1
|
Sims NA, Lévesque JP. Oncostatin M: Dual Regulator of the Skeletal and Hematopoietic Systems. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:80-95. [PMID: 38198032 PMCID: PMC10912291 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The bone and hematopoietic tissues coemerge during development and are functionally intertwined throughout mammalian life. Oncostatin M (OSM) is an inflammatory cytokine of the interleukin-6 family produced by osteoblasts, bone marrow macrophages, and neutrophils. OSM acts via two heterodimeric receptors comprising GP130 with either an OSM receptor (OSMR) or a leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR). OSMR is expressed on osteoblasts, mesenchymal, and endothelial cells and mice deficient for the Osm or Osmr genes have both bone and blood phenotypes illustrating the importance of OSM and OSMR in regulating these two intertwined tissues. RECENT FINDINGS OSM regulates bone mass through signaling via OSMR, adaptor protein SHC1, and transducer STAT3 to both stimulate osteoclast formation and promote osteoblast commitment; the effect on bone formation is also supported by action through LIFR. OSM produced by macrophages is an important inducer of neurogenic heterotopic ossifications in peri-articular muscles following spinal cord injury. OSM produced by neutrophils in the bone marrow induces hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell proliferation in an indirect manner via OSMR expressed by bone marrow stromal and endothelial cells that form hematopoietic stem cell niches. OSM acts as a brake to therapeutic hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in response to G-CSF and CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor. Excessive OSM production by macrophages in the bone marrow is a key contributor to poor hematopoietic stem cell mobilization (mobilopathy) in people with diabetes. OSM and OSMR may also play important roles in the progression of several cancers. It is increasingly clear that OSM plays unique roles in regulating the maintenance and regeneration of bone, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, inflammation, and skeletal muscles. Dysregulated OSM production can lead to bone pathologies, defective muscle repair and formation of heterotopic ossifications in injured muscles, suboptimal mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells, exacerbated inflammatory responses, and anti-tumoral immunity. Ongoing research will establish whether neutralizing antibodies or cytokine traps may be useful to correct pathologies associated with excessive OSM production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schwartz LS, Young KA, Stearns TM, Boyer N, Mujica KD, Trowbridge JJ. Transcriptional and functional consequences of Oncostatin M signaling on young Dnmt3a-mutant hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2024; 130:104131. [PMID: 38000729 PMCID: PMC10922717 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated clonal hematopoiesis (CH) occurs due to somatic mutations accrued in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that confer a selective growth advantage in the context of aging. The mechanisms by which CH-mutant HSCs gain this advantage with aging are not comprehensively understood. Using unbiased transcriptomic approaches, we identified Oncostatin M (OSM) signaling as a candidate contributor to age-related Dnmt3a-mutant CH. We found that Dnmt3a-mutant HSCs from young adult mice (3-6 months old) subjected to acute OSM stimulation do not demonstrate altered proliferation, apoptosis, hematopoietic engraftment, or myeloid differentiation. Dnmt3a-mutant HSCs from young mice do transcriptionally upregulate an inflammatory cytokine network in response to acute in vitro OSM stimulation as evidenced by significant upregulation of the genes encoding IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα. OSM-stimulated Dnmt3a-mutant HSCs also demonstrate upregulation of the anti-inflammatory genes Socs3, Atf3, and Nr4a1. In the context of an aged bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, Dnmt3a-mutant HSCs upregulate proinflammatory genes but not the anti-inflammatory genes Socs3, Atf3, and Nr4a1. The results from our studies suggest that aging may exhaust the regulatory mechanisms that HSCs employ to resolve inflammatory states in response to factors such as OSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan S Schwartz
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME; School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer J Trowbridge
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME; School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schwartz LS, Young KA, Stearns TM, Boyer N, Mujica KD, Trowbridge JJ. Oncostatin M is a Master Regulator of an Inflammatory Network in Dnmt3a -Mutant Hematopoietic Stem Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548764. [PMID: 37502912 PMCID: PMC10369995 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated clonal hematopoiesis (CH) occurs due to somatic mutations accrued in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that confer a selective advantage in the context of aging. The mechanisms by which CH-mutant HSCs gain this advantage with aging are not comprehensively understood. Using unbiased transcriptomic approaches, we identify Oncostatin M (OSM) signaling as a candidate contributor to aging-driven Dnmt3a -mutant CH. We find that Dnmt3a -mutant HSCs from young mice do not functionally respond to acute OSM stimulation with respect to proliferation, apoptosis, hematopoietic engraftment, or myeloid differentiation. However, young Dnmt3a -mutant HSCs transcriptionally upregulate an inflammatory cytokine network in response to acute OSM stimulation including genes encoding IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα. In addition, OSM-stimulated Dnmt3a -mutant HSCs upregulate the anti-inflammatory genes Socs3, Atf3 and Nr4a1 , creating a negative feedback loop limiting sustained activation of the inflammatory network. In the context of an aged bone marrow (BM) microenvironment with chronically elevated levels of OSM, Dnmt3a -mutant HSCs upregulate pro-inflammatory genes but do not upregulate Socs3, Atf3 and Nr4a1 . Together, our work suggests that chronic inflammation with aging exhausts the regulatory mechanisms in young CH-mutant HSCs that resolve inflammatory states, and that OSM is a master regulator of an inflammatory network that contributes to age-associated CH.
