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Sasaki M, Hara T, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Kennedy KV, Umeweni CN, Alston MA, Spergel ZC, Ishikawa S, Teranishi R, Nakagawa R, Mcmillan EA, Whelan KA, Karakasheva TA, Hamilton KE, Ruffner MA, Muir AB. Lysyl Oxidase Regulates Epithelial Differentiation and Barrier Integrity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:923-937. [PMID: 38340809 PMCID: PMC11026689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial disruption in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) encompasses both impaired differentiation and diminished barrier integrity. We have shown that lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen cross-linking enzyme, is up-regulated in the esophageal epithelium in EoE. However, the functional roles of LOX in the esophageal epithelium remains unknown. METHODS We investigated roles for LOX in the human esophageal epithelium using 3-dimensional organoid and air-liquid interface cultures stimulated with interleukin (IL)13 to recapitulate the EoE inflammatory milieu, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, histology, and functional analyses of barrier integrity. RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on patient-derived organoids revealed that LOX was induced by IL13 in differentiated cells. LOX-overexpressing organoids showed suppressed basal and up-regulated differentiation markers. In addition, LOX overexpression enhanced junctional protein genes and transepithelial electrical resistance. LOX overexpression restored the impaired differentiation and barrier function, including in the setting of IL13 stimulation. Transcriptome analyses on LOX-overexpressing organoids identified an enriched bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway compared with wild-type organoids. In particular, LOX overexpression increased BMP2 and decreased the BMP antagonist follistatin. Finally, we found that BMP2 treatment restored the balance of basal and differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a model whereby LOX exhibits noncanonical roles as a signaling molecule important for epithelial homeostasis in the setting of inflammation via activation of the BMP pathway in the esophagus. The LOX/BMP axis may be integral in esophageal epithelial differentiation and a promising target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takeo Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua X Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kanak V Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chizoba N Umeweni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maiya A Alston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary C Spergel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryugo Teranishi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ritsu Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily A Mcmillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie A Ruffner
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Liu Y, Sun B, Lin Y, Deng H, Wang X, Xu C, Wang K, Yu N, Liu R, Han M. Lysyl Oxidase Promotes the Formation of Vasculogenic Mimicry in Gastric Cancer through PDGF-PDGFR Pathway. J Cancer 2024; 15:1816-1825. [PMID: 38434983 PMCID: PMC10905410 DOI: 10.7150/jca.92192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) generates an important supplementary form of blood supply in cancer, which many factors regulate. However, the effect of lysyl oxidase (LOX) on VM formation is unclear. In this study, gastric cancer tissues and cells were used to investigate the role of LOX in the formation of VM. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from 49 patients with a final diagnosis of gastric cancer. According to metastasis (including lymph node metastases and distant metastases), gastric cancer samples were divided into metastasis and non-metastasis groups. Based on the degree of invasion, gastric cancer specimens were divided into T1 + T2 and T3 + T4 groups. The relative expression of LOX was detected using Western blot. The formation of VM was measured by double staining with CD34 and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in gastric cancer tissue slices, and the correlation between LOX and VM was analyzed with Pearson's correlation analysis. Gastric cancer cell line BGC-803 was treated with LOX, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN, an inhibitor of LOX), and AG1295 or AG1296 (inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor). The formation of VM was then measured using PAS staining. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α and PDGFRβ in gastric cancer cells was detected by Western blot. Results: In gastric cancer samples, the level of LOX was higher in the metastasis group than in the non-metastasis group (P < 0.05) and in the T3 + T4 group than in the T1 + T2 group (P < 0.05). VM formation was greater in the T3+T4 group than in the T1+T2 group (P < 0.05) and in the metastasis group than in the non-metastasis group (P < 0.05). The expression level of LOX was positively correlated with VM formation (P < 0.01). In gastric cancer cells, LOX concentration was positively correlated with the degree of VM, and BAPN concentration was negatively correlated with the degree of VM (P <0.05). PDGFR levels in the T3+T4 and metastasis groups were relatively higher (P <0.01) and positively correlated with LOX levels in gastric cancer specimens (P < 0.01). The relative expression of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in gastric cancer cells was up-regulated with increasing LOX and downregulated with increasing BAPN (P < 0.05). With inhibition of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ using AG1295 or AG1296, VM formation in gastric cancer cells decreased (P <0.05), but the number of VM structures increased while LOX was added (P < 0.05). Conclusion: LOX partially promotes the formation of VM in gastric cancer through the PDGF-PDGFR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Bojian Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhao Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Kaibo Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Rongqing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, P.R. China
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Ballester-Servera C, Alonso J, Cañes L, Vázquez-Sufuentes P, Puertas-Umbert L, Fernández-Celis A, Taurón M, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, López-Andrés N, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. Lysyl oxidase-dependent extracellular matrix crosslinking modulates calcification in atherosclerosis and aortic valve disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115469. [PMID: 37729730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active player in cardiovascular calcification (CVC), a major public health issue with an unmet need for effective therapies. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) conditions ECM biomechanical properties; thus, we hypothesized that LOX might impact on mineral deposition in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and atherosclerosis. LOX was upregulated in calcified valves from two cohorts of CAVD patients. Strong LOX immunostaining was detected surrounding calcified foci in calcified human valves and atherosclerotic lesions colocalizing with RUNX2 on valvular interstitial cells (VICs) or vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Both LOX secretion and organized collagen deposition were enhanced in calcifying VICs exposed to osteogenic media. β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of LOX, attenuated collagen deposition and calcification. VICs seeded onto decellularized matrices from BAPN-treated VICs calcified less than cells cultured onto control scaffolds; instead, VICs exposed to conditioned media from cells over-expressing LOX or cultured onto LOX-crosslinked matrices calcified more. Atherosclerosis was induced in WT and transgenic mice that overexpress LOX in VSMC (TgLOXVSMC) by AAV-PCSK9D374Y injection and high-fat feeding. In atherosclerosis-challenged TgLOXVSMC mice both atherosclerosis burden and calcification assessed by near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging were higher than in WT mice. These animals also exhibited larger calcified areas in atherosclerotic lesions from aortic arches and brachiocephalic arteries. Moreover, LOX transgenesis exacerbated plaque inflammation, and increased VSMC cellularity, the rate of RUNX2-positive cells and both connective tissue content and collagen cross-linking. Our findings highlight the relevance of LOX in CVC and postulate this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for CVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Ballester-Servera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Vázquez-Sufuentes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA, UPNA, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manel Taurón
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (HSCSP-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA, UPNA, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.
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Hasselbalch HC, Junker P, Skov V, Kjær L, Knudsen TA, Larsen MK, Holmström MO, Andersen MH, Jensen C, Karsdal MA, Willumsen N. Revisiting Circulating Extracellular Matrix Fragments as Disease Markers in Myelofibrosis and Related Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4323. [PMID: 37686599 PMCID: PMC10486581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) arise due to acquired somatic driver mutations in stem cells and develop over 10-30 years from the earliest cancer stages (essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera) towards the advanced myelofibrosis stage with bone marrow failure. The JAK2V617F mutation is the most prevalent driver mutation. Chronic inflammation is considered to be a major pathogenetic player, both as a trigger of MPN development and as a driver of disease progression. Chronic inflammation in MPNs is characterized by persistent connective tissue remodeling, which leads to organ dysfunction and ultimately, organ failure, due to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Considering that MPNs are acquired clonal stem cell diseases developing in an inflammatory microenvironment in which the hematopoietic cell populations are progressively replaced by stromal proliferation-"a wound that never heals"-we herein aim to provide a comprehensive review of previous promising research in the field of circulating ECM fragments in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of MPNs. We address the rationales and highlight new perspectives for the use of circulating ECM protein fragments as biologically plausible, noninvasive disease markers in the management of MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Carl Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (V.S.); (L.K.); (T.A.K.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Peter Junker
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (V.S.); (L.K.); (T.A.K.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (V.S.); (L.K.); (T.A.K.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Trine A. Knudsen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (V.S.); (L.K.); (T.A.K.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Morten Kranker Larsen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (V.S.); (L.K.); (T.A.K.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Morten Orebo Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (M.O.H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (M.O.H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Christina Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (C.J.); (M.A.K.); (N.W.)
| | - Morten A. Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (C.J.); (M.A.K.); (N.W.)
