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Barak P, Kaur S, Scappini E, Tucker CJ, Parekh AB. Plasma Membrane Ca 2+ ATPase Activity Enables Sustained Store-operated Ca 2+ Entry in the Absence of a Bulk Cytosolic Ca 2+ Rise. FUNCTION 2022; 3:zqac040. [PMID: 38989036 PMCID: PMC11234650 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In many cell types, the rise in cytosolic Ca2+ due to opening of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels drives a plethora of responses, including secretion, motility, energy production, and gene expression. The amplitude and time course of the cytosolic Ca2+ rise is shaped by the rates of Ca2+ entry into and removal from the cytosol. However, an extended bulk Ca2+ rise is toxic to cells. Here, we show that the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) pump plays a major role in preventing a prolonged cytosolic Ca2+ signal following CRAC channel activation. Ca2+ entry through CRAC channels leads to a sustained sub-plasmalemmal Ca2+ rise but bulk Ca2+ is kept low by the activity of PMCA4b. Despite the low cytosolic Ca2+, membrane permeability to Ca2+ is still elevated and Ca2+ continues to enter through CRAC channels. Ca2+-dependent NFAT activation, driven by Ca2+ nanodomains near the open channels, is maintained despite the return of bulk Ca2+ to near pre-stimulation levels. Our data reveal a central role for PMCA4b in determining the pattern of a functional Ca2+ signal and in sharpening local Ca2+ gradients near CRAC channels, whilst protecting cells from a toxic Ca2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Barak
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- Oxford Nanoimaging, Linacre House, Jordan Hill Business Park Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 8TA, UK
| | - Suneet Kaur
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, USA
| | - Erica Scappini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles J Tucker
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, USA
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, USA
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2
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Pereira AC, De Pascale J, Resende R, Cardoso S, Ferreira I, Neves BM, Carrascal MA, Zuzarte M, Madeira N, Morais S, Macedo A, do Carmo A, Moreira PI, Cruz MT, Pereira CF. ER-mitochondria communication is involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation under stress conditions in the innate immune system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:213. [PMID: 35344105 PMCID: PMC11072401 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key events in the initiation and/or progression of several diseases, are correlated with alterations at ER-mitochondria contact sites, the so-called "Mitochondria-Associated Membranes" (MAMs). These intracellular structures are also implicated in NLRP3 inflammasome activation which is an important driver of sterile inflammation, however, the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. This work aimed to investigate the role of ER-mitochondria communication during ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in both peripheral and central innate immune systems, by using THP-1 human monocytes and BV2 microglia cells, respectively, as in vitro models. Markers of ER stress, mitochondrial dynamics and mass, as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation were evaluated by Western Blot, IL-1β secretion was measured by ELISA, and ER-mitochondria contacts were quantified by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and polarization were analyzed with fluorescent probes, and measurement of aconitase and SOD2 activities monitored mitochondrial ROS accumulation. ER stress was demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in both peripheral and central immune cells. Studies in monocytes indicate that ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurs by a Ca2+-dependent and ROS-independent mechanism, which is coupled with upregulation of MAMs-resident chaperones, closer ER-mitochondria contacts, as well as mitochondrial depolarization and impaired dynamics. Moreover, enhanced ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the immune system was found associated with pathological conditions since it was observed in monocytes derived from bipolar disorder (BD) patients, supporting a pro-inflammatory status in BD. In conclusion, by demonstrating that ER-mitochondria communication plays a key role in the response of the innate immune cells to ER stress, this work contributes to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying NLRP3 inflammasome activation under stress conditions, and to disclose novel potential therapeutic targets for diseases associated with sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jessica De Pascale
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Resende
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- iBiMED-Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine, University Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mylène A Carrascal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Tecnimede Group, Sintra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iCBR-Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morais
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anália do Carmo
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia F Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- , Coimbra, Portugal.
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Wang Z, Franke K, Bal G, Li Z, Zuberbier T, Babina M. MRGPRX2-Mediated Degranulation of Human Skin Mast Cells Requires the Operation of Gαi, Gαq, Ca++ Channels, ERK1/2 and PI3K—Interconnection between Early and Late Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060953. [PMID: 35326404 PMCID: PMC8946553 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of MRGPRX2 explains mast cell (MC)-dependent symptoms independently of FcεRI-activation. Because of its novelty, signaling cascades triggered by MRGPRX2 are rudimentarily understood, especially in cutaneous MCs, by which MRGPRX2 is chiefly expressed. Here, MCs purified from human skin were used following preculture or ex vivo and stimulated by FcεRI-aggregation or MRGPRX2 agonists (compound 48/80, Substance P) in the presence/absence of inhibitors. Degranulation was assessed by β-hexosaminidase or histamine release. Phosphorylation events were studied by immunoblotting. As a G protein-coupled receptor, MRGPRX2 signals by activating G proteins; however, their nature has remained controversial. In skin MCs, Gαi and Gαq were required for degranulation, but Gαi was clearly more relevant. Ca++ channels were likewise crucial. Downstream, PI3K was essential for granule discharge initiated by MRGPRX2 or FcεRI. ERK1/2 and JNK were additional participants, especially in the allergic route. Addressing possible points of intersection between early and later events, pERK1/2 and pAKT were found to depend on Gαi, further highlighting its significance. Gαq and Ca++ channels made some contributions to the phosphorylation of ERK. Ca++ differentially affected PI3K activation in FcεRI- vis-à-vis MRGPRX2-signaling, as channel inhibition increased pAKT only when triggered via FcεRI. Collectively, our study significantly extends our understanding of the molecular framework behind granule secretion from skin MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Northwest Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Kristin Franke
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Barak P, Parekh AB. Signaling through Ca 2+ Microdomains from Store-Operated CRAC Channels. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035097. [PMID: 31358516 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) ion microdomains are subcellular regions of high Ca2+ concentration that develop rapidly near open Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane or internal stores and generate local regions of high Ca2+ concentration. These microdomains are remarkably versatile in that they activate a range of responses that differ enormously in both their temporal and spatial profile. In this review, we describe how Ca2+ microdomains generated by store-operated calcium channels, a widespread and conserved Ca2+ entry pathway, stimulate different signaling pathways, and how the spatial extent of a Ca2+ microdomain can be influenced by Ca2+ ATPase pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Barak
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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5