Collapse
|
4
|
Caligiuri A, Gitto S, Lori G, Marra F, Parola M, Cannito S, Gentilini A. Oncostatin M: From Intracellular Signaling to Therapeutic Targets in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4211. [PMID: 36077744 PMCID: PMC9454586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancers represent the third-most-common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with an incidence of 80-90% for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 10-15% for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and an increasing morbidity and mortality rate. Although HCC and CCA originate from independent cell populations (hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, respectively), they develop in chronically inflamed livers. Evidence obtained in the last decade has revealed a role for cytokines of the IL-6 family in the development of primary liver cancers. These cytokines operate through the receptor subunit gp130 and the downstream Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways. Oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the IL-6 family, plays a significant role in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer, including liver tumors. Although, in recent years, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HCC and CCA have been implemented, limited treatment options with marginal clinical benefits are available. We discuss how OSM-related pathways can be selectively inhibited and therapeutically exploited for the treatment of liver malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Caligiuri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Lori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Cannito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentilini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular Signature of Neuroinflammation Induced in Cytokine-Stimulated Human Cortical Spheroids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051025. [PMID: 35625761 PMCID: PMC9138619 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is the process of neuroinflammation that is often linked to the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Human cortical spheroids (hCSs) constitute a valuable tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases in a complex three-dimensional context. We recently designed a protocol to generate hCSs comprising all major brain cell types. Here we stimulate these hCSs for three time periods with TNFα and with IL-1β. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the main process induced in the TNFα- as well as in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs is neuroinflammation. Central in the neuroinflammatory response are endothelial cells, microglia and astrocytes, and dysregulated genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and downstream NFκB- and STAT-pathway components. Furthermore, we observe sets of neuroinflammation-related genes that are specifically modulated in the TNFα-stimulated and in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs. Together, our results help to molecularly understand human neuroinflammation and thus a key mechanism of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
6
|
de Souza PPC, Henning P, Lerner UH. Stimulation of Osteoclast Formation by Oncostatin M and the Role of WNT16 as a Negative Feedback Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3287. [PMID: 35328707 PMCID: PMC8953253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), which belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, is the most potent and effective stimulator of osteoclast formation in this family, as assessed by different in vitro assays. Osteoclastogenesis induced by the IL-6 type of cytokines is mediated by the induction and paracrine stimulation of the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL), expressed on osteoblast cell membranes and targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (RANK) on osteoclast progenitor cells. The potent effect of OSM on osteoclastogenesis is due to an unusually robust induction of RANKL in osteoblasts through the OSM receptor (OSMR), mediated by a JAK-STAT/MAPK signaling pathway and by unique recruitment of the adapter protein Shc1 to the OSMR. Gene deletion of Osmr in mice results in decreased numbers of osteoclasts and enhanced trabecular bone caused by increased trabecular thickness, indicating that OSM may play a role in physiological regulation of bone remodeling. However, increased amounts of OSM, either through administration of recombinant protein or of adenoviral vectors expressing Osm, results in enhanced bone mass due to increased bone formation without any clear sign of increased osteoclast numbers, a finding which can be reconciled by cell culture experiments demonstrating that OSM can induce osteoblast differentiation and stimulate mineralization of bone nodules in such cultures. Thus, in vitro studies and gene deletion experiments show that OSM is a stimulator of osteoclast formation, whereas administration of OSM to mice shows that OSM is not a strong stimulator of osteoclastogenesis in vivo when administered to adult animals. These observations could be explained by our recent finding showing that OSM is a potent stimulator of the osteoclastogenesis inhibitor WNT16, acting in a negative feedback loop to reduce OSM-induced osteoclast formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P. C. de Souza
- The Innovation in Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil;
| | - Petra Henning
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ulf H. Lerner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Puigdevall L, Michiels C, Stewardson C, Dumoutier L. JAK/STAT: Why choose a classical or an alternative pathway when you can have both? J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1865-1875. [PMID: 35238133 PMCID: PMC8980962 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of cytokines triggers the JAK‐STAT pathway to exert various functions such as the induction of inflammation and immune responses. The receptors for these cytokines are dimers/trimers of transmembrane proteins devoid of intracellular kinase activity. Instead, they rely on Janus kinases (JAKs) for signal transduction. Classical JAK‐STAT signalling involves phosphorylation of cytokine receptors' intracellular tyrosines, which subsequently serve as docking sites for the recruitment and activation of STATs. However, there is evidence to show that several cytokine receptors also use a noncanonical, receptor tyrosine‐independent path to induce activation of STAT proteins. We identified two main alternative modes of STAT activation. The first involves an association between a tyrosine‐free region of the cytokine receptor and STATs, while the second seems to depend on a direct interaction between JAK and STAT proteins. We were able to identify the use of noncanonical mechanisms by almost a dozen cytokine receptors, suggesting they have some importance. These alternative pathways and the receptors that employ them are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léna Puigdevall