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Sasaki M, Hara T, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Kennedy KV, Umeweni NN, Alston MA, Spergel ZC, Nakagawa R, Mcmillan EA, Whelan KA, Karakasheva TA, Hamilton KE, Ruffner MA, Muir AB. Lysyl oxidase regulates epithelial differentiation and barrier integrity in eosinophilic esophagitis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.27.534387. [PMID: 37034590 PMCID: PMC10081173 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Epithelial disruption in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) encompasses both impaired differentiation and diminished barrier integrity. We have shown that lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen cross-linking enzyme, is upregulated in the esophageal epithelium in EoE. However, the functional roles of LOX in the esophageal epithelium remains unknown. Methods We investigated roles for LOX in the human esophageal epithelium using 3-dimensional organoid and air-liquid interface cultures stimulated with interleukin (IL)-13 to recapitulate the EoE inflammatory milieu, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, histology, and functional analyses of barrier integrity. Results Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on patient-derived organoids revealed that LOX was induced by IL-13 in differentiated cells. LOX-overexpressing organoids demonstrated suppressed basal and upregulated differentiation markers. Additionally, LOX overexpression enhanced junctional protein genes and transepithelial electrical resistance. LOX overexpression restored the impaired differentiation and barrier function, including in the setting of IL-13 stimulation. Transcriptome analyses on LOX-overexpressing organoids identified enriched bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway compared to wild type organoids. Particularly, LOX overexpression increased BMP2 and decreased BMP antagonist follistatin. Finally, we found that BMP2 treatment restored the balance of basal and differentiated cells. Conclusions Our data support a model whereby LOX exhibits non-canonical roles as a signaling molecule important for epithelial homeostasis in the setting of inflammation via activation of BMP pathway in esophagus. The LOX/BMP axis may be integral in esophageal epithelial differentiation and a promising target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takeo Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua X. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kanak V. Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole N. Umeweni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maiya A. Alston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zachary C. Spergel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ritsu Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily A. Mcmillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tatiana A. Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie A. Ruffner
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase (SSAO) and Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) Association in Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111563. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the main stromal cells in the medial layer of the vascular wall. These cells produce the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are involved in many pathological changes in the vascular wall. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) are vascular enzymes associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In the vascular smooth muscle cells, increased SSAO activity elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces VSMCs death; increased LOX induces chemotaxis through hydrogen peroxide dependent mechanisms; and decreased LOX contributes to endothelial dysfunction. This study investigates the relationship between SSAO and LOX in VSMCs by studying their activity, protein, and mRNA levels during VSMCs passaging and after silencing the LOX gene, while using their respective substrates and inhibitors. At the basal level, LOX activity decreased with passage and its protein expression was maintained between passages. βAPN abolished LOX activity (** p < 0.01 for 8 vs. 3 and * p < 0.05 for 5 vs. 8) and had no effect on LOX protein and mRNA levels. MDL72527 reduced LOX activity at passage 3 and 5 (## p < 0.01) and had no effect on LOX protein, and mRNA expression. At the basal level, SSAO activity also decreased with passage, and its protein expression was maintained between passages. MDL72527 abolished SSAO activity (**** p < 0.0001 for 8 vs. 3 and * p < 0.05 for 5 vs. 8), VAP-1 expression at passage 5 (** p < 0.01) and 8 (**** p < 0.0001), and Aoc3 mRNA levels at passage 8 (* p < 0.05). βAPN inhibited SSAO activity (**** p < 0.0001 for 5 vs. 3 and 8 vs. 3 and * p < 0.05 for 5 vs. 8), VAP-1 expression at passage 3 (* p < 0.05), and Aoc3 mRNA levels at passage 3 (* p < 0.05). Knockdown of the LOX gene (**** p < 0.0001 for Si6 vs. Sictrl and *** p < 0.001 for Si8 vs. Sictrl) and LOX protein (** p < 0.01 for Si6 and Si8 vs. Sictrl) in VSMCs at passage 3 resulted in a reduction in Aoc3 mRNA (#### p < 0.0001 for Si6 vs. Sictrl and ### p < 0.001 for Si8 vs. Sictrl) and VAP-1 protein (# p < 0.05 for Si8 vs. Sictrl). These novel findings demonstrate a passage dependent decrease in LOX activity and increase in SSAO activity in rat aortic VSMCs and show an association between both enzymes in early passage rat aortic VSMCs, where LOX was identified as a regulator of SSAO activity, protein, and mRNA expression.
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Leiva O, Hobbs G, Ravid K, Libby P. Cardiovascular Disease in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:166-182. [PMID: 35818539 PMCID: PMC9270630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are associated with increased risk for thrombotic complications. These conditions most commonly involve somatic mutations in genes that lead to constitutive activation of the Janus-associated kinase signaling pathway (eg, Janus kinase 2, calreticulin, myeloproliferative leukemia protein). Acquired gain-of-function mutations in these genes, particularly Janus kinase 2, can cause a spectrum of disorders, ranging from clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, a recently recognized age-related promoter of cardiovascular disease, to frank hematologic malignancy. Beyond thrombosis, patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms can develop other cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. The authors review the pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiovascular complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms, which involve inflammation, prothrombotic and profibrotic factors (including transforming growth factor-beta and lysyl oxidase), and abnormal function of circulating clones of mutated leukocytes and platelets from affected individuals. Anti-inflammatory therapies may provide cardiovascular benefit in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, a hypothesis that requires rigorous evaluation in clinical trials.
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Key Words
- ASXL1, additional sex Combs-like 1
- CHIP, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential
- DNMT3a, DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha
- IL, interleukin
- JAK, Janus-associated kinase
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- LOX, lysyl oxidase
- MPL, myeloproliferative leukemia protein
- MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TET2, tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- atherosclerosis
- cardiovascular complications
- clonal hematopoiesis
- myeloproliferative neoplasms
- thrombosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Leiva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriela Hobbs
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mechanistic insight into lysyl oxidase in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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9
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Sun C, Ma S, Chen Y, Kim NH, Kailas S, Wang Y, Gu W, Chen Y, Tuason JPW, Bhan C, Manem N, Huang Y, Cheng C, Zhou Z, Zhou Q, Zhu Y. Diagnostic Value, Prognostic Value, and Immune Infiltration of LOX Family Members in Liver Cancer: Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:843880. [PMID: 35311155 PMCID: PMC8931681 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.843880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer (LC) is well known for its prevalence as well as its poor prognosis. The aberrant expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is associated with liver cancer, but their function and prognostic value in LC remain largely unclear. This study aimed to explore the function and prognostic value of LOX family in LC through bioinformatics analysis and meta-analysis. Results The expression levels of all LOX family members were significantly increased in LC. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of LOXL2 was 0.946 with positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.994. LOX and LOXL3 were correlated with worse prognosis. Meta-analysis also validated effect of LOX on prognosis. Nomogram of these two genes and other predictors was also plotted. There was insufficient data from original studies to conduct meta-analysis on LOXL3. The functions of LOX family members in LC were mostly involved in extracellular and functions and structures. The expressions of LOX family members strongly correlated with various immune infiltrating cells and immunomodulators in LC. Conclusions For LC patients, LOXL2 may be a potential diagnostic biomarker, while LOX and LOXL3 have potential prognostic and therapeutic values. Positive correlation between LOX family and infiltration of various immune cells and immunomodulators suggests the need for exploration of their roles in the tumor microenvironment and for potential immunotherapeutic to target LOX family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shaodi Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of the First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Na Hyun Kim
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sujatha Kailas
- Gastroenterology, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yichen Wang
- Mercy Internal Medicine Service, Trinity Health of New England, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chandur Bhan
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nikitha Manem
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yuting Huang
- University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ce Cheng
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Banner-University Medical Center South, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yanzhe Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yanzhe Zhu,
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10
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Zhong Y, Mahoney RC, Khatun Z, Chen HH, Nguyen CT, Caravan P, Roberts JD. Lysyl oxidase regulation and protein aldehydes in the injured newborn lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L204-L223. [PMID: 34878944 PMCID: PMC8794022 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During newborn lung injury, excessive activity of lysyl oxidases (LOXs) disrupts extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. Previous studies indicate that TGFβ activation in the O2-injured mouse pup lung increases lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression. But how TGFβ regulates this, and whether the LOXs generate excess pulmonary aldehydes are unknown. First, we determined that O2-mediated lung injury increases LOX protein expression in TGFβ-stimulated pup lung interstitial fibroblasts. This regulation appeared to be direct; this is because TGFβ treatment also increased LOX protein expression in isolated pup lung fibroblasts. Then using a fibroblast cell line, we determined that TGFβ stimulates LOX expression at a transcriptional level via Smad2/3-dependent signaling. LOX is translated as a pro-protein that requires secretion and extracellular cleavage before assuming amine oxidase activity and, in some cells, reuptake with nuclear localization. We found that pro-LOX is processed in the newborn mouse pup lung. Also, O2-mediated injury was determined to increase pro-LOX secretion and nuclear LOX immunoreactivity particularly in areas populated with interstitial fibroblasts and exhibiting malformed ECM. Then, using molecular probes, we detected increased aldehyde levels in vivo in O2-injured pup lungs, which mapped to areas of increased pro-LOX secretion in lung sections. Increased activity of LOXs plays a critical role in the aldehyde generation; an inhibitor of LOXs prevented the elevation of aldehydes in the O2-injured pup lung. These results reveal new mechanisms of TGFβ and LOX in newborn lung disease and suggest that aldehyde-reactive probes might have utility in sensing the activation of LOXs in vivo during lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rose C. Mahoney
