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An W, Hall C, Li J, Hung A, Wu J, Park J, Wang L, Bai XC, Choi E. Activation of the insulin receptor by insulin-like growth factor 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2609. [PMID: 38521788 PMCID: PMC10960814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) controls growth and metabolism. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) has different binding properties on two IR isoforms, mimicking insulin's function. However, the molecular mechanism underlying IGF2-induced IR activation remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of full-length human long isoform IR (IR-B) in both the inactive and IGF2-bound active states, and short isoform IR (IR-A) in the IGF2-bound active state. Under saturated IGF2 concentrations, both the IR-A and IR-B adopt predominantly asymmetric conformations with two or three IGF2s bound at site-1 and site-2, which differs from that insulin saturated IR forms an exclusively T-shaped symmetric conformation. IGF2 exhibits a relatively weak binding to IR site-2 compared to insulin, making it less potent in promoting full IR activation. Cell-based experiments validated the functional importance of IGF2 binding to two distinct binding sites in optimal IR signaling and trafficking. In the inactive state, the C-terminus of α-CT of IR-B contacts FnIII-2 domain of the same protomer, hindering its threading into the C-loop of IGF2, thus reducing the association rate of IGF2 with IR-B. Collectively, our studies demonstrate the activation mechanism of IR by IGF2 and reveal the molecular basis underlying the different affinity of IGF2 to IR-A and IR-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong An
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Albert Hung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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2
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Antony JS, Birrer P, Bohnert C, Zimmerli S, Hillmann P, Schaffhauser H, Hoeflich C, Hoeflich A, Khairallah R, Satoh AT, Kappeler I, Ferreira I, Zuideveld KP, Metzger F. Local application of engineered insulin-like growth factor I mRNA demonstrates regenerative therapeutic potential in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102055. [PMID: 37928443 PMCID: PMC10622308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth-promoting anabolic hormone that fosters cell growth and tissue homeostasis. IGF-I deficiency is associated with several diseases, including growth disorders and neurological and musculoskeletal diseases due to impaired regeneration. Despite the vast regenerative potential of IGF-I, its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile has prevented it from being used therapeutically. In this study, we resolved these challenges by the local administration of IGF-I mRNA, which ensures desirable homeostatic kinetics and non-systemic, local dose-dependent expression of IGF-I protein. Furthermore, IGF-I mRNA constructs were sequence engineered with heterologous signal peptides, which improved in vitro protein secretion (2- to 6-fold) and accelerated in vivo functional regeneration (16-fold) over endogenous IGF-I mRNA. The regenerative potential of engineered IGF-I mRNA was validated in a mouse myotoxic muscle injury and rabbit spinal disc herniation models. Engineered IGF-I mRNA had a half-life of 17-25 h in muscle tissue and showed dose-dependent expression of IGF-I over 2-3 days. Animal models confirm that locally administered IGF-I mRNA remained at the site of injection, contributing to the safety profile of mRNA-based treatment in regenerative medicine. In summary, we demonstrate that engineered IGF-I mRNA holds therapeutic potential with high clinical translatability in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sina Zimmerli
- Versameb AG, Technology Park, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Kertisová A, Žáková L, Macháčková K, Marek A, Šácha P, Pompach P, Jiráček J, Selicharová I. Insulin receptor Arg717 and IGF-1 receptor Arg704 play a key role in ligand binding and in receptor activation. Open Biol 2023; 13:230142. [PMID: 37935358 PMCID: PMC10645074 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR, with its isoforms IR-A and IR-B) and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are related tyrosine kinase receptors. Recently, the portfolio of solved hormone-receptor structures has grown extensively thanks to advancements in cryo-electron microscopy. However, the dynamics of how these receptors transition between their inactive and active state are yet to be fully understood. The C-terminal part of the alpha subunit (αCT) of the receptors is indispensable for the formation of the hormone-binding site. We mutated the αCT residues Arg717 and His710 of IR-A and Arg704 and His697 of IGF-1R. We then measured the saturation binding curves of ligands on the mutated receptors and their ability to become activated. Mutations of Arg704 and His697 to Ala in IGF-1R decreased the binding of IGF-1. Moreover, the number of binding sites for IGF-1 on the His697 IGF-1R mutant was reduced to one-half, demonstrating the presence of two binding sites. Both mutations of Arg717 and His710 to Ala in IR-A inactivated the receptor. We have proved that Arg717 is important for the binding of insulin to its receptor, which suggests that Arg717 is a key residue for the transition to the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kertisová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pompach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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4
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Xu Y, Margetts MB, Venugopal H, Menting JG, Kirk NS, Croll TI, Delaine C, Forbes BE, Lawrence MC. How insulin-like growth factor I binds to a hybrid insulin receptor type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Structure 2022; 30:1098-1108.e6. [PMID: 35660159 PMCID: PMC9364964 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monomers of the insulin receptor and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) can combine stochastically to form heterodimeric hybrid receptors. These hybrid receptors display ligand binding and signaling properties that differ from those of the homodimeric receptors. Here, we describe the cryoelectron microscopy structure of such a hybrid receptor in complex with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The structure (ca. 3.7 Å resolution) displays a single IGF-I ligand, bound in a similar fashion to that seen for IGFs in complex with IGF-1R. The IGF-I ligand engages the first leucine-rich-repeat domain and cysteine-rich region of the IGF-1R monomer (rather than those of the insulin receptor monomer), consistent with the determinants for IGF binding residing in the IGF-1R cysteine-rich region. The structure broadens our understanding of this receptor family and assists in delineating the key structural motifs involved in binding their respective ligands. A cryo-EM structure of IGF-I bound to a hybrid IR/IGF-1R ectodomain is presented The structure is congruent to those of the single-liganded homodimeric receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xu
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | | | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John G Menting
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Kirk
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Carlie Delaine
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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5
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Sheff J, Wang P, Xu P, Arbour M, Masson L, van Faassen H, Hussack G, Kemmerich K, Brunette E, Stanimirovic D, Hill JJ, Kelly J, Ni F. Defining the epitope of a blood-brain barrier crossing single domain antibody specific for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4284. [PMID: 33608571 PMCID: PMC7896052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-activated signaling through the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is implicated in many physiological processes ranging from normal human growth to cancer proliferation and metastasis. IGF1R has also emerged as a target for receptor-mediated transcytosis, a transport phenomenon that can be exploited to shuttle biotherapeutics across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). We employed differential hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to characterize the interactions of the IGF1R ectodomain with a recently discovered BBB-crossing single-domain antibody (sdAb), VHH-IR5, in comparison with IGF-1 binding. HDX-MS confirmed that IGF-1 induced global conformational shifts in the L1/FnIII-1/-2 domains and α-CT helix of IGF1R. In contrast, the VHH-IR5 sdAb-mediated changes in conformational dynamics were limited to the α-CT helix and its immediate vicinity (L1 domain). High-resolution NMR spectroscopy titration data and linear peptide scanning demonstrated that VHH-IR5 has high-affinity binding interactions with a peptide sequence around the C-terminal region of the α-CT helix. Taken together, these results define a core linear epitope for VHH-IR5 within the α-CT helix, overlapping the IGF-1 binding site, and suggest a potential role for the α-CT helix in sdAb-mediated transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Sheff
