c in both the control and T1DM rats. In conclusion, ESA alleviates retinopathy in T1DM rats by suppressing REDD1-associated degradation and inhibiting the Nrf2/antioxidant axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Alsabaani
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O.Box 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kawther Amawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Al-Zarqa, P.O. Box: 132222, Jordan.
| | - Samy M Eleawa
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences. College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Kuwait P.O. Box: 2378, Kuwait.
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU health, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Walid Aldhaban
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O.Box 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Alaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim P.O. Box 52751, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Badr Alkhalaf
- Department of Environmental Sciences. College of Health Health Sciences, PAAET, Kuwait.
| | - Waqas Sami
- Department of pre-clinical affairs, College of Nursing, QU health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Hisham Alshaikhli
- Department of pre-clinical affairs, College of Nursing, QU health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Mahmoud A Alkhateeb
- Department of pre-clinical affairs, College of Nursing, QU health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
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4
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Larson KR, Jayakrishnan D, Soto Sauza KA, Goodson ML, Chaffin AT, Davidyan A, Pathak S, Fang Y, Gonzalez Magaña D, Miller BF, Ryan KK. FGF21 Induces Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Increases Amino Acids in Female Mice: A Potential Role for Glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae004. [PMID: 38244215 PMCID: PMC10849119 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is an intercellular signaling molecule secreted by metabolic organs, including skeletal muscle, in response to intracellular stress. FGF21 crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts via the nervous system to coordinate aspects of the adaptive starvation response, including increased lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Given its beneficial effects for hepatic lipid metabolism, pharmaceutical FGF21 analogues are used in clinical trials treatment of fatty liver disease. We predicted pharmacologic treatment with FGF21 increases HPA axis activity and skeletal muscle glucocorticoid signaling and induces skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Here we found a short course of systemic FGF21 treatment decreased muscle protein synthesis and reduced tibialis anterior weight; this was driven primarily by its effect in female mice. Similarly, intracerebroventricular FGF21 reduced tibialis anterior muscle fiber cross-sectional area; this was more apparent among female mice than male littermates. In agreement with the reduced muscle mass, the topmost enriched metabolic pathways in plasma collected from FGF21-treated females were related to amino acid metabolism, and the relative abundance of plasma proteinogenic amino acids was increased up to 3-fold. FGF21 treatment increased hypothalamic Crh mRNA, plasma corticosterone, and adrenal weight, and increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor target genes known to reduce muscle protein synthesis and/or promote degradation. Given the proposed use of FGF21 analogues for the treatment of metabolic disease, the study is both physiologically relevant and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlton R Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Devi Jayakrishnan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karla A Soto Sauza
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aki T Chaffin
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arik Davidyan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Suraj Pathak
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanbin Fang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diego Gonzalez Magaña
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Kim NH, Lee JY, Kim CY. Protective Role of Ethanol Extract of Cibotium barometz (Cibotium Rhizome) against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Myotubes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14798. [PMID: 37834245 PMCID: PMC10573348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive muscle disease characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, function, and physical performance. Since the disease code was assigned, attention has been focused on natural products that can protect against muscle atrophy. Cibotium barometz (Cibotium Rhizome) has been used as an herbal medicine for the treatment of bone or joint diseases in Asian countries. However, no studies have identified the mechanism of action of Cibotium Rhizome on muscle atrophy related to sarcopenia at the site of myotubes. The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement effect of the ethanol extract of Cibotium Rhizome (ECR) on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in an in vitro cell model, i.e., the C2C12 myotubes. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to examine the phytochemicals in ECR. Seven peaks in the ECR were identified, corresponding to the following compounds: protocatechuic acid, (+)-catechin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. In atrophy-like conditions induced by 100 μM dexamethasone for 24 h in C2C12, ECR increased the expression of the myosin heavy chain, p-Akt, the p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-p70S6K, and repressed the expression of regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1), kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF 15), muscle atrophy F-box, and muscle-specific RING finger protein-1 in C2C12. In addition, ECR alleviated dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by repressing REDD1 and KLF15 transcription in C2C12 myotubes, indicating the need for further studies to provide a scientific basis for the development of useful therapeutic agents using ECR to alleviate the effects of skeletal muscle atrophy or sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Hyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (N.-H.K.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (N.-H.K.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (N.-H.K.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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6
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Adam L, Stanifer M, Springer F, Mathony J, Brune M, Di Ponzio C, Eils R, Boulant S, Niopek D, Kallenberger SM. Transcriptomics-inferred dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with host epithelial cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabl8266. [PMID: 37751479 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl8266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Virus-host interactions can reveal potentially effective and selective therapeutic targets for treating infection. Here, we performed an integrated analysis of the dynamics of virus replication and the host cell transcriptional response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using human Caco-2 colon cancer cells as a model. Time-resolved RNA sequencing revealed that, upon infection, cells immediately transcriptionally activated genes associated with inflammatory pathways that mediate the antiviral response, which was followed by an increase in the expression of genes involved in ribosome and mitochondria function, thus suggesting rapid alterations in protein production and cellular energy supply. At later stages, between 24 and 48 hours after infection, the expression of genes involved in metabolic processes-in particular, those related to xenobiotic metabolism-was decreased. Mathematical modeling incorporating SARS-CoV-2 replication suggested that SARS-CoV-2 proteins inhibited the host antiviral response and that virus transcripts exceeded the translation capacity of the host cells. Targeting kinase-dependent pathways that exhibited increases in transcription in host cells was as effective as a virus-targeted inhibitor at repressing viral replication. Our findings in this model system delineate a sequence of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interactions that may facilitate the identification of druggable host pathways to suppress infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Adam
- Health Data Science Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Fabian Springer
- Health Data Science Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jan Mathony
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- BZH Graduate School, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Maik Brune
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism, and Clinical Chemistry, Central Laboratory, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Chiara Di Ponzio
- Health Data Science Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Health Data Science Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dominik Niopek
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan M Kallenberger
- Health Data Science Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics (G200), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Chen YT, Li J, Chang JN, Luo YC, Yu W, Chen LC, Yang JM. Transcriptomic analysis of World Trade Center particulate Matter-induced pulmonary inflammation and drug treatments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108027. [PMID: 37321070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over 400,000 people are estimated to have been exposed to World Trade Center particulate matter (WTCPM) since the attack on the Twin Towers in Lower Manhattan on September 11, 2001. Epidemiological studies have found that exposure to dust may cause respiratory ailments and cardiovascular diseases. However, limited studies have performed a systematic analysis of transcriptomic data to elucidate the biological responses to WTCPM exposure and the therapeutic options. Here, we developed an in vivo mouse exposure model of WTCPM and administered two drugs (i.e., rosoxacin and dexamethasone) to generate transcriptomic data from lung samples. WTCPM exposure increased the inflammation index, and this index was significantly reduced by both drugs. We analyzed the transcriptomics derived omics data using a hierarchical systems biology model (HiSBiM) with four levels, including system, subsystem, pathway, and gene analyses. Based on the selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from each group, WTCPM and the two drugs commonly affected the inflammatory responses, consistent with the inflammation index. Among these DEGs, the expression of 31 genes was affected by WTCPM exposure and consistently reversed by the two drugs, and these genes included Psme2, Cldn18, and Prkcd, which are involved in immune- and endocrine-related subsystems and pathways such as thyroid hormone synthesis, antigen processing and presentation, and leukocyte transendothelial migration. Furthermore, the two drugs reduced the inflammatory effects of WTCPM through distinct pathways, e.g., vascular-associated signaling by rosoxacin, whereas mTOR-dependent inflammatory signaling was found to be regulated by dexamethasone. To the best of our knowledge, this study constitutes the first investigation of transcriptomics data of WTCPM and an exploration of potential therapies. We believe that these findings provide strategies for the development of promising optional interventions and therapies for airborne particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ti Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jen-Ning Chang
- Degree Program of Applied Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wuyue Yu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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8
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Jun L, Robinson M, Geetha T, Broderick TL, Babu JR. Prevalence and Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Metabolic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032973. [PMID: 36769296 PMCID: PMC9917738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is prevalent in a myriad of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, denervation, long-term immobility, malnutrition, sarcopenia, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and cachexia. This is a critically important topic that has significance in the health of the current society, particularly older adults. The most damaging effect of muscle atrophy is the decreased quality of life from functional disability, increased risk of fractures, decreased basal metabolic rate, and reduced bone mineral density. Most skeletal muscle in humans contains slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic muscle fiber types. Depending on the pathological condition, either oxidative or glycolytic muscle type may be affected to a greater extent. This review article discusses the prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy and several mechanisms, with an emphasis on high-fat, high-sugar diet patterns, obesity, and diabetes, but including other conditions such as sarcopenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer cachexia, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tom L. Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-223-844-3840