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zehedina Khatun
- 4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,6Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Howard H. Chen
- 4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,6Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher T. Nguyen
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Caravan
- 4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,6Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,7The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse D. Roberts
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,2Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,3Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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11
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Grunwald H, Hunker KL, Birt I, Aviram R, Zaffryar-Eilot S, Ganesh SK, Hasson P. Lysyl oxidase interactions with transforming growth factor-β during angiogenesis are mediated by endothelin 1. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21824. [PMID: 34370353 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001860rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between multiple components underlies the formation of mature vessels. Although the players involved in angiogenesis have been identified, mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between them are still unclear. Using the ex vivo aortic ring assay, we set out to dissect the interactions between two key angiogenic signaling pathways, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), with members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of matrix modifying enzymes. We find an interplay between VEGF, TGFβ, and the LOXs is essential for the formation of mature vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC)-coated vessels. RNA sequencing analysis further identified an interaction with the endothelin-1 pathway. Our work implicates endothelin-1 downstream of TGFβ in vascular maturation and demonstrate the complexity of processes involved in generating vSMC-coated vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Grunwald
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kristina L Hunker
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Isabelle Birt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohtem Aviram
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shelly Zaffryar-Eilot
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peleg Hasson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Wang H, Poe A, Pak L, Nandakumar K, Jandu S, Steppan J, Löser R, Santhanam L. An in situ activity assay for lysyl oxidases. Commun Biol 2021; 4:840. [PMID: 34226627 PMCID: PMC8257687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes (LOXs) catalyze oxidative deamination of lysine side chains on collagen and elastin to initialize cross-linking that is essential for the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elevated expression of LOXs is highly associated with diverse disease processes. To date, the inability to detect total LOX catalytic function in situ has limited the ability to fully elucidate the role of LOXs in pathobiological mechanisms. Using LOXL2 as a representative member of the LOX family, we developed an in situ activity assay by utilizing the strong reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde to label the LOX-catalyzed allysine (-CHO) residues with biotin-hydrazide. The biotinylated ECM proteins are then labeled via biotin-streptavidin interaction and detected by fluorescence microscopy. This assay detects the total LOX activity in situ for both overexpressed and endogenous LOXs in cells and tissue samples and can be used for studies of LOXs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydia Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Jandu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Creamer TJ, Bramel EE, MacFarlane EG. Insights on the Pathogenesis of Aneurysm through the Study of Hereditary Aortopathies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:183. [PMID: 33514025 PMCID: PMC7912671 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) are permanent and localized dilations of the aorta that predispose patients to a life-threatening risk of aortic dissection or rupture. The identification of pathogenic variants that cause hereditary forms of TAA has delineated fundamental molecular processes required to maintain aortic homeostasis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) elaborate and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to mechanical and biochemical cues from their environment. Causal variants for hereditary forms of aneurysm compromise the function of gene products involved in the transmission or interpretation of these signals, initiating processes that eventually lead to degeneration and mechanical failure of the vessel. These include mutations that interfere with transduction of stimuli from the matrix to the actin-myosin cytoskeleton through integrins, and those that impair signaling pathways activated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). In this review, we summarize the features of the healthy aortic wall, the major pathways involved in the modulation of VSMC phenotypes, and the basic molecular functions impaired by TAA-associated mutations. We also discuss how the heterogeneity and balance of adaptive and maladaptive responses to the initial genetic insult might contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Creamer
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily E. Bramel
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Predoctoral Training in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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14
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Piasecki A, Leiva O, Ravid K. Lysyl oxidase inhibition in primary myelofibrosis: A renewed strategy. ARCHIVES OF STEM CELL AND THERAPY 2020; 1:23-27. [PMID: 33738462 PMCID: PMC7968867 DOI: 10.46439/stemcell.1.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that portends a poor prognosis and has limited options for treatment. PMF is often driven by clonal mutations in one of three genes that regulate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, leading to hyperactivation of this signaling pathway and over-proliferation of megakaryocytes (MKs) and their precursors. PMF presents with debilitating symptoms such as splenomegaly and weight loss. The few available treatments for PMF include a JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, which causes side effects and is not always effective. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PMF. Lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme that plays a key role in the ECM by facilitating the cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers, has been shown to be upregulated in MKs of PMF mice and in PMF patients, suggesting its role in the progression of BM fibrosis. Recently, LOX has been identified as a potential novel therapeutic target for PMF and the development of new small molecule LOX inhibitors, PXS-LOX_1 and PXS-LOX_2, has shown some promise in slowing the progression of PMF in pre-clinical studies. Given that these inhibitors displayed an ability to target the dysregulation of the ECM via LOX inhibition, they show promise as therapeutic agents for an underappreciated aspect of PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Piasecki
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Orly Leiva
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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15
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Li C, Sharma-Bhandari A, Seo JH, Kim Y. Lysyl oxidase-variant 2 (LOX-v2) colocalizes with promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies in the nucleus. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2400-2408. [PMID: 32852148 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-variant 2 (LOX-v2) is a novel variant of LOX that functions as an amine oxidase for the formation of collagen and elastin fibrils in the extracellular matrix (ECM). LOX-v2 lacks the N-terminal prepropeptide region of LOX but contains the C-terminal domains required for amine oxidase activity. To study the cellular localization of LOX-v2, we generated a recombinant construct of LOX-v2 with an epitope tag at the C-terminus and then transfected the recombinant construct into HEK293 cells. Upon ectopic expression, LOX-v2 showed much higher expression in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. In coimmunofluorescence staining with subnuclear structures, LOX-v2 colocalized with the promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). Further, the ectopic expression of LOX-v2 increased global SUMOylation in the nucleus. PML-NBs have been implicated in various cellular activities, including transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, cell cycle control, anti-viral response, and apoptosis. Our findings strongly indicate that LOX-v2 may be subject to different cellular processing from what LOX undergoes, playing a distinct functional role in the PML-NBs, beyond the cross-linking of the structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Anjali Sharma-Bhandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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16
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Laczko R, Csiszar K. Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Functional Contributions to Signaling Pathways. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081093. [PMID: 32708046 PMCID: PMC7465975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a catalytic activity-related, primary role in the assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a dynamic structural and regulatory framework which is essential for cell fate, differentiation and communication during development, tissue maintenance and repair. LOX, additionally, plays both activity-dependent and independent extracellular, intracellular and nuclear roles that fulfill significant functions in normal tissues, and contribute to vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, dermal, placenta, diaphragm, kidney and pelvic floor disorders. LOX activities have also been recognized in glioblastoma, diabetic neovascularization, osteogenic differentiation, bone matrix formation, ligament remodeling, polycystic ovary syndrome, fetal membrane rupture and tumor progression and metastasis. In an inflammatory context, LOX plays a role in diminishing pluripotent mesenchymal cell pools which are relevant to the pathology of diabetes, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Most of these conditions involve mechanisms with complex cell and tissue type-specific interactions of LOX with signaling pathways, not only as a regulatory target, but also as an active player, including LOX-mediated alterations of cell surface receptor functions and mutual regulatory activities within signaling loops. In this review, we aim to provide insight into the diverse ways in which LOX participates in signaling events, and explore the mechanistic details and functional significance of the regulatory and cross-regulatory interactions of LOX with the EGFR, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-β, mechano-transduction, inflammatory and steroid signaling pathways.
