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Arévalo JC, Deogracias R. Mechanisms Controlling the Expression and Secretion of BDNF. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050789. [PMID: 37238659 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF), through TrkB receptor activation, is an important modulator for many different physiological and pathological functions in the nervous system. Among them, BDNF plays a crucial role in the development and correct maintenance of brain circuits and synaptic plasticity as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. The proper functioning of the central nervous system depends on the available BDNF concentrations, which are tightly regulated at transcriptional and translational levels but also by its regulated secretion. In this review we summarize the new advances regarding the molecular players involved in BDNF release. In addition, we will address how changes of their levels or function in these proteins have a great impact in those functions modulated by BDNF under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castille and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén Deogracias
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castille and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Sánchez-Sánchez J, Vicente-García C, Cañada-García D, Martín-Zanca D, Arévalo JC. ARMS/Kidins220 regulates nociception by controlling brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion. Pain 2023; 164:563-576. [PMID: 35916735 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain is an alarm mechanism to prevent body damage in response to noxious stimuli. The nerve growth factor (NGF)/TrkA axis plays an essential role as pain mediator, and several clinical trials using antibodies against NGF have yielded promising results, but side effects have precluded their clinical approval. A better understanding of the mechanism of NGF/TrkA-mediated nociception is needed. Here, we find that ARMS/Kidins220, a scaffold protein for Trk receptors, is a modulator of nociception. Male mice, with ARMS/Kidins220 reduction exclusively in TrkA-expressing cells, displayed hyperalgesia to heat, inflammatory, and capsaicin stimuli, but not to cold or mechanical stimuli. Simultaneous deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reversed the effects of ARMS/Kidins220 knock down alone. Mechanistically, ARMS/Kidins220 levels are reduced in vitro and in vivo in response to capsaicin through calpains, and this reduction leads to enhanced regulated BDNF secretion from dorsal root ganglion. Altogether, these data indicate that ARMS/Kidins220 protein levels have a role as a pain modulator in the NGF/TrkA axis regulating BDNF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Vicente-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Cañada-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dionisio Martín-Zanca
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Guo Y, Jiang Y, Rose JB, Nagaraju GP, Jaskula-Sztul R, Hjelmeland AB, Beck AW, Chen H, Ren B. Protein Kinase D1 Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity. Cells 2022; 11:3885. [PMID: 36497140 PMCID: PMC9739736 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are extremely diverse and highly vascularized neoplasms that arise from endocrine cells in the pancreas. The pNETs harbor a subpopulation of stem cell-like malignant cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which contribute to intratumoral heterogeneity and promote tumor maintenance and recurrence. In this study, we demonstrate that CSCs in human pNETs co-express protein kinase PKD1 and CD44. We further identify PKD1 signaling as a critical pathway in the control of CSC maintenance in pNET cells. PKD1 signaling regulates the expression of a CSC- and EMT-related gene signature and promotes CSC self-renewal, likely leading to the preservation of a subpopulation of CSCs at an intermediate EMT state. This suggests that the PKD1 signaling pathway may be required for the development of a unique CSC phenotype with plasticity and partial EMT. Given that the signaling networks connected with CSC maintenance and EMT are complex, and extend through multiple levels of regulation, this study provides insight into signaling regulation of CSC plasticity and partial EMT in determining the fate of CSCs. Inhibition of the PKD1 pathway may facilitate the elimination of specific CSC subsets, thereby curbing tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Guo
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J. Bart Rose
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Renata Jaskula-Sztul
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anita B. Hjelmeland
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Adam W. Beck
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- GBS Biomedical Engineering Program, Graduate School, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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4
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Koutník J, Neururer V, Gruber T, Peer S, Hermann-Kleiter N, Olson WJ, Labi V, Leitges M, Baier G, Siegmund K. Addressing the role of PKD3 in the T cell compartment with knockout mice. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:54. [PMID: 35440091 PMCID: PMC9020081 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) has been implicated in signal transduction downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). However, its role for the activation of primary T lymphocytes has not been elucidated so far. Methods Expression of PKD isoforms in primary murine T cells was determined by RT-PCR and SDS-Page. A germline PKD3-knockout mouse line was analyzed for its immune response to OVA/alum intraperitoneal immunization. Phenotyping of the T cell compartment ex vivo as well as upon stimulation in vitro was performed by flow cytometry. Additionally, cytokine expression was assessed by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Luminex technology. Results PKD expression in T cells is modulated by TCR stimulation, leading to a rapid down-regulation on mRNA and on protein level. PKD3-deficient mice respond to immunization with enhanced T follicular helper cell generation. Furthermore, peripheral PKD3-deficient CD4+ T cells express more interleukin-2 than wild type CD4+ T cells upon TCR stimulation ex vivo. However, purified naïve CD4+ T cells do not differ in their phenotype upon differentiation in vitro from wild type T cells. Moreover, we observed a shift towards an effector/memory phenotype of splenic T cells at steady state, which might explain the contradictory results obtained with pan-T cells ex vivo and naïve-sorted T cells. Conclusion While PKD3-deficiency in vivo in mice leads to a skewing of the T cell compartment towards a more activated phenotype, this kinase seems to be dispensable for naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation in vitro. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00864-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Koutník
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Neururer
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Peer
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - William J Olson