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Go CK, Hooper R, Aronson MR, Schultz B, Cangoz T, Nemani N, Zhang Y, Madesh M, Soboloff J. The Ca 2+ export pump PMCA clears near-membrane Ca 2+ to facilitate store-operated Ca 2+ entry and NFAT activation. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/602/eaaw2627. [PMID: 31594854 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ signals, which facilitate pluripotent changes in cell fate, reflect the balance between cation entry and export. We found that overexpression of either isoform of the Ca2+-extruding plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 (PMCA4) pump in Jurkat T cells unexpectedly increased activation of the Ca2+-dependent transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Coexpression of the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) with the PMCA4b splice variant further enhanced NFAT activity; however, coexpression with PMCA4a depressed NFAT. No PMCA4 splice variant dependence in STIM1 association was observed, whereas partner of STIM1 (POST) preferentially associated with PMCA4b over PMCA4a, which enhanced, rather than inhibited, PMCA4 function. A comparison of global and near-membrane cytosolic Ca2+ abundances during store-operated Ca2+ entry revealed that PMCA4 markedly depressed near-membrane Ca2+ concentrations, particularly when PMCA4b was coexpressed with STIM1. PMCA4b closely associated with both POST and the store-operated Ca2+ channel Orai1. Furthermore, POST knockdown increased the near-membrane Ca2+ concentration, inhibiting the global cytosolic Ca2+ increase. These observations reveal an unexpected role for POST in coupling PMCA4 to Orai1 to promote Ca2+ entry during T cell activation through Ca2+ disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Go
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Robert Hooper
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Matthew R Aronson
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bryant Schultz
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Taha Cangoz
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Neeharika Nemani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. .,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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6
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Lin YP, Bakowski D, Mirams GR, Parekh AB. Selective recruitment of different Ca 2+-dependent transcription factors by STIM1-Orai1 channel clusters. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2516. [PMID: 31175287 PMCID: PMC6555828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry, involving endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensing STIM proteins and plasma membrane Orai1 channels, is a widespread and evolutionary conserved Ca2+ influx pathway. This form of Ca2+ influx occurs at discrete loci where peripheral endoplasmic reticulum juxtaposes the plasma membrane. Stimulation evokes numerous STIM1-Orai1 clusters but whether distinct signal transduction pathways require different cluster numbers is unknown. Here, we show that two Ca2+-dependent transcription factors, NFAT1 and c-fos, have different requirements for the number of STIM1-Orai1 clusters and on the Ca2+ flux through them. NFAT activation requires fewer clusters and is more robustly activated than c-fos by low concentrations of agonist. For similar cluster numbers, transcription factor recruitment occurs sequentially, arising from intrinsic differences in Ca2+ sensitivities. Variations in the number of STIM1-Orai1 clusters and Ca2+ flux through them regulate the robustness of signalling to the nucleus whilst imparting a mechanism for selective recruitment of different Ca2+-dependent transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Lin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Daniel Bakowski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Gary R Mirams
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Nottingham University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
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7
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Chen Y, Ramachandran A, Zhang Y, Koshy R, George A. The ER Ca 2+ sensor STIM1 can activate osteoblast and odontoblast differentiation in mineralized tissues. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:6-12. [PMID: 29745808 PMCID: PMC6309428 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1408601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone and dentin development requires temporal and spatial deposition of calcium phosphate mineral. A host of proteins works in concert to contribute to this tightly regulated process while malfunction in this scheme often leads to pathological defects. We have reported earlier that DMP1 stimulation of preosteoblasts leads to calcium release from internal Ca2+ stores and this store depletion is sensed by the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1). In this study, we first assessed the temporal and spatial localization of STIM1 protein during the development of bone and dentin by immunohistochemical methods. We further analyzed the function of STIM1 by establishing a stable MC3T3-E1 cell-line by overexpressing STIM1 (MC3T3-E1/STIM1 OE). Under mineralizing conditions, STIM1 overexpressing cells showed increased calcium deposits with higher expression of key osteogenic markers, such as Runx2 and type I collagen, BMP4 when compared with the control cells. Our results demonstrate that during mineralized matrix formation STIM1, the key ER sensor protein, can promote cellular differentiation in the presence of extracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Chen
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Amsaveni Ramachandran
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Youbin Zhang
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Rahul Koshy
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Anne George
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
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8
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Petrik D, Myoga MH, Grade S, Gerkau NJ, Pusch M, Rose CR, Grothe B, Götz M. Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulates Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in a Flow-Dependent Manner. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:865-878.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Samanta K, Parekh AB. Store-operated Ca2+ channels in airway epithelial cell function and implications for asthma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0424. [PMID: 27377718 PMCID: PMC4938024 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the lung are at the interface of a host and its environment and are therefore directly exposed to the inhaled air-borne particles. Rather than serving as a simple physical barrier, airway epithelia detect allergens and other irritants and then help organize the subsequent immune response through release of a plethora of secreted signals. Many of these signals are generated in response to opening of store-operated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the properties of airway store-operated channels and their role in regulating airway epithelial cell function. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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11
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Silva JG, Martins NP, Henriques R, Soares H. HIV-1 Nef Impairs the Formation of Calcium Membrane Territories Controlling the Signaling Nanoarchitecture at the Immunological Synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4042-4052. [PMID: 27798165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 to replicate and to establish long-term reservoirs is strongly influenced by T cell activation. Through the use of membrane-tethered, genetically encoded calcium (Ca2+) indicators, we were able to detect for the first time, to our knowledge, the formation of Ca2+ territories and determine their role in coordinating the functional signaling nanostructure of the synaptic membrane. Consequently, we report a previously unknown immune subversion mechanism involving HIV-1 exploitation, through its Nef accessory protein, of the interconnectivity among three evolutionarily conserved cellular processes: vesicle traffic, signaling compartmentalization, and the second messenger Ca2+ We found that HIV-1 Nef specifically associates with the traffic regulators MAL and Rab11b compelling the vesicular accumulation of Lck. Through its association with MAL and Rab11b, Nef co-opts Lck switchlike function driving the formation Ca2+ membrane territories, which, in turn, control the fusion of LAT-transporting Rab27 and Rab37 vesicles and the formation of LAT nanoclusters at the immunological synapse. Consequently, HIV-1 Nef disengages TCR triggering from the generation of p-LAT and p-SLP nanoclusters driving TCR signal amplification and diversification. Altogether our results indicate that HIV-1 exploits the interconnectivity among vesicle traffic, Ca2+ membrane territories, and signaling nanoclusters to modulate T cell signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana G Silva