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9
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Suvorov A. Modalities of aging in organisms with different strategies of resource allocation. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101770. [PMID: 36330930 PMCID: PMC10435286 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although the progress of aging research relies heavily on a theoretical framework, today there is no consensus on many critical questions in aging biology. I hypothesize that a systematic analysis of the intersection of different evolutionary mechanisms of aging with diverse resource allocation strategies in different organisms may reconcile aging hypotheses. The application of disposable soma, mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and life-history theory is considered across organisms with asexual reproduction, organisms with sexual reproduction and indeterminate growth in different conditions of extrinsic mortality, and organisms with determinate growth, with endotherms/homeotherms as a subgroup. This review demonstrates that different aging mechanisms are complementary to each other, and in organisms with different resource allocation strategies they form aging modalities ranging from immortality to suicidal programs. It also revamps the role of growth arrest in aging. Growth arrest evolved in many different groups of organisms as a result of resource reallocation from growth to reproduction (e.g., semelparous animals, holometabolic insects), or from growth to nutrient storage (endotherms/homeotherms). Growth arrest in different animal lineages has similar molecular mechanisms and similar consequences for longevity due to the conflict between growth-promoting and growth-suppressing programs and suppression of regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 240B Goessmann, 686 Noth Pleasant Str., Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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10
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Baker MC, Vágó E, Liu Y, Lu R, Tamang S, Horváth-Puhó E, Sørensen HT. Sarcoidosis incidence after mTOR inhibitor treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2022; 57:152102. [PMID: 36182721 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are effective in animal models of granulomatous disease, but their benefit in sarcoidosis patients is unknown. We evaluated the incidence of sarcoidosis in patients treated with mTOR inhibitors versus calcineurin inhibitors. METHODS This was a cohort study using the Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart (CDM) Database (2003-2019), IBM® MarketScan® Research Database (2006-2016), and Danish health and administrative registries (1996-2018). Patients aged ≥18 years with ≥1 year continuous enrollment before and after kidney, liver, heart, or lung transplant treated with an mTOR inhibitor or calcineurin inhibitor were included. Patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis before, or up to 90 days after, transplant were excluded. The incidence of sarcoidosis by treatment group was calculated. RESULTS In the Optum CDM/IBM MarketScan cohort, 1,898 patients were treated with an mTOR inhibitor (mean age 49 years; 34% female) and 9,894 patients were treated with a calcineurin inhibitor (mean age 50 years; 37% female). The mean follow-up in the mTOR inhibitor group was 1.1 years, with no incident sarcoidosis diagnosed. In the calcineurin inhibitor group, the mean follow-up was 2.2 years, with 12 incident sarcoidosis cases diagnosed. In the Danish cohort, 230 patients were treated with an mTOR inhibitor (mean age 49; 45% female), with no incident sarcoidosis diagnosed. There were 3,411 patients treated with a calcineurin inhibitor (mean age 45; 40% female), with 10 incident cases of sarcoidosis diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates a potential protective effect of mTOR inhibitor treatment compared with calcineurin inhibitor treatment against the development of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Baker
- The Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University,1000 Welch Rd, Suite 203, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Emese Vágó
- The Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yuhan Liu
- The Quantitative Sciences Unit, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- The Quantitative Sciences Unit, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Tamang
- The Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University,1000 Welch Rd, Suite 203, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó
- The Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- The Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Clinical Excellence Science Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Nutritional Sensor REDD1 in Cancer and Inflammation: Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179686. [PMID: 36077083 PMCID: PMC9456073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Response 1 (REDD1)/DNA Damage-Induced Transcript 4 (DDIT4) is an immediate early response gene activated by different stress conditions, including growth factor depletion, hypoxia, DNA damage, and stress hormones, i.e., glucocorticoids. The most known functions of REDD1 are the inhibition of proliferative signaling and the regulation of metabolism via the repression of the central regulator of these processes, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The involvement of REDD1 in cell growth, apoptosis, metabolism, and oxidative stress implies its role in various pathological conditions, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. Recently, REDD1 was identified as one of the central genes mechanistically involved in undesirable atrophic effects induced by chronic topical and systemic glucocorticoids widely used for the treatment of blood cancer and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of REDD1 in the regulation of cell signaling and processes in normal and cancer cells, its involvement in the pathogenesis of different diseases, and the approach to safer glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-targeted therapies via a combination of glucocorticoids and REDD1 inhibitors to decrease the adverse atrophogenic effects of these steroids.
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12
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Ma K, Huang F, Qiao R, Miao L. Pathogenesis of sarcopenia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:850964. [PMID: 35928562 PMCID: PMC9343800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.850964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common pulmonary disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction. In addition to lung diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with other organ diseases, and sarcopenia is one of the common diseases. In recent years, multiple factors have been proposed to influence muscle dysfunction in COPD patients, including systemic and local inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, hypercapnia, protein synthesis, catabolic imbalance, nutritional changes, disuse, ageing, and the use of medications such as steroids. These factors alone or in combination can lead to a reduction in muscle mass and cross-sectional area, deterioration of muscle bioenergy metabolism, defects in muscle repair and regeneration mechanisms, apoptosis and other anatomical and/or functional pathological changes, resulting in a decrease in the muscle’s ability to work. This article reviews the research progress of possible pathogenesis of sarcopenia in COPD.
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13
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Chen C, Ren YM, Zhu JZ, Chen JL, Feng ZL, Zhang T, Ye Y, Lin LG. Ainsliadimer C, a disesquiterpenoid isolated from Ainsliaea macrocephala, ameliorates inflammatory responses in adipose tissue via Sirtuin 1-NLRP3 inflammasome axis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1780-1792. [PMID: 34789920 PMCID: PMC9253034 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, is majorly produced by macrophages through NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which has been identified as the culprit to deteriorate the inflammatory crosstalk between macrophages and adipocytes. Ainsliadimer C (AC) is a disesquiterpenoid isolated from Ainsliaea macrocephala. In the current study, we investigated the effects of AC on adipose tissue inflammation in co-culture of macrophages and adipocytes in vitro as well as in LPS-treated mice in vivo. We showed that AC (20-80 µM) dose-dependently inhibited the secretion of IL-1β from LPS plus ATP-stimulated THP-1 macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, we found that AC treatment activated NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), resulting in reduced acetylation level of NLRP3. Molecular modeling analysis revealed that binding of AC to sirtuin-activating compound-binding domain increased the affinity of the substrate to the catalytic domain of SIRT1. Moreover, AC (80 µM) significantly attenuated macrophage-conditioned medium-induced inflammatory responses in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In LPS-induced acute inflammatory mice, administration of AC (20, 60 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 5 days significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), attenuated macrophage infiltration into eWAT, and mitigated adipose tissue inflammation. The beneficial effects of AC were blocked by co-administration of a selective SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 (10 mg·kg-1·d-1). Taken together, AC suppresses NLRP3-mediated IL-1β secretion through activating SIRT1, leading to attenuated inflammation in macrophages and adipose tissue, which might be a candidate to treat obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Yong-mei Ren
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jian-zhong Zhu
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Jia-li Chen
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Zhe-ling Feng
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Tian Zhang
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Li-gen Lin
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
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14
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Chang SW, Yoshihara T, Tsuzuki T, Natsume T, Kakigi R, Machida S, Naito H. Circadian rhythms modulate the effect of eccentric exercise on rat soleus muscles. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264171. [PMID: 35213577 PMCID: PMC8880858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether time-of-day dependent changes in the rat soleus (SOL) muscle size, after eccentric exercises, operate via the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. For our first experiment, we assigned 9-week-old male Wistar rats randomly into four groups: light phase (zeitgeber time; ZT6) non-trained control, dark phase (ZT18) non-trained control, light phase-trained, and dark phase-trained. Trained animals performed 90 min of downhill running once every 3 d for 8 weeks. The second experiment involved dividing 9-week-old male Wistar rats to control and exercise groups. The latter were subjected to 15 min of downhill running at ZT6 and ZT18. The absolute (+12.8%) and relative (+9.4%) SOL muscle weights were higher in the light phase-trained group. p70S6K phosphorylation ratio was 42.6% higher in the SOL muscle of rats that had exercised only in light (non-trained ZT6). Collectively, the degree of muscle hypertrophy in SOL is time-of-day dependent, perhaps via the mTOR/p70S6K signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-wen Chang
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Physical Education, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Natsume