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Craig L Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland Health Science Centre, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NF, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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5
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Rock S, Li X, Song J, Townsend CM, Weiss HL, Rychahou P, Gao T, Li J, Evers BM. Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 and Exo70 promote fatty acid-stimulated neurotensin secretion through ERK1/2 signaling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211134. [PMID: 30917119 PMCID: PMC6436710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin is a peptide hormone released from enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine in response to fat ingestion. Although the mechanisms regulating neurotensin secretion are still incompletely understood, our recent findings implicate a role for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 as positive regulators of free fatty acid-stimulated neurotensin secretion. Previous studies have shown that kinase suppressor of Ras 1 acts as a molecular scaffold of the Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 kinase cascade and regulates intensity and duration of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 signaling. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of kinase suppressor of Ras 1 attenuates neurotensin secretion and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 signaling in human endocrine cells. Conversely, we show that overexpression of kinase suppressor of Ras 1 enhances neurotensin secretion and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 signaling. We also show that inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and exocyst complex component 70, a substrate of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and mediator of secretory vesicle exocytosis, potently inhibits basal and docosahexaenoic acid-stimulated neurotensin secretion, whereas overexpression of exocyst complex component 70 enhances basal and docosahexaenoic acid-stimulated neurotensin secretion. Together, our findings demonstrate a role for kinase suppressor of Ras 1 as a positive regulator of neurotensin secretion from human endocrine cells and indicate that this effect is mediated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 signaling pathway. Moreover, we reveal a novel role for exocyst complex component 70 in regulation of neurotensin vesicle exocytosis through its interaction with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rock
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xian Li
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jun Song
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Courtney M. Townsend
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Piotr Rychahou
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jing Li
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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6
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Li J, Song J, Li X, Rock SB, Sinner HF, Weiss HL, Weiss T, Townsend CM, Gao T, Evers BM. FFAR4 Is Involved in Regulation of Neurotensin Release From Neuroendocrine Cells and Male C57BL/6 Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2939-2952. [PMID: 29796668 PMCID: PMC6486825 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT), a 13 amino-acid peptide, is predominantly released from enteroendocrine cells of the small bowel in response to fat ingestion. Free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) FFAR1 and FFAR4 regulate secretion of gut hormones and insulin. Here, we show that docosahexaenoic acid, a long-chain fatty acid, has the most dramatic effect on NT release. FFAR1 agonists slightly stimulate and FFAR4 agonists dramatically stimulate and amplify NT secretion. Double knockdown of FFAR1 and FFAR4 decreases NT release, whereas overexpression of FFAR4, but not FFAR1, increases NT release. Administration of cpdA, an FFAR4 agonist, but not TAK-875, a selective FFAR1 agonist, increases plasma NT levels and further increases olive oil-stimulated plasma NT levels. Inhibition of MAPK kinase (MEK)/ERK1/2 decreased fatty acid-stimulated NT release but increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. In contrast, inhibition of AMPK further increased NT secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediated by FFAR1 or FFAR4. Our results indicate that FFAR4 plays a more critical role than FFAR1 in mediation of fat-regulated NT release and in inhibitory crosstalk between MEK/ERK1/2 and AMPK in the control of NT release downstream of FFAR1 and FFAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Stephanie B Rock
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Heather F Sinner
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Todd Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Courtney M Townsend
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - B Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: B. Mark Evers, MD, University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center, CC140 Roach Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
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7
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Regulation of BDNF Release by ARMS/Kidins220 through Modulation of Synaptotagmin-IV Levels. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5415-5428. [PMID: 29769266 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1653-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF is a growth factor with important roles in the nervous system in both physiological and pathological conditions, but the mechanisms controlling its secretion are not completely understood. Here, we show that ARMS/Kidins220 negatively regulates BDNF secretion in neurons from the CNS and PNS. Downregulation of the ARMS/Kidins220 protein in the adult mouse brain increases regulated BDNF secretion, leading to its accumulation in the striatum. Interestingly, two mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) showed increased levels of ARMS/Kidins220 in the hippocampus and regulated BDNF secretion deficits. Importantly, reduction of ARMS/Kidins220 in hippocampal slices from HD mice reversed the impaired regulated BDNF release. Moreover, there are increased levels of ARMS/Kidins220 in the hippocampus and PFC of patients with HD. ARMS/Kidins220 regulates Synaptotagmin-IV levels, which has been previously observed to modulate BDNF secretion. These data indicate that ARMS/Kidins220 controls the regulated secretion of BDNF and might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BDNF is an important growth factor that plays a fundamental role in the correct functioning of the CNS. The secretion of BDNF must be properly controlled to exert its functions, but the proteins regulating its release are not completely known. Using neuronal cultures and a new conditional mouse to modulate ARMS/Kidins220 protein, we report that ARMS/Kidins220 negatively regulates BDNF secretion. Moreover, ARMS/Kidins220 is overexpressed in two mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD), causing an impaired regulation of BDNF secretion. Furthermore, ARMS/Kidins220 levels are increased in brain samples from HD patients. Future studies should address whether ARMS/Kidins220 has any function on the pathophysiology of HD.