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Michiels
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Stewardson
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Henning P, Movérare-Skrtic S, Westerlund A, Chaves de Souza PP, Floriano-Marcelino T, Nilsson KH, El Shahawy M, Ohlsson C, Lerner UH. WNT16 is Robustly Increased by Oncostatin M in Mouse Calvarial Osteoblasts and Acts as a Negative Feedback Regulator of Osteoclast Formation Induced by Oncostatin M. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4723-4741. [PMID: 34566421 PMCID: PMC8457865 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s323435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone loss is often observed adjacent to inflammatory processes. The WNT signaling pathways have been implicated as novel regulators of both immune responses and bone metabolism. WNT16 is important for cortical bone mass by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, and we have here investigated the regulation of WNT16 by several members of the pro-inflammatory gp130 cytokine family. Methods The expression and regulation of Wnt16 in primary murine cells were studied by qPCR, scRNAseq and in situ hybridization. Signaling pathways were studied by siRNA silencing. The importance of oncostatin M (OSM)-induced WNT16 expression for osteoclastogenesis was studied in cells from Wnt16-deficient and wild-type mice. Results We found that IL-6/sIL-6R and OSM induce the expression of Wnt16 in primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts, with OSM being the most robust stimulator. The induction of Wnt16 by OSM was dependent on gp130 and OSM receptor (OSMR), and downstream signaling by the SHC1/STAT3 pathway, but independent of ERK. Stimulation of the calvarial cells with OSM resulted in enhanced numbers of mature, oversized osteoclasts when cells were isolated from Wnt16 deficient mice compared to cells from wild-type mice. OSM did not affect Wnt16 mRNA expression in bone marrow cell cultures, explained by the finding that Wnt16 and Osmr are expressed in distinctly different cells in bone marrow, nor was osteoclast differentiation different in OSM-stimulated bone marrow cell cultures isolated from Wnt16−/- or wild-type mice. Furthermore, we found that Wnt16 expression is substantially lower in cells from bone marrow compared to calvarial osteoblasts. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that OSM is a robust stimulator of Wnt16 mRNA in calvarial osteoblasts and that WNT16 acts as a negative feedback regulator of OSM-induced osteoclast formation in the calvarial bone cells, but not in the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henning
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Westerlund
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pedro Paulo Chaves de Souza
- The Innovation in Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Thais Floriano-Marcelino
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Karin H Nilsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maha El Shahawy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakajima K, Araki S, Kawahara M. Tailoring minimal synthetic receptors to reconstitute signaling properties through multiple tyrosine motifs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:148-154. [PMID: 34126345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As intracellular signal transduction is important for determining cell fate, artificial control of signaling properties through engineered receptors is attractive in the fields of synthetic biology and cell therapy. In this study, we tailored minimal synthetic receptors to reconstitute signaling properties by incorporating multiple tyrosine motifs. The size of molecular parts including the linker between the tyrosine motifs was minimized as much as possible to create the minimal synthetic receptors. By combining the membrane localization signal sequence, a mutant of FK506-binding protein, a JAK-binding domain, tyrosine motifs, and linkers, we successfully reconstituted simple receptor chains that were activated by dimerization via a synthetic small-molecule ligand capable of membrane permeation. Furthermore, up to four signaling molecules of interest were able to be recruited and activated by the minimal synthetic receptors. Thus, the tailored minimal synthetic receptors could be utilized to analyze the role of specific signaling molecules/pathways in controlling cell fate and to efficiently induce specific cell fate for therapeutic applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nakajima
- Laboratory of Cell Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shota Araki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Laboratory of Cell Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oncostatin M: A mysterious cytokine in cancers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107158. [PMID: 33187910 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), as a member of the Interleukin-6 family cytokines, plays a significant role in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancers. It is mainly secreted by T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages and was initially introduced as anti-cancer agent. However, in some cases, it promotes cancer progression. Overexpression of OSM and OSM receptor has been detected in various cancers including colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, myeloma, brain tumors, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and hepatoblastoma. STAT3 is the main downstream signaling molecule of OSM, which operates the leading role in modifications of cancer cells and enhancing cell growth, invasion, survival, and all other hallmarks of cancer cells. However, due to the presence