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- School of Medicine, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Management & Information Sciences, Josai International University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Aoki S, Deyama S, Sugie R, Ishimura K, Fukuda H, Shuto S, Minami M, Kaneda K. The antidepressant-like effect of resolvin E1 in repeated prednisolone-induced depression model mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 418:113676. [PMID: 34801580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid. We previously demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intra-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) infusions of RvE1 produce antidepressant-like effects in a lipopolysaccharide-induced depression mouse model. To further confirm the antidepressant-like effect of RvE1, the present study examined whether RvE1 ameliorated depression-like behavior induced by repeated injections of prednisolone (PSL), a synthetic glucocorticoid, in male ICR mice. We first ascertained whether repeated subcutaneous treatment with PSL (50 mg/kg, once a day) affected locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in the open field test (OFT; after a 5-day PSL treatment) and induced depression-like behavior in the tail suspension test (TST; after a 6-day PSL treatment) and forced swim test (FST; after a 7-day PSL treatment). Repeated PSL injections significantly increased immobility in the FST, which was not ameliorated by acute desipramine treatment (30 mg/kg, i.p.), but not in the TST, without affecting locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in the OFT. Subsequently, we investigated the therapeutic effects of i.c.v. (1 ng) and intra-mPFC (50 pg/side) infusions of RvE1 in the repeated PSL-induced depression mouse model using the OFT and FST after 5- and 6-day PSL treatments, respectively. The repeated PSL-induced increase in immobility in the FST was significantly attenuated by both i.c.v. and intra-mPFC infusions of RvE1 without affecting the locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior. In addition, a single i.c.v. infusion of RvE1 immediately before the first or fourth injection of PSL also attenuated PSL-induced depression-like behavior in the FST, suggesting the preventive effect of RvE1. These results indicate that RvE1 produces antidepressant-like effects in a mouse model of repeated PSL-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Rinako Sugie
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishimura
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukuda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masabumi Minami
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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16
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Oyabu M, Takigawa K, Mizutani S, Hatazawa Y, Fujita M, Ohira Y, Sugimoto T, Suzuki O, Tsuchiya K, Suganami T, Ogawa Y, Ishihara K, Miura S, Kamei Y. FOXO1 cooperates with C/EBPδ and ATF4 to regulate skeletal muscle atrophy transcriptional program during fasting. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22152. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101385rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Oyabu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kaho Takigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Sako Mizutani
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yukino Hatazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Mariko Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuto Ohira
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takumi Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition Osaka Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Faculty of Agriculture Ryukoku University Shiga Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan
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17
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Cho SS, Lee JH, Kim KM, Park EY, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Yang JH, Ki SH. REDD1 attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis via inhibiting of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:246-256. [PMID: 34614448 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is caused by repetitive hepatic injury. Regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) gene is induced by various stresses and has been studied in cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of REDD1 in hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrogenesis has not yet been investigated. In the current study, we examined the effect of REDD1 on hepatic fibrogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanism. REDD1 protein was upregulated in the activated primary hepatic stellate cells and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-treated LX-2 cells. REDD1 mRNA levels were also elevated by TGF-β treatment. TGF-β signaling is primarily transduced via the activation of the Smad transcription factor. However, TGF-β-mediated REDD1 induction was not Smad-dependent. Thus, we investigated the transcription factors that influence the REDD1 expression by TGF-β. We found that c-JUN, a component of AP-1, upregulated the REDD1 expression that was specifically suppressed by p38 inhibitor. In silico analysis of the REDD1 promoter region showed putative AP-1-binding sites; additionally, its deletion mutants demonstrated that the AP-1-binding site between -716 and -587 bp within the REDD1 promoter is critical for TGF-β-mediated REDD1 induction. Moreover, REDD1 overexpression markedly inhibited TGF-β-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression and Smad phosphorylation. REDD1 adenovirus infection inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice, which was demonstrated by reduced ALT/AST levels and collagen accumulation. In addition, we observed that REDD1 inhibited CCl4-induced fibrogenic gene induction and restored GSH and malondialdehyde levels. Our findings implied that REDD1 has the potential to inhibit HSC activation and protect against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lonetti A, Indio V, Dianzani I, Ramenghi U, Da Costa L, Pospíšilová D, Migliaccio AR. The Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphism Landscape in Patients With Diamond Blackfan Anemia Reveals an Association Between Two Clinically Relevant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Time to Diagnosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:745032. [PMID: 34721069 PMCID: PMC8549833 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.745032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NR3C1, the gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor, is polymorphic presenting numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) some of which are emerging as leading cause in the variability of manifestation and/or response to glucocorticoids in human diseases. Since 60–80% of patients with Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA), an inherited pure red cell aplasia induced by mutations in ribosomal protein genes became transfusion independent upon treatment with glucocorticoids, we investigated whether clinically relevant NR3C1 SNPs are associated with disease manifestation in DBA. The eight SNPs rs10482605, rs10482616, rs7701443, rs6189/rs6190, rs860457, rs6198, rs6196, and rs33388/rs33389 were investigated in a cohort of 91 European DBA patients. Results were compared with those observed in healthy volunteers (n=37) or present in public genome databases of Italian and European populations. Although, cases vs. control analyses suggest that the frequency of some of the minor alleles is significantly altered in DBA patients with respect to healthy controls or to the Italian or other European registries, lack of consistency among the associations across different sets suggests that overall the frequency of these SNPs in DBA is not different from that of the general population. Demographic data (47 females and 31 males) and driver mutations (44 S and 29 L genes and eight no-known mutation) are known for 81 patients while glucocorticoid response is known, respectively, for 81 (36 responsive and 45 non-responsive) and age of disease onsets for 79 (55 before and 24 after 4months of age) patients. Neither gender nor leading mutations were associated with the minor alleles or with disease manifestation. In addition, none of the SNPs met the threshold in the response vs. non-responsive groups. However, two SNPs (rs6196 and rs860457) were enriched in patients manifesting the disease before 4months of age. Although the exact biomechanistical consequences of these SNPs are unknown, the fact that their configuration is consistent with that of regulatory regions suggests that they regulate changes in glucocorticoid response during ontogeny. This hypothesis was supported by phosphoproteomic profiling of erythroid cells expanded ex vivo indicating that glucocorticoids activate a ribosomal signature in cells from cord blood but not in those from adult blood, possibly providing a compensatory mechanism to the driving mutations observed in DBA before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- Giorgio Prodi Cancer Research Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irma Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ugo Ramenghi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lydie Da Costa
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Robert Debré, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dagmar Pospíšilová
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty Hospital of Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
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19
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Ong C, Lee JH, Leow MKS, Puthucheary ZA. A narrative review of skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill children: pathogenesis and chronic sequelae. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2763-2777. [PMID: 34765499 PMCID: PMC8578782 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is now recognized as a growing, debilitating problem in critically ill adults, resulting in long-term deficits in function and an impaired quality of life. Ultrasonography has demonstrated decreases in skeletal muscle size during pediatric critical illness, although variations exist. However, muscle protein turnover patterns during pediatric critical illness are unclear. Understanding muscle protein turnover during critical illness is important in guiding interventions to reduce muscle wasting. The aim of this review was to explore the possible protein synthesis and breakdown patterns in pediatric critical illness. Muscle protein turnover studies in critically ill children are lacking, with the exception of those with burn injuries. Children with burn injuries demonstrate an elevation in both muscle protein breakdown (MPB) and synthesis during critical illness. Extrapolations from animal models and whole-body protein turnover studies in children suggest that children may be more dependent on anabolic factors (e.g., nutrition and growth factors), and may experience greater muscle degradation in response to insults than adults. Yet, children, particularly the younger ones, are more responsive to anabolic agents, suggesting modifiable muscle wasting during critical illness. There is a lack of evidence for muscle wasting in critically ill children and its correlation with outcomes, possibly due to current available methods to study muscle protein turnover in children-most of which are invasive or tedious. In summary, children may experience muscle wasting during critical illness, which may be more reversible by the appropriate anabolic agents than adults. Age appears an important determinant of skeletal muscle turnover. Less invasive methods to study muscle protein turnover and associations with long-term outcome would strengthen the evidence for muscle wasting in critically ill children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsi Ong
- Nutrition and Dietetics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin K S Leow
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zudin A Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
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20
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Feng Y, Cao X, Zhao B, Song C, Pang B, Hu L, Zhang C, Wang J, He J, Wang S. Nitrate increases cisplatin chemosensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma via REDD1/AKT signaling pathway. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1814-1828. [PMID: 34542810 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cisplatin is one of the chemotherapeutics most frequently used in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) treatment, it exerts multiple side effects and poor chemosensitivity. Nitrate reportedly demonstrates several beneficial biological functions, and synthesized nitrates enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. However, the role of inorganic nitrate in cisplatin chemotherapy remains unclear. We therefore investigated the effect of inorganic nitrate exerted on cisplatin sensitivity in OSCC. We found that nitrate did not affect OSCC cell growth and apoptosis in OSCC cells and OSCC xenograft tumor animal studies. Cisplatin induced REDD1 expression and AKT activation in OSCC. However, nitrate could increase cisplatin chemosensitivity, reduce its REDD1 expression, and attenuate AKT signaling activation in OSCC cells. Dysregulation of high levels of REDD1, which could enhance AKT activation, was positively associated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. Thus, reduced REDD1 expression and retarded AKT activation induced by inorganic nitrate might be a new potential approach to the sensitization of oral cancer to cisplatin treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyong Feng
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuedi Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Junqi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Songlin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Research Units of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100069, China.