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8
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Raza MZ, Allegrini S, Dumontet C, Jordheim LP. Functions of the multi-interacting protein KIDINS220/ARMS in cancer and other pathologies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 57:114-122. [PMID: 29181864 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an organ and subsequently the whole system from an embryo is a highly integrated process. Although there is evidence that different systems are interconnected during developmental stages, the molecular understanding of this relationship is either not known or only to a limited extent. Nervous system development, amongst all, is maybe the most crucial and complex process. It relies on the correct distribution of specific neuronal growth factors and hormones to the specific receptors. Among the plethora of proteins that are involved in downstream signalling of neuronal growth factors, we find the kinase-D interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220), also known as ankyrin-rich repeat membrane spanning (ARMS) protein. KIDINS220 has been shown to play a substantial role in the nervous system and vascular system development as well as in neuronal survival and differentiation. It serves as a downstream regulator for many important neuronal and vascular growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the neurotrophin family, glutamate receptors and ephrin receptors. Moreover, activation and differentiation of B- and T-cells, as well as tumour cell proliferation has also shown to be related to KIDINS220. This review comprehensively summarises the existing research data on this protein, with a particular interest in its role in cancer and in other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad-Zawwad Raza
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Simone Allegrini
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
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9
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Yuan J, Tan T, Geng M, Tan G, Chheda C, Pandol SJ. Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Kinase D Suppress NF-kappaB Activation and Attenuate the Severity of Rat Cerulein Pancreatitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1014. [PMID: 29270134 PMCID: PMC5725929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation is a key early signal regulating inflammatory and cell death responses in acute pancreatitis. Our previous in vitro studies with molecular approaches on AR42J cell showed that protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) activation was required in NF-κB activation induced by cholecystokinin 8 (CCK) or carbachol (CCh) in pancreatic acinar cells. Recently developed small molecule PKD inhibitors, CID755673 and CRT0066101, provide potentially important pharmacological approaches to further investigate the effect of PKD in pancreatitis therapy. The aim of this study was to explore whether CID755673 and CRT0066101 block NF-κB activation with in vitro and in vivo models of experimental pancreatitis and whether the small molecule PKD inhibitors have therapeutic effects when given before or after the initiation of experimental pancreatitis. Freshly prepared pancreatic acini were incubated with CID755673 or CRT006101, followed by hyperstimulation with CCK or CCh. For in vivo experimental pancreatitis, rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of CID755673 or CRT0066101 prior to or after administering cerulein or saline. PKD activation and NF-κB-DNA binding activity in nuclear extracts from pancreatic acini and tissue were measured. The effects of PKD inhibitors on pancreatitis responses were evaluated. Our results showed that both CID755673 or CRT0066101 selectively and specifically inhibited PKD without effects on related protein kinase Cs. Inhibition of PKD resulted in significantly attenuation of NF-κB activation in both in vitro and in vivo models of experimental pancreatitis. NF-κB inhibition by CID755673 was associated with decreased inflammatory responses and attenuated severity of the disease, which were indicated by less inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced pancreatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), decreased intrapancreatic trypsin activation, and alleviation in pancreatic necrosis, edema and vacuolization. Furthermore, PKD inhibitor CID755673, given after the initiation of pancreatitis in experimental rat model, significantly attenuated the severity of acute pancreatitis. Therapies for acute pancreatitis are limited. Our results indicate that small chemical PKD inhibitors have significant potential as therapeutic interventions by suppressing NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tanya Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Meng Geng
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Frank Netter H. School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States
| | - Grace Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chintan Chheda
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Cai S, Cai J, Jiang WG, Ye L. Kidins220 and tumour development: Insights into a complexity of cross-talk among signalling pathways (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:965-971. [PMID: 28849114 PMCID: PMC5593494 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic complexes of kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa/ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (Kidins220/ARMS) bind and integrate a variety of cellular cues to mediate neuronal activities such as neuronal differentiation, survival, and cytoskeleton remodelling by interacting with a variety of binding partners. Accumulated evidence has also indicated its role in the regulation of vascular development. Mice with Kidins220 knockdown phenotypically present with cardiovascular abnormalities. Kidins220 also contributes to immunomodulation in combination with B cells and T cells. Moreover, emerging evidence has revealed that this protein regulates many crucial cellular processes and thus has been implicated in an increasing number of malignancies. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of Kidins220 and its role in cancer development. Further investigation is warranted to shed light on the role played by Kidins220 in the dynamic arrangement of the cytoskeleton and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and its implication in tumourigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jun Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Aicart-Ramos C, He SDQ, Land M, Rubin CS. A Novel Conserved Domain Mediates Dimerization of Protein Kinase D (PKD) Isoforms: DIMERIZATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR PKD-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF SECRETION AND INNATE IMMUNITY. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23516-23531. [PMID: 27662904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) isoforms are protein kinase C effectors in signaling pathways regulated by diacylglycerol. Important physiological processes (including secretion, immune responses, motility, and transcription) are placed under diacylglycerol control by the distinctive substrate specificity and subcellular distribution of PKDs. Potentially, broadly co-expressed PKD polypeptides may interact to generate homo- or heteromultimeric regulatory complexes. However, the frequency, molecular basis, regulatory significance, and physiological relevance of stable PKD-PKD interactions are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mammalian PKDs 1-3 and the prototypical Caenorhabditis elegans PKD, DKF-2A, are exclusively (homo- or hetero-) dimers in cell extracts and intact cells. We discovered and characterized a novel, highly conserved N-terminal domain, comprising 92 amino acids, which mediates dimerization of PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3 monomers. A similar domain directs DKF-2A homodimerization. Dimerization occurred independently of properties of the regulatory and kinase domains of PKDs. Disruption of PKD dimerization abrogates secretion of PAUF, a protein carried in small trans-Golgi network-derived vesicles. In addition, disruption of DKF-2A homodimerization in C. elegans intestine impaired and degraded the immune defense of the intact animal against an ingested bacterial pathogen. Finally, dimerization was indispensable for the strong, dominant negative effect of catalytically inactive PKDs. Overall, the structural integrity and function of the novel dimerization domain are essential for PKD-mediated regulation of a key aspect of cell physiology, secretion, and innate immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Aicart-Ramos