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ping Wang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Ping Xu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Melanie Arbour
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Luke Masson
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kristin Kemmerich
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Danica Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Hill
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Feng Ni
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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6
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Xu Y, Kirk NS, Venugopal H, Margetts MB, Croll TI, Sandow JJ, Webb AI, Delaine CA, Forbes BE, Lawrence MC. How IGF-II Binds to the Human Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor. Structure 2020; 28:786-798.e6. [PMID: 32459985 PMCID: PMC7343240 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) signals chiefly in response to the binding of insulin-like growth factor I. Relatively little is known about the role of insulin-like growth factor II signaling via IGF-1R, despite the affinity of insulin-like growth factor II for IGF-1R being within an order of magnitude of that of insulin-like growth factor I. Here, we describe the cryoelectron microscopy structure of insulin-like growth factor II bound to a leucine-zipper-stabilized IGF-1R ectodomain, determined in two conformations to a maximum average resolution of 3.2 Å. The two conformations differ in the relative separation of their respective points of membrane entry, and comparison with the structure of insulin-like growth factor I bound to IGF-1R reveals long-suspected differences in the way in which the critical C domain of the respective growth factors interact with IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xu
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Kirk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mai B Margetts
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Carlie A Delaine
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Briony E Forbes
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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7
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Muhammad T, Li M, Wang J, Huang T, Zhao S, Zhao H, Liu H, Chen ZJ. Roles of insulin-like growth factor II in regulating female reproductive physiology. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:849-865. [PMID: 32291558 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of growth factors involved in female fertility has been extensively studied, but reluctance to add essential growth factors in culture media has limited progress in optimizing embryonic growth and implantation outcomes, a situation that has ultimately led to reduced pregnancy outcomes. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is the most intricately regulated of all known reproduction-related growth factors characterized to date, and is perhaps the predominant growth factor in human ovarian follicles. This review aims to concisely summarize what is known about the role of IGF-II in follicular development, oocyte maturation, embryonic development, implantation success, placentation, fetal growth, and in reducing placental cell apoptosis, as well as present strategies that use growth factors in culture systems to improve the developmental potential of oocytes and embryos in different species. Synthesizing the present knowledge about the physiological roles of IGF-II in follicular development, oocyte maturation, and early embryonic development should, on the one hand, deepen our overall understanding of the potential beneficial effects of growth factors in female reproduction and on the other hand support development (optimization) of improved outcomes for assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Muhammad
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shigang Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200000, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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8
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Dey A, Barik D. Dichotomous Nature of Bistability Generated by Negative Cooperativity in Receptor-Ligand Binding. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1294-1302. [PMID: 31132851 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Positive cooperativity in receptor-ligand binding plays an important role in cell signaling as it generates an ultrasensitive response, a requirement for nonlinear phenomena such as bistability and oscillations in feedback regulated reaction networks. On the other hand, negative cooperativity typically produces a hyperbolic response and is thus less explored. However, recently negative cooperativity was shown to generate an ultrasensitive response under the condition of strong ligand affinity. In this work, we have used mathematical modeling to investigate the effect of negative cooperativity in receptor-ligand interaction on the bistability in a positive feedback regulatory motif. We systematically investigated the effect of negative cooperativity, modifying the two equilibrium constants of the receptor-ligand binding, on the robustness and tunability of bistability. We show that in the regime where negative cooperativity exhibits robust bistability, positive cooperativity results in poor bistability and vice versa. Further we find that the robustness and tunability of bistability depend crucially on the stability of singly and doubly engaged receptors. Our modeling highlights the ability of negative cooperativity to produce complex phenomena with potential applications in designing synthetic devices or in explaining experimental observations in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Dey
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University
P.O., Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
| | - Debashis Barik
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University
P.O., Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
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9
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Weis F, Menting JG, Margetts MB, Chan SJ, Xu Y, Tennagels N, Wohlfart P, Langer T, Müller CW, Dreyer MK, Lawrence MC. The signalling conformation of the insulin receptor ectodomain. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4420. [PMID: 30356040 PMCID: PMC6200814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural biology of the insulin receptor and how it signals is of key importance in the development of insulin analogs to treat diabetes. We report here a cryo-electron microscopy structure of a single insulin bound to a physiologically relevant, high-affinity version of the receptor ectodomain, the latter generated through attachment of C-terminal leucine zipper elements to overcome the conformational flexibility associated with ectodomain truncation. The resolution of the cryo-electron microscopy maps is 3.2 Å in the insulin-binding region and 4.2 Å in the membrane-proximal region. The structure reveals how the membrane proximal domains of the receptor come together to effect signalling and how insulin's negative cooperativity of binding likely arises. Our structure further provides insight into the high affinity of certain super-mitogenic insulins. Together, these findings provide a new platform for insulin analog investigation and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Weis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John G Menting
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3015, Australia
| | - Mai B Margetts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3015, Australia
| | - Shu Jin Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- 6515 North Knox Avenue, Lincolnwood, Illinois, 60712, USA
| | - Yibin Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3015, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Norbert Tennagels
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes and Integrated Drug Discovery, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes and Integrated Drug Discovery, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes and Integrated Drug Discovery, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph W Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias K Dreyer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes and Integrated Drug Discovery, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3015, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.