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21
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Torres-Velarde JM, Kolora SRR, Khudyakov JI, Crocker DE, Sudmant PH, Vázquez-Medina JP. Elephant seal muscle cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure by shifting their metabolic phenotype. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R413-R428. [PMID: 34260302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00052.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elephant seals experience natural periods of prolonged food deprivation while breeding, molting, and undergoing postnatal development. Prolonged food deprivation in elephant seals increases circulating glucocorticoids without inducing muscle atrophy, but the cellular mechanisms that allow elephant seals to cope with such conditions remain elusive. We generated a cellular model and conducted transcriptomic, metabolic, and morphological analyses to study how seal cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure. Seal muscle progenitor cells differentiate into contractile myotubes with a distinctive morphology, gene expression profile, and metabolic phenotype. Exposure to dexamethasone at three ascending concentrations for 48 h modulated the expression of six clusters of genes related to structural constituents of muscle and pathways associated with energy metabolism and cell survival. Knockdown of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and downstream expression analyses corroborated that GR mediates the observed effects. Dexamethasone also decreased cellular respiration, shifted the metabolic phenotype toward glycolysis, and induced mitochondrial fission and dissociation of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interactions without decreasing cell viability. Knockdown of DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4), a GR target involved in the dissociation of mitochondria-ER membranes, recovered respiration and modulated antioxidant gene expression in myotubes treated with dexamethasone. These results show that adaptation to sustained glucocorticoid exposure in elephant seal myotubes involves a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, which is supported by alterations in mitochondrial morphology and a reduction in mitochondria-ER interactions, resulting in decreased respiration without compromising cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane I Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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22
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Minimal mitochondrial respiration is required to prevent cell death by inhibition of mTOR signaling in CoQ-deficient cells. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:201. [PMID: 34349107 PMCID: PMC8338951 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a lipid-like mobile electron transporter of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Patients with partial loss-of-function mutations in the CoQ biosynthesis pathway suffer from partial primary CoQ deficiency (MIM 607426). This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which presents like mitochondrial disease syndrome (MDS). In addition, many other conditions, including MDS itself, lead to secondary CoQ deficiency. We sought to identify drugs that can alleviate the consequences of the mitochondrial dysfunction that is associated with CoQ deficiency. Loss of the CoQ-biosynthetic enzyme COQ7 prevents CoQ synthesis but leads to the accumulation of the biosynthetic intermediate demethoxyubiquinone (DMQ). Coq7-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) die when rapid ATP generation from glycolysis is prevented. We screened for drugs that could rescue cell death under these conditions. All compounds that were identified inhibit mTOR signaling. In the CoQ-deficient cells, the beneficial action mTOR inhibition appears to be mediated by inhibition of protein translation rather than by stimulation of autophagy. We further studied the Coq7-knockout cells to better determine under which conditions mTOR inhibition could be beneficial. We established that Coq7-knockout cells remain capable of a low level of mitochondrial respiration mediated by DMQ. To obtain more profound mitochondrial dysfunction, we created double-knockout mutant MEFs lacking both Coq7, as well as Pdss2, which is required for sidechain synthesis. These cells make neither CoQ nor DMQ, and their extremely small residual respiration depends on uptake of CoQ from the culture medium. Although these cells are healthy in the presence of sufficient glucose for glycolysis and do not require uridine or pyruvate supplementation, mTOR inhibitors were unable to prevent their death in the absence of sufficient glycolysis. We conclude that, for reasons that remain to be elucidated, the energy-sparing benefits of the inhibition of mTOR signaling require a minimally functional respiratory chain.
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23
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Wooten DJ, Meyer CT, Lubbock ALR, Quaranta V, Lopez CF. MuSyC is a consensus framework that unifies multi-drug synergy metrics for combinatorial drug discovery. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4607. [PMID: 34326325 PMCID: PMC8322415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug combination discovery depends on reliable synergy metrics but no consensus exists on the correct synergy criterion to characterize combined interactions. The fragmented state of the field confounds analysis, impedes reproducibility, and delays clinical translation of potential combination treatments. Here we present a mass-action based formalism to quantify synergy. With this formalism, we clarify the relationship between the dominant drug synergy principles, and present a mapping of commonly used frameworks onto a unified synergy landscape. From this, we show how biases emerge due to intrinsic assumptions which hinder their broad applicability and impact the interpretation of synergy in discovery efforts. Specifically, we describe how traditional metrics mask consequential synergistic interactions, and contain biases dependent on the Hill-slope and maximal effect of single-drugs. We show how these biases systematically impact synergy classification in large combination screens, potentially misleading discovery efforts. Thus the proposed formalism can provide a consistent, unbiased interpretation of drug synergy, and accelerate the translatability of synergy studies. The lack of a unifying metric characterizing combinatorial drug interactions has impeded the development of combinatorial therapies. Here, the authors present MuSyC, a consensus synergy metric that overcomes several caveats associated with other, popular metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wooten
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Christian T Meyer
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Vito Quaranta
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Carlos F Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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24
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Han H, Yu Z, Feng M. Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Response 1 Knockdown Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Response 1 (REDD1) knockdown can reduce the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in liver injury. However, its role on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has not been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of
REDD1 on lung epithelial cells induced by LPS. Rt-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect REDD1 expression in 16HBE cells induced by LPS. The interfering REDD1 plasmid was constructed, and CCK8 was used to detect the effect of interference with REDD1 on LPS-induced lung epithelial cell activity.
The expression of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA and the apoptotic level was detected by TUNEL staining. String database was used to predict the combination of REDD1 and EP300 in lung epithelial cells, which was verified by CoIP experiment. An overexpressed plasmid of EP300 was
constructed to detect the effects of EP300 on inflammatory factors and apoptosis in REDD1 lung epithelial cells. LPS-induced increased REDD1 expression in lung epithelial cells. Interference with REDD1 inhibits LPS-induced lung epithelial cell activity injury and inflammatory factor expression
and inhibits LPS-induced lung epithelial cell apoptosis. After interference with REDD1, the expression of EP300 in LPS-induced lung epithelial cells was inhibited, and the overexpression of EP300 was reversed to promote the production of inflammatory factors and apoptosis. In conclusion, these
results demonstrate that REDD1 knockdown alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxi Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310006, P. R. China
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25
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Maturation strategies and limitations of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:226678. [PMID: 33057659 PMCID: PMC8209171 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMs). They are not only widely used in cardiac pharmacology screening, human heart disease modeling, and cell transplantation-based treatments, but also the most promising source of CMs for experimental and clinical applications. However, their use is largely restricted by the immature phenotype of structure and function, which is similar to embryonic or fetal CMs and has certain differences from adult CMs. In order to overcome this critical issue, many studies have explored and revealed new strategies to induce the maturity of iPSC-CMs. Therefore, this article aims to review recent induction methods of mature iPSC-CMs, related mechanisms, and limitations.
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26
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White JP. Amino Acid Trafficking and Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis: A Case of Supply and Demand. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656604. [PMID: 34136478 PMCID: PMC8201612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is a highly complex process, influenced by nutritional status, mechanical stimuli, repair programs, hormones, and growth factors. The molecular aspects of protein synthesis are centered around the mTORC1 complex. However, the intricacies of mTORC1 regulation, both up and downstream, have expanded overtime. Moreover, the plastic nature of skeletal muscle makes it a unique tissue, having to coordinate between temporal changes in myofiber metabolism and hypertrophy/atrophy stimuli within a tissue with considerable protein content. Skeletal muscle manages the push and pull between anabolic and catabolic pathways through key regulatory proteins to promote energy production in times of nutrient deprivation or activate anabolic pathways in times of nutrient availability and anabolic stimuli. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be used for both energy production and signaling to induce protein synthesis. The metabolism of BCAAs occur in tandem with energetic and anabolic processes, converging at several points along their respective pathways. The fate of intramuscular BCAAs adds another layer of regulation, which has consequences to promote or inhibit muscle fiber protein anabolism. This review will outline the general mechanisms of muscle protein synthesis and describe how metabolic pathways can regulate this process. Lastly, we will discuss how BCAA availability and demand coordinate with synthesis mechanisms and identify key factors involved in intramuscular BCAA trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P White