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17
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Maruyama H, Sakai S, Dewachter L, Dewachter C, Rondelet B, Naeije R, Ieda M. Endothelin-1 induces lysyl oxidase expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:629-636. [PMID: 32615041 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The increase in thickening of the arterial wall of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) includes cellular proliferation as well as matrix deposition and interrupted internal elastic lamina (IEL) consisting of a thick homogeneous sheet of elastin. Little is, although, known about the detail of IEL formation in PAH. Endothelin-1 is overexpressed in pulmonary arterioles of PAH. We aimed to examine the expression of genes contributing to IEL formation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) especially focused on lysyl oxidase (LOx), an exreacellular matrix enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of collagens or elastin. We quantified mRNA expressions of genes contributing to IEL formation including LOx in PASMCs using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We stimulated human PASMCs with endothelin-1 with prostacyclin or trapidil. Endothelin-1 significantly increased LOx expression. Prostacyclin and trapidil restored endothelin-1-induced LOx expression to the basal level. Endothelin-1 increased LOx expression strongly in PASMCs from PAH patients compared to those from controls. Trapidil reduced LOx expression only in PASMCs from PAH patients. Overexpressed endothelin-1 in PAH patients can increase expression of LOx and agitate cross-linking of elastin and collagen, resulting in ectopic deposition of these in the vascular media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Maruyama
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Kasumigaura Medical Center, Tsuchiura, Japan.,Faculty of Health Science, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Faculty of Health Science, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Laurence Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Erasme Academic Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Rondelet
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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18
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Saleem A, Rajput S. Insights from the in silico structural, functional and phylogenetic characterization of canine lysyl oxidase protein. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 18:20. [PMID: 32542505 PMCID: PMC7295881 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Lysyl oxidase is an extracellular regulatory enzyme with an imperative role in interlinking of collagen and elastin by oxidizing lysine residues. Lysyl oxidase has been implicated in incidence of mammary tumors in bitches. Therefore, it becomes significant to study the structural and functional features of this enzyme for a better understanding of its molecular mechanisms. Results The detailed computational investigation of the canine lysyl oxidase protein was analyzed in silico with respect to its physicochemical properties, secondary and tertiary structure predictions and functional analysis using standard bioinformatic tools. Lysyl oxidase is a flexible protein with an average molecular weight of around 46 kDa, unstable, hydrophilic, and extracellular (secretory) in nature. Twelve cysteine residues and a disulfide bridge were also found. Secondary structure analysis shows that most of the protein has predominant coiled configuration. A putative copper-binding region signature was predicted. The phylogenetic relationship of canine lysyl oxidase with a vast range of mammalian species indicates that the protein was very well conserved throughout the course of evolution. Top 10 interacting proteins were identified using STRING v10.0 analysis, elastin being the closest interacting protein. Functional analysis by InterproScan predicted protein’s biological role in oxidation-reduction process. Conclusion Understanding the structural and functional properties of the protein will facilitate a better understanding of its mechanism of enzyme action. Further, the predicted 3D model will serve as a cornerstone for further understanding towards the tumorigenesis potential of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, F.V.Sc & A.H, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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19
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Mukherjee K, Chio TI, Bane SL. Visualization of oxidative stress-induced carbonylation in live mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 2020; 641:165-181. [PMID: 32713522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with a wide variety of diseases and disorders. Detection of oxidative stress in living systems typically relies on fluorescent probes for reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is challenging because of their short life span and high reactivity. Oxidative damage caused by OS produces a more stable signal, but these biomarkers are usually detected using techniques that are not compatible with live cells. OS-induced biomolecule carbonylation is a stable modification that also possesses a chemically reactive functional group, and its detection typically employs a chemical reaction with a hydrazine-containing probe within the process. These hydrazone-forming reactions require strong acid catalysis or nucleophilic catalysis with an aromatic amine when performed on isolated biomaterial or on fixed cells. In live cells, however, hydrazone-forming reactions are surprisingly facile. Fluorophores possessing hydrazine or hydrazide functional groups can undergo reaction with carbonylated biomolecules in live cells, and these products can be observed using fluorescence microscopy. In this chapter, standard methods for detection of biomolecule carbonylation in cell lysate and in intact cells are enumerated. Protocols for fluorescently labeling biomolecule carbonylation in live cells are provided for commercially available fluorophores. Also described is a one-step protocol that employs one of the hydrazine-modified fluorophores developed in our lab, which are designed to be live-cell compatible and to undergo a spectral change upon hydrazone formation. Finally, a procedure for observing both biomolecule carbonylation and ROS production simultaneously is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Tak Ian Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Susan L Bane
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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20
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Roehlen N, Crouchet E, Baumert TF. Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040875. [PMID: 32260126 PMCID: PMC7226751 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis due to viral or metabolic chronic liver diseases is a major challenge of global health. Correlating with liver disease progression, fibrosis is a key factor for liver disease outcome and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite different mechanism of primary liver injury and disease-specific cell responses, the progression of fibrotic liver disease follows shared patterns across the main liver disease etiologies. Scientific discoveries within the last decade have transformed the understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. Removal or elimination of the causative agent such as control or cure of viral infection has shown that liver fibrosis is reversible. However, reversal often occurs too slowly or too infrequent to avoid life-threatening complications particularly in advanced fibrosis. Thus, there is a huge unmet medical need for anti-fibrotic therapies to prevent liver disease progression and HCC development. However, while many anti-fibrotic candidate agents have shown robust effects in experimental animal models, their anti-fibrotic effects in clinical trials have been limited or absent. Thus, no approved therapy exists for liver fibrosis. In this review we summarize cellular drivers and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases and discuss their impact for the development of urgently needed anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Roehlen
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hepato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-366853703
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21
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Leiva O, Ng SK, Matsuura S, Chitalia V, Lucero H, Findlay A, Turner C, Jarolimek W, Ravid K. Novel lysyl oxidase inhibitors attenuate hallmarks of primary myelofibrosis in mice. Int J Hematol 2019; 110:699-708. [PMID: 31637674 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that usually portends a poor prognosis with limited therapeutic options available. Currently, only allogeneic stem cell transplantation is curative in those who are candidates, while administration of the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib carries a risk of worsening cytopenia. The limited therapeutic options available highlight the need for the development of novel treatments for PMF. Lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme vital for collagen cross-linking and extracellular matrix stiffening, has been found to be upregulated in PMF. Herein, we evaluate two novel LOX inhibitors, PXS-LOX_1 and PXS-LOX_2, in two animal models of PMF (GATA1low and JAK2V617F-mutated mice). Specifically, PXS-LOX_1 or vehicle was given to 15- to 16-week-old GATA1low mice via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 15 mg/kg four times a week for 9 weeks. PXS-LOX_1 was found to significantly decrease the bone marrow fibrotic burden and megakaryocyte number compared to vehicle in both male and female GATA1low mice. Given these results, PXS-LOX_1 was then tested in 15- to 17-week-old JAK2V617F-mutated mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg four times a week for 8 weeks. Again, we observed a significant decrease in bone marrow fibrotic burden. PXS-LOX_2, a LOX inhibitor with improved oral bioavailability, was next evaluated in 15- to 17-week-old JAK2V617F-mutated mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg p.o. four times a week for 8 weeks. This inhibitor also resulted in a significant decrease in bone marrow fibrosis, albeit with a more pronounced amelioration in female mice. Taking these results together, PXS-LOX_1 and PXS-LOX_2 appear to be promising new candidates for the treatment of fibrosis in PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Leiva
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W-6, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seng Kah Ng
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W-6, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Shinobu Matsuura
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W-6, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vipul Chitalia
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hector Lucero
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W-6, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alison Findlay
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig Turner
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W-6, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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22
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Zhao L, Niu H, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang N, Zhang G, Liu R, Han M. LOX inhibition downregulates MMP-2 and MMP-9 in gastric cancer tissues and cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:6481-6490. [PMID: 31777578 PMCID: PMC6856903 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of lysyl oxidase (LOX) on the expression and enzyme activity of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) and to study its preliminary effect mechanisms. Methods: We collected fresh cancer specimens from 49 gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantitate the protein expression levels of LOX and MMP-9 in gastric cancer tissues and to analyze their correlation. Also, six-week old nude mice were divided into a control group and a LOX inhibition group. SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the backs of the two groups of these mice to construct a gastric cancer-bearing nude mouse model. In the LOX inhibition group, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) was used to inhibit LOX. Western blotting was used to quantitate the relative expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in mouse tumor tissues, and gelatin zymography was used to quantitate their enzyme activity levels. In addition, BGC-823 gastric cancer cells were cultured, then 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, and 0.3 mM BAPN and 2.5 nM, 5 nM, and 10 nM LOX were added to treat BGC-823 cells. ELISA and gelatin zymography were used to quantitate the protein concentrations and changes in enzyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the culture supernatant. Western blotting was used to quantitate the relative expression levels of platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) in the BGC-823 gastric cancer cells after LOX inhibition and exogenous LOX addition. Results: In the tissues from the gastric cancer patients, the relative expression levels of LOX and MMP-9 were positively correlated (r = 0.326, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the tumor tissues from mice in the LOX inhibition group had reduced relative expression levels and enzyme activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (P < 0.05). After LOX were inhibited with different concentrations of BAPN in BGC-823 gastric cancer cells, the protein concentrations and enzyme activity levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the culture supernatants were decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, the relative expression level of PDGFR in gastric cancer was decreased when BAPN concentrations increased, showing a negative dose-dependent manner (rPDGFR-α = -0.964, rPDGFR-β = -0.988, P < 0.05). After exogenous LOX treating BGC-823 cells, the concentrations and enzyme activity levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the cell supernatant were increased (P < 0.05). Further, the relative expression of PDGFR in gastric cancer cells was increased with the increase of exogenous LOX, showing a positive dose-dependent manner (rPDGFR-α=0.952, rPDGFR-β=0.953, P<0.05). Conclusions: LOX inhibition can inhibit the expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in gastric cancer tissues and cells, and the probable mechanism is through its effects on the PDGF-PDGFR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University
| | - Haiya Niu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University
| | - Gaiqiang Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Rongqing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University
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23
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Martínez-González J, Varona S, Cañes L, Galán M, Briones AM, Cachofeiro V, Rodríguez C. Emerging Roles of Lysyl Oxidases in the Cardiovascular System: New Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100610. [PMID: 31615160 PMCID: PMC6843517 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOX-likes (LOXLs) isoenzymes) belong to a family of copper-dependent enzymes classically involved in the covalent cross-linking of collagen and elastin, a pivotal process that ensures extracellular matrix (ECM) stability and provides the tensile and elastic characteristics of connective tissues. Besides this structural role, in the last years, novel biological properties have been attributed to these enzymes, which can critically influence cardiovascular function. LOX and LOXLs control cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, oxidative stress, and transcriptional regulation and, thereby, their dysregulation has been linked to a myriad of cardiovascular pathologies. Lysyl oxidase could modulate virtually all stages of the atherosclerotic process, from endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression to calcification and rupture of advanced and complicated plaques, and contributes to vascular stiffness in hypertension. The alteration of LOX/LOXLs expression underlies the development of other vascular pathologies characterized by a destructive remodeling of the ECM, such as aneurysm and artery dissections, and contributes to the adverse myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in hypertension, myocardial infarction, and obesity. This review examines the most recent advances in the study of LOX and LOXLs biology and their pathophysiological role in cardiovascular diseases with special emphasis on their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Saray Varona
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Galán
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Lysyl oxidases: from enzyme activity to extracellular matrix cross-links. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:349-364. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe lysyl oxidase family comprises five members in mammals, lysyl oxidase (LOX) and four lysyl oxidase like proteins (LOXL1-4). They are copper amine oxidases with a highly conserved catalytic domain, a lysine tyrosylquinone cofactor, and a conserved copper-binding site. They catalyze the first step of the covalent cross-linking of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins collagens and elastin, which contribute to ECM stiffness and mechanical properties. The role of LOX and LOXL2 in fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, including changes in their expression level and their regulation of cell signaling pathways, have been extensively reviewed, and both enzymes have been identified as therapeutic targets. We review here the molecular features and three-dimensional structure/models of LOX and LOXLs, their role in ECM cross-linking, and the regulation of their cross-linking activity by ECM proteins, proteoglycans, and by inhibitors. We also make an overview of the major ECM cross-links, because they are the ultimate molecular readouts of LOX/LOXL activity in tissues. The recent 3D model of LOX, which recapitulates its known structural and biochemical features, will be useful to decipher the molecular mechanisms of LOX interaction with its various substrates, and to design substrate-specific inhibitors, which are potential antifibrotic and antitumor drugs.