of multiple signaling pathways, it can act contradictory in some cancers. In this review, we will discuss the emerging roles of OSM in cancer and elucidate its function in tumor control or progression and finally discuss therapeutic approaches designed to manipulate this cytokine in cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Polak KL, Chernosky NM, Smigiel JM, Tamagno I, Jackson MW. Balancing STAT Activity as a Therapeutic Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111716. [PMID: 31684144 PMCID: PMC6895889 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by dysregulated IL-6 family member cytokine signaling in the tumor microenvironment (TME), aberrant signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and (STAT5) activation have been identified as key contributors to tumorigenesis. Following transformation, persistent STAT3 activation drives the emergence of mesenchymal/cancer-stem cell (CSC) properties, important determinants of metastatic potential and therapy failure. Moreover, STAT3 signaling within tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils drives secretion of factors that facilitate metastasis and suppress immune cell function. Persistent STAT5 activation is responsible for cancer cell maintenance through suppression of apoptosis and tumor suppressor signaling. Furthermore, STAT5-mediated CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in suppression of immunosurveillance. We discuss these roles for STAT3 and STAT5, and weigh the attractiveness of different modes of targeting each cancer therapy. Moreover, we discuss how anti-tumorigenic STATs, including STAT1 and STAT2, may be leveraged to suppress the pro-tumorigenic functions of STAT3/STAT5 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Polak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Noah M Chernosky
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jacob M Smigiel
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Ilaria Tamagno
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verstockt S, Verstockt B, Vermeire S. Oncostatin M as a new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:943-954. [PMID: 31587593 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1677608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Given the high rate of primary and acquired resistance to current inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatments, novel drug targets and biomarkers that aid in therapeutic prediction are eagerly awaited. Furthermore, postponing treatment initiation because of a diagnostic delay profoundly affects patient well-being and overall disease evolution. Among the emerging targets and biomarkers, oncostatin M (OSM) has gained much interest in the past few years.Areas covered: A literature search to June 2019 was performed to identify the most relevant reports on Oncostatin M. The authors summarize the biology of OSM, its role in health and disease, its potential as a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in the field of IBD and how it might be a drug target of the future.Expert opinion: OSM has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic capabilities. High mucosal OSM predicts primary non-response to anti-TNF antibodies. However, one could question whether a single cytokine can capture the complexity and heterogeneity of IBD. Neutralizing OSM in patients with elevated mucosal OSM appears to be attractive and should be considered as a valid option for the first biomarker-stratified, proof-of-concept trial that studies a novel therapeutic compound in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sare Verstockt
- KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Complex Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Verstockt
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Persson E, Souza PPC, Floriano-Marcelino T, Conaway HH, Henning P, Lerner UH. Activation of Shc1 Allows Oncostatin M to Induce RANKL and Osteoclast Formation More Effectively Than Leukemia Inhibitory Factor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1164. [PMID: 31191537 PMCID: PMC6547810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The gp130 family of cytokines signals through receptors dimerizing with the gp130 subunit. Downstream signaling typically activates STAT3 but also SHP2/Ras/MAPK pathways. Oncostatin M (OSM) is a unique cytokine in this family since the receptor (OSMR) activates a non-redundant signaling pathway by recruitment of the adapter Shc1. We have studied the functional relevance of Shc1 for OSM-induced bone resorption. Experimental Approach: Osteoblasts were stimulated with OSM and STAT3 and Shc1 activations were studied using real-time PCR and Western blots. The role of STAT3 and Shc1 for OSM-induced RANKL expression and osteoclast formation was studied by silencing their mRNA expressions. Effects of OSM were compared to those of the closely related cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Key Results: OSM, but not LIF, induced the mRNA and protein expression of Shc1 and activated phosphorylation of Shc1 in the osteoblasts. Silencing of Shc1 decreased OSM-induced activation of STAT3 and RANKL expression. Silencing of STAT3 had no effect on activation of Shc1, but prevented the OSM-mediated increase of RANKL expression. Silencing of either Shc1 or STAT3 in osteoblasts decreased formation of osteoclasts in OSM-stimulated co-cultures of osteoblasts and macrophages. In agreement with these observations, OSM was a more potent and robust stimulator than LIF of RANKL formation and bone resorption in mouse calvariae and osteoclast formation in bone marrow cultures. Conclusions and Implications: Activation of the Shc1-dependent STAT3 signaling is crucial for OSM-induced osteoclast formation. Inhibition of Shc1 is a potential mechanism to specifically inhibit OSM-induced bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Persson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pedro P C Souza
- Bone Biology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Thais Floriano-Marcelino
- Bone Biology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Howard Herschel Conaway
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Petra Henning