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Atran Laboratories, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Sophia Dan Qing He
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Atran Laboratories, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Marianne Land
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Atran Laboratories, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Charles S Rubin
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Atran Laboratories, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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12
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López-Benito S, Lillo C, Hernández-Hernández Á, Chao MV, Arévalo JC. ARMS/Kidins220 and synembryn-B levels regulate NGF-mediated secretion. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1866-77. [PMID: 26966186 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the nervous system requires a temporally and spatially orchestrated set of events including differentiation, synapse formation and neurotransmission. Nerve growth factor (NGF) acting through the TrkA neurotrophin receptor (also known as NTRK1) regulates many of these events. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for NGF-regulated secretion are not completely understood. Here, we describe a new signaling pathway involving TrkA, ARMS (also known as Kidins220), synembryn-B and Rac1 in NGF-mediated secretion in PC12 cells. Whereas overexpression of ARMS blocked NGF-mediated secretion, without affecting basal secretion, a decrease in ARMS resulted in potentiation. Similar effects were observed with synembryn-B, a protein that interacts directly with ARMS. Downstream of ARMS and synembryn-B are Gαq and Trio proteins, which modulate the activity of Rac1 in response to NGF. Expression of dominant-negative Rac1 rescued the secretion defects of cells overexpressing ARMS or synembryn-B. Thus, this neurotrophin pathway represents a new mechanism responsible for NGF-regulated secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray López-Benito
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Ángel Hernández-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Moses V Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Neural Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan C Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca 37007, Spain
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13
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Li J, Song J, Weiss HL, Weiss T, Townsend CM, Evers BM. Activation of AMPK Stimulates Neurotensin Secretion in Neuroendocrine Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 30:26-36. [PMID: 26528831 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a critical fuel-sensing enzyme, regulates the metabolic effects of various hormones. Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid peptide predominantly localized in enteroendocrine cells of the small bowel and released by fat ingestion. Increased fasting plasma levels of pro-NT (a stable NT precursor fragment produced in equimolar amounts relative to NT) are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality; however, the mechanisms regulating NT release are not fully defined. We previously reported that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) increases NT secretion and gene expression through activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Here, we show that activation of AMPK increases NT secretion from endocrine cell lines (BON and QGP-1) and isolated mouse crypt cells enriched for NT-positive cells. In addition, plasma levels of NT increase in mice treated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside, a pharmacologic AMPK activator. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of AMPKα decrease, whereas overexpression of the subunit significantly enhances, NT secretion from BON cells treated with AMPK activators or oleic acid. Similarly, small interfering RNA knockdown of the upstream AMPK kinases, liver kinase B1 and Ca(2+) calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, also attenuate NT release and AMPK phosphorylation. Moreover, AMPK activation increases NT secretion through inhibition of mTORC1 signaling. Together, our findings show that AMPK activation enhances NT release through inhibition of mTORC1 signaling, thus demonstrating an important cross talk regulation for NT secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery (J.L., J.S., B.M.E.) and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center (J.L., J.S., H.L.W., T.W., B.M.E.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; and Department of Surgery (C.M.T.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery (J.L., J.S., B.M.E.) and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center (J.L., J.S., H.L.W., T.W., B.M.E.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; and Department of Surgery (C.M.T.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- Department of Surgery (J.L., J.S., B.M.E.) and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center (J.L., J.S., H.L.W., T.W., B.M.E.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; and Department of Surgery (C.M.T.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Todd Weiss
- Department of Surgery (J.L., J.S., B.M.E.) and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center (J.L., J.S., H.L.W., T.W., B.M.E.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; and Department of Surgery (C.M.T.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Courtney M Townsend
- Department of Surgery (J.L., J.S., B.M.E.) and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center (J.L., J.S., H.L.W., T.W., B.M.E.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; and Department of Surgery (C.M.T.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - B Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery (J.L., J.S., B.M.E.) and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center (J.L., J.S., H.L.W., T.W., B.M.E.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; and Department of Surgery (C.M.T.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
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14
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Jung H, Shin JH, Park YS, Chang MS. Ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS)/Kidins220 scaffold protein regulates neuroblastoma cell proliferation through p21. Mol Cells 2014; 37:881-7. [PMID: 25410904 PMCID: PMC4275705 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is tightly controlled by the cell-cycle regulatory proteins, primarily by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the G1 phase. The ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS) scaffold protein, also known as kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins 220), has been previously identified as a prominent downstream target of neurotrophin and ephrin receptors. Many studies have reported that ARMS/Kidins220 acts as a major signaling platform in organizing the signaling complex to regulate various cellular responses in the nervous and vascular systems. However, the role of ARMS/Kidins220 in cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression has never been investigated. Here we report that knockdown of ARMS/Kidins220 inhibits mouse neuroblastoma cell proliferation by inducing slowdown of cell cycle in the G1 phase. This effect is mediated by the upregulation of a CDK inhibitor p21, which causes the decrease in cyclin D1 and CDK4 protein levels and subsequent reduction of pRb hyperphosphorylation. Our results suggest a new role of ARMS/Kidins220 as a signaling platform to regulate tumor cell proliferation in response to the extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Jung