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno P Martins
- Unit of Imaging and Cytometry, Gulbenkian Institute for Science, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Quantitative Imaging and Nanobiophysics Group, Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Soares
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal;
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12
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Han AY, Lee HS, Seol GH. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. increases cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration and inhibits store-operated Ca 2+ entry in vascular endothelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:800-805. [PMID: 27721178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel oil) and of trans-anethole, the main component of fennel oil, on extracellular Ca2+-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) into vascular endothelial (EA) cells and their mechanisms of action. Components of fennel oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) in EA cells was determined using Fura-2 fluorescence. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, fennel oil significantly increased [Ca2+]c in EA cells; this increase was significantly inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blockers La3+ and nifedipine. In contrast, fennel oil induced [Ca2+]c was significantly lower in Ca2+-free solution, suggesting that fennel oil increases [Ca2+]c mainly by enhancing Ca2+ influx into EA cells. [Ca2+]c mobilization by trans-anethole was similar to that of fennel oil. Moreover, SOCE was suppressed by fennel oil and trans-anethole. SOCE was also attenuated by lanthanum (La3+), a non-selective cation channel (NSC) blocker; 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane (2-APB), an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor and SOCE blocker; and U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC). Further, SOCE was more strongly inhibited by La3+ plus fennel oil or trans-anethole than by La3+ alone. These findings suggest that fennel oil and trans-anethole significantly inhibit SOCE-induced [Ca2+]c increase in vascular endothelial cells and that these reactions may be mediated by NSC, IP3-dependent Ca2+ mobilization, and PLC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Han
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Su Lee
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Xia J, Wang H, Huang H, Sun L, Dong S, Huang N, Shi M, Bin J, Liao Y, Liao W. Elevated Orai1 and STIM1 expressions upregulate MACC1 expression to promote tumor cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, and invasion in human gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:31-40. [PMID: 27431311 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (Orai1)- and stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1)-mediated store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) have been increasingly implicated in tumor progression; however, its role in gastric cancer (GC) is not well elucidated. We aimed to determine whether SOCE influences GC prognosis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Orai1 and STIM1 expressions were higher in GC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues according to RT-PCR and western blotting. Higher Orai1 and/or STIM1 expression was associated with more advanced disease, more frequent recurrence, and higher mortality rates in our study of 327 GC patients. The disease-free survival rates of Stage I-III patients and the overall survival rates of Stage IV patients were significantly worse when the tumors had high Orai1 and/or STIM1 expressions. Orai1 and/or STIM1 knockdown caused significantly reduced tumor growth and metastasis in athymic mice. Orai1 and/or STIM1 knockdown lowered the proliferation, metabolism, migration, and invasion of two GC cell lines. Also, Orai1 and/or STIM1 knockdown changed the markers of the cell cycle and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These effects were reversed by metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) overexpression. In summary, the composite molecules of SOCE suggest a poor prognosis for GC by promoting tumor cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, and invasion by targeting MACC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Xia
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Oncology, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoting Dong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Extracellular Calcium Has Multiple Targets to Control Cell Proliferation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:133-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Toth AB, Shum AK, Prakriya M. Regulation of neurogenesis by calcium signaling. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:124-34. [PMID: 27020657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling has essential roles in the development of the nervous system from neural induction to the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural cells. Ca(2+) signaling pathways are shaped by interactions among metabotropic signaling cascades, intracellular Ca(2+) stores, ion channels, and a multitude of downstream effector proteins that activate specific genetic programs. The temporal and spatial dynamics of Ca(2+) signals are widely presumed to control the highly diverse yet specific genetic programs that establish the complex structures of the adult nervous system. Progress in the last two decades has led to significant advances in our understanding of the functional architecture of Ca(2+) signaling networks involved in neurogenesis. In this review, we assess the literature on the molecular and functional organization of Ca(2+) signaling networks in the developing nervous system and its impact on neural induction, gene expression, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Particular emphasis is placed on the growing evidence for the involvement of store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Andrew K Shum
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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16
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Dörr K, Kilch T, Kappel S, Alansary D, Schwär G, Niemeyer BA, Peinelt C. Cell type-specific glycosylation of Orai1 modulates store-operated Ca2+ entry. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra25. [PMID: 26956484 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa9913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of cell surface proteins affects protein function, stability, and interaction with other proteins. Orai channels, which mediate store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), are composed of N-glycosylated subunits. Upon activation by Ca(2+) sensor proteins (stromal interaction molecules STIM1 or STIM2) in the endoplasmic reticulum, Orai Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane mediate Ca(2+) influx. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, and Siglecs are a family of sialic acid-binding lectins with immunoglobulin-like repeats. Using Western blot analysis and lectin-binding assays from various primary human cells and cancer cell lines, we found that glycosylation of Orai1 is cell type-specific. Ca(2+) imaging experiments and patch-clamp experiments revealed that mutation of the only glycosylation site of Orai1 (Orai1N223A) enhanced SOCE in Jurkat T cells. Knockdown of the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 reduced α-2,6-linked sialic acids in the glycan structure of Orai1 and was associated with increased Ca(2+) entry in Jurkat T cells. In human mast cells, inhibition of sialyl sulfation altered the N-glycan of Orai1 (and other proteins) and increased SOCE. These data suggest that cell type-specific glycosylation influences the interaction of Orai1 with specific lectins, such as Siglecs, which then attenuates SOCE. In summary, the glycosylation state of Orai1 influences SOCE-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and, thus, may contribute to pathophysiological Ca(2+) signaling observed in immune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Dörr
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Tatiana Kilch
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Sven Kappel
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schwär
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Barbara A Niemeyer
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Christine Peinelt
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany.