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang ECE, Dai Z, Ferrante AW, Drake CG, Christiano AM. A Subset of TREM2 + Dermal Macrophages Secretes Oncostatin M to Maintain Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence and Inhibit Hair Growth. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:654-669.e6. [PMID: 30930146 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hair growth can be induced from resting mouse hair follicles by topical application of JAK inhibitors, suggesting that JAK-STAT signaling is required for maintaining hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in a quiescent state. Here, we show that Oncostatin M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine, negatively regulates hair growth by signaling through JAK-STAT5 to maintain HFSC quiescence. Genetic deletion of the OSM receptor or STAT5 can induce premature HFSC activation, suggesting that the resting telogen stage is actively maintained by the hair follicle niche. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that the OSM source is not intrinsic to the hair follicle itself and is instead a subset of TREM2+ macrophages that is enriched within the resting follicle and deceases immediately prior to HFSC activation. In vivo inhibition of macrophage function was sufficient to induce HFSC proliferation and hair cycle induction. Together these results clarify how JAK-STAT signaling actively inhibits hair growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne C E Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; National Skin Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhenpeng Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Charles G Drake
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
West NR, Owens BMJ, Hegazy AN. The oncostatin M-stromal cell axis in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12694. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R. West
- Department of Cancer Immunology; Genentech; South San Francisco California
| | - Benjamin M. J. Owens
- Somerville College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- EUSA Pharma; Hemel Hempstead UK
| | - Ahmed N. Hegazy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, and Rheumatology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum; ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luo XY, Liu Q, Yang H, Tan Q, Gan LQ, Ren FL, Wang H. OSMR gene effect on the pathogenesis of chronic autoimmune Urticaria via the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Mol Med 2018; 24:28. [PMID: 30134804 PMCID: PMC6016876 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic autoimmune urticaria (CAU) is a common skin disease and remains unclear understanding of pathogenesis in the vast majority of cases. In order to explore a new therapy for CAU, the current study was performed to investigate the possible functioning of the Oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) gene in the autoimmunity of CAU via regulation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Methods CAU skin tissues from 24 CAU patients and normal skin tissues from normal subjects were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was conducted to count eosinophils, and immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect the positive rate of OSMR expression in two kinds of skin tissues. A total of 72 Kunming (KM) mice were selected, and 60 mice were used for establishing CAU models and later transfected with different plasmids. The expression of inflammatory factors was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Expressions of janus kinase (JAK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), CT10-regulated kinase (CRK), and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) were identified using Western blot assay and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Epithelial cell proliferation was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry. Results The findings confirm that OSMR protein expression and histamine release rate are highly elevated in human CAU skin tissues, and the expression of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway-related genes (OSMR, JAK2, STAT3, ISG15, CRK and IRF9) was up-regulated. OSMR gene silencing in CAU mice significantly decreases the content of inflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IgE), the number of eosinophils, and reduces the expression of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway related genes, and further enhances cell proliferation, promotes cell cycle entry and inhibits apoptosis of epithelial cells. Conclusion All aforementioned results indicate that OSMR gene silencing inhibits the activation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby suppressing the development of CAU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qun Liu
- The Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, No.136, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Li-Qiang Gan
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, No.136, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Fa-Liang Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, No.136, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moidunny S, Matos M, Wesseling E, Banerjee S, Volsky DJ, Cunha RA, Agostinho P, Boddeke HW, Roy S. Oncostatin M promotes excitotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in astrocytes: implications in HIV-associated neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:144. [PMID: 27287400 PMCID: PMC4903004 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 cytokine family member, have been observed in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and Alzheimer's disease. However, the function of OSM in these disease conditions is unclear. Since deficient glutamate uptake by astrocytes is instrumental in HAND-associated neurotoxicity, we hypothesized that OSM impairs glutamate uptake in astrocytes and thereby promotes neuronal excitotoxicity. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and BV2 cell line were used. The expression of glutamate transporters (GLAST/EAAT1 and GLT-1/EAAT2) was investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot, and their activity was assessed by measuring (3)H-D-aspartate uptake. Neuronal toxicity was measured using the colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and immunocytochemistry. A chimeric HIV-1 that infects murine cells (EcoHIV/NL4-3-GFP virus (EcoHIV)) was used to investigate whether the virus induces OSM, OSM receptor (OSMR)-β, glycoprotein 130 (gp130), GLT-1, GLAST (mRNA and protein), and OSM release (ELISA) in cultured BV2 cells, primary microglia, or astrocytes. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using one-way ANOVA (to allow multiple comparisons) and two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS OSM treatment (10 ng/mL) time-dependently reduced GLAST and GLT-1 expression and inhibited (3)H-D-aspartate uptake in cultured astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect prevented by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3 inhibitor AG490. Down-regulation of astrocytic glutamate transport by OSM resulted in NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxicity in cortical neurons. Infection with EcoHIV induced OSM gene expression and protein release in BV2 cells and microglia, but not in astrocytes. Conversely, EcoHIV caused a fivefold increase in OSMR-β mRNA (but not gp130) and protein in astrocytes, but not in microglia, which did not express OSMR-β protein. Finally, astrocytic expression of GLAST gene was unaffected by EcoHIV, whereas GLT-1 mRNA was increased by twofold. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence that activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling by OSM inhibits glutamate uptake in astrocytes, which results in neuronal excitotoxicity. Our findings with EcoHIV suggest that targeting OSMR-β signaling in astrocytes might alleviate HIV-1-associated excitotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsudheen Moidunny
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Matos
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Evelyn Wesseling
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David J Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hendrikus W Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hermanns HM. Oncostatin M and interleukin-31: Cytokines, receptors, signal transduction and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
19
|
Liu X, Liu R, Croker BA, Lawlor KE, Smyth GK, Wicks IP. Distinctive pro-inflammatory gene signatures induced in articular chondrocytes by oncostatin M and IL-6 are regulated by Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1743-54. [PMID: 26045176 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe gene expression in murine chondrocytes stimulated with IL-6 family cytokines and the impact of deleting Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 (SOCS-3) in this cell type. METHOD Primary chondrocytes were isolated from wild type and SOCS-3-deficient (Socs3(Δ/Δcol2)) mice and stimulated with oncostatin M (OSM), IL-6 plus the soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6/sIL-6R), IL-11 or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for 4 h. Total RNA was extracted and gene expression was evaluated by microarray analysis. Validation of the microarray results was performed using Taqman probes on RNA derived from chondrocytes stimulated for 1, 2, 4 or 8 h. Gene ontology was characterized using DAVID (database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery). RESULTS Multiple genes, including Bcl3, Junb, Tgm1, Angptl4 and Lrg1, were upregulated in chondrocytes stimulated with each gp130 cytokine. The gene transcription profile in response to OSM stimulation was pro-inflammatory and was highly correlated to IL-6/sIL-6R, rather than IL-11 or LIF. In the absence of SOCS-3, OSM and IL-6/sIL-6R stimulation induced an interferon (IFN)-like gene signature, including expression of IL-31ra and S100a9. CONCLUSION While each gp130 cytokine induced a transcriptional response in chondrocytes, OSM- and IL-6/sIL-6R were the most potent members of this cytokine family. SOCS-3 plays an important regulatory role in this cell type, as it does in hematopoietic cells. Our results provide new insights into a hierarchy of gp130-induced transcriptional responses in chondrocytes that is normally restrained by SOCS-3 and suggest therapeutic inhibition of OSM may have benefit over and above antagonism of IL-6 during inflammatory arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - R Liu
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - B A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - K E Lawlor
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - G K Smyth
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - I P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maier E, Mittermeir M, Ess S, Neuper T, Schmiedlechner A, Duschl A, Horejs-Hoeck J. Prerequisites for Functional Interleukin 31 Signaling and Its Feedback Regulation by Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24747-59. [PMID: 26306032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a T helper type 2 cell-derived cytokine tightly associated with inflammatory skin disorders. IL-31-induced signaling is mediated by a receptor complex composed of oncostatin M receptor β and the cytokine-specific receptor subunit IL-31Rα, of which there are several isoforms. The latter can be classified as long or short isoforms with respect to their intracellular domain. At present, the signaling capabilities of the different isoforms remain inchoately understood, and potential mechanisms involved in negative regulation of IL-31Rα signaling have so far not been studied in detail. Here, we show that both the long and short isoforms of IL-31Rα are capable of inducing STAT signaling. However, the presence of a functional JAK-binding box within IL-31Rα is an essential prerequisite for functional IL-31-mediated STAT3 signaling. Moreover, both the long and short isoforms require oncostatin M receptor β for their activity. We also show that IL-31 induces expression of four suppressor of cytokine signaling family members and provide evidence that SOCS3 acts as a potent feedback inhibitor of IL-31-induced signaling. Taken together, this study identifies crucial requirements for IL-31 signaling and shows its counter-regulation by SOCS3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Maier
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michaela Mittermeir
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefanie Ess
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theresa Neuper
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Schmiedlechner