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10
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Vanaja KG, Timp W, Feinberg AP, Levchenko A. A Loss of Epigenetic Control Can Promote Cell Death through Reversing the Balance of Pathways in a Signaling Network. Mol Cell 2018; 72:60-70.e3. [PMID: 30244832 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic control of regulatory networks is only partially understood. Expression of Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2) is controlled by genomic imprinting, mediated by silencing of the maternal allele. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 (LOI) is linked to intestinal and colorectal cancers, causally in murine models and epidemiologically in humans. However, the molecular underpinnings of the LOI phenotype are not clear. Surprisingly, in LOI cells, we find a reversal of the relative activities of two canonical signaling pathways triggered by IGF2, causing further rebalancing between pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. A predictive mathematical model shows that this network rebalancing quantitatively accounts for the effect of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition in both WT and LOI cells. This mechanism also quantitatively explains both the stable LOI phenotype and the therapeutic window for selective killing of LOI cells, and thus prevention of epigenetically controlled cancers. These findings suggest a framework for understanding epigenetically modified cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran G Vanaja
- Yale Systems Biology Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew P Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Yale Systems Biology Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Xu Y, Kong GKW, Menting JG, Margetts MB, Delaine CA, Jenkin LM, Kiselyov VV, De Meyts P, Forbes BE, Lawrence MC. How ligand binds to the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Nat Commun 2018; 9:821. [PMID: 29483580 PMCID: PMC5826941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is a homodimeric receptor tyrosine kinase that signals into pathways directing normal cellular growth, differentiation and proliferation, with aberrant signalling implicated in cancer. Insulin-like growth factor binding is understood to relax conformational restraints within the homodimer, initiating transphosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase domains. However, no three-dimensional structures exist for the receptor ectodomain to inform atomic-level understanding of these events. Here, we present crystal structures of the ectodomain in apo form and in complex with insulin-like growth factor I, the latter obtained by crystal soaking. These structures not only provide a wealth of detail of the growth factor interaction with the receptor’s primary ligand-binding site but also indicate that ligand binding separates receptor domains by a mechanism of induced fit. Our findings are of importance to the design of agents targeting IGF-1R and its partner protein, the human insulin receptor. The human type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is important for normal human growth and development. Here, the authors present the crystal structures of the IGF-1R ectodomain both in its apo form and in complex with its ligand insulin-like growth factor I and discuss the receptor activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K-W Kong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Monash Macromolecular Crystallisation Facility, 11 Chancellors Walk, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - John G Menting
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mai B Margetts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Carlie A Delaine
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Lauren M Jenkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Vladislav V Kiselyov
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Pierre De Meyts
- Department of Cell Signaling, de Duve Institute, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Stem Cell Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark.,De Meyts R&D Consulting, Avenue Reine Astrid 42, B-1950, Kraainem, Belgium
| | - Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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12
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Lenz G, Hamilton A, Geng S, Hong T, Kalkum M, Momand J, Kane SE, Huss JM. t-Darpp Activates IGF-1R Signaling to Regulate Glucose Metabolism in Trastuzumab-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1216-1226. [PMID: 29180608 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Increased glycolysis and glucose dependence is a hallmark of malignancy that enables tumors to maximize cell proliferation. In HER2+ cancers, an increase in glycolytic capacity is associated with trastuzumab resistance. IGF-1R activation and t-Darpp overexpression both confer trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer. We therefore investigated a role for IGF-1R and t-Darpp in regulating glycolytic capacity in HER2+ breast cancers.Experimental Design: We examined the relationship between t-Darpp and IGF-1R expression in breast tumors and their respective relationships with patient survival. To assess t-Darpp's metabolic effects, we used the Seahorse flux analyzer to measure glucose metabolism in trastuzumab-resistant SK-BR-3 cells (SK.HerR) that have high endogenous t-Darpp levels and SK.tDrp cells that stably overexpress exogenous t-Darpp. To investigate t-Darpp's mechanism of action, we evaluated t-Darpp:IGF-1R complexes by coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays. We used pathway-specific inhibitors to study the dependence of t-Darpp effects on IGF-1R signaling. We used siRNA knockdown to determine whether glucose reliance in SK.HerR cells was mediated by t-Darpp.Results: In breast tumors, PPP1R1B mRNA levels were inversely correlated with IGF-1R mRNA levels and directly associated with shorter overall survival. t-Darpp overexpression was sufficient to increase glucose metabolism in SK.tDrp cells and essential for the glycolytic phenotype of SK.HerR cells. Recombinant t-Darpp stimulated glucose uptake, glycolysis, and IGF-1R-Akt signaling in SK-BR-3 cells. Finally, t-Darpp stimulated IGF-1R heterodimerization with ErbB receptors and required IGF-1R signaling to confer its metabolic effects.Conclusions: t-Darpp activates IGF-1R signaling through heterodimerization with EGFR and HER2 to stimulate glycolysis and confer trastuzumab resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1216-26. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Lenz