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17
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Parenti A, De Logu F, Geppetti P, Benemei S. What is the evidence for the role of TRP channels in inflammatory and immune cells? Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:953-69. [PMID: 26603538 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of many interacting mechanisms orchestrates immune and inflammatory responses. Among these, the cation channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family expressed by resident tissue cells, inflammatory and immune cells and distinct subsets of primary sensory neurons, have emerged as a novel and interrelated system to detect and respond to harmful agents. TRP channels, by means of their direct effect on the intracellular levels of cations and/or through the indirect modulation of a large series of intracellular pathways, orchestrate a range of cellular processes, such as cytokine production, cell differentiation and cytotoxicity. The contribution of TRP channels to the transition of inflammation and immune responses from a defensive early response to a chronic and pathological condition is also emerging as a possible underlying mechanism in various diseases. This review discusses the roles of TRP channels in inflammatory and immune cell function and provides an overview of the effects of inflammatory and immune TRP channels on the pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parenti
- Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F De Logu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - P Geppetti
- Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Benemei
- Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are a major pathway for calcium signaling in virtually all metozoan cells and serve a wide variety of functions ranging from gene expression, motility, and secretion to tissue and organ development and the immune response. SOCs are activated by the depletion of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggered physiologically through stimulation of a diverse set of surface receptors. Over 15 years after the first characterization of SOCs through electrophysiology, the identification of the STIM proteins as ER Ca(2+) sensors and the Orai proteins as store-operated channels has enabled rapid progress in understanding the unique mechanism of store-operate calcium entry (SOCE). Depletion of Ca(2+) from the ER causes STIM to accumulate at ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions where it traps and activates Orai channels diffusing in the closely apposed PM. Mutagenesis studies combined with recent structural insights about STIM and Orai proteins are now beginning to reveal the molecular underpinnings of these choreographic events. This review describes the major experimental advances underlying our current understanding of how ER Ca(2+) depletion is coupled to the activation of SOCs. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms of STIM and Orai activation, Orai channel properties, modulation of STIM and Orai function, pharmacological inhibitors of SOCE, and the functions of STIM and Orai in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Richard S Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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19
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Abstract
The regulatory protein STIM1 controls gating of the Ca(2+) channel ORAI1 by a direct protein-protein interaction. Because STIM1 is anchored in the ER membrane and ORAI1 is in the plasma membrane, the STIM-ORAI pathway can support Ca(2+) influx only where the two membranes come into close apposition, effectively demarcating a microdomain for Ca(2+) signalling. This review begins with a brief summary of the STIM-ORAI pathway of store-operated Ca(2+) influx, then turns to the special geometry of the STIM-ORAI microdomain and the expected characteristics of the microdomain Ca(2+) signal. A final section of the review seeks to place the STIM-ORAI microdomain into a broader context of cellular Ca(2+) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Hogan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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20
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Samanta K, Kar P, Mirams GR, Parekh AB. Ca(2+) Channel Re-localization to Plasma-Membrane Microdomains Strengthens Activation of Ca(2+)-Dependent Nuclear Gene Expression. Cell Rep 2015; 12:203-16. [PMID: 26146085 PMCID: PMC4521080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In polarized cells or cells with complex geometry, clustering of plasma-membrane (PM) ion channels is an effective mechanism for eliciting spatially restricted signals. However, channel clustering is also seen in cells with relatively simple topology, suggesting it fulfills a more fundamental role in cell biology than simply orchestrating compartmentalized responses. Here, we have compared the ability of store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels confined to PM microdomains with a similar number of dispersed CRAC channels to activate transcription factors, which subsequently increase nuclear gene expression. For similar levels of channel activity, we find that channel confinement is considerably more effective in stimulating gene expression. Our results identify a long-range signaling advantage to the tight evolutionary conservation of channel clustering and reveal that CRAC channel aggregation increases the strength, fidelity, and reliability of the general process of excitation-transcription coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Pulak Kar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Gary R Mirams
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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21
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Sun J, Lu F, He H, Shen J, Messina J, Mathew R, Wang D, Sarnaik AA, Chang WC, Kim M, Cheng H, Yang S. STIM1- and Orai1-mediated Ca(2+) oscillation orchestrates invadopodium formation and melanoma invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:535-48. [PMID: 25404747 PMCID: PMC4242838 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201407082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling mediated by STIM1 and Orai1 activates Src to promote invadopodium assembly while simultaneously promoting MT1-MMP recycling to the plasma membrane to promote ECM degradation. Ca2+ signaling has been increasingly implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis, and yet, the underlying mechanisms remained largely unknown. In this paper, we report that STIM1- and Orai1-mediated Ca2+ oscillations promote melanoma invasion by orchestrating invadopodium assembly and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Ca2+ oscillation signals facilitate invadopodial precursor assembly by activating Src. Disruption of Ca2+ oscillations inhibited invadopodium assembly. Furthermore, STIM1 and Orai1 regulate the proteolysis activity of individual invadopodia. Mechanistically, Orai1 blockade inhibited the recycling of MT1–matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) to the plasma membrane and entrapped MT1-MMP in the endocytic compartment to inhibit ECM degradation. STIM1 knockdown significantly inhibited melanoma lung metastasis in a xenograft mouse model, implicating the importance of this pathway in metastatic dissemination. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for Ca2+-mediated cancer cell invasion and shed new light on the spatiotemporal organization of store-operated Ca2+ signals during melanoma invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Sun
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Fujian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huifang He
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Junling Shen
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jane Messina
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Rahel Mathew
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Amod A Sarnaik
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Minjung Kim
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Heping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
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22
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Kar P, Samanta K, Kramer H, Morris O, Bakowski D, Parekh AB. Dynamic assembly of a membrane signaling complex enables selective activation of NFAT by Orai1. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1361-1368. [PMID: 24909327 PMCID: PMC4062936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NFAT-dependent gene expression is essential for the development and function of the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems and kidney, bone, and skeletal muscle [1]. Most NFAT protein resides in the cytoplasm because of extensive phosphorylation, which masks a nuclear localization sequence. Dephosphorylation by the Ca2+-calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin triggers NFAT migration into the nucleus [2, 3]. In some cell types, NFAT can be activated by Ca2+ nanodomains near open store-operated Orai1 and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane [4, 5]. How local Ca2+ near Orai1 is detected and whether other Orai channels utilize a similar mechanism remain unclear. Here, we report that the paralog Orai3 fails to activate NFAT. Orai1 is effective in activating gene expression via Ca2+ nanodomains because it participates in a membrane-delimited signaling complex that forms after store depletion and brings calcineurin, via the scaffolding protein AKAP79, to calmodulin tethered to Orai1. By contrast, Orai3 interacts less well with AKAP79 after store depletion, rendering it ineffective in activating NFAT. A channel chimera of Orai3 with the N terminus of Orai1 was able to couple local Ca2+ entry to NFAT activation, identifying the N-terminal domain of Orai1 as central to Ca2+ nanodomain-transcription coupling. The formation of a store-dependent signaling complex at the plasma membrane provides for selective activation of a fundamental downstream response by Orai1. Ca2+ store depletion leads to the formation of a plasmalemmal signaling complex AKAP79, with bound calcineurin and NFAT1, couples to the N terminus of Orai1 channels Ca2+ entry though the channels releases activated NFAT, leading to gene expression These results identify a mechanism for selective activation of a response by Orai1
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Kar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Krishna Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Holger Kramer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Otto Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Daniel Bakowski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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23
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Mid-range Ca2+ signalling mediated by functional coupling between store-operated Ca2+ entry and IP3-dependent Ca2+ release. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3916. [PMID: 24867608 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The versatility and universality of Ca(2+) signals stem from the breadth of their spatial and temporal dynamics. Spatially, Ca(2+) signalling is well studied in the microdomain scale, close to a Ca(2+) channel, and at the whole-cell level. However, little is known about how local Ca(2+) signals are regulated to specifically activate spatially distant effectors without a global Ca(2+) rise. Here we show that an intricate coupling between the inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, SERCA pump and store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) allows for efficient mid-range Ca(2+) signalling. Ca(2+) flowing through SOCE is taken up into the ER lumen by the SERCA pump, only to be re-released by IP3Rs to activate distal Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels (CaCCs). This CaCC regulation contributes to setting the membrane potential of the cell. Hence functional coupling between SOCE, SERCA and IP3R limits local Ca(2+) diffusion and funnels Ca(2+) through the ER lumen to activate a spatially separate Ca(2+) effector.