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu X, Croker BA, Campbell IK, Gauci SJ, Alexander WS, Tonkin BA, Walsh NC, Linossi EM, Nicholson SE, Lawlor KE, Wicks IP. Key role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in regulating gp130 cytokine-induced signaling and limiting chondrocyte responses during murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2391-402. [PMID: 24839265 DOI: 10.1002/art.38701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in murine chondrocytes. METHODS In wild-type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS-3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The role of endogenous SOCS-3 was examined in cartilage explants and chondrocytes from mice with conditional deletion of Socs3 driven by the Col2a1 promoter in vitro (Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) ) and from mice during CD4+ T cell-dependent inflammatory monarthritis. Bone erosions in the murine joints were analyzed by micro-computed tomography. RESULTS On chondrocytes from WT mice, gp130 and the oncostatin M (OSM) receptor were strongly expressed, whereas the transmembrane interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor was expressed at much lower levels. Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS-3 induction. Treatment of Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis. CONCLUSION The results of this study highlight a key role for SOCS-3 in regulating chondrocyte responses during inflammatory arthritis. Within the gp130 cytokine family, OSM is a potent stimulus of chondrocyte responses, while IL-6 probably signals via trans-signaling. The gp130 cytokine-driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of OSM might reduce the development and severity of structural joint damage during inflammatory arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saka K, Kawahara M, Ueda H, Nagamune T. Activation of target signal transducers utilizing chimeric receptors with signaling-molecule binding motifs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1528-37. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
23
|
Signaling by IL-31 and functional consequences. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:552-66. [PMID: 21982586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key to control cellular communication. Interleukin-31 (IL-31) was recently discovered as a new member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. IL-31 signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of OSMR and IL-31RA, a complex that stimulates the JAK-STAT, the RAS/ERK and the PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathways. The available data suggests that IL-31 is important for both innate and adaptive immunity in tissues that are in close contact with the environment, i.e. the skin, the airways and the lung, and the lining of the intestine. Enhanced expression of IL-31 is associated with a number of diseases, including pruritic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, but also in allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. In these tissues IL-31 coordinates the interaction of different immune cells, including T-cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, with epithelial cells. In this review we have summarized the available data on IL-31 and its receptor, their expression pattern and how they are regulated. We describe the current state of knowledge of the involvement of IL-31 in diseases, both in humans and in mouse models. From these studies it is becoming clear that IL-31 plays an important role in the proper functioning of the skin and of airway and intestinal epithelia. The findings available suggest that IL-31 might be an interesting target for directed drug therapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Baker BJ, Park KW, Qin H, Ma X, Benveniste EN. IL-27 inhibits OSM-mediated TNF-alpha and iNOS gene expression in microglia. Glia 2010; 58:1082-93. [PMID: 20468050 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of Oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 family cytokine, have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and glioblastoma (GBM); however, its effects within the CNS are not well understood. OSM regulates gene expression primarily by activating the JAK/STAT, NF-kappaB, and/or MAPK pathways, in a cell-type specific manner. In our studies, OSM induces the production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from microglia in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. This expression also partially requires the intermediate production of TNF-alpha and subsequent NF-kappaB activation via TNF-R1. We also demonstrate that OSM-induced TNF-alpha production from microglia is neurotoxic. The IL-12 family member, IL-27, suppresses OSM-mediated TNF-alpha and iNOS expression at the transcriptional level by inhibiting activation of the NF-kappaB pathway, and rescues the neurotoxicity induced by OSM-stimulated microglia. These studies are the first to demonstrate the proinflammatory effects of OSM in microglia, and also identify IL-27 as a novel inhibitor of inflammatory processes in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi J Baker
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hedvat M, Huszar D, Herrmann A, Gozgit JM, Schroeder A, Sheehy A, Buettner R, Proia D, Kowolik CM, Xin H, Armstrong B, Bebernitz G, Weng S, Wang L, Ye M, McEachern K, Chen H, Morosini D, Bell K, Alimzhanov M, Ioannidis S, McCoon P, Cao ZA, Yu H, Jove R, Zinda M. The JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 potently blocks Stat3 signaling and oncogenesis in solid tumors. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:487-97. [PMID: 19962667 PMCID: PMC2812011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activation of Stat3 is oncogenic and is prevalent in a wide variety of human cancers. Chronic cytokine stimulation is associated with Stat3 activation in some tumors, implicating cytokine receptor-associated Jak family kinases. Using Jak2 inhibitors, we demonstrate a central role of Jaks in modulating basal and cytokine-induced Stat3 activation in human solid tumor cell lines. Inhibition of Jak2 activity is associated with abrogation of Stat3 nuclear translocation and tumorigenesis. The Jak2 inhibitor AZD1480 suppresses the growth of human solid tumor xenografts harboring persistent Stat3 activity. We demonstrate the essential role of Stat3 downstream of Jaks by inhibition of tumor growth using short hairpin RNA targeting Stat3. Our data support a key role of Jak kinase activity in Stat3-dependent tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hedvat
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Dennis Huszar