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
| | - Angelica Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Shuhui Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Teresa Hong
- Department of Immunology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jamil Momand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan E Kane
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Janice M Huss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
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13
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Frago S, Nicholls RD, Strickland M, Hughes J, Williams C, Garner L, Surakhy M, Maclean R, Rezgui D, Prince SN, Zaccheo OJ, Ebner D, Sanegre S, Yu S, Buffa FM, Crump MP, Hassan AB. Functional evolution of IGF2:IGF2R domain 11 binding generates novel structural interactions and a specific IGF2 antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2766-75. [PMID: 27140600 PMCID: PMC4878476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513023113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 15 extracellular domains of the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R), domain 11 has evolved a binding site for IGF2 to negatively regulate ligand bioavailability and mammalian growth. Despite the highly evolved structural loops of the IGF2:domain 11 binding site, affinity-enhancing AB loop mutations suggest that binding is modifiable. Here we examine the extent to which IGF2:domain 11 affinity, and its specificity over IGF1, can be enhanced, and we examine the structural basis of the mechanistic and functional consequences. Domain 11 binding loop mutants were selected by yeast surface display combined with high-resolution structure-based predictions, and validated by surface plasmon resonance. We discovered previously unidentified mutations in the ligand-interacting surface binding loops (AB, CD, FG, and HI). Five combined mutations increased rigidity of the AB loop, as confirmed by NMR. When added to three independently identified CD and FG loop mutations that reduced the koff value by twofold, these mutations resulted in an overall selective 100-fold improvement in affinity. The structural basis of the evolved affinity was improved shape complementarity established by interloop (AB-CD) and intraloop (FG-FG) side chain interactions. The high affinity of the combinatorial domain 11 Fc fusion proteins functioned as ligand-soluble antagonists or traps that depleted pathological IGF2 isoforms from serum and abrogated IGF2-dependent signaling in vivo. An evolved and reengineered high-specificity M6P/IGF2R domain 11 binding site for IGF2 may improve therapeutic targeting of the frequent IGF2 gain of function observed in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Frago
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan D Nicholls
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Strickland
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hughes
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Garner
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mirvat Surakhy
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Maclean
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Dellel Rezgui
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Prince
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Zaccheo
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Sanegre
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Crump
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew Bassim Hassan
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
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14
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Cottam Jones JM, Harris PWR, Scanlon DB, Forbes BE, Brimble MA, Abell AD. Fluorescent IGF-II analogues for FRET-based investigations into the binding of IGF-II to the IGF-1R. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2698-705. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02110c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Convergent-based synthesis of native IGF-II and two IGF-II analogues, with coumarin fluorescent probes incorporated at residues 19 and 28, and their use in FRET-based identification of interactions with the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - D. B. Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5001
- Australia
| | - B. E. Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5005
- Australia
- School of Medicine
| | - M. A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - A. D. Abell
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5001
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
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15
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Tatulian SA. Structural Dynamics of Insulin Receptor and Transmembrane Signaling. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5523-32. [PMID: 26322622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a (αβ)2-type transmembrane tyrosine kinase that plays a central role in cell metabolism. Each αβ heterodimer consists of an extracellular ligand-binding α-subunit and a membrane-spanning β-subunit that comprises the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (TK) domain and the phosphorylation sites. The α- and β-subunits are linked via a single disulfide bridge, and the (αβ)2 tetramer is formed by disulfide bonds between the α-chains. Insulin binding induces conformational changes in IR that reach the intracellular β-subunit followed by a protein phosphorylation and activation cascade. Defects in this signaling process, including IR dysfunction caused by mutations, result in type 2 diabetes. Rational drug design aimed at treatment of diabetes relies on knowledge of the detailed structure of IR and the dynamic structural transformations during transmembrane signaling. Recent X-ray crystallographic studies have provided important clues about the mode of binding of insulin to IR, the resulting structural changes and their transmission to the TK domain, but a complete understanding of the structural basis underlying insulin signaling has not been achieved. This review presents a critical analysis of the current status of the structure-function relationship of IR, with a comparative assessment of the other IR family receptors, and discusses potential advancements that may provide insight into the molecular mechanism of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida , 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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16