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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27
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Hu X, Kong L, Xiao C, Zhu Q, Song Z. The AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway is involved in regulation of food intake in the hypothalamus of stressed chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110979. [PMID: 33991669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) can stimulate the appetite and AMPK in broilers. The activation of hypothalamic mTOR has been proposed as an important anorexigenic signal. However, inhibitory effect of AMPK activity on appetite and AMPK downstream signaling pathway under stress has not been reported. In this study, we performed an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, in GC-treated birds to explore the regulatory mechanism on appetite and AMPK downstream signaling pathway. A total of 48 7-day-old broilers, which had received an icv cannula, were randomly subjected to one of two treatments: subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (DEX) or saline. After 3 days of continuous DEX injection, chicks of each group received an icv injection with either compound C (6 μg/2 μL) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, 2 μL). The results showed that body weight gain was reduced by the DEX treatment. Compared with the control, icv injection of compound C reduced feed intake at 0.5-1.5 h. In the DEX-treated group, the inhibitory effect of compound C on appetite remained apparent at 0.5-1 h. The DEX treatment increased the gene expression of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and decreased p-mTOR protein level. In stressed broilers, inhibition of AMPK relieved the decreased mTOR activity. A significant interaction was noted in DEX and compound C on protein expression of phospho-AMPK. Taken together, in stressed broilers, the central injection of compound C could inhibit central AMPK activity and reduce appetite, in which the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Linglian Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chuanpi Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - Qidong Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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28
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Xia Q, Huang X, Huang J, Zheng Y, March ME, Li J, Wei Y. The Role of Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638983. [PMID: 33841177 PMCID: PMC8027491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of tissue in human body, being involved in diverse activities and maintaining a finely tuned metabolic balance. Autophagy, characterized by the autophagosome–lysosome system with the involvement of evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related genes, is an important catabolic process and plays an essential role in energy generation and consumption, as well as substance turnover processes in skeletal muscles. Autophagy in skeletal muscles is finely tuned under the tight regulation of diverse signaling pathways, and the autophagy pathway has cross-talk with other pathways to form feedback loops under physiological conditions and metabolic stress. Altered autophagy activity characterized by either increased formation of autophagosomes or inhibition of lysosome-autophagosome fusion can lead to pathological cascades, and mutations in autophagy genes and deregulation of autophagy pathways have been identified as one of the major causes for a variety of skeleton muscle disorders. The advancement of multi-omics techniques enables further understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in skeletal muscle disorders, which may yield novel therapeutic targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Xia
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xubo Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieru Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Dunlap KR, Steiner JL, Rossetti ML, Kimball SR, Gordon BS. A clinically relevant decrease in contractile force differentially regulates control of glucocorticoid receptor translocation in mouse skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1052-1063. [PMID: 33600283 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy decreases physical function and overall health. Increased glucocorticoid production and/or use of prescription glucocorticoids can significantly induce muscle atrophy by activating the glucocorticoid receptor, thereby transcribing genes that shift protein balance in favor of net protein degradation. Although mechanical overload can blunt glucocorticoid-induced atrophy in young muscle, those affected by glucocorticoids generally have impaired force generation. It is unknown whether contractile force alters the ability of resistance exercise to mitigate glucocorticoid receptor translocation and induce a desirable shift in protein balance when glucocorticoids are elevated. In the present study, mice were subjected to a single bout of unilateral, electrically induced muscle contractions by stimulating the sciatic nerve at 100 Hz or 50 Hz frequencies to elicit high or moderate force contractions of the tibialis anterior, respectively. Dexamethasone was used to activate the glucocorticoid receptor. Dexamethasone increased glucocorticoid signaling, including nuclear translocation of the receptor, but this was mitigated only by high force contractions. The ability of high force contractions to mitigate glucocorticoid receptor translocation coincided with a contraction-mediated increase in muscle protein synthesis, which did not occur in the dexamethasone-treated mice subjected to moderate force contractions. Though moderate force contractions failed to increase protein synthesis following dexamethasone treatment, both high and moderate force contractions blunted the glucocorticoid-mediated increase in LC3 II:I marker of autophagy. Thus, these data show that force generation is important for the ability of resistance exercise to mitigate glucocorticoid receptor translocation and promote a desirable shift in protein balance when glucocorticoids are elevated.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucocorticoids induce significant skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the glucocorticoid receptor. Our work shows that muscle contractile force dictates glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation. We also show that blunting nuclear translocation by high force contractions coincides with the ability of muscle to mount an anabolic response characterized by increased muscle protein synthesis. This work further defines the therapeutic parameters of skeletal muscle contractions to blunt glucocorticoid-induced atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten R Dunlap
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Michael L Rossetti
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley S Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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30
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Lee H, Kim YI, Nirmala FS, Jeong HY, Seo HD, Ha TY, Jung CH, Ahn J. Chrysanthemum zawadskil Herbich attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy through the regulation of proteostasis and mitochondrial function. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111226. [PMID: 33485066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich (CZH) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and diabetes. However, the effects of CZH on muscle wasting remains to be studied. Here, we investigated the effect of CZH on dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, induced muscle atrophy. To examine the effect of CZH on muscle atrophy, C2C12 myotubes were co-treated with DEX and CZH for 24 h. The treatment with CZH prevented DEX-induced myotube atrophy in a dose-dependent manner. CZH inhibited the DEX-induced decrease of the MHC isoforms and the upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in C2C12 differentiated cells. C57BL/6 mice were supplemented with 0.1 % CZH for 8 weeks, with DEX-induced muscle atrophy stimulated in the last 3 weeks. In the mice, CZH supplementation effectively reversed DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and increased the exercise capacity of the mice through the inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor translocation. Additionally, we observed that DEX-evoked impaired proteostasis was ameliorated via the Akt/mTOR pathway. CZH also prevented the DEX-induced decrease in the mitochondrial respiration. HPLC analysis demonstrated the highest concentration of acacetin-7-O-β-d-rutinoside (AR) among 4 compounds. Moreover, AR, a functional compound of CZH, prevented DEX-evoked muscle atrophy. Thus, we suggest that CZH could be a potential therapeutic candidate against muscle atrophy and AR is the main functional compound of CZH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Young In Kim
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hang Yeon Jeong
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
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31
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Yi JH, Kwon H, Cho E, Jeon J, Lee J, Lee YC, Cho JH, Jun M, Moon M, Ryu JH, Kim JS, Choi JW, Park SJ, Lee S, Kim DH. REDD1 Is Involved in Amyloid β-Induced Synaptic Dysfunction and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249482. [PMID: 33322202 PMCID: PMC7763153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neurological dysfunction, including memory impairment, attributed to the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain. Although several studies reported possible mechanisms involved in Aβ pathology, much remains unknown. Previous findings suggested that a protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1), a stress-coping regulator, is an Aβ-responsive gene involved in Aβ cytotoxicity. However, we still do not know how Aβ increases the level of REDD1 and whether REDD1 mediates Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction. To elucidate this, we examined the effect of Aβ on REDD1-expression using acute hippocampal slices from mice, and the effect of REDD1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) on Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction. Lastly, we observed the effect of REDD1 shRNA on memory deficit in an AD-like mouse model. Through the experiments, we found that Aβ-incubated acute hippocampal slices showed increased REDD1 levels. Moreover, Aβ injection into the lateral ventricle increased REDD1 levels in the hippocampus. Anisomycin, but not actinomycin D, blocked Aβ-induced increase in REDD1 levels in the acute hippocampal slices, suggesting that Aβ may increase REDD1 translation rather than transcription. Aβ activated Fyn/ERK/S6 cascade, and inhibitors for Fyn/ERK/S6 or mGluR5 blocked Aβ-induced REDD1 upregulation. REDD1 inducer, a transcriptional activator, and Aβ blocked synaptic plasticity in the acute hippocampal slices. REDD1 inducer inhibited mTOR/Akt signaling. REDD1 shRNA blocked Aβ-induced synaptic deficits. REDD1 shRNA also blocked Aβ-induced memory deficits in passive-avoidance and object-recognition tests. Collectively, these results demonstrate that REDD1 participates in Aβ pathology and could be a target for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Eunbi Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Jeongwon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Korea;
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56216, Korea;
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (D.H.K.); Tel.: +82-51-200-7583 (S.L.)
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.K.); (E.C.); (J.J.); (Y.C.L.); (J.H.C.); (M.J.)
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (D.H.K.); Tel.: +82-51-200-7583 (S.L.)