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24
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) is an universal intracellular messenger that activates cellular responses over a broad temporal range, from neurotransmitter release to cell growth and proliferation. Inherent to the use of the multifarious Ca(2+) signal is the question of specificity: how can some Ca(2+)-dependent responses be activated in a cell and not others? A rise in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) can evoke a response either by binding directly to the target (as occurs with certain Ca(2+)-activated K(+) and Cl(-) channels, for example) or through recruitment of intermediary proteins, such as calmodulin and troponin C. A substantial body of evidence has now established that Ca(2+)-binding proteins differ both in their affinities for Ca(2+) and in their on- and off-rates for Ca(2+) binding/unbinding. Furthermore, different Ca(2+)-binding proteins often occupy distinct locations within the cell. Therefore, the size, kinetics and spatial profile of a cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signal are all important in determining which Ca(2+)-dependent response will be activated, when and for how long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Kar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Anant Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
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25
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Subramanian H, Gupta K, Lee D, Bayir AK, Ahn H, Ali H. β-Defensins activate human mast cells via Mas-related gene X2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:345-52. [PMID: 23698749 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human β-defensins (hBDs) stimulate degranulation in rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro and cause increased vascular permeability in rats in vivo. In this study, we sought to determine whether hBDs activate murine and human mast cells and to delineate the mechanisms of their regulation. hBD2 and hBD3 did not induce degranulation in murine peritoneal or bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in vitro and had no effect on vascular permeability in vivo. By contrast, these peptides induced sustained Ca(2+) mobilization and substantial degranulation in human mast cells, with hBD3 being more potent. Pertussis toxin (PTx) had no effect on hBD-induced Ca(2+) mobilization, but La(3+) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (a dual inhibitor of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor and transient receptor potential channels) caused substantial inhibition of this response. Interestingly, degranulation induced by hBDs was substantially inhibited by PTx, La(3+), or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. Whereas human mast cells endogenously express G protein-coupled receptor, Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2), rat basophilic leukemia, RBL-2H3 cells, and murine BMMCs do not. Silencing the expression of MrgX2 in human mast cells inhibited hBD-induced degranulation, but had no effect on anaphylatoxin C3a-induced response. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MrgX2 in RBL-2H3 and murine BMMCs rendered these cells responsive to hBDs for degranulation. This study demonstrates that hBDs activate human mast cells via MrgX2, which couples to both PTx-sensitive and insensitive signaling pathways most likely involving Gαq and Gαi to induce degranulation. Furthermore, murine mast cells are resistant to hBDs for degranulation, and this reflects the absence of MrgX2 in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
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Alternative Forms of the Store-Operated Calcium Entry Mediators, STIM1 and Orai1. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 71:109-23. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407870-3.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Genetic polymorphisms of stromal interaction molecule 1 associated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49698. [PMID: 23272049 PMCID: PMC3522685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammation of the sacroiliac joints, spine and peripheral joints. The development of ankylosing spondylitis is still unclear. Genetics factors such as human leukocyte antigen HLA-B27 and ERAP1 have been widely reported to associate to AS susceptibility. In this study, we enrolled 361 AS patients and selected four tagging single nucleotides polymorphisms (tSNPs) at STIM1 gene. The correlation between STIM1 genetic polymorphisms and AS activity index (BASDAI, BASFI, BAS-G) as well as laboratory parameters of inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) were tested. Our results indicated that HLA-B27 positive AS patients who are carrying the minor allele homozygous G/G genotype of SNP rs3750996 significantly associated with a higher level of ESR in serum. Furthermore, rs3750996/rs3750994 pairwise allele analysis indicated that G-C haplotypes also significantly correlated with higher level of ESR as well as CRP. These findings provide a better understanding of STIM1 genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of AS.
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28
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Mitochondrial regulation of CRAC channel-driven cellular responses. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Lee K, Wang C, Machaty Z. STIM1 is required for Ca2+ signaling during mammalian fertilization. Dev Biol 2012; 367:154-62. [PMID: 22565091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During fertilization in mammals, a series of oscillations in the oocyte's intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration is responsible for oocyte activation and stimulation of embryonic development. The oscillations are associated with influx of Ca(2+) across the plasma membrane that is probably triggered by the depletion of the intracellular stores, a mechanism known as store-operated Ca(2+) entry. Recently, STIM1 has been identified in oocytes as a key component of the machinery that generates the Ca(2+) influx after store depletion. In this study, the involvement of STIM1 in the sperm-induced Ca(2+) oscillations and its significance in supporting subsequent embryo development were investigated. Downregulation of STIM1 levels in pig oocytes by siRNA completely inhibited the repetitive Ca(2+) signal triggered by the fertilizing sperm. In addition, a significantly lower percentage of oocytes cleaved or formed blastocysts when STIM1 was downregulated prior to fertilization compared to the control groups. Restoring STIM1 levels after fertilization in such oocytes by means of mRNA injection could not rescue embryonic development that in most cases was arrested at the 2-cell stage. On the other hand, STIM1 overexpression prior to fertilization did not alter the pattern of sperm-induced Ca(2+) oscillations and development of these fertilized oocytes up to the blastocyst stage was also similar to that registered in the control group. Finally, downregulation of STIM1 had no effect on oocyte activation when activation was stimulated artificially by inducing a single large elevation in the oocyte's intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration. These findings suggest that STIM1 is essential for normal fertilization as it is involved in the maintenance of the long-lasting repetitive Ca(2+) signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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30
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Quintana A, Hoth M. Mitochondrial dynamics and their impact on T cell function. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:57-63. [PMID: 22425631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Energy supply is the most prominent function of mitochondria, but in addition, mitochondria are indispensable for a multitude of other important cellular functions including calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling and buffering, the supply of metabolites and the sequestration of apoptotic factors. The efficiency of those functions highly depends on the proper positioning of mitochondria within the cytosol. In lymphocytes, mitochondria preferentially localize into the vicinity (∼200nm) of the immune synapse (IS). This localization is regulated by motor-based cytoskeleton-mediated transport, the fusion/fission dynamics of mitochondria, and probably also through tethering with the ER. IS formation also induces the accumulation of CRAC/ORAI1 Ca(2+) channels, the CRAC/ORAI channel activator STIM1, K(+) channels and plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase (PMCA) within the IS. Such a large agglomeration of Ca(2+) binding organelles and proteins highlights the IS as a critical cellular compartment for Ca(2+) dependent lymphocyte activation. At the IS, Ca(2+) microdomains generated beneath open CRAC/ORAI channels provide a rapid, robust and reliable mechanism for driving cellular responses in mast cells and T cells. Here, we discuss the relevance of motor-based mitochondrial transport, fusion, fission and tethering for mitochondrial localization in T cells and the importance of subplasmalemmal mitochondria to control local CRAC/ORAI1-dependent Ca(2+) microdomains at the IS for efficient T lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Quintana