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Wang N, Rayes RF, Elahi SM, Lu Y, Hancock MA, Massie B, Rowe GE, Aomari H, Hossain S, Durocher Y, Pinard M, Tabariès S, Siegel PM, Brodt P. The IGF-Trap: Novel Inhibitor of Carcinoma Growth and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:982-93. [PMID: 25673819 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The IGFI receptor promotes malignant progression and has been recognized as a target for cancer therapy. Clinical trials with anti-IGFIR antibodies provided evidence of therapeutic efficacy but exposed limitations due in part to effects on, and the compensatory function of, the insulin receptor system. Here, we report on the production, characterization, and biologic activity of a novel, IGF-targeting protein (the IGF-Trap) comprising a soluble form of hIGFIR and the Fc portion of hIgG1. The IGF-Trap has a high affinity for hIGFI and hIGFII but low affinity for insulin, as revealed by surface plasmon resonance. It efficiently blocked IGFIR signaling in several carcinoma cell types and inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. In vivo, the IGF-Trap showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and could suppress the growth of established breast carcinoma tumors when administered therapeutically into tumor-bearing mice, improving disease-free survival. Moreover, IGF-Trap treatment markedly reduced experimental liver metastasis of colon and lung carcinoma cells, increasing tumor cell apoptosis and reducing angiogenesis. Finally, when compared with an anti-IGFIR antibody or IGF-binding protein-1 that were used at similar or higher concentrations, the IGF-Trap showed superior therapeutic efficacy to both inhibitors. Taken together, we have developed a targeted therapeutic molecule with highly potent anticancer effects that could address limitations of current IGFIR-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wang
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roni F Rayes
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Seyyed Mehdy Elahi
- Biotechnology Research Institute (National Research Council), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark A Hancock
- SPR-MS Facility, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Massie
- Biotechnology Research Institute (National Research Council), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerald E Rowe
- Biotechnology Research Institute (National Research Council), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hafida Aomari
- Biotechnology Research Institute (National Research Council), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sazzad Hossain
- Biotechnology Research Institute (National Research Council), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Biotechnology Research Institute (National Research Council), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Pinard
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Tabariès
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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17
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Vashisth H. Theoretical and computational studies of peptides and receptors of the insulin family. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:48-83. [PMID: 25680077 PMCID: PMC4384091 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic interactions among peptides and receptors of the insulin family are required for glucose homeostasis, normal cellular growth and development, proliferation, differentiation and other metabolic processes. The peptides of the insulin family are disulfide-linked single or dual-chain proteins, while receptors are ligand-activated transmembrane glycoproteins of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily. Binding of ligands to the extracellular domains of receptors is known to initiate signaling via activation of intracellular kinase domains. While the structure of insulin has been known since 1969, recent decades have seen remarkable progress on the structural biology of apo and liganded receptor fragments. Here, we review how this useful structural information (on ligands and receptors) has enabled large-scale atomically-resolved simulations to elucidate the conformational dynamics of these biomolecules. Particularly, applications of molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods are discussed in various contexts, including studies of isolated ligands, apo-receptors, ligand/receptor complexes and intracellular kinase domains. The review concludes with a brief overview and future outlook for modeling and computational studies in this family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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18
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Henderson ST, Brierley GV, Surinya KH, Priebe IK, Catcheside DEA, Wallace JC, Forbes BE, Cosgrove LJ. Delineation of the IGF-II C domain elements involved in binding and activation of the IR-A, IR-B and IGF-IR. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:20-27. [PMID: 25458127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and -II) ligands share a high degree of sequence and structural homology. Despite their similarities, IGF-I and IGF-II exhibit differential receptor binding and activation characteristics. The C domains of IGF-I and IGF-II are the primary determinants of binding specificity to the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), insulin receptor exon 11- (IR-A) and exon 11+ (IR-B) isoforms. DESIGN Three IGF-II analogues were generated in order to delineate the C domain residues that confer the differential receptor binding affinity and activation properties of the IGFs. Chimeric IGF-II analogues IGF-IICI(N) and IGF-IICI(C) contained partial IGF-I C domain substitutions (IGF-I residues underlined) GYGSSSRRSR and SRVSRRAPQT, respectively. RESULTS The IGF-IICI(N) analogue bound the IR-A and IGF-IR with high affinity but bound the IR-B with a relatively lower affinity than IGF-II, suggesting a negative interaction between the exon-11 encoded peptide in the IR-B and the C-domain. The ability of IGF-IICI(N) to activate receptors and elicit cell viability responses was generally proportional to its relative receptor binding affinity but appeared to act as a partial agonist equivalent to IGF-I when binding and activating the IGF-IR. In contrast, IGF-IICI(C) bound IGF-IR with high affinity but elicited lower receptor activation and cell viability responses. Analogue IGF-IICI(S) contained a truncated IGF-I C domain (GSSSRRAT) and generally displayed a relatively poor ability to bind, activate and elicit viability responses via each receptor. CONCLUSIONS Together, the IGF analogues demonstrate that both flanks of the IGF-II C domain play important roles in the greater ability of IGF-II to bind and activate IR receptors than IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Henderson