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Shin
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
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15
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Valentino JD, Li J, Zaytseva YY, Mustain WC, Elliott VA, Kim JT, Harris JW, Campbell K, Weiss H, Wang C, Song J, Anthony L, Townsend CM, Evers BM. Cotargeting the PI3K and RAS pathways for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1212-22. [PMID: 24443523 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise involvement of the PI3K/mTOR and RAS/MEK pathways in carcinoid tumors is not well defined. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the role these pathways play in carcinoid cell proliferation, apoptosis, and secretion and to determine the effects of combined treatment on carcinoid tumor inhibition. METHODS The human neuroendocrine cell lines BON (pancreatic carcinoid), NCI-H727 (lung carcinoid), and QGP-1 (somatostatinoma) were treated with either the pan-PI3K inhibitor, BKM120, or the dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, alone or in combination with the MEK inhibitor, PD0325901; proliferation, apoptosis, and protein expression were assessed. Peptide secretion was evaluated in BON and QGP-1 cells. The antiproliferative effect of BEZ235, alone or combined with PD0325901, was then tested in vivo. RESULTS Both BKM120 and BEZ235 decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis; combination with PD0325901 significantly enhanced the antineoplastic effects of either treatment alone. In contrast, neurotensin peptide secretion was markedly stimulated with BKM120 treatment, but not BEZ235. The combination of BEZ235 + PD0325901 significantly inhibited the growth of BON xenografts without systemic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Both BKM120 and BEZ235 effectively inhibited neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cell proliferation and stimulated apoptosis. However, inhibition of the PI3K pathway alone with BKM120 significantly stimulated neurotensin peptide secretion; this did not occur with the dual inhibition of both PI3K and mTOR using BEZ235 suggesting that this would be a more effective treatment regimen for NETs. Moreover, the combination of BEZ235 and the MEK inhibitor PD0325901 was a safe and more effective therapy in vivo compared with single agents alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Valentino
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Biostatistics; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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16
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Rogers DA, Schor NF. Kidins220/ARMS is expressed in neuroblastoma tumors and stabilizes neurotrophic signaling in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:517-24. [PMID: 23999075 PMCID: PMC3968798 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophic signaling is an important factor in the survival of developing neurons, and the expression of neurotrophic receptors correlates with prognosis in neuroblastoma. Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220) associates with neurotrophic receptors and stabilizes them, but the expression and function of Kidins220 in neuroblastoma are unknown. METHODS We study Kidins220 expression in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor samples by western blotting and microarray analyses. We determine the functional consequences of downregulation of Kidins220 for response of cell lines to oxidative stress, chemotherapeutic treatment, and neurotrophins using small interfering RNA silencing and by measuring cell survival, signaling, and migration. RESULTS Kidins220 is expressed in all neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines studied. Downregulation of Kidins220 leads to attenuation of nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced, but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced, MAPK signaling. However, downregulation of Kidins220 does not alter the response to chemotherapeutic drugs or oxidative stress or affect cellular motility. CONCLUSION Kidins220 is expressed in neuroblastoma tumors and stabilizes NGF-induced, but not BDNF-induced, survival signaling in neuroblastoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny A. Rogers
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Nina F. Schor
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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17
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Li J, Song J, Cassidy MG, Rychahou P, Starr ME, Liu J, Li X, Epperly G, Weiss HL, Townsend CM, Gao T, Evers BM. PI3K p110α/Akt signaling negatively regulates secretion of the intestinal peptide neurotensin through interference of granule transport. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1380-93. [PMID: 22700584 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT), an intestinal peptide secreted from N cells in the small bowel, regulates a variety of physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including secretion, gut motility, and intestinal growth. The class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family, which comprised of p110 catalytic (α, β and δ) and p85 regulatory subunits, has been implicated in the regulation of hormone secretion from endocrine cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In particular, the role of PI3K in intestinal peptide secretion is not known. Here, we show that PI3K catalytic subunit, p110α, negatively regulates NT secretion in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that inhibition of p110α, but not p110β, induces NT release in BON, a human endocrine cell line, which expresses NT mRNA and produces NT peptide in a manner analogous to N cells, and QGP-1, a pancreatic endocrine cell line that produces NT peptide. In contrast, overexpression of p110α decreases NT secretion. Consistently, p110α-inhibition increases plasma NT levels in mice. To further delineate the mechanisms contributing to this effect, we demonstrate that inhibition of p110α increases NT granule trafficking by up-regulating α-tubulin acetylation; NT secretion is prevented by overexpression of HDAC6, an α-tubulin deacetylase. Moreover, ras-related protein Rab27A (a small G protein) and kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220), which are associated with NT granules, play a negative and positive role, respectively, in p110α-inhibition-induced NT secretion. Our findings identify the critical role and novel mechanisms for the PI3K signaling pathway in the control of intestinal hormone granule transport and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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18