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25
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Vallet S, Guéroult M, Belloy N, Dauchez M, Ricard-Blum S. A Three-Dimensional Model of Human Lysyl Oxidase, a Cross-Linking Enzyme. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8495-8505. [PMID: 31459939 PMCID: PMC6647939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a cross-linking enzyme identified 50 years ago, but its 3D structure is still unknown. We have thus built a 3D model of human LOX by homology modeling using the X-ray structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 as a template. This model is the first one to recapitulate all known biochemical features of LOX, namely, the coordination of the copper ion and the formation of the lysine tyrosylquinone cofactor and the disulfide bridges. Furthermore, this model is stable during a 1 μs molecular dynamics simulation. The catalytic site is located in a groove surrounded by two loops. The distance between these loops fluctuated during the simulations, which suggests that the groove forms a hinge with a variable opening, which is able to accommodate the various sizes of LOX substrates. This 3D model is a pre-requisite to perform docking experiments with LOX substrates and other partners to identify binding sites and to design new LOX inhibitors specific for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain
D. Vallet
- Univ
Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute
of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne
Cedex, France
| | - Marc Guéroult
- UMR 7369 URCA/CNRS
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire
(MEDyC) and Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex
2, France
| | - Nicolas Belloy
- UMR 7369 URCA/CNRS
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire
(MEDyC) and Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex
2, France
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- UMR 7369 URCA/CNRS
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire
(MEDyC) and Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex
2, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ
Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute
of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne
Cedex, France
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26
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Mechanism for oral tumor cell lysyl oxidase like-2 in cancer development: synergy with PDGF-AB. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:34. [PMID: 31086173 PMCID: PMC6513832 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOXL1–LOXL4) are critical for collagen biosynthesis. LOXL2 is a marker of poor survival in oral squamous cell cancer. We investigated mechanisms by which tumor cell secreted LOXL2 targets proximal mesenchymal cells to enhance tumor growth and metastasis. This study identified the first molecular mechanism for LOXL2 in the promotion of cancer via its enzymatic modification of a non-collagenous substrate in the context of paracrine signaling between tumor cells and resident fibroblasts. The role and mechanism of active LOXL2 in promoting oral cancer was evaluated and employed a novel LOXL2 small molecule inhibitor, PSX-S1C, administered to immunodeficient, and syngeneic immunocompetent orthotopic oral cancer mouse models. Tumor growth, histopathology, and metastases were monitored. In vitro mechanistic studies with conditioned tumor cell medium treatment of normal human oral fibroblasts were carried out in the presence and absence of the LOXL2 inhibitor to identify signaling mechanisms promoted by LOXL2 activity. Inhibition of LOXL2 attenuated cancer growth and lymph node metastases in the orthotopic tongue mouse models. Immunohistochemistry data indicated that LOXL2 expression in and around tumors was decreased in mice treated with the inhibitor. Inhibition of LOXL2 activity by administration of PXS-S1C to mice reduced tumor cell proliferation, accompanied by changes in morphology and in the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers. In vitro studies identified PDGFRβ as a direct substrate for LOXL2, and indicated that LOXL2 and PDGF-AB together secreted by tumor cells optimally activated PDGFRβ in fibroblasts to promote proliferation and the tendency toward fibrosis via ERK activation, but not AKT. Optimal fibroblast proliferation in vitro required LOXL2 activity, while tumor cell proliferation did not. Thus, tumor cell-derived LOXL2 in the microenvironment directly targets neighboring resident cells to promote a permissive local niche, in addition to its known role in collagen maturation.
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27
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Megakaryocyte Contribution to Bone Marrow Fibrosis: many Arrows in the Quiver. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018; 10:e2018068. [PMID: 30416700 PMCID: PMC6223581 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), megakaryocyte dysplasia/hyperplasia determines the release of inflammatory cytokines that, in turn, stimulate stromal cells and induce bone marrow fibrosis. The pathogenic mechanism and the cells responsible for progression to bone marrow fibrosis in PMF are not completely understood. This review article aims to provide an overview of the crucial role of megakaryocytes in myelofibrosis by discussing the role and the altered secretion of megakaryocyte-derived soluble factors, enzymes and extracellular matrices that are known to induce bone marrow fibrosis.
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28
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Saxena D, Mahjour F, Findlay A, Mously E, Kantarci A, Trackman P. Multiple Functions of Lysyl Oxidase Like-2 in Oral Fibroproliferative Processes. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1277-1284. [PMID: 29787337 PMCID: PMC6151912 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518775971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival overgrowth is a side effect of certain medications, including calcium channel blockers, cyclosporin A, and phenytoin. Phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth is fibrotic. Lysyl oxidases are extracellular enzymes that are required for biosynthetic cross-linking of collagens, and members of this enzyme family are upregulated in fibrosis. Previous studies in humans and in a mouse model of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth have shown that LOXL2 is elevated in the epithelium and connective tissue in gingival overgrowth tissues and not in normal tissues. Here, using a novel LOXL2 isoform-selective inhibitor and knockdown studies in loss- and gain-of-function studies, we investigated roles for LOXL2 in promoting cultures of human gingival fibroblasts to proliferate and to accumulate collagen. Data indicate that LOXL2 stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation, likely by a platelet-derived growth factor B receptor-mediated mechanism. Moreover, collagen accumulation was stimulated by LOXL2 enzyme and inhibited by LOXL2 inhibitor or gene knockdown. These studies suggest that LOXL2 could serve as a potential therapeutic target to address oral fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Saxena
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology,
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F. Mahjour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology,
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - E.A. Mously
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology,
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- College of Dentistry, Taibah University,
Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - P.C. Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology,
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Varona S, Orriols M, Galán M, Guadall A, Cañes L, Aguiló S, Sirvent M, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) limits VSMC proliferation and neointimal thickening through its extracellular enzymatic activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13258. [PMID: 30185869 PMCID: PMC6125287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a critical role in extracellular matrix maturation and limits VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling. We have investigated whether this anti-proliferative effect relies on the extracellular catalytically active LOX or on its biologically active propeptide (LOX-PP). High expression levels of both LOX and LOX-PP were detected in the vascular wall from transgenic mice over-expressing the full-length human LOX cDNA under the control of SM22α promoter (TgLOX), which targets the transgene to VSMC without affecting the expression of mouse LOX isoenzymes. TgLOX VSMC also secrete high amounts of both mature LOX and LOX-PP. Wild-type (WT) mouse VSMC exposed to VSMC supernatants from transgenic animals showed reduced proliferative rates (low [3H]-thymidine uptake and expression of PCNA) than those incubated with conditioned media from WT cells, effect that was abrogated by β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of LOX activity. Lentiviral over-expression of LOX, but not LOX-PP, decreased human VSMC proliferation, effect that was also prevented by BAPN. LOX transgenesis neither impacted local nor systemic inflammatory response induced by carotid artery ligation. Interestingly, in this model, BAPN normalized the reduced neointimal thickening observed in TgLOX mice. Therefore, extracellular enzymatically active LOX is required to limit both VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Varona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Orriols
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Galán
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Guadall
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Aguiló
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Sirvent
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Schuppan D, Ashfaq-Khan M, Yang AT, Kim YO. Liver fibrosis: Direct antifibrotic agents and targeted therapies. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:435-451. [PMID: 29656147 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and in particular cirrhosis are the major causes of morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic liver disease. Their prevention or reversal have become major endpoints in clinical trials with novel liver specific drugs. Remarkable progress has been made with therapies that efficiently address the cause of the underlying liver disease, as in chronic hepatitis B and C. Highly effective antiviral therapy can prevent progression or even induce reversal in the majority of patients, but such treatment remains elusive for the majority of liver patients with advanced alcoholic or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, genetic or autoimmune liver diseases. Moreover, drugs that would speed up fibrosis reversal are needed for patients with cirrhosis, since even with effective causal therapy reversal is slow or the disease may further progress. Therefore, highly efficient and specific antifibrotic agents are needed that can address advanced fibrosis, i.e., the detrimental downstream result of all chronic liver diseases. This review discusses targeted antifibrotic therapies that address molecules and mechanisms that are central to fibrogenesis or fibrolysis, including strategies that allow targeting of activated hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts and other fibrogenic effector cells. Focus is on collagen synthesis, integrins and cells and mechanisms specific including specific downregulation of TGFbeta signaling, major extracellular matrix (ECM) components, ECM-crosslinking, and ECM-receptors such as integrins and discoidin domain receptors, ECM-crosslinking and methods for targeted delivery of small interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides and small molecules to increase potency and reduce side effects. With an increased understanding of the biology of the ECM and liver fibrosis and an improved preclinical validation, the translation of these approaches to the clinic is currently ongoing. Application to patients with liver fibrosis and a personalized treatment is tightly linked to the development of noninvasive biomarkers of fibrosis, fibrogenesis and fibrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq-Khan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ai Ting Yang