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | | | - Anne Schroeder
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Adam Sheehy
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Ralf Buettner
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - David Proia
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Claudia M. Kowolik
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Hong Xin
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Brian Armstrong
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | | | - Shaobu Weng
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Minwei Ye
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | | | - Huawei Chen
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | | | - Kirsten Bell
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhu A. Cao
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Richard Jove
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- Corresponding Authors Dr. Richard Jove, Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010. Phone: 626-301-8179; Fax: 626-256-8708; , Dr. Michael Zinda, Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451. Phone: 781-839-4827; Fax: 781-839-4540;
| | - Michael Zinda
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, MA 02451 USA
- Corresponding Authors Dr. Richard Jove, Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010. Phone: 626-301-8179; Fax: 626-256-8708; , Dr. Michael Zinda, Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451. Phone: 781-839-4827; Fax: 781-839-4540;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aggarwal BB, Kunnumakkara AB, Harikumar KB, Gupta SR, Tharakan ST, Koca C, Dey S, Sung B. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, inflammation, and cancer: how intimate is the relationship? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009. [PMID: 19723038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04911.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) is one of six members of a family of transcription factors. It was discovered almost 15 years ago as an acute-phase response factor. This factor has now been associated with inflammation, cellular transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer. Various types of carcinogens, radiation, viruses, growth factors, oncogenes, and inflammatory cytokines have been found to activate STAT-3. STAT-3 is constitutively active in most tumor cells but not in normal cells. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 at tyrosine 705 leads to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and gene transcription. The phosphorylation of STAT-3 at serine 727 may regulate its activity negatively or positively. STAT-3 regulates the expression of genes that mediate survival (survivin, bcl-xl, mcl-1, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein), proliferation (c-fos, c-myc, cyclin D1), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-2), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor). STAT-3 activation has also been associated with both chemoresistance and radioresistance. STAT-3 mediates these effects through its collaboration with various other transcription factors, including nuclear factor-kappaB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma. Because of its critical role in tumorigenesis, inhibitors of this factor's activation are being sought for both prevention and therapy of cancer. This has led to identification of small peptides, oligonucleotides, and small molecules as potential STAT-3 inhibitors. Several of these small molecules are chemopreventive agents derived from plants. This review discusses the intimate relationship between STAT-3, inflammation, and cancer in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aggarwal BB, Kunnumakkara AB, Harikumar KB, Gupta SR, Tharakan ST, Koca C, Dey S, Sung B. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, inflammation, and cancer: how intimate is the relationship? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:59-76. [PMID: 19723038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) is one of six members of a family of transcription factors. It was discovered almost 15 years ago as an acute-phase response factor. This factor has now been associated with inflammation, cellular transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer. Various types of carcinogens, radiation, viruses, growth factors, oncogenes, and inflammatory cytokines have been found to activate STAT-3. STAT-3 is constitutively active in most tumor cells but not in normal cells. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 at tyrosine 705 leads to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and gene transcription. The phosphorylation of STAT-3 at serine 727 may regulate its activity negatively or positively. STAT-3 regulates the expression of genes that mediate survival (survivin, bcl-xl, mcl-1, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein), proliferation (c-fos, c-myc, cyclin D1), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-2), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor). STAT-3 activation has also been associated with both chemoresistance and radioresistance. STAT-3 mediates these effects through its collaboration with various other transcription factors, including nuclear factor-kappaB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma. Because of its critical role in tumorigenesis, inhibitors of this factor's activation are being sought for both prevention and therapy of cancer. This has led to identification of small peptides, oligonucleotides, and small molecules as potential STAT-3 inhibitors. Several of these small molecules are chemopreventive agents derived from plants. This review discusses the intimate relationship between STAT-3, inflammation, and cancer in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hintzen C, Quaiser S, Pap T, Heinrich PC, Hermanns HM. Induction of CCL13 expression in synovial fibroblasts highlights a significant role of oncostatin M in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1932-43. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
30
|
Hintzen C, Haan C, Tuckermann JP, Heinrich PC, Hermanns HM. Oncostatin M-Induced and Constitutive Activation of the JAK2/STAT5/CIS Pathway Suppresses CCL1, but Not CCL7 and CCL8, Chemokine Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7341-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|