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Rozengurt E. Protein kinase D signaling: multiple biological functions in health and disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:23-33. [PMID: 21357900 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase family with structural, enzymological, and regulatory properties different from the PKC family members. Signaling through PKD is induced by a remarkable number of stimuli, including G-protein-coupled receptor agonists and polypeptide growth factors. PKD1, the most studied member of the family, is increasingly implicated in the regulation of a complex array of fundamental biological processes, including signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, membrane trafficking, secretion, immune regulation, cardiac hypertrophy and contraction, angiogenesis, and cancer. PKD mediates such a diverse array of normal and abnormal biological functions via dynamic changes in its spatial and temporal localization, combined with its distinct substrate specificity. Studies on PKD thus far indicate a striking diversity of both its signal generation and distribution and its potential for complex regulatory interactions with multiple downstream pathways, often regulating the subcellular localization of its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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19
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Li J, Liu J, Song J, Wang X, Weiss HL, Townsend CM, Gao T, Evers BM. mTORC1 inhibition increases neurotensin secretion and gene expression through activation of the MEK/ERK/c-Jun pathway in the human endocrine cell line BON. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C213-26. [PMID: 21508335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00067.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling exists in two complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. Neurotensin (NT), an intestinal hormone secreted by enteroendocrine (N) cells in the small bowel, has important physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The human endocrine cell line BON abundantly expresses the NT gene and synthesizes and secretes NT in a manner analogous to that of N cells. Here, we demonstrate that the inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor), torin1 (both mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor) or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of mTOR, regulatory associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR), and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) increased basal NT release via upregulating NT gene expression in BON cells. c-Jun activity was increased by rapamycin or torin1 or p70S6K knockdown. c-Jun overexpression dramatically increased NT promoter activity, which was blocked by PD98059, an mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor. Furthermore, overexpression of MEK1 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) increased c-Jun expression and NT promoter activity. More importantly, PD98059 blocked rapamycin- or torin1-enhanced NT secretion. Consistently, rapamycin and torin1 also increased NT gene expression in Hep3B cells, a human hepatoma cell line that, similar to BON, expresses high levels of NT. Phosphorylation of c-Jun and ERK1/2 was also increased by rapamycin and torin1 in Hep3B cells. Finally, we showed activation of mTOR in BON cells treated with amino acids, high glucose, or serum and, concurrently, the attenuation of ERK1/2 and c-Jun phosphorylation and NT secretion. Together, mTORC1, as a nutrient sensor, negatively regulates NT secretion via the MEK/ERK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Our results identify a physiological link between mTORC1 and MEK/ERK signaling in controlling intestinal hormone gene expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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20
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Thrower EC, Yuan J, Usmani A, Liu Y, Jones C, Minervini SN, Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Guha S. A novel protein kinase D inhibitor attenuates early events of experimental pancreatitis in isolated rat acini. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G120-9. [PMID: 20947701 PMCID: PMC3025506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Novel protein kinase C isoforms (PKC δ and ε) mediate early events in acute pancreatitis. Protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) is a convergent point of PKC δ and ε in the signaling pathways triggered through CCK or cholinergic receptors and has been shown to activate the transcription factor NF-κB in acute pancreatitis. For the present study we hypothesized that a newly developed PKD/PKD1 inhibitor, CRT0066101, would prevent the initial events leading to pancreatitis. We pretreated isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells with CRT0066101 and a commercially available inhibitor Gö6976 (10 μM). This was followed by stimulation for 60 min with high concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK, 0.1 μM), carbachol (CCh, 1 mM), or bombesin (10 μM) to induce initial events of pancreatitis. PKD/PKD1 phosphorylation and activity were measured as well as zymogen activation, amylase secretion, cell injury and NF-κB activation. CRT0066101 dose dependently inhibited secretagogue-induced PKD/PKD1 activation and autophosphorylation at Ser-916 with an IC(50) ∼3.75-5 μM but had no effect on PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the PKD/PKD1 activation loop (Ser-744/748). Furthermore, CRT0066101 reduced secretagogue-induced zymogen activation and amylase secretion. Gö6976 reduced zymogen activation but not amylase secretion. Neither inhibitor affected basal zymogen activation or secretion. CRT0066101 did not affect secretagogue-induced cell injury or changes in cell morphology, but it reduced NF-κB activation by 75% of maximal for CCK- and CCh-stimulated acinar cells. In conclusion, CRT0066101 is a potent and specific PKD family inhibitor. Furthermore, PKD/PKD1 is a potential mediator of zymogen activation, amylase secretion, and NF-κB activation induced by a range of secretagogues in pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Thrower
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Jingzhen Yuan
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Ashar Usmani
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Yannan Liu
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Courtney Jones
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Samantha N. Minervini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Martine Alexandre
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sushovan Guha
- 3University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Houston, Texas
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21
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Abstract
Mammalian PKD (protein kinase D) isoforms have been implicated in the regulation of diverse biological processes in response to diacylglycerol and PKC (protein kinase C) signalling. To compare the functions of PKD1 and PKD2 in vivo, we generated mice deficient in either PKD1 or PKD2 enzymatic activity, via homozygous expression of PKD1S744A/S748A or PKD2S707A/S711A ‘knockin’ alleles. We also examined PKD2-deficient mice generated using ‘gene-trap’ technology. We demonstrate that, unlike PKD1, PKD2 catalytic activity is dispensable for normal embryogenesis. We also show that PKD2 is the major PKD isoform expressed in lymphoid tissues, but that PKD2 catalytic activity is not essential for the development of mature peripheral T- and B-lymphocytes. PKD2 catalytic activity is, however, required for efficient antigen receptor-induced cytokine production in T-lymphocytes and for optimal T-cell-dependent antibody responses in vivo. Our results reveal a key in vivo role for PKD2 in regulating the function of mature peripheral lymphocytes during adaptive immune responses. They also confirm the functional importance of PKC-mediated serine phosphorylation of the PKD catalytic domain for PKD activation and downstream signalling and reveal that different PKD family members have unique and non-redundant roles in vivo.