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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31
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Leiva O, Leon C, Kah Ng S, Mangin P, Gachet C, Ravid K. The role of extracellular matrix stiffness in megakaryocyte and platelet development and function. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:430-441. [PMID: 29247535 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key acellular structure in constant remodeling to provide tissue cohesion and rigidity. Deregulation of the balance between matrix deposition, degradation, and crosslinking results in fibrosis. Bone marrow fibrosis (BMF) is associated with several malignant and nonmalignant pathologies severely affecting blood cell production. BMF results from abnormal deposition of collagen fibers and enhanced lysyl oxidase-mediated ECM crosslinking within the marrow, thereby increasing marrow stiffness. Bone marrow stiffness has been recently recognized as an important regulator of blood cell development, notably by modifying the fate and differentiation process of hematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cells. This review surveys the different components of the ECM and their influence on stem cell development, with a focus on the impact of the ECM composition and stiffness on the megakaryocytic lineage in health and disease. Megakaryocyte maturation and the biogenesis of their progeny, the platelets, are thought to respond to environmental mechanical forces through a number of mechanosensors, including integrins and mechanosensitive ion channels, reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Leiva
- Department of Medicine; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Leon
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 949, FMTS; Strasbourg F-67000 France
| | - Seng Kah Ng
- Department of Medicine; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Pierre Mangin
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 949, FMTS; Strasbourg F-67000 France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S 949, FMTS; Strasbourg F-67000 France
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
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32
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Johnston KA, Lopez KM. Lysyl oxidase in cancer inhibition and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cai L, Zhang D, Liu W, Cui Y, Jing J, Xie J, Zhou X. Effects of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on the regulation of the lysyl oxidase family in ovariectomized mice. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30629-30641. [PMID: 35546858 PMCID: PMC9087977 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a highly prevalent chronic disease. The anabolic agent parathyroid hormone (PTH) is often prescribed for the treatment of OP to strengthen bone quality and decrease the risk of fracture, although the specific mechanisms are still unclear. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) can stabilize the organic matrix through catalyzing the cross-linking of collagen and elastin. In this study, we established osteoporotic models via ovariectomizing C57BL/6J mice and treating them with PTH. We further aimed to determine the expression changes of the LOX family, impacted by PTH, in ovariectomized mice. We observed that bone mass was reduced and bone microstructure was deteriorative in ovariectomized mice. And PTH attenuated the microstructural damage and accelerated bone remodeling, as confirmed via μCT and HE staining. Serum levels of copper and zinc indirectly proved the results. The expression levels of five members of the LOX family all declined in ovariectomized mice compared to in sham-operated control mice (p < 0.05), and the daily injection of PTH successfully reversed the low expression of LOXs in OP. The current study examined expression changes of LOXs in osteoporotic mice and PTH-treated osteoporotic mice for the first time, and provided an important piece of evidence that the aberrant expression of LOXs had intimate associations with the occurrence and development of OP. And LOXs may act as the downstream effectors of PTH, contributing to unbalanced bone metabolism and damaged bone microstructure. Consequently, LOXs may act as promising therapeutic targets for OP. LOX family is a potential target in ovariectomized osteoporosis (OP).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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34
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Kumari S, Panda TK, Pradhan T. Lysyl Oxidase: Its Diversity in Health and Diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 32:134-141. [PMID: 28428687 PMCID: PMC5382067 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) and connective tissues is largely dependent on the collagen and elastin structure. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the ECM by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and collagen, thereby initiating the formation of covalent cross linkages which stabilize these fibrous proteins. Due to its multiple functions both extracellularly and intracellularly, lysyl oxidase is involved in several processes in the tumorigenic pathway, in many different cancer types and stages. Alteration in LOX activity is implicated in many diseases and disorders including inflammation and inflammatory diseases, fibrosis of distinct organs and fibrotic disorders, cancer promotion and progression. There are only sparse reports of mutations or epigenetic alterations in the LOX gene. This review provides the recent clinical developments in the molecular mechanisms and pathologic process, pointing out LOX as a potential therapeutic target in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
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35
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Tang H, Leung L, Saturno G, Viros A, Smith D, Di Leva G, Morrison E, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Lopes F, Johnson L, Dhomen N, Springer C, Marais R. Lysyl oxidase drives tumour progression by trapping EGF receptors at the cell surface. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14909. [PMID: 28416796 PMCID: PMC5399287 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) remodels the tumour microenvironment by cross-linking the extracellular matrix. LOX overexpression is associated with poor cancer outcomes. Here, we find that LOX regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to drive tumour progression. We show that LOX regulates EGFR by suppressing TGFβ1 signalling through the secreted protease HTRA1. This increases the expression of Matrilin2 (MATN2), an EGF-like domain-containing protein that traps EGFR at the cell surface to facilitate its activation by EGF. We describe a pharmacological inhibitor of LOX, CCT365623, which disrupts EGFR cell surface retention and delays the growth of primary and metastatic tumour cells in vivo. Thus, we show that LOX regulates EGFR cell surface retention to drive tumour progression, and we validate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting this pathway with the small molecule inhibitor CCT365623.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoRan Tang
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Leo Leung
- Gene and Oncogene Targeting Team, CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Grazia Saturno
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Amaya Viros
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Duncan Smith
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Gianpiero Di Leva
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Eamonn Morrison
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- Gene and Oncogene Targeting Team, CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Gene and Oncogene Targeting Team, CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Louise Johnson
- Gene and Oncogene Targeting Team, CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Nathalie Dhomen
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Caroline Springer
- Gene and Oncogene Targeting Team, CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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36
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Leiva O, Ng SK, Chitalia S, Balduini A, Matsuura S, Ravid K. The role of the extracellular matrix in primary myelofibrosis. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e525. [PMID: 28157219 PMCID: PMC5386340 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that arises from clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and leads to progressive bone marrow (BM) fibrosis. While cellular mutations involved in the development of PMF have been heavily investigated, noteworthy is the important role the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays in the progression of BM fibrosis. This review surveys ECM proteins contributors of PMF, and highlights how better understanding of the control of the ECM within the BM niche may lead to combined therapeutic options in PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Leiva
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S K Ng
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chitalia
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Matsuura
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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37
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Kalamajski S, Bihan D, Bonna A, Rubin K, Farndale RW. Fibromodulin Interacts with Collagen Cross-linking Sites and Activates Lysyl Oxidase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7951-60. [PMID: 26893379 PMCID: PMC4825002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of fibrotic disorders is a highly cross-linked and dense collagen matrix, a property driven by the oxidative action of lysyl oxidase. Other fibrosis-associated proteins also contribute to the final collagen matrix properties, one of which is fibromodulin. Its interactions with collagen affect collagen cross-linking, packing, and fibril diameter. We investigated the possibility that a specific relationship exists between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase, potentially imparting a specific collagen matrix phenotype. We mapped the fibromodulin-collagen interaction sites using the collagen II and III Toolkit peptide libraries. Fibromodulin interacted with the peptides containing the known collagen cross-linking sites and the MMP-1 cleavage site in collagens I and II. Interestingly, the interaction sites are closely aligned within the quarter-staggered collagen fibril, suggesting a multivalent interaction between fibromodulin and several collagen helices. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase (a major collagen cross-linking enzyme) and mapped the interaction site to 12 N-terminal amino acids on fibromodulin. This interaction also increases the activity of lysyl oxidase. Together, the data suggest a fibromodulin-modulated collagen cross-linking mechanism where fibromodulin binds to a specific part of the collagen domain and also forms a complex with lysyl oxidase, targeting the enzyme toward specific cross-linking sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kalamajski
- From the Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Lund University, Medicon Village 406-3, 22363 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Dominique Bihan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadiusz Bonna
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kristofer Rubin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Lund University, Medicon Village 406-3, 22363 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Richard W Farndale
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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38