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Navarro I Batista K, Schraner M, Riediger T. Brainstem prolactin-releasing peptide contributes to cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome in rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108289. [PMID: 32890590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Up to 80% of cancer patients are affected by the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS), which leads to excessive body weight loss, reduced treatment success and increased lethality. The area postrema/nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/NTS) region emerged as a central nervous key structure in this multi-factorial process. Neurons in this area are targeted by cytokines and signal to downstream sites involved in energy homeostasis. NTS neurons expressing prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) are implicated in the control of energy intake and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, which contributes to muscle wasting. To explore if brainstem PrRP neurons contribute to CACS, we selectively knocked down PrRP expression in the NTS of hepatoma tumor-bearing rats by an AAV/shRNA gene silencing approach. PrRP knockdown reduced body weight loss and anorexia compared to tumor-bearing controls treated with a non-silencing AAV. Gastrocnemius and total hind limb muscle weight was higher in PrPR knockdown rats. Corticosterone levels were increased in the early phase after tumor induction at day 6 in both groups but returned to baseline levels at day 21 in the PrRP knockdown group. While we did not detect significant changes in gene expression of markers for muscle protein metabolism (MuRF-1, myostatin, mTOR and REDD1), mTOR and REDD1 tended to be lower after disruption PrRP signalling. In conclusion, we identified brainstem PrRP as a possible neuropeptide mediator of CACS in hepatoma tumor-bearing rats. The central and peripheral downstream mechanisms require further investigation and might involve HPA axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa Schraner
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Riediger
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Britto FA, Dumas K, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Ollendorff V, Favier FB. Is REDD1 a metabolic double agent? Lessons from physiology and pathology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C807-C824. [PMID: 32877205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway governs macromolecule synthesis, cell growth, and metabolism in response to nutrients and growth factors. Regulated in development and DNA damage response (REDD)1 is a conserved and ubiquitous protein, which is transiently induced in response to multiple stimuli. Acting like an endogenous inhibitor of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, REDD1 protein has been shown to regulate cell growth, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Recent studies also indicate that timely REDD1 expression limits Akt/mTOR-dependent synthesis processes to spare energy during metabolic stresses, avoiding energy collapse and detrimental consequences. In contrast to this beneficial role for metabolic adaptation, REDD1 chronic expression appears involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Indeed, REDD1 expression is found as an early biomarker in many pathologies including inflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, depression, diabetes, and obesity. Moreover, prolonged REDD1 expression is associated with cell apoptosis, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation activation leading to tissue damage. In this review, we decipher several mechanisms that make REDD1 a likely metabolic double agent depending on its duration of expression in different physiological and pathological contexts. We also discuss the role played by REDD1 in the cross talk between the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Dumas
- Université Cote d'Azur, INSERM, UMR1065, C3M, Nice, France
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Lesovaya EA, Savinkova AV, Morozova OV, Lylova ES, Zhidkova EM, Kulikov EP, Kirsanov KI, Klopot A, Baida G, Yakubovskaya MG, Gordon LI, Readhead B, Dudley JT, Budunova I. A Novel Approach to Safer Glucocorticoid Receptor-Targeted Anti-lymphoma Therapy via REDD1 (Regulated in Development and DNA Damage 1) Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1898-1908. [PMID: 32546661 PMCID: PMC7875139 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used for therapy of hematologic malignancies. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids commonly leads to adverse effects including skin and muscle atrophy and osteoporosis. We found recently that REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage 1) plays central role in steroid atrophy. Here, we tested whether REDD1 suppression makes glucocorticoid-based therapy of blood cancer safer. Unexpectedly, approximately 50% of top putative REDD1 inhibitors selected by bioinformatics screening of Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures database (LINCS) were PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. We selected Wortmannin, LY294002, and AZD8055 for our studies and showed that they blocked basal and glucocorticoid-induced REDD1 expression. Moreover, all PI3K/mTOR/Akt inhibitors modified glucocorticoid receptor function shifting it toward therapeutically important transrepression. PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors enhanced anti-lymphoma effects of Dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo, in lymphoma xenograft model. The therapeutic effects of PI3K inhibitor+Dexamethasone combinations ranged from cooperative to synergistic, especially in case of LY294002 and Rapamycin, used as a previously characterized reference REDD1 inhibitor. We found that coadministration of LY294002 or Rapamycin with Dexamethasone protected skin against Dexamethasone-induced atrophy, and normalized RANKL/OPG ratio indicating a reduction of Dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis. Together, our results provide foundation for further development of safer and more effective glucocorticoid-based combination therapy of hematologic malignancies using PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Lesovaya
- N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Klopot
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Leo I Gordon
- Division of Hematology Oncology; Northwestern University; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ben Readhead
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Nechama M, Makayes Y, Resnick E, Meir K, Volovelsky O. Rapamycin and dexamethasone during pregnancy prevent tuberous sclerosis complex-associated cystic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136857. [PMID: 32484794 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is the main cause of mortality in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) disease. The mechanisms underlying TSC cystic kidney disease remain unclear, with no available interventions to prevent cyst formation. Using targeted deletion of TSC1 in nephron progenitor cells, we showed that cysts in TSC1-null embryonic kidneys originate from injured proximal tubular cells with high mTOR complex 1 activity. Injection of rapamycin to pregnant mice inhibited the mTOR pathway and tubular cell proliferation in kidneys of TSC1-null offspring. Rapamycin also prevented renal cystogenesis and prolonged the life span of TSC newborns. Gene expression analysis of proximal tubule cells identified sets of genes and pathways that were modified secondary to TSC1 deletion and rescued by rapamycin administration during nephrogenesis. Inflammation with mononuclear infiltration was observed in the cystic areas of TSC1-null kidneys. Dexamethasone administration during pregnancy decreased cyst formation by not only inhibiting the inflammatory response, but also interfering with the mTORC1 pathway. These results reveal mechanisms of cystogenesis in TSC disease and suggest interventions before birth to ameliorate cystic disease in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karen Meir
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Rokytová I, Mravec B, Lauková M, Vargovič P. Effect of rapamycin on repeated immobilization stress-induced immune alterations in the rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577309. [PMID: 32645638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress modulates immune system functions via neuroendocrine pathways. Rapamycin inhibits activity of immune cells through the mTOR signaling pathway. We investigated the effect of rapamycin (15 mg/kg, 3-times/week) on neuroimmune-endocrine system in the spleen of rats exposed to 42 cycles of 2-h immobilization. Rapamycin enhanced the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis induced by stress exposure, prevented stress-induced expression of natural killer cell markers while reversed stress-evoked decline of Th2 immune response markers. Overall, our findings suggest that rapamycin may act on immune functions not only directly by inhibiting of mTOR in immune cells but also indirectly via modulation of neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rokytová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Lauková
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Peter Vargovič
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Recovery of muscle mass and muscle oxidative phenotype following disuse does not require GSK-3 inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165740. [PMID: 32087280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity contributes to muscle wasting and reductions in mitochondrial oxidative phenotype (OXPHEN), reducing physical performance and quality of life during aging and in chronic disease. Previously, it was shown that inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β stimulates muscle protein accretion, myogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, GSK-3β is inactivated during recovery of disuse-induced muscle atrophy. AIM Therefore, we hypothesize that GSK-3 inhibition is required for reloading-induced recovery of skeletal muscle mass and OXPHEN. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and whole-body constitutively active (C.A.) Ser21/9 GSK-3α/β knock-in mice were subjected to a 14-day hind-limb suspension/14-day reloading protocol. Soleus muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), OXPHEN (abundance of sub-units of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and fiber-type composition), as well as expression levels of their main regulators (respectively protein synthesis/degradation, myogenesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling) were monitored. RESULTS Subtle but consistent differences suggesting suppression of protein turnover signaling and decreased expression of several OXPHOS sub-units and PGC-1α signaling constituents were observed at baseline in C.A. GSK-3 versus WT mice. Although soleus mass recovery during reloading occurred more rapidly in C.A. GSK-3 mice, this was not accompanied by a parallel increased CSA. The OXPHEN response to reloading was not distinct between C.A. GSK-3 and WT mice. No consistent or significant differences in reloading-induced changes in the regulatory steps of protein turnover, myogenesis or muscle OXPHEN were observed in C.A. GSK-3 compared to WT muscle. CONCLUSION This study indicates that GSK-3 inactivation is dispensable for reloading-induced recovery of muscle mass and OXPHEN.
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Dumas K, Ayachi C, Gilleron J, Lacas‐Gervais S, Pastor F, Favier FB, Peraldi P, Vaillant N, Yvan‐Charvet L, Bonnafous S, Patouraux S, Anty R, Tran A, Gual P, Cormont M, Tanti J, Giorgetti‐Peraldi S. REDD1 deficiency protects against nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis induced by high‐fat diet. FASEB J 2020; 34:5046-5060. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901799rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Dumas
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
| | - Chaima Ayachi
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
| | - Jerome Gilleron
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
| | | | - Faustine Pastor
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
| | | | - Pascal Peraldi
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Team “Stem Cells and Differentiation” France
| | - Nathalie Vaillant
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Haematometabolism in Diseases” France
| | - Laurent Yvan‐Charvet
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Haematometabolism in Diseases” France
| | - Stéphanie Bonnafous
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, C3M,Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
| | - Stéphanie Patouraux
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, C3M,Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, C3M,Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
| | - Albert Tran
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, C3M,Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Chronic Liver Diseases Associated with Steatosis and Alcohol” France
| | - Mireille Cormont
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
| | - Jean‐François Tanti
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
| | - Sophie Giorgetti‐Peraldi
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Team “Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity” France
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Hardy RS, Raza K, Cooper MS. Therapeutic glucocorticoids: mechanisms of actions in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:133-144. [PMID: 32034322 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic glucocorticoids have been widely used in rheumatic diseases since they became available over 60 years ago. Despite the advent of more specific biologic therapies, a notable proportion of individuals with chronic rheumatic diseases continue to be treated with these drugs. Glucocorticoids are powerful, broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agents, but their use is complicated by an equally broad range of adverse effects. The specific cellular mechanisms by which glucocorticoids have their therapeutic action have been difficult to identify, and attempts to develop more selective drugs on the basis of the action of glucocorticoids have proven difficult. The actions of glucocorticoids seem to be highly cell-type and context dependent. Despite emerging data on the effect of tissue-specific manipulation of glucocorticoid receptors in mouse models of inflammation, the cell types and intracellular targets of glucocorticoids in rheumatic diseases have not been fully identified. Although showing some signs of decline, the use of systemic glucocorticoids in rheumatology is likely to continue to be widespread, and careful consideration is required by rheumatologists to balance the beneficial effects and deleterious effects of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan S Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark S Cooper
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Sexual dimorphism in atrophic effects of topical glucocorticoids is driven by differential regulation of atrophogene REDD1 in male and female skin. Oncotarget 2020; 11:409-418. [PMID: 32064044 PMCID: PMC6996908 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical glucocorticoids, well-known anti-inflammatory drugs, induce multiple adverse effects, including skin atrophy. The sex-specific effects of systemic glucocorticoids are known, but sexual dimorphism of therapeutic and side effects of topical steroids has not been studied. We report here that female and male mice were equally sensitive to the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) in ear edema test. At the same time, females were more sensitive to FA-induced skin atrophy. We recently reported that REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage 1) plays central role in steroid atrophy. We found that REDD1 was more efficiently activated by FA in females, and that REDD1 knockout significantly protected female but not male mice from skin atrophy. Studies using human keratinocytes revealed that both estradiol and FA induced REDD1 mRNA/protein expression, and cooperated when they were combined at low doses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that REDD1 is an estrogen receptor (ER) target gene with multiple estrogen response elements in its promoter. Moreover, experiments with GR and ER inhibitors suggested that REDD1 induction by these hormones was interdependent on functional activity of both receptors. Overall, our results are important for the development of safer GR-targeted therapies suited for female and male dermatological patients.