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22
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Wang X, Gulhati P, Li J, Dobner PR, Weiss H, Townsend CM, Evers BM. Characterization of promoter elements regulating the expression of the human neurotensin/neuromedin N gene. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:542-54. [PMID: 21030593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.145664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the gene encoding neurotensin/neuromedin N (NT/N) is mostly limited to the brain and specialized enteroendocrine N cells in the distal small intestine. We have identified key regulatory elements in the promoter region that are involved in human NT/N (hNT/N) gene expression in the novel human endocrine cell line, BON, which resembles intestinal N cells in several important aspects including NT/N precursor protein processing, ratios of different NT/N mRNA isoforms, and high levels of constitutive expression of the NT/N gene. In this study, we demonstrated multiple cis-regulatory elements including a proximal region containing a cAMP-responsive element (CRE)/AP-1-like element that binds both the AP-1 and CRE-binding protein (CREB)/ATF proteins (c-Jun, ATF-1, ATF-2, JunD, and CREB). Similar to the rat NT/N gene, this region is critical for constitutive hNT/N gene expression. Moreover, we identified a novel region that binds the orphan hormone receptor, NR2F2. We have demonstrated that the C terminus of NR2F2 strongly represses hNT/N transcription, whereas an N-terminal domain antagonizes this repressive effect. Regulation of NT/N expression by NR2F2 may have important consequences for lipid metabolism. We speculate that a complex interplay between the proximal CRE/AP-1-like motif and NR2F2 binding region exists to regulate hNT/N expression, which is critical for the high level of constitutive expression of NT/N in enteroendocrine cells. Finally, the BON cell line provides a unique model to characterize the factors regulating expression of the hNT/N gene and to better understand the mechanisms responsible for terminal differentiation of the N cell lineage in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Irannejad R, Wedegaertner PB. Regulation of constitutive cargo transport from the trans-Golgi network to plasma membrane by Golgi-localized G protein betagamma subunits. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32393-404. [PMID: 20720014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.154963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations of Golgi fragmentation upon introduction of G protein βγ (Gβγ) subunits into cells have implicated Gβγ in a pathway controlling the fission at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of plasma membrane (PM)-destined transport carriers. However, the subcellular location where Gβγ acts to provoke Golgi fragmentation is not known. Additionally, a role for Gβγ in regulating TGN-to-PM transport has not been demonstrated. Here we report that constitutive or inducible targeting of Gβγ to the Golgi, but not other subcellular locations, causes phospholipase C- and protein kinase D-dependent vesiculation of the Golgi in HeLa cells; Golgi-targeted β(1)γ(2) also activates protein kinase D. Moreover, the novel Gβγ inhibitor, gallein, and the Gβγ-sequestering protein, GRK2ct, reveal that Gβγ is required for the constitutive PM transport of two model cargo proteins, VSV-G and ss-HRP. Importantly, Golgi-targeted GRK2ct, but not a PM-targeted GRK2ct, also blocks protein transport to the PM. To further support a role for Golgi-localized Gβγ, endogenous Gβ was detected at the Golgi in HeLa cells. These results are the first to establish a role for Golgi-localized Gβγ in regulating protein transport from the TGN to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Irannejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Role of protein kinase D signaling in pancreatic cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1946-54. [PMID: 20621068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with dismal survival rates. Its intransigence to conventional therapy renders PDAC an aggressive disease with early metastatic potential. Thus, novel targets for PDAC therapy are urgently needed. Multiple signal transduction pathways are implicated in progression of PDAC. These pathways stimulate production of intracellular messengers in their target cells to modify their behavior, including the lipid-derived diacylglycerol (DAG). One of the prominent intracellular targets of DAG is the protein kinase C (PKC) family. However, the mechanisms by which PKC-mediated signals are decoded by the cell remain incompletely understood. Protein kinase D1 (PKD or PKD1, initially called atypical PKCμ), is the founding member of a novel protein kinase family that includes two additional protein kinases that share extensive overall homology with PKD, termed PKD2, and PKD3. The PKD family occupies a unique position in the signal transduction pathways initiated by DAG and PKC. PKD lies downstream of PKCs in a novel signal transduction pathway implicated in the regulation of multiple fundamental biological processes. We and others have shown that PKD-mediated signaling pathways promote mitogenesis and angiogenesis in PDAC. Our recent observations demonstrate that PKD also potentiates chemoresistance and invasive potential of PDAC cells. This review will briefly highlight diverse biological roles of PKD family in multiple neoplasias including PDAC. Further, this review will underscore our latest advancement with the development of a potent PKD family inhibitor and its effect both in vitro and in vivo in PDAC.