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - G V Brierley
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - K H Surinya
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - I K Priebe
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - D E A Catcheside
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - J C Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - B E Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - L J Cosgrove
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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19
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Mitran B, Altai M, Hofström C, Honarvar H, Sandström M, Orlova A, Tolmachev V, Gräslund T. Evaluation of 99mTc-Z IGF1R:4551-GGGC affibody molecule, a new probe for imaging of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor expression. Amino Acids 2014; 47:303-15. [PMID: 25425114 PMCID: PMC4302241 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in several cancers is associated with resistance to therapy. Radionuclide molecular imaging of IGF-1R expression in tumors may help in selecting the patients that will potentially respond to IGF-1R-targeted therapy. Affibody molecules are small (7 kDa) non-immunoglobulin-based scaffold proteins that are well-suited probes for radionuclide imaging. The aim of this study was the evaluation of an anti-IGF-1R affibody molecule labeled with technetium-99m using cysteine-containing peptide-based chelator GGGC at C-terminus. ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC was efficiently and stably labeled with technetium-99m (radiochemical yield 97 ± 3 %). 99mTc-ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC demonstrated specific binding to IGF-1R-expressing DU-145 (prostate cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines and slow internalization in vitro. The tumor-targeting properties were studied in BALB/c nu/nu mice bearing DU-145 and MCF-7 xenografts. [99mTc(CO)3]+-(HE)3-ZIGF1R:4551 was used for comparison. The biodistribution study demonstrated high tumor-to-blood ratios (6.2 ± 0.9 and 6.9 ± 1.0, for DU-145 and MCF-7, respectively, at 4 h after injection). Renal radioactivity concentration was 16-fold lower for 99mTc-ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC than for [99mTc(CO)3]+-(HE)3-ZIGF1R:4551 at 4 h after injection. However, the liver uptake of 99mTc-ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC was 1.2- to 2-fold higher in comparison with [99mTc(CO)3]+-(HE)3-ZIGF1R:4551. A possible reason for the elevated hepatic uptake of 99mTc-ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC is a high lipophilicity of amino acids in the binding site of ZIGF1R:4551, which is not compensated in 99mTc-ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC. In conclusion, 99mTc-ZIGF1R:4551-GGGC can visualize the IGF-1R expression in human tumor xenografts and provides low retention of radioactivity in kidneys. Further development of this imaging agent should include molecular design aimed at reducing the hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Mitran
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bessman NJ, Bagchi A, Ferguson KM, Lemmon MA. Complex relationship between ligand binding and dimerization in the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1306-17. [PMID: 25453753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays pivotal roles in development and is mutated or overexpressed in several cancers. Despite recent advances, the complex allosteric regulation of EGFR remains incompletely understood. Through efforts to understand why the negative cooperativity observed for intact EGFR is lost in studies of its isolated extracellular region (ECR), we uncovered unexpected relationships between ligand binding and receptor dimerization. The two processes appear to compete. Surprisingly, dimerization does not enhance ligand binding (although ligand binding promotes dimerization). We further show that simply forcing EGFR ECRs into preformed dimers without ligand yields ill-defined, heterogeneous structures. Finally, we demonstrate that extracellular EGFR-activating mutations in glioblastoma enhance ligand-binding affinity without directly promoting EGFR dimerization, suggesting that these oncogenic mutations alter the allosteric linkage between dimerization and ligand binding. Our findings have important implications for understanding how EGFR and its relatives are activated by specific ligands and pathological mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bessman
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Atrish Bagchi
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn M Ferguson
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Jordan RPC, Williams DW, Moran GP, Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ. Comparative adherence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to human buccal epithelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Med Mycol 2014; 52:254-63. [PMID: 24625677 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis are very closely related pathogenic yeast species. Despite their close relationship, C. albicans is a far more successful colonizer and pathogen of humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if the disparity in the virulence of the two species is attributed to differences in their ability to adhere to human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) and/or extracellular matrix proteins. When grown overnight at 30°C in yeast extract peptone dextrose, genotype 1 C. dubliniensis isolates were found to be significantly more adherent to human BECs than C. albicans or C. dubliniensis genotypes 2-4 (P < 0.001). However, when the yeast cells were grown at 37°C, no significant difference between the adhesion of C. dubliniensis genotype 1 and C. albicans to human BECs was observed, and C. dubliniensis genotype 1 and C. albicans adhered to BECs in significantly greater numbers than the other C. dubliniensis genotypes (P < 0.001). Using surface plasmon resonance analysis, C. dubliniensis isolates were found to adhere in significantly greater numbers than C. albicans to type I and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, and proline-rich peptides. These data suggest that C. albicans is not more adherent to epithelial cells or matrix proteins than C. dubliniensis and therefore other factors must contribute to the greater levels of virulence exhibited by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P C Jordan