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41
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Feng Y, Song K, Shang W, Chen L, Wang C, Pang B, Wang N. REDD1 overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma may predict poor prognosis and correlates with high microvessel density. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:431-441. [PMID: 31897156 PMCID: PMC6923876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between the hypoxia-inducible gene termed regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1) and microvessel density (MVD) in human oral cancer has rarely been reported. The present study aimed to explore REDD1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), its clinical prognostic significance and its correlation with angiogenesis. REDD1 expression in 23 pairs of fresh-frozen OSCC and matched peritumoral mucosal tissues was quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Furthermore, 74 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded OSCC tissues were collected to detect REDD1 expression and CD34-positive MVD by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The association between REDD1 expression and MVD, patients' clinicopathological characteristics and cancer-associated survival rate was also evaluated using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. The results from RT-qPCR and western blotting demonstrated that REDD1 expression was significantly higher in OSCC tissues compared with peritumoral mucosal tissues (P<0.05). In addition, the results from IHC revealed that REDD1 expression was higher in OSCC tissues compared with peritumoral tissues. Furthermore, REDD1 expression was associated with advanced clinical stage, poorer tumor differentiation, lymphatic metastasis and tumor recurrence (P=0.000, P=0.003, P=0.006 and P<0.001, respectively). Additionally, REDD1 overexpression was positively correlated with MVD (r=0.7316; P<0.001). The results from Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significantly reduced disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with OSCC and high REDD1 expression (P<0.001). REDD1 may therefore serve as a novel prognostic biomarker, a key regulatory checkpoint that could coordinate angiogenesis and a new therapeutic target for patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyong Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology and The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology and The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology and The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology and The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Chengqin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology and The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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Ricci A, Galluzzi L, Magnani M, Menotta M. DDIT4 gene expression is switched on by a new HDAC4 function in ataxia telangiectasia. FASEB J 2019; 34:1802-1818. [PMID: 31914654 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902039r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare, severe, and ineluctably progressive multisystemic neurodegenerative disease. Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) nuclear accumulation has been related to neurodegeneration in AT. Since treatment with glucocorticoid analogues has been shown to improve the neurological symptoms that characterize this syndrome, the effects of dexamethasone on HDAC4 were investigated. In this paper, we describe a novel nonepigenetic function of HDAC4 induced by dexamethasone, through which it can directly modulate HIF-1a activity and promote the upregulation of the DDIT4 gene and protein expression. This new HDAC4 transcription regulation mechanism leads to a positive effect on autophagic flux, an AT-compromised biological pathway. This signaling was specifically induced by dexamethasone only in AT cell lines and can contribute in explaining the positive effects of dexamethasone observed in AT-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ricci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
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Abstract
Stress exposure can leave long-term footprints within the organism, like in telomeres (TLs), protective chromosome caps that shorten during cell replication and following exposure to stressors. Short TLs are considered to indicate lower fitness prospects, but why TLs shorten under stressful conditions is not understood. Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) increase upon stress exposure and are thought to promote TL shortening by increasing oxidative damage. However, evidence that GCs are pro-oxidants and oxidative stress is causally linked to TL attrition is mixed . Based on new biochemical findings, we propose the metabolic telomere attrition hypothesis: during times of substantially increased energy demands, TLs are shortened as part of the transition into an organismal 'emergency state', which prioritizes immediate survival functions over processes with longer-term benefits. TL attrition during energy shortages could serve multiple roles including amplified signalling of cellular energy debt to re-direct critical resources to immediately important processes. This new view of TL shortening as a strategy to resolve major energetic trade-offs can improve our understanding of TL dynamics. We suggest that TLs are master regulators of cell homeostasis and propose future research avenues to understand the interactions between energy homeostasis, metabolic regulators and TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Casagrande
- 1 Research Group Evolutionary Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology , 82319 Seewiesen , Germany
| | - Michaela Hau
- 1 Research Group Evolutionary Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology , 82319 Seewiesen , Germany.,2 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz , D-78457 Konstanz , Germany
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Exploring the Interface between Inflammatory and Therapeutic Glucocorticoid Induced Bone and Muscle Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225768. [PMID: 31744114 PMCID: PMC6888251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their potent immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory properties, synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely utilized in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. In this review, we examine our current understanding of how chronic inflammation and commonly used therapeutic GCs interact to regulate bone and muscle metabolism. Whilst both inflammation and therapeutic GCs directly promote systemic osteoporosis and muscle wasting, the mechanisms whereby they achieve this are distinct. Importantly, their interactions in vivo are greatly complicated secondary to the directly opposing actions of GCs on a wide array of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways that underpin catabolic and anti-anabolic metabolism. Several clinical studies have attempted to address the net effects of therapeutic glucocorticoids on inflammatory bone loss and muscle wasting using a range of approaches. These have yielded a wide array of results further complicated by the nature of inflammatory disease, underlying the disease management and regimen of GC therapy. Here, we report the latest findings related to these pathway interactions and explore the latest insights from murine models of disease aimed at modelling these processes and delineating the contribution of pre-receptor steroid metabolism. Understanding these processes remains paramount in the effective management of patients with chronic inflammatory disease.
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Garbern JC, Helman A, Sereda R, Sarikhani M, Ahmed A, Escalante GO, Ogurlu R, Kim SL, Zimmerman JF, Cho A, MacQueen L, Bezzerides VJ, Parker KK, Melton DA, Lee RT. Inhibition of mTOR Signaling Enhances Maturation of Cardiomyocytes Derived From Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells via p53-Induced Quiescence. Circulation 2019; 141:285-300. [PMID: 31707831 PMCID: PMC7009740 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current differentiation protocols to produce cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of generating highly pure cardiomyocyte populations as determined by expression of cardiac troponin T. However, these cardiomyocytes remain immature, more closely resembling the fetal state, with a lower maximum contractile force, slower upstroke velocity, and immature mitochondrial function compared with adult cardiomyocytes. Immaturity of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes may be a significant barrier to clinical translation of cardiomyocyte cell therapies for heart disease. During development, cardiomyocytes undergo a shift from a proliferative state in the fetus to a more mature but quiescent state after birth. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling pathway plays a key role in nutrient sensing and growth. We hypothesized that transient inhibition of the mTOR-signaling pathway could lead cardiomyocytes to a quiescent state and enhance cardiomyocyte maturation. METHODS Cardiomyocytes were differentiated from 3 human iPSC lines using small molecules to modulate the Wnt pathway. Torin1 (0 to 200 nmol/L) was used to inhibit the mTOR pathway at various time points. We quantified contractile, metabolic, and electrophysiological properties of matured iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. We utilized the small molecule inhibitor, pifithrin-α, to inhibit p53 signaling, and nutlin-3a, a small molecule inhibitor of MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog) to upregulate and increase activation of p53. RESULTS Torin1 (200 nmol/L) increased the percentage of quiescent cells (G0 phase) from 24% to 48% compared with vehicle control (P<0.05). Torin1 significantly increased expression of selected sarcomere proteins (including TNNI3 [troponin I, cardiac muscle]) and ion channels (including Kir2.1) in a dose-dependent manner when Torin1 was initiated after onset of cardiomyocyte beating. Torin1-treated cells had an increased relative maximum force of contraction, increased maximum oxygen consumption rate, decreased peak rise time, and increased downstroke velocity. Torin1 treatment increased protein expression of p53, and these effects were inhibited by pifithrin-α. In contrast, nutlin-3a independently upregulated p53, led to an increase in TNNI3 expression and worked synergistically with Torin1 to further increase expression of both p53 and TNNI3. CONCLUSIONS Transient treatment of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with Torin1 shifts cells to a quiescent state and enhances cardiomyocyte maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Garbern
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (J.C.G., R.O., V.J.B.)
| | - Aharon Helman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rebecca Sereda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mohsen Sarikhani
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Aishah Ahmed
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gabriela O Escalante
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Roza Ogurlu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (J.C.G., R.O., V.J.B.)
| | - Sean L Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (S.L.K., J.F.Z., A.C., L.M., K.K.P.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - John F Zimmerman
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (S.L.K., J.F.Z., A.C., L.M., K.K.P.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alexander Cho
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (S.L.K., J.F.Z., A.C., L.M., K.K.P.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Luke MacQueen
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (S.L.K., J.F.Z., A.C., L.M., K.K.P.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (S.L.K., J.F.Z., A.C., L.M., K.K.P.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (J.C.G., A.H., R.S., M.S., A.A., G.O.E., D.A.M., R.T.L.), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.T.L.)