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy& Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Subramanian H, Gupta K, Guo Q, Price R, Ali H. Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2) is a novel G protein-coupled receptor for the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in human mast cells: resistance to receptor phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44739-49. [PMID: 22069323 PMCID: PMC3247983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human LL-37 is a multifunctional antimicrobial peptide that promotes inflammation, angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumor metastasis. Most effects of LL-37 are mediated via the activation of the cell surface G protein-coupled receptor FPR2 on leukocytes and endothelial cells. Although LL-37 induces chemotaxis, degranulation, and chemokine production in mast cells, the receptor involved and the mechanism of its regulation remain unknown. MrgX2 is a member of Mas-related genes that is primarily expressed in human dorsal root ganglia and mast cells. We found that a human mast cell line LAD2 and CD34(+) cell-derived primary mast cells, which natively express MrgX2, responded to LL-37 for sustained Ca(2+) mobilization and substantial degranulation. However, an immature human mast cell line, HMC-1, that lacks functional MrgX2 did not respond to LL-37. shRNA-mediated knockdown of MrgX2 in LAD2 mast cell line and primary CD34(+) cell-derived mast cells caused a substantial reduction in LL-37-induced degranulation. Furthermore, mast cell lines stably expressing MrgX2 responded to LL-37 for chemotaxis, degranulation, and CCL4 production. Surprisingly, MrgX2 was resistant to LL-37-induced phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization. In addition, shRNA-mediated knockdown of the G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK2 and GRK3) had no effect on LL-37-induced mast cell degranulation. This study identified MrgX2 as a novel G protein-coupled receptor for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 and demonstrated that unlike most G protein-coupled receptors it is resistant to agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Subramanian
- From the Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kshitij Gupta
- From the Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Qiang Guo
- From the Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ryan Price
- From the Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hydar Ali
- From the Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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32
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Lewis RS. Store-operated calcium channels: new perspectives on mechanism and function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a003970. [PMID: 21791698 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are a nearly ubiquitous Ca(2+) entry pathway stimulated by numerous cell surface receptors via the reduction of Ca(2+) concentration in the ER. The discovery of STIM proteins as ER Ca(2+) sensors and Orai proteins as structural components of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel, a prototypic SOC, opened the floodgates for exploring the molecular mechanism of this pathway and its functions. This review focuses on recent advances made possible by the use of STIM and Orai as molecular tools. I will describe our current understanding of the store-operated Ca(2+) entry mechanism and its emerging roles in physiology and disease, areas of uncertainty in which further progress is needed, and recent findings that are opening new directions for research in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
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Konieczny V, Keebler MV, Taylor CW. Spatial organization of intracellular Ca2+ signals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 23:172-80. [PMID: 21925615 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Ca(2+), the simplest of all intracellular messengers, selectively to regulate so many cellular behaviours is due largely to the complex spatiotemporal organization of intracellular Ca(2+) signals. Most signalling pathways, including those that culminate in Ca(2+) signals, comprise sequences of protein-protein interactions linked by diffusible messengers. Using specific examples to illustrate key principles, we consider the roles of both components in defining the spatial organization of Ca(2+) signals. We discuss evidence that regulation of most Ca(2+) channels by Ca(2+) contributes to controlling the duration of Ca(2+) signals, to signal integration and, via Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, to defining the spatial spread of Ca(2+) signals. We distinguish two types of protein-protein interaction: scaffolds that allow rapid local transfer of diffusible messengers between signalling proteins, and interactions that directly transfer information between signalling proteins. Store-operated Ca(2+) entry provides a ubiquitous example of the latter, and it serves also to illustrate how Ca(2+) signals can be organized at different levels of spatial organization - from interactions between proteins to interactions between organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Konieczny
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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34
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Abstract
Elevated IgE levels and increased IgE sensitization to allergens are central features of allergic asthma. IgE binds to the high-affinity Fcε receptor I (FcεRI) on mast cells, basophils, and dendritic cells and mediates the activation of these cells upon antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE-bound FcεRI. FcεRI activation proceeds through a network of signaling molecules and adaptor proteins and is negatively regulated by a number of cell surface and intracellular proteins. Therapeutic neutralization of serum IgE in moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations through a reduction in cell surface FcεRI expression that results in decreased FcεRI activation, leading to improved asthma control. Our increasing understanding of IgE receptor signaling may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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35
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Chou YH, Juo SHH, Chiu YC, Liu ME, Chen WC, Chang CC, Chang WP, Chang JG, Chang WC. A Polymorphism of the
ORAI1
Gene is Associated With the Risk and Recurrence of Calcium Nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2011; 185:1742-6. [PMID: 21420116 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yii-Her Chou
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Suh-Hang Hank Juo
- Department of Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ching Chiu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mu-En Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chiao Chen
- Department of Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chia Chang
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Pin Chang
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University, HsinChu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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36
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Mast cell CRAC channel as a novel therapeutic target in allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 11:33-8. [PMID: 21150433 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32834232b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes recent advances in our understanding of a major Ca-entry pathway, the Ca release-activated Ca (CRAC) channel, that is central to mast cell activation. RECENT FINDINGS Animals in which the genes encoding the CRAC channel have been deleted have severely compromised mast cell function and reduced allergic responses. These functional consequences reflect the ability of CRAC channels to activate a range of spatially and temporally distinct responses in mast cells, which contribute to both rapid and slow phases of an allergic response. In addition, the cells can sustain their own activation through positive feedback cycles that involve CRAC channels. Drugs that inhibit CRAC channels are proving effective in treatment of allergic responses both in vitro and in animal models of asthma. SUMMARY CRAC channels comprise a new therapeutic target for combating allergies including asthma.