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Bernis ME, Oksdath M, Dupraz S, Nieto Guil A, Fernández MM, Malchiodi EL, Rosso SB, Quiroga S. Wingless-type family member 3A triggers neuronal polarization via cross-activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:194. [PMID: 24298236 PMCID: PMC3829478 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial axonal elongation is essential for neuronal polarization and requires polarized activation of IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1r) and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3k) pathway. Wingless-type family growth factors (Wnts) have also been implied in the regulation of axonal development. It is not known, however, if Wnts have any participation in the regulation of initial axonal outgrowth and the establishment of neuronal polarity. We used cultured hippocampal neurons and growth cone particles (GCPs) isolated from fetal rat brain to show that stimulation with the wingless family factor 3A (Wnt3a) was sufficient to promote neuronal polarization in the absence of IGF-1 or high insulin. We also show that Wnt3a triggered a strong activation of IGF-1r, PI3k, and Akt in developmental Stage 2 neurons and that the presence of activatable IGF-1r and PI3k activation were necessary for Wnt3a polarizing effects. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments show that Wnt3a did not bind specifically to the IGF-1r. Using crosslinking and immuno-precipitation experiments, we show that stimulation with Wnt3a triggered the formation of a complex including IGF-1r-Wnt3a-Frizzled-7. We conclude that Wnt3a triggers polarization of neurons via cross-activation of the IGF-1r/PI3k pathway upon binding to Fz7.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Bernis
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
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23
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Ward CW, Menting JG, Lawrence MC. The insulin receptor changes conformation in unforeseen ways on ligand binding: Sharpening the picture of insulin receptor activation. Bioessays 2013; 35:945-54, doi/10.1002/bies.201370111. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin W. Ward
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - John G. Menting
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Michael C. Lawrence
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
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Westley RL, May FEB. A twenty-first century cancer epidemic caused by obesity: the involvement of insulin, diabetes, and insulin-like growth factors. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:632461. [PMID: 23983688 PMCID: PMC3747439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the developed world. The progression from obesity to diabetes mellitus type 2, via metabolic syndrome, is recognised, and the significant associated increase in the risk of major human cancers acknowledged. We review the molecular basis of the involvement of morbidly high concentrations of endogenous or therapeutic insulin and of insulin-like growth factors in the progression from obesity to diabetes and finally to cancer. Epidemiological and biochemical studies establish the role of insulin and hyperinsulinaemia in cancer risk and progression. Insulin-like growth factors, IGF-1 and IGF-2, secreted by visceral or mammary adipose tissue have significant paracrine and endocrine effects. These effects can be exacerbated by increased steroid hormone production. Structural studies elucidate how each of the three ligands, insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2, interacts differently with isoforms A and B of the insulin receptor and with type I IGF receptor and explain how these protagonists contribute to diabetes-associated cancer. The above should inform appropriate treatment of cancers that arise in obese individuals and in those with diabetes mellitus type 2. Novel drugs that target the insulin and insulin-like growth factor signal transduction pathways are in clinical trial and should be effective if appropriate biomarker-informed patient stratification is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyne L. Westley
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Felicity E. B. May
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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25
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[99mTc(CO)3]+-(HE)3-ZIGF1R:4551, a new Affibody conjugate for visualization of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in malignant tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012. [PMID: 23179942 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radionuclide imaging of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression in tumours might be used for selection of patients who would benefit from IGF-1R-targeted therapy. We have previously shown the feasibility of IGF-1R imaging using the Affibody molecule (111)In-DOTA-His(6)-Z(IGF1R:4551). The use of (99m)Tc instead of (111)In should improve sensitivity and resolution of imaging, and reduce the dose burden to patients. We hypothesized that inclusion of a HEHEHE tag instead of a His(6) tag in Z(IGF1R:4551) would permit its convenient purification using IMAC, enable labelling with [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+), and improve its biodistribution. METHODS Z(IGF1R:4551) was expressed with a HEHEHE tag in the N terminus. The resulting (HE)(3)-Z(IGF1R:4551) construct was labelled with [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+). Targeting of IGF-1R-expressing cells using [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+)-(HE)(3)-Z(IGF1R:4551) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS (HE)(3)-Z(IGF1R:4551) was stably labelled with (99m)Tc with preserved specific binding to IGF-1R-expressing DU-145 prostate cancer cells in vitro. In mice, [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+)-(HE)(3)-Z(IGF1R:4551) accumulated in IGF-1R-expressing organs (pancreas, stomach, lung and salivary gland). [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+)-(HE)(3)-Z(IGF1R:4551) demonstrated 3.6-fold lower accumulation in the liver and spleen than (111)In-DOTA-Z(IGF1R:4551). In NMRI nu/nu mice with DU-145 prostate cancer xenografts, the tumour uptake was 1.32 ± 0.11 %ID/g and the tumour-to-blood ratio was 4.4 ± 0.3 at 8 h after injection. The xenografts were visualized using a gamma camera 6 h after injection. CONCLUSION (99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+)-(HE)(3)-Z(IGF1R:4551) is a promising candidate for visualization of IGF-1R expression in malignant tumours.