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Alsofi L, Daley E, Hornstra I, Morgan EF, Mason ZD, Acevedo JF, Word RA, Gerstenfeld LC, Trackman PC. Sex-Linked Skeletal Phenotype of Lysyl Oxidase Like-1 Mutant Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:172-85. [PMID: 26538021 PMCID: PMC8627178 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases are required for collagen and elastin cross-linking and extracellular matrix maturation including in bone. The lysyl oxidase family consists of lysyl oxidase (LOX) and 4 isoforms (LOXL1-4). Here we investigate whether deletion of LOXL1, which has been linked primarily to elastin maturation, leads to skeletal abnormalities. Left femurs (n = 8), L5 vertebrae (n = 8), and tibiae (n = 8) were analyzed by micro-computed tomography in 13-week-old wild-type (WT) and LOXL1-/- male and female mice. Right femurs (n = 8) were subjected to immunohistochemistry for LOXL1, and histochemical/histology analyses of osteoclasts and growth plates. Sera from all mice were analyzed for bone turnover markers. Results indicate strong expression of LOXL1 in wild-type growth plates in femurs. Significant deterioration of trabecular bone structure in long bones and vertebrae from female was observed but not from male, mutant mice compared with WT. Decreases in BV/TV, Conn.D, trabecular thickness, and number in the femoral distal metaphysis were observed in female, but not in male, mutant mice. Trabecular spacing was increased significantly in femurs of female mutant mice. Findings were similar in trabeculae of L5 vertebrae from female mutant mice. The number of TRAP positive osteoclasts at the trabecular bone surface was increased in female mutant mice compared with WT females, consistent with increased serum RANKL and decreased OPG levels. Analysis of bone turnover markers confirmed increased bone resorption as indicated by significantly elevated CTX-1 in the serum of female LOXL1-/- mice compared to their wild-type counterparts, as well as decreased bone formation as measured by decreased serum levels of PINP. Picrosirius red staining revealed a loss of heterogeneity in collagen organization in female LOXL1-/- mice only, with little to no yellow and orange birefringence. Organization was also impaired in chondrocyte columns in both female and male LOXL1-/- mice, but to a greater extent in females. Data indicate that LOXL1-/- mutant mice develop appendicular and axial skeletal phenotypes characterized by decreased bone volume fraction and compromised trabecular microstructure, predominantly in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai Alsofi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eileen Daley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ian Hornstra
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zachary D Mason
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jesus F Acevedo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - R Ann Word
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Philip C Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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39
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Lysyl oxidase is associated with increased thrombosis and platelet reactivity. Blood 2016; 127:1493-501. [PMID: 26755713 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is overexpressed in various pathologies associated with thrombosis, such as arterial stenosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). LOX is elevated in the megakaryocytic lineage of mouse models of MPNs and in patients with MPNs. To gain insight into the role of LOX in thrombosis and platelet function without compounding the influences of other pathologies, transgenic mice expressing LOX in wild-type megakaryocytes and platelets (Pf4-Lox(tg/tg)) were generated. Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) mice had a normal number of platelets; however, time to vessel occlusion after endothelial injury was significantly shorter in Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) mice, indicating a higher propensity for thrombus formation in vivo. Exploring underlying mechanisms, we found that Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) platelets adhere better to collagen and have greater aggregation response to lower doses of collagen compared with controls. Platelet activation in response to the ligand for collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (cross-linked collagen-related peptide) was unaffected. However, the higher affinity of Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) platelets to the collagen sequence GFOGER implies that the collagen receptor integrin α2β1 is affected by LOX. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that LOX enhances platelet activation and thrombosis.
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40
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Trackman PC. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions of the lysyl oxidase family in bone. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:7-18. [PMID: 26772152 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the biological roles of the lysyl oxidase family of enzyme proteins in bone structure and function are reviewed. This family of proteins is well-known as catalyzing the final reaction required for cross-linking of collagens and elastin. Novel emerging roles for these proteins in the phenotypic development of progenitor cells and in angiogenesis are highlighted and which point to enzymatic and non-enzymatic roles for this family in bone development and homeostasis and in disease. The explosion of interest in the lysyl oxidase family in the cancer field highlights the need to have a better understanding of the functions of this protein family in normal and abnormal connective tissue homeostasis at fundamental molecular and cellular levels including in mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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41
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Schips T, Vanhoutte D. Marfan syndrome and aortic aneurysm: Lysyl oxidases to the rescue? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:9-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Hippocampal Pruning as a New Theory of Schizophrenia Etiopathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2065-2081. [PMID: 25902861 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pruning in neurons has been suggested to be strongly involved in Schizophrenia's (SKZ) etiopathogenesis in recent biological, imaging, and genetic studies. We investigated the impact of protein-coding genes known to be involved in pruning, collected by a systematic literature research, in shaping the risk for SKZ in a case-control sample of 9,490 subjects (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium). Moreover, their modifications through evolution (humans, chimpanzees, and rats) and subcellular localization (as indicative of their biological function) were also investigated. We also performed a biological pathways (Gene Ontology) analysis. Genetics analyses found four genes (DLG1, NOS1, THBS4, and FADS1) and 17 pathways strongly involved in pruning and SKZ in previous literature findings to be significantly associated with the sample under analysis. The analysis of the subcellular localization found that secreted genes, and so regulatory ones, are the least conserved through evolution and also the most associated with SKZ. Their cell line and regional brain expression analysis found that their areas of primary expression are neuropil and the hippocampus, respectively. At the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we were able to describe the SKZ neurodevelopmental hypothesis starting from a single biological process. We can also hypothesize how alterations in pruning fine regulation and orchestration, strongly related with the evolutionary newest (and so more sensitive) secreted proteins, may be of particular relevance in the hippocampus. This early alteration may lead to a mis-structuration of neural connectivity, resulting in the different brain alteration that characterizes SKZ patients.
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43
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Kutchuk L, Laitala A, Soueid-Bomgarten S, Shentzer P, Rosendahl AH, Eilot S, Grossman M, Sagi I, Sormunen R, Myllyharju J, Mäki JM, Hasson P. Muscle composition is regulated by a Lox-TGFβ feedback loop. Development 2015; 142:983-93. [PMID: 25715398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is an integrated tissue composed of distinct cell types and extracellular matrix. While much emphasis has been placed on the factors required for the specification of the cells that comprise muscle, little is known about the crosstalk between them that enables the development of a patterned and functional tissue. We find in mice that deletion of lysyl oxidase (Lox), an extracellular enzyme regulating collagen maturation and organization, uncouples the balance between the amount of myofibers and that of muscle connective tissue (MCT). We show that Lox secreted from the myofibers attenuates TGFβ signaling, an inhibitor of myofiber differentiation and promoter of MCT development. We further demonstrate that a TGFβ-Lox feedback loop between the MCT and myofibers maintains the dynamic developmental homeostasis between muscle components while also regulating MCT organization. Our results allow a better understanding of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in which LOX and TGFβ signaling have been implicated and the balance between muscle constituents is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Kutchuk
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Anu Laitala
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Sharon Soueid-Bomgarten
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Pessia Shentzer
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ann-Helen Rosendahl
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Shelly Eilot
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Joni M Mäki
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Peleg Hasson
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Weston CJ, Shepherd EL, Claridge LC, Rantakari P, Curbishley SM, Tomlinson JW, Hubscher SG, Reynolds GM, Aalto K, Anstee QM, Jalkanen S, Salmi M, Smith DJ, Day CP, Adams DH. Vascular adhesion protein-1 promotes liver inflammation and drives hepatic fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:501-20. [PMID: 25562318 DOI: 10.1172/jci73722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of manifestations, including steatosis and cirrhosis. Progressive disease is characterized by hepatic leukocyte accumulation in the form of steatohepatitis. The adhesion molecule vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a membrane-bound amine oxidase that promotes leukocyte recruitment to the liver, and the soluble form (sVAP-1) accounts for most circulating monoamine oxidase activity, has insulin-like effects, and can initiate oxidative stress. Here, we determined that hepatic VAP-1 expression is increased in patients with chronic liver disease and that serum sVAP-1 levels are elevated in patients with NAFLD compared with those in control individuals. In 4 murine hepatic injury models, an absence or blockade of functional VAP-1 reduced inflammatory cell recruitment to the liver and attenuated fibrosis. Moreover, disease was reduced in animals expressing a catalytically inactive form of VAP-1, implicating enzyme activity in the disease pathogenesis. Within the liver, hepatic stromal cells expressed functional VAP-1, and evaluation of cultured cells revealed that sVAP-1 promotes leukocyte migration through catalytic generation of ROS, which depended on VAP-1 enzyme activity. VAP-1 enhanced stromal cell spreading and wound closure and modulated expression of profibrotic genes. Together, these results link the amine oxidase activity of VAP-1 with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and suggest that targeting VAP-1 has therapeutic potential for NAFLD and other chronic fibrotic liver diseases.