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37
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Dupont G, Combettes L, Bird GS, Putney JW. Calcium oscillations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a004226. [PMID: 21421924 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling results from a complex interplay between activation and inactivation of intracellular and extracellular calcium permeable channels. This complexity is obvious from the pattern of calcium signals observed with modest, physiological concentrations of calcium-mobilizing agonists, which typically present as sequential regenerative discharges of stored calcium, a process referred to as calcium oscillations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanism of calcium oscillations through the power of mathematical modeling. We also summarize recent findings on the role of calcium entry through store-operated channels in sustaining calcium oscillations and in the mechanism by which calcium oscillations couple to downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Dupont
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
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38
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Kar P, Nelson C, Parekh AB. Selective activation of the transcription factor NFAT1 by calcium microdomains near Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14795-803. [PMID: 21325277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.220582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NFATs are a family of Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors that play a central role in the morphogenesis, development, and physiological activities of numerous distinct cell types and organ systems. Here, we visualize NFAT1 movement in and out of the nucleus in response to transient activation of store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels in nonexcitable cells. We show that NFAT migration is exquisitely sensitive to Ca(2+) microdomains near open CRAC channels. Another Ca(2+)-permeable ion channel (TRPC3) was ineffective in driving NFAT1 to the nucleus. NFAT1 movement is temporally dissociated from the time course of the Ca(2+) signal and remains within the nucleus for 10 times longer than the duration of the trigger Ca(2+) signal. Kinetic analyses of each step linking CRAC channel activation to NFAT1 nuclear residency reveals that the rate-limiting step is transcription factor exit from the nucleus. The slow deactivation of NFAT provides a mechanism whereby Ca(2+)-dependent responses can be sustained despite the termination of the initial Ca(2+) signal and helps explain how gene expression in nonexcitable cells can continue after the primary stimulus has been removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Kar
- Department of Physiology, Oxford University, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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39
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Smyth JT, Hwang SY, Tomita T, DeHaven WI, Mercer JC, Putney JW. Activation and regulation of store-operated calcium entry. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2337-49. [PMID: 20807283 PMCID: PMC3074973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), whereby Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane is activated in response to depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has been under investigation for greater than 25 years; however, only in the past 5 years have we come to understand this mechanism at the molecular level. A surge of recent experimentation indicates that STIM molecules function as Ca2+ sensors within the ER that, upon Ca2+ store depletion, rearrange to sites very near to the plasma membrane. At these plasma membrane-ER junctions, STIM interacts with and activates SOCE channels of the Orai family. The molecular and biophysical data that have led to these findings are discussed in this review, as are several controversies within this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Smyth
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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40
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Singaravelu K, Nelson C, Bakowski D, de Brito OM, Ng SW, Di Capite J, Powell T, Scorrano L, Parekh AB. Mitofusin 2 regulates STIM1 migration from the Ca2+ store to the plasma membrane in cells with depolarized mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12189-201. [PMID: 21220420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.174029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane (PM) are activated by the depletion of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and constitute a widespread and highly conserved Ca2+ influx pathway. After store emptying, the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1 forms multimers, which then migrate to ER-PM junctions where they activate the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel Orai1. Movement of an intracellular protein to such specialized sites where it gates an ion channel is without precedence, but the fundamental question of how STIM1 migrates remains unresolved. Here, we show that trafficking of STIM1 to ER-PM junctions and subsequent Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel activity is impaired following mitochondrial depolarization. We identify the dynamin-related mitochondrial protein mitofusin 2, mutations of which causes the inherited neurodegenerative disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth IIa in humans, as an important component of this mechanism. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism whereby a mitochondrial fusion protein regulates protein trafficking across the endoplasmic reticulum and reveals a homeostatic mechanism whereby mitochondrial depolarization can inhibit store-operated Ca2+ entry, thereby reducing cellular Ca2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Singaravelu
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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41
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Parekh AB. Decoding cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 36:78-87. [PMID: 20810284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration is used as a universal signalling mechanism to control biological processes as diverse as exocytosis, contraction, cell growth and cell death. Ca(2+) signals are often presented to cells in the form of Ca(2+) oscillations, with signalling information encoded in both amplitude and frequency of the Ca(2+) spikes. Recent studies have revealed that the sub-cellular spatial profile of the Ca(2+) oscillation is also important in activating cellular responses, thereby suggesting a new mechanism for extracting information from the ubiquitous Ca(2+) oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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42
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Mishra NC, Rir-sima-ah J, Boyd RT, Singh SP, Gundavarapu S, Langley RJ, Razani-Boroujerdi S, Sopori ML. Nicotine inhibits Fc epsilon RI-induced cysteinyl leukotrienes and cytokine production without affecting mast cell degranulation through alpha 7/alpha 9/alpha 10-nicotinic receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:588-96. [PMID: 20505147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Smokers are less likely to develop some inflammatory and allergic diseases. In Brown-Norway rats, nicotine inhibits several parameters of allergic asthma, including the production of Th2 cytokines and the cysteinyl leukotriene LTC(4). Cysteinyl leukotrienes are primarily produced by mast cells, and these cells play a central role in allergic asthma. Mast cells express a high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI). Following its cross-linking, cells degranulate and release preformed inflammatory mediators (early phase) and synthesize and secrete cytokines/chemokines and leukotrienes (late phase). The mechanism by which nicotine modulates mast cell activation is unclear. Using alpha-bungarotoxin binding and quantitative PCR and PCR product sequencing, we showed that the rat mast/basophil cell line RBL-2H3 expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) alpha7, alpha9, and alpha10; exposure to exceedingly low concentrations of nicotine (nanomolar), but not the biologically inactive metabolite cotinine, for > or = 8 h suppressed the late phase (leukotriene/cytokine production) but not degranulation (histamine and hexosaminidase release). These effects were unrelated to those of nicotine on intracellular free calcium concentration but were causally associated with the inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity and the PI3K/ERK/NF-kappaB pathway, including phosphorylation of Akt and ERK and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. The suppressive effect of nicotine on the late-phase response was blocked by the alpha7/alpha9-nAChR antagonists methyllycaconitine and alpha-bungarotoxin, as well as by small interfering RNA knockdown of alpha7-, alpha9-, or alpha10-nAChRs, suggesting a functional interaction between alpha7-, alpha9-, and alpha10-nAChRs that might explain the response of RBL cells to nanomolar concentrations of nicotine. This "hybrid" receptor might serve as a target for novel antiallergic/antiasthmatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerad C Mishra
- Immunology and Asthma Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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43