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Vaughan OR, Powell TL, Jansson T. Glucocorticoid regulation of amino acid transport in primary human trophoblast cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 63:239-248. [PMID: 31505460 PMCID: PMC6872941 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excess maternal glucocorticoids reduce placental amino acid transport and fetal growth, but whether these effects are mediated directly on the syncytiotrophoblast remains unknown. We hypothesised that glucocorticoids inhibit mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and insulin-stimulated System A amino acid transport activity in primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells. Syncytialised PHTs, isolated from term placentas (n = 15), were treated with either cortisol (1 μM) or dexamethasone (1 μM), ± insulin (1 nM) for 24 h. Compared to vehicle, dexamethasone increased mRNA expression, but not protein abundance of the mTOR suppressor, regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1). Dexamethasone enhanced insulin receptor abundance, activated mTOR complex 1 and 2 signaling and stimulated System A activity, measured by Na+-dependent 14C-methylaminoisobutyric acid uptake. Cortisol also activated mTORC1 without significantly altering insulin receptor or mTORC2 read-outs or System A activity. Both glucocorticoids downregulated expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and the System A transporter genes SLC38A1, SLC38A2 and SLC38A4, without altering SNAT1 or SNAT4 protein abundance. Neither cortisol nor dexamethasone affected System L amino acid transport. Insulin further enhanced mTOR and System A activity, irrespective of glucocorticoid treatment and despite downregulating its own receptor. Contrary to our hypothesis, glucocorticoids do not inhibit mTOR signaling or cause insulin resistance in cultured PHT cells. We speculate that glucocorticoids stimulate System A activity in PHT cells by activating mTOR signaling, which regulates amino acid transporters post-translationally. We conclude that downregulation of placental nutrient transport in vivo following excess maternal glucocorticoids is not mediated by a direct effect on the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R Vaughan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - T L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - T Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Adegoke OAJ, Beatty BE, Kimball SR, Wing SS. Interactions of the super complexes: When mTORC1 meets the proteasome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 117:105638. [PMID: 31678320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of energy and metabolic status requires that anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways be precisely regulated and coordinated. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a mega protein complex that promotes energy-consuming anabolic processes of protein and nucleic acid synthesis as well lipogenesis in times of energy and nutrient abundance. However, it is best characterized as the regulator of steps leading to protein synthesis. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system (UPS) is a major intracellular proteolytic system whose activity is increased during periods of nutrient scarcity and in muscle wasting conditions such as cachexia. Recent studies have examined the impact of mTORC1 on levels and functions of the 26S proteasome, the mega protease complex of the UPS. Here we first briefly review current understanding of the regulation of mTORC1, the UPS, and the 26S proteasome complex. We then review evidence of the effect of each complex on the abundance and functions of the other. Given the fact that drugs that inhibit either complex are either in clinical trials or are approved for treatment of cancer, a muscle wasting condition, we identify studying the effect of combinatory mTORC1-proteasome inhibition on skeletal muscle mass and health as a critical area requiring investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olasunkanmi A J Adegoke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada.
| | - Brendan E Beatty
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Simon S Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, the Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, H4A 3J1. Canada
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Skeletal Muscle Response to Deflazacort, Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050406. [PMID: 31052442 PMCID: PMC6562646 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids represent some of the most prescribed drugs that are widely used in the treatment of neuromuscular diseases, but their usage leads to side effects such as muscle atrophy. However, different synthetic glucocorticoids can lead to different muscle effects, depending upon its chemical formulation. Here, we intended to demonstrate the muscle histologic and molecular effects of administering different glucocorticoids in equivalency and different dosages. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats distributed into seven groups received different glucocorticoids in equivalency for ten days or saline solution. The study groups were: Control group (CT) saline solution; dexamethasone (DX) 1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg/day; methylprednisolone (MP) 6.7 or 13.3mg/kg/day; and deflazacort (DC) 10 or 20 mg/kg/day. At the end of the study, the animals were euthanized, and the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles were collected for metachromatic ATPase (Cross-sectional area (CSA) measurement), Western blotting (protein expression of IGF-1 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways) and RT-PCR (MYOSTATIN, MuRF-1, Atrogin-1, REDD-1, REDD-2, MYOD, MYOG and IRS1/2 genes expression) experiments. Results: Muscle atrophy occurred preferentially in type 2B fibers in all glucocorticoid treated groups. DC on 10 mg/kg/day was less harmful to type 2B fibers CSA than other doses and types of synthetic glucocorticoids. In type 1 fibers CSA, lower doses of DC and DX were more harmful than high doses. DX had a greater effect on the IGF-1 pathway than other glucocorticoids. MP more significantly affected P-ERK1/2 expression, muscle fiber switching (fast-to-slow), and expression of REDD1 and MyoD genes than other glucocorticoids. Compared to DX and MP, DC had less of an effect on the expression of atrogenes (MURF-1 and Atrogin-1) despite increased MYOSTATIN and decreased IRS-2 genes expression. Conclusions: Different glucocorticoids appears to cause muscle atrophy affecting secondarily different signaling mechanisms. MP is more likely to affect body/muscles mass, MEK/ERK pathway and fiber type transition, DX the IGF-1 pathway and IRS1/2 expression. DC had the smallest effect on muscle atrophic response possibly due a delayed timing on atrogenes response.
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Shariati MBH, Niknafs B, Seghinsara AM, Shokrzadeh N, Alivand MR. Administration of dexamethasone disrupts endometrial receptivity by alteration of expression of miRNA 223, 200a, LIF, Muc1, SGK1, and ENaC via the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19629-19639. [PMID: 30993706 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful implantation of embryos requires endometrial receptivity. Glucocorticoids are one of the factors influencing the implantation window. In this study, 40 female BALB/c mice were used to study the impacts of dexamethasone administration on endometrial receptivity markers during implantation window. The mice mated and were randomly divided into four groups: control (vehicle), dexamethasone (100 μg/kg, IP), PP242 (30 mg/kg, IP), and dexamethasone + PP242 (Dex + PP242). On the Day 4th and 5th of gestation, mice received their respective treatments and were killed on the 5th day. To assess the expression of Muc1, leukemia inflammatory inhibitor (LIF), serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), miRNA 200a, and miRNA 223-3p in the endometrium real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. Furthermore, using Western blot analysis protein expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) were evaluated. Periodic Acid-Schiff staining was used to examine the histomorphological changes of the uterus. According to the results dexamethasone declined the expression of LIF, whereas upregulated expression of Muc1, SGK1, ENaC mRNA, miRNA 200a, and miRNA 223-3p in the endometrium. In addition, PP242, an mTOR inhibitor, induced mRNA expression of Muc1, miRNA200a, and miRNa223-3p whereas it declined the expression of LIF. Moreover, activity of the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway in the endometrial cells was deterred by dexamethasone and PP242. Nonstop epithelium proliferation and elevated surface glycoproteins layer on epithelium of dexamethasone and/or PP242-received groups were divulged through histochemical analysis. According to the above mentioned results, uterine receptivity during implantation period was declined by dexamethasone, at least in part, through modulation of involved genes in endometrial receptivity and inhibition of the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrooz Niknafs
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Majdi Seghinsara
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Shokrzadeh
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alivand
- Department of Genetic, Facualty of Medcine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hesam Shariati MB, Seghinsara AM, Shokrzadeh N, Niknafs B. The effect of fludrocortisone on the uterine receptivity partially mediated by ERK1/2-mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20098-20110. [PMID: 30968418 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of embryos needs endometrial receptivity. Mineralocorticoids is one of the causes influencing the implantation window. This study targeted to evaluation fludrocortisone different properties on endometrial receptivity. The objective of this study was to assess whether treatment with fludrocortisone could impact the expression of diverse genes and proteins that are involved in uterine receptivity in mice. In this study, 40 female adult BALB/c mice were used. The samples were allocated to four groups of ten. Control group (C) received: vehicle; fludrocortisone group (FCA): received 1.5 mg/kg fludrocortisone; PP242 group (PP242): received 30 mg/kg PP242; fludrocortisone+PP242 group (FCA+PP242): received fludrocortisone and PP242. Mice were killed on window implantation day after mating and confirmed pregnancy. The endometrial epithelium of mouse was collected to assess mRNA expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), mucin-1 (MUC1), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), (Msx.1), miRNA Let-7a, and miRNA 223-3p as well as protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in the uterine using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. In comparison with the control group, fludrocortisone administration upregulated the expression of LIF, HB-EGF, Msx.1, miRNA Let-7a, ERK1/2, and mTOR in the epithelial endometrium. The PP242-treated group demonstrated a significant rise in the expression of MUC1, miRNA 223-3p and a remarkable decline in ERK1/2 and p-4E-BP1 levels in comparison with the control group. Combination therapy of (FCA+PP242) resulted in a remarkable rise in LIF, Msx-1, HB-EGF, ERK1/2, and mTOR levels, in comparison with the PP242 group. Furthermore, combination therapy of (FCA+PP242) downregulated the expression of MUC1 in comparison with the PP242-treated group. According to the results, fludrocortisone affected uterine receptivity possibly by means of modulating the expression of genes involved in the uterine receptivity and activation of the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Majdi Seghinsara
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Shokrzadeh
- Infertility and Reproductive Health research center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Behrooz Niknafs
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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