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26
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Fluorescence correlation spectroscopic examination of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 binding to live cells. Biophys Chem 2011; 159:303-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alvino CL, Ong SC, McNeil KA, Delaine C, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Forbes BE. Understanding the mechanism of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor activation by IGF-II. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27488. [PMID: 22140443 PMCID: PMC3227035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) promotes cell proliferation and survival and plays an important role in normal fetal development and placental function. IGF-II binds both the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A) with high affinity. Interestingly both IGF-II and the IR-A are often upregulated in cancer and IGF-II acts via both receptors to promote cancer proliferation. There is relatively little known about the mechanism of ligand induced activation of the insulin (IR) and IGF-1R. The recently solved IR structure reveals a folded over dimer with two potential ligand binding pockets arising from residues on each receptor half. Site-directed mutagenesis has mapped receptor residues important for ligand binding to two separate sites within the ligand binding pocket and we have recently shown that the IGFs have two separate binding surfaces which interact with the receptor sites 1 and 2. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we describe a series of partial IGF-1R and IR agonists generated by mutating Glu12 of IGF-II. By comparing receptor binding affinities, abilities to induce negative cooperativity and potencies in receptor activation, we provide evidence that residue Glu12 bridges the two receptor halves leading to receptor activation. Conclusions/Significance This study provides novel insight into the mechanism of receptor binding and activation by IGF-II, which may be important for the future development of inhibitors of its action for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair L. Alvino
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shee Chee Ong
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kerrie A. McNeil
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carlie Delaine
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grant W. Booker
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John C. Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Briony E. Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Brown TR, Drummond ML, Barelier S, Crutchfield AS, Dinescu A, Slavens KD, Cundari TR, Anderson ME. Aspartate 458 of human glutathione synthetase is important for cooperativity and active site structure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:536-42. [PMID: 21771585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human glutathione synthetase (hGS) catalyzes the second ATP-dependent step in the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH) and is negatively cooperative to the γ-glutamyl substrate. The hGS active site is composed of three highly conserved catalytic loops, notably the alanine rich A-loop. Experimental and computational investigations of the impact of mutation of Asp458 are reported, and thus the role of this A-loop residue on hGS structure, activity, negativity cooperativity and stability is defined. Several Asp458 hGS mutants (D458A, D458N and D458R) were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis and their activities determined (10%, 15% and 7% of wild-type hGS, respectively). The Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) was determined for all three substrates (glycine, GAB and ATP): glycine K(m) increased by 30-115-fold, GAB K(m) decreased by 8-17-fold, and the ATP K(m) was unchanged. All Asp458 mutants display a change in cooperativity from negative cooperativity to non-cooperative. All mutants show similar stability as compared to wild-type hGS, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The findings indicate that Asp458 is essential for hGS catalysis and that it impacts the allostery of hGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, United States
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29
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All-atom structural models for complexes of insulin-like growth factors IGF1 and IGF2 with their cognate receptor. J Mol Biol 2010; 400:645-58. [PMID: 20488191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is a membrane-spanning glycoprotein of the insulin receptor family that has been implicated in a variety of cancers. The key questions related to molecular mechanisms governing ligand recognition by IGF1R remain unanswered, partly due to the lack of testable structural models of apo or ligand-bound receptor complexes. Using a homology model of the IGF1R ectodomain IGF1RDeltabeta, we present the first experimentally consistent all-atom structural models of IGF1/IGF1RDeltabeta and IGF2/IGF1RDeltabeta complexes. Our explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of apo-IGF1RDeltabeta shows that it displays asymmetric flexibility mechanisms that result in one of two binding pockets accessible to growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, as demonstrated via an MD-assisted Monte Carlo docking procedure. Our MD-generated ensemble of structures of apo and IGF1-bound IGF1RDeltabeta agrees reasonably well with published small-angle X-ray scattering data. We observe simultaneous contacts of each growth factor with sites 1 and 2 of IGF1R, suggesting cross-linking of receptor subunits. Our models provide direct evidence in favor of suggested electrostatic complementarity between the C-domain (IGF1) and the cysteine-rich domain (IGF1R). Our IGF1/IGF1RDeltabeta model provides structural bases for the observation that a single IGF1 molecule binds to IGF1RDeltabeta at low concentrations in small-angle X-ray scattering studies. We also suggest new possible structural bases for differences in the affinities of insulin, IGF1, and IGF2 for their noncognate receptors.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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31
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Whitten AE, Smith BJ, Menting JG, Margetts MB, McKern NM, Lovrecz GO, Adams TE, Richards K, Bentley JD, Trewhella J, Ward CW, Lawrence MC. Solution Structure of Ectodomains of the Insulin Receptor Family: The Ectodomain of the Type 1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor Displays Asymmetry of Ligand Binding Accompanied by Limited Conformational Change. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:878-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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The insulin receptor: a prototype for dimeric, allosteric membrane receptors? Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:376-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gauguin L, Delaine C, Alvino CL, McNeil KA, Wallace JC, Forbes BE, De Meyts P. Alanine scanning of a putative receptor binding surface of insulin-like growth factor-I. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20821-9. [PMID: 18502759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence supports a binding model in which the insulin molecule contains two binding surfaces, site 1 and site 2, which contact the two halves of the insulin receptor. The interaction of these two surfaces with the insulin receptor results in a high affinity cross-linking of the two receptor alpha subunits and leads to receptor activation. Evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) may activate the IGF-I receptor in a similar mode. So far IGF-I residues structurally corresponding to the residues of the insulin site 1 together with residues in the C-domain of IGF-I have been found to be important for binding of IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor (e.g. Phe(23), Tyr(24), Tyr(31), Arg(36), Arg(37), Val(44), Tyr(60), and Ala(62)). However, an IGF-I second binding surface similar to site 2 of insulin has not been identified yet. In this study, we have analyzed whether IGF-I residues corresponding to the six residues of the insulin site 2 have a role in high affinity binding of IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor. Six single-substituted IGF-I analogues were produced, each containing an alanine substitution in one of the following positions (corresponding insulin residues in parentheses): Glu(9) (His(B10)), Asp(12) (Glu(B13)), Phe(16) (Leu(B17)), Asp(53) (Ser(A12)), Leu(54) (Leu(A13)), and Glu(58) (Glu(A17)). In addition, two analogues with 2 and 3 combined alanine substitutions were also produced (E9A,D12A IGF-I and E9A,D12A,E58A IGF-I). The results show that introducing alanine in positions Glu(9), Asp(12), Phe(16), Leu(54), and Glu(58) results in a significant reduction in IGF-I receptor binding affinity, whereas alanine substitution at position 53 had no effect on IGF-I receptor binding. The multiple substitutions resulted in a 33-100-fold reduction in IGF-I receptor binding affinity. These data suggest that IGF-I, in addition to the C-domain, uses surfaces similar to those of insulin in contacting its cognate receptor, although the relative contribution of the side chains of homologous residues varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Gauguin
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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