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Hogan PG, Lewis RS, Rao A. Molecular basis of calcium signaling in lymphocytes: STIM and ORAI. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:491-533. [PMID: 20307213 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) entry into cells of the peripheral immune system occurs through highly Ca(2+)-selective channels known as CRAC (calcium release-activated calcium) channels. CRAC channels are a very well-characterized example of store-operated Ca(2+) channels, so designated because they open when the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) store becomes depleted. Physiologically, Ca(2+) is released from the ER lumen into the cytoplasm when activated receptors couple to phospholipase C and trigger production of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)). IP(3) binds to IP(3) receptors in the ER membrane and activates Ca(2+) release. The proteins STIM and ORAI were discovered through limited and genome-wide RNAi screens, respectively, performed in Drosophila cells and focused on identifying modulators of store-operated Ca(2+) entry. STIM1 and STIM2 sense the depletion of ER Ca(2+) stores, whereas ORAI1 is a pore subunit of the CRAC channel. In this review, we discuss selected aspects of Ca(2+) signaling in cells of the immune system, focusing on the roles of STIM and ORAI proteins in store-operated Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Parekh AB. Store-operated CRAC channels: function in health and disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:399-410. [PMID: 20395953 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels through the activation of store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels is involved in mediating a disparate array of cellular responses. These include secretion, metabolism and gene expression, as well as cell growth and proliferation. Moreover, emerging evidence points to the involvement of aberrant CRAC channel activity in human diseases, such as certain types of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity disorders, allergy, and inflammatory bowel disease. This article summarizes recent advances in understanding the gating and function of CRAC channels, their links to human disease and key issues for the development of channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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Guo F, Lou Y, Feng N, Li G, Xie A, Huang X, Wang Y. Exposure to lanthanum compound diminishes LPS-induced inflammation-associated gene expression: involvements of PKC and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Biometals 2010; 23:669-80. [PMID: 20349204 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum chloride, a rare earth compound, possesses antibacterial and cellular immunity regulating properties. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of lanthanum chloride on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha in RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line. We found that the LPS-elicited excessive production of NO and TNF-alpha in RAW 264.7 cells was inhibited significantly in the presence of lanthanum chloride, and the attenuation of iNOS and TNF-alpha occurred at mRNA level. Furthermore, the possible signaling components affected by lanthanum chloride in the pathway that lead to LPS-induced iNOS and TNF-alpha expression were explored. The results indicated the involvements of PKC/Ca(2+) and NF-kappaB in the attenuation of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by lanthanum chloride. Our observations suggest a possible therapeutic application of this agent for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
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Schwindling C, Quintana A, Krause E, Hoth M. Mitochondria Positioning Controls Local Calcium Influx in T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:184-90. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Di Capite J, Nelson C, Bates G, Parekh AB. Targeting Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel channels and leukotriene receptors provides a novel combination strategy for treating nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:1014-21.e1-3. [PMID: 19895990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract that affects around 2% of the population and almost 67% of patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma. Polyps are rich in mast cells and eosinophils, resulting in high levels of the proinflammatory cysteinyl leukotrienes. OBJECTIVES To better understand the role of the proinflammatory leukotrienes in nasal polyposis, we asked the following questions: (1) How do nasal polyps produce leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4))? (2) Can LTC(4) feed back in a paracrine way to maintain mast cell activation? (3) Could a combination therapy targeting the elements of this feed-forward loop provide a novel therapy for allergic disease? METHODS We have used immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca(2+)) imaging to address these questions on cultured and acutely isolated human mast cells from patients with polyposis. RESULTS Ca(2+) entry through store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels in polyps produced LTC(4) in a manner dependent on protein kinase C. LTC(4) thus generated activated mast cells through cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptors. Hence Ca(2+) influx into mast cells stimulates LTC(4) production, which then acts as a paracrine signal to activate further Ca(2+) influx. A combination of a low concentration of both a CRAC channel blocker and a leukotriene receptor antagonist was as effective at suppressing mast cell activation as a high concentration of either antagonist alone. CONCLUSION A drug combination directed against CRAC channels and leukotriene receptor antagonist suppresses the feed-forward loop that leads to aberrant mast cell activation. Hence our results identify a new potential strategy for combating polyposis and mast cell-dependent allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Di Capite
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The Ca2+release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel is a highly Ca2+-selective store-operated channel expressed in T cells, mast cells, and various other tissues. CRAC channels regulate critical cellular processes such as gene expression, motility, and the secretion of inflammatory mediators. The identification of Orai1, a key subunit of the CRAC channel pore, and STIM1, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor, have provided the tools to illuminate the mechanisms of regulation and the pore properties of CRAC channels. Recent evidence indicates that the activation of CRAC channels by store depletion involves a coordinated series of steps, which include the redistributions of STIM1 and Orai1, direct physical interactions between these proteins, and conformational changes in Orai1, culminating in channel activation. Additional studies have revealed that the high Ca2+ selectivity of CRAC channels arises from the presence of an intrapore Ca2+ binding site, the properties of which are finely honed to occlude the permeation of the much more prevalent Na+. Structure-function studies have led to the identification of the potential pore-binding sites for Ca2+, providing a firm framework for understanding the mechanisms of selectivity and gating of the CRAC channel. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of CRAC channel activation, pore properties, and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Prakriya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
Rapid to moderately rapid changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, or Ca2+ signals, control a variety of critical cellular functions in the immune system. These signals are comprised of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores coordinated with Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. The most common mechanisms by which these two modes of signaling occur is through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. The latter process was postulated over 20 years ago, and in just the past few years, the key molecular players have been discovered: STIM proteins serve as sensors of Ca2+ within the ER which communicate with and activate plasma membrane store-operated channels composed of Orai subunits. The process of store-operated Ca2+ entry provides support for oscillating Ca2+ signals from the ER and also provides direct activator Ca2+ that signals to a variety of downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Putney
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Bird GS, Hwang SY, Smyth JT, Fukushima M, Boyles RR, Putney JW. STIM1 is a calcium sensor specialized for digital signaling. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1724-9. [PMID: 19765994 PMCID: PMC3552312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When cells are activated by calcium-mobilizing agonists at low, physiological concentrations, the resulting calcium signals generally take the form of repetitive regenerative discharges of stored calcium, termed calcium oscillations [1]. These intracellular calcium oscillations have long fascinated biologists as a mode of digitized intracellular signaling. Recent work has highlighted the role of calcium influx as an essential component of calcium oscillations [2]. This influx occurs through a process known as store-operated calcium entry, which is initiated by calcium sensor proteins, STIM1 and STIM2, in the endoplasmic reticulum [3]. STIM2 is activated by changes in endoplasmic reticulum calcium near the resting level, whereas a threshold of calcium depletion is required for STIM1 activation [4]. Here we show that, surprisingly, it is STIM1 and not STIM2 that is exclusively involved in calcium entry during calcium oscillations. The implication is that each oscillation produces a transient drop in endoplasmic reticulum calcium and that this drop is sufficient to transiently activate STIM1. This transient activation of STIM1 can be observed in some cells by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. This arrangement nicely provides a clearly defined and unambiguous signaling system, translating a digital calcium release signal into calcium influx that can signal to downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Bird
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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