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Ovchinnikova OA, Folkersen L, Persson J, Lindeman JHN, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Gavrisheva N, Shlyakhto E, Paulsson-Berne G, Hedin U, Olofsson PS, Hansson GK. The collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase is associated with the healing of human atherosclerotic lesions. J Intern Med 2014; 276:525-36. [PMID: 24588843 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute clinical complications of atherosclerosis such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke are usually caused by thrombus formation on the ruptured plaque surface. Collagen, the main structural protein of the fibrous cap, provides mechanical strength to the atherosclerotic plaque. The integrity of the fibrous cap depends on collagen fibre cross-linking, a process controlled by the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX). METHODS AND RESULTS We studied atherosclerotic plaques from human carotid endarterectomies. LOX was strongly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and detected in the regions with ongoing fibrogenesis. Higher LOX levels were associated with a more stable phenotype of the plaque. In the studied population, LOX mRNA levels in carotid plaques predicted the risk for future MI. Within the lesion, LOX mRNA levels correlated positively with levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and negatively with markers of immune activation. The amount of LOX-mediated collagen cross-links in plaques correlated positively also with serum levels of OPG. CONCLUSIONS Lysyl oxidase may contribute to the healing of atherosclerotic lesions and to the prevention of its lethal complications. Mediators of inflammation may control LOX expression in plaques and hence plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Ovchinnikova
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
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46
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Wang YC, Chen CL, Sheu BS, Yang YJ, Tseng PC, Hsieh CY, Lin CF. Helicobacter pylori infection activates Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 to suppress IFN-γ signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4149-58. [PMID: 25225672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection not only induces gastric inflammation but also increases the risk of gastric tumorigenesis. IFN-γ has antimicrobial effects; however, H. pylori infection elevates IFN-γ-mediated gastric inflammation and may suppress IFN-γ signaling as a strategy to avoid immune destruction through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanism of H. pylori-induced IFN-γ resistance. Postinfection of viable H. pylori decreased IFN-γ-activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 and IFN regulatory factor 1 not only in human gastric epithelial MKN45 and AZ-521 but also in human monocytic U937 cells. H. pylori caused an increase in the C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP) 2. Pharmacologically and genetically inhibiting SHP2 reversed H. pylori-induced IFN-γ resistance. In contrast to a clinically isolated H. pylori strain HP238, the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) isogenic mutant strain HP238(CagAm) failed to induce IFN-γ resistance, indicating that CagA regulates this effect. Notably, HP238 and HP238(CagAm) differently caused SHP2 phosphorylation; however, imaging and biochemical analyses demonstrated CagA-mediated membrane-associated binding with phosphorylated SHP2. CagA-independent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributed to H. pylori-induced SHP2 phosphorylation; however, ROS/SHP2 mediated IFN-γ resistance in a CagA-regulated manner. This finding not only provides an alternative mechanism for how CagA and ROS coregulate SHP2 activation but may also explain their roles in H. pylori-induced IFN-γ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Jong Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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47
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KIM SEONKWAN, PARK SUNHYANG, KIM YOUNGHO. Alternative promoter activation leads to the expression of a novel human lysyl oxidase variant that functions as an amine oxidase. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:894-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Orriols M, Guadall A, Galán M, Martí-Pàmies I, Varona S, Rodríguez-Calvo R, Briones AM, Navarro MA, de Diego A, Osada J, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) in vascular remodelling. Insight from a new animal model. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:812-24. [PMID: 24990180 DOI: 10.1160/th14-01-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme that seems to play a critical role in vascular remodelling. However, the lack of viable LOX-deficient animal models has been an obstacle to deep in LOX biology. In this study we have developed a transgenic mouse model that over-expresses LOX in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to clarify whether LOX could regulate VSMC phenotype and vascular remodelling. The SM22α proximal promoter drove the expression of a transgene containing the human LOX cDNA. Two stable transgenic lines, phenotypically indistinguishable, were generated by conventional methods (TgLOX). Transgene expression followed the expected SMC-specific pattern. In TgLOX mice, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry evidenced a strong expression of LOX in the media from aorta and carotid arteries, coincident with a higher proportion of mature collagen. VSMC isolated from TgLOX mice expressed high levels of LOX pro-enzyme, which was properly secreted and processed into mature and bioactive LOX. Interestingly, cell proliferation was significantly reduced in cells from TgLOX mice. Transgenic VSMC also exhibited low levels of Myh10 (marker of SMC phenotypic switching), PCNA (marker of cell proliferation) and MCP-1, and a weak activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in response to mitogenic stimuli. Accordingly, neointimal thickening induced by carotid artery ligation was attenuated in TgLOX mice that also displayed a reduction in PCNA and MCP-1 immunostaining. Our results give evidence that LOX plays a critical role in vascular remodelling. We have developed a new animal model to study the role of LOX in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Rodríguez
- José Martínez-González or Cristina Rodríguez, Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (pabellón Nº 11), Avda. Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain, Tel.: +34 93 5565897, Fax: +34 93 5565559, E-mail: ;
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Khosravi R, Sodek KL, Xu WP, Bais MV, Saxena D, Faibish M, Trackman PC. A novel function for lysyl oxidase in pluripotent mesenchymal cell proliferation and relevance to inflammation-associated osteopenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100669. [PMID: 24971753 PMCID: PMC4074096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase is a multifunctional enzyme required for collagen biosynthesis. Various growth factors regulate lysyl oxidase during osteoblast differentiation, subject to modulation by cytokines such as TNF-α in inflammatory osteopenic disorders including diabetic bone disease. Canonical Wnt signaling promotes osteoblast development. Here we investigated the effect of Wnt3a and TNF-α on lysyl oxidase expression in pluripotent C3H10T1/2 cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and committed osteoblasts. Lysyl oxidase was up-regulated by a transcriptional mechanism 3-fold in C3H10T1/2 cells, and 2.5-fold in bone marrow stromal cells. A putative functional TCF/LEF element was identified in the lysyl oxidase promoter. Interestingly, lysyl oxidase was not up-regulated in committed primary rat calvarial- or MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. TNF-α down-regulated lysyl oxidase both in Wnt3a-treated and in non-treated C3H10T1/2 cells by a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by miR203. Non-differentiated cells do not produce a collagen matrix; thus, a novel biological role for lysyl oxidase in pluripotent cells was investigated. Lysyl oxidase shRNAs effectively silenced lysyl oxidase expression, and suppressed the growth of C3H10T1/2 cells by 50%, and blocked osteoblast differentiation. We propose that interference with lysyl oxidase expression under excess inflammatory conditions such as those that occur in diabetes, osteoporosis, or rheumatoid arthritis can result in a diminished pool of pluripotent cells which ultimately contributes to osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Khosravi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katharine L. Sodek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wan-Peng Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manish V. Bais
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debashree Saxena
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Faibish
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip C. Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Nave AH, Mižíková I, Niess G, Steenbock H, Reichenberger F, Talavera ML, Veit F, Herold S, Mayer K, Vadász I, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Brinckmann J, Morty RE. Lysyl oxidases play a causal role in vascular remodeling in clinical and experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1446-58. [PMID: 24833797 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary vascular remodeling, the pathological hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension, is attributed to proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and migration of vascular cells. A role of dysregulated matrix cross-linking and stability as a pathogenic mechanism has received little attention. We aimed to assess whether matrix cross-linking enzymes played a causal role in experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH). APPROACH AND RESULTS All 5 lysyl oxidases were detected in concentric and plexiform vascular lesions of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Lox, LoxL1, LoxL2, and LoxL4 expression was elevated in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, whereas LoxL2 and LoxL3 expression was elevated in laser-capture microdissected vascular lesions. Lox expression was hypoxia-responsive in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts, whereas LoxL1 and LoxL2 expression was hypoxia-responsive in adventitial fibroblasts. Lox expression was increased in lungs from hypoxia-exposed mice and in lungs and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of monocrotaline-treated rats, which developed PH. Pulmonary hypertensive mice exhibited increased muscularization and perturbed matrix structures in vessel walls of small pulmonary arteries. Hypoxia exposure led to increased collagen cross-linking, by dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysinonorleucine cross-links. Administration of the lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile attenuated the effect of hypoxia, limiting perturbations to right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and vessel muscularization and normalizing collagen cross-linking and vessel matrix architecture. CONCLUSIONS Lysyl oxidases are dysregulated in clinical and experimental PH. Lysyl oxidases play a causal role in experimental PH and represent a candidate therapeutic target. Our proof-of-principle study demonstrated that modulation of lung matrix cross-linking can affect pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Nave
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gero Niess
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heiko Steenbock
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Reichenberger
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - María L Talavera
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Veit
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- From the Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., F.R., M.L.T., F.V., S.H., K.M., I.V., N.W., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (A.H.N., I.M., G.N., W.S., R.E.M.); and the Department of Dermatology (J.B.) and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (J.B., H.S.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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