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25
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Heat shock protein 27 mediates repression of androgen receptor function by protein kinase D1 in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2009; 28:4386-96. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sumara G, Formentini I, Collins S, Sumara I, Windak R, Bodenmiller B, Ramracheya R, Caille D, Jiang H, Platt KA, Meda P, Aebersold R, Rorsman P, Ricci R. Regulation of PKD by the MAPK p38delta in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Cell 2009; 136:235-48. [PMID: 19135240 PMCID: PMC2638021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells represent hallmarks of diabetes mellitus. Here, we show that mice lacking the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38delta display improved glucose tolerance due to enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Deletion of p38delta results in pronounced activation of protein kinase D (PKD), the latter of which we have identified as a pivotal regulator of stimulated insulin exocytosis. p38delta catalyzes an inhibitory phosphorylation of PKD1, thereby attenuating stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, p38delta null mice are protected against high-fat-feeding-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress-mediated beta cell failure. Inhibition of PKD1 reverses enhanced insulin secretion from p38delta-deficient islets and glucose tolerance in p38delta null mice as well as their susceptibility to oxidative stress. In conclusion, the p38delta-PKD pathway integrates regulation of the insulin secretory capacity and survival of pancreatic beta cells, pointing to a pivotal role for this pathway in the development of overt diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sumara
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Formentini
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Collins
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renata Windak
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reshma Ramracheya
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothée Caille
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Huiping Jiang
- Department of Biotherapeutics and Integrative Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, CT 06877, USA
| | | | - Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Systems Physiology, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Romeo Ricci
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen LA, Li J, Silva SR, Jackson LN, Zhou Y, Watanabe H, Ives KL, Hellmich MR, Evers BM. PKD3 is the predominant protein kinase D isoform in mouse exocrine pancreas and promotes hormone-induced amylase secretion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:2459-71. [PMID: 19028687 PMCID: PMC2629096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801697200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase D (PKD) family of serine/threonine kinases, which can be activated by gastrointestinal hormones, consists of three distinct isoforms that modulate a variety of cellular processes including intracellular protein transport as well as constitutive and regulated secretion. Although isoform-specific functions have been identified in a variety of cell lines, the expression and function of PKD isoforms in normal, differentiated secretory tissues is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PKD isoforms are differentially expressed in the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas. Specifically, PKD3 is the predominant isoform expressed in exocrine cells of the mouse and human pancreas, whereas PKD1 and PKD2 are more abundantly expressed in the pancreatic islets. Within isolated mouse pancreatic acinar cells, PKD3 undergoes rapid membrane translocation, trans-activating phosphorylation, and kinase activation after gastrointestinal hormone or cholinergic stimulation. PKD phosphorylation in pancreatic acinar cells occurs viaaCa2+-independent, diacylglycerol- and protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. PKD phosphorylation can also be induced by physiologic concentrations of secretagogues and by in vivo stimulation of the pancreas. Furthermore, activation of PKD3 potentiates MEK/ERK/RSK (RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase) signaling and significantly enhances cholecystokinin-mediated pancreatic amylase secretion. These findings reveal a novel distinction between the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas and further identify PKD3 as a signaling molecule that promotes hormone-stimulated amylase secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andy Chen
- Department of Surgery and Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0536, USA
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28
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Yuan J, Lugea A, Zheng L, Gukovsky I, Edderkaoui M, Rozengurt E, Pandol SJ. Protein kinase D1 mediates NF-kappaB activation induced by cholecystokinin and cholinergic signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1190-201. [PMID: 18845574 PMCID: PMC2604803 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90452.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a critical role in inflammatory and cell death responses during acute pancreatitis. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms PKCdelta and epsilon are key regulators of NF-kappaB activation induced by cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and ethanol. However, the downstream participants in regulating NF-kappaB activation in exocrine pancreas remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a key downstream target of PKCdelta and PKCepsilon in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated by two major secretagogues, CCK-8 and the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh), and that PKD1 is necessary for NF-kappaB activation induced by CCK-8 and CCh. Both CCK-8 and CCh dose dependently induced a rapid and striking activation of PKD1 in rat pancreatic acinar cells, as measured by in vitro kinase assay and by phosphorylation at PKD1 activation loop (Ser744/748) or autophosphorylation site (Ser916). The phosphorylation and activation of PKD1 correlated with NF-kappaB activity stimulated by CCK-8 or CCh, as measured by NF-kappaB DNA binding. Either inhibition of PKCdelta or epsilon by isoform-specific inhibitory peptides, genetic deletion of PKCdelta and epsilon in pancreatic acinar cells, or knockdown of PKD1 by using small interfering RNAs in AR42J cells resulted in a marked decrease in PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation stimulated by CCK-8 or CCh. Conversely, overexpression of PKD1 resulted in augmentation of CCK-8- and CCh-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. Finally, the kinetics of PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation during cerulein-induced rat pancreatitis showed that both PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation were early events during acute pancreatitis and that their time courses of response were similar. Our results identify PKD1 as a novel early convergent point for PKCdelta and epsilon in the signaling pathways mediating NF-kappaB activation in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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