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Messina JM, Luo M, Hossan MS, Gadelrab HA, Yang X, John A, Wilmore JR, Luo J. Unveiling cytokine charge disparity as a potential mechanism for immune regulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:1-14. [PMID: 38184374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines are small signaling proteins that regulate the immune responses to infection and tissue damage. Surface charges of cytokines determine their in vivo fate in immune regulation, e.g., half-life and distribution. The overall negative charges in the extracellular microenvironment and the acidosis during inflammation and infection may differentially impact cytokines with different surface charges for fine-tuned immune regulation via controlling tissue residential properties. However, the trend and role of cytokine surface charges has yet to be elucidated in the literature. Interestingly, we have observed that most pro-inflammatory cytokines have a negative charge, while most anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have a positive charge. In this review, we extensively examined the surface charges of all cytokines and chemokines, summarized the pharmacokinetics and tissue adhesion of major cytokines, and analyzed the link of surface charge with cytokine biodistribution, activation, and function in immune regulation. Additionally, we identified that the general trend of charge disparity between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines represents a unique opportunity to develop precise immune modulation approaches, which can be applied to many inflammation-associated diseases including solid tumors, chronic wounds, infection, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Messina
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Minghao Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Md Shanewaz Hossan
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Hadil A Gadelrab
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Xiguang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Anna John
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Upstate Sepsis Interdisciplinary Research Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Juntao Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Department of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Upstate Cancer Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Upstate Sepsis Interdisciplinary Research Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
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Cai N, Cheng K, Ma Y, Liu S, Tao R, Li Y, Li D, Guo B, Jia W, Liang H, Zhao J, Xia L, Ding ZY, Chen J, Zhang W. Targeting MMP9 in CTNNB1 mutant hepatocellular carcinoma restores CD8 + T cell-mediated antitumour immunity and improves anti-PD-1 efficacy. Gut 2024; 73:985-999. [PMID: 38123979 PMCID: PMC11103337 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gain of function (GOF) CTNNB1 mutations (CTNNB1 GOF ) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cause significant immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of CTNNB1 GOF HCC-mediated immune escape and raise a new therapeutic strategy to enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy in HCC. DESIGN RNA sequencing was performed to identify the key downstream genes of CTNNB1 GOF associated with immune escape. An in vitro coculture system, murine subcutaneous or orthotopic models, spontaneously tumourigenic models in conditional gene-knock-out mice and flow cytometry were used to explore the biological function of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) in tumour progression and immune escape. Single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics were used to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of MMP9. RESULTS MMP9 was significantly upregulated in CTNNB1 GOF HCC. MMP9 suppressed infiltration and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells, which was critical for CTNNB1 GOF to drive the suppressive tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) and anti-PD-1 resistance. Mechanistically, CTNNB1 GOF downregulated sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), resulting in promotion of β-catenin/lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D) complex formation that fostered the transcriptional activation of MMP9. The secretion of MMP9 from HCC mediated slingshot protein phosphatase 1 (SSH1) shedding from CD8+ T cells, leading to the inhibition of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-mediated intracellular of G protein-coupled receptors signalling. Additionally, MMP9 blockade remodelled the TIME and potentiated the sensitivity of anti-PD-1 therapy in HCC. CONCLUSIONS CTNNB1 GOF induces a suppressive TIME by activating secretion of MMP9. Targeting MMP9 reshapes TIME and potentiates anti-PD-1 efficacy in CTNNB1 GOF HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cai
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Tao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yani Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Guo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Jia
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanguang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Jiao H, Pang B, Liu A, Chen Q, Pan Q, Wang X, Xu Y, Chiang YC, Ren R, Hu H. Structural insights into the activation and inhibition of CXC chemokine receptor 3. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:610-620. [PMID: 38177682 PMCID: PMC11026165 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemotaxis of CD4+ type 1 helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, guided by interferon-inducible CXC chemokine 9-11 (CXCL9-11) and CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), plays a critical role in type 1 immunity. Here we determined the structures of human CXCR3-DNGi complexes activated by chemokine CXCL11, peptidomimetic agonist PS372424 and biaryl-type agonist VUF11222, and the structure of inactive CXCR3 bound to noncompetitive antagonist SCH546738. Structural analysis revealed that PS372424 shares a similar orthosteric binding pocket to the N terminus of CXCL11, while VUF11222 buries deeper and activates the receptor in a distinct manner. We showed an allosteric binding site between TM5 and TM6, accommodating SCH546738 in the inactive CXCR3. SCH546738 may restrain the receptor at an inactive state by preventing the repacking of TM5 and TM6. By revealing the binding patterns and the pharmacological properties of the four modulators, we present the activation mechanisms of CXCR3 and provide insights for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhan Jiao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiankun Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunong Xu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Chih Chiang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongli Hu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
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Lange PF, Schilling O, Huesgen PF. Positional proteomics: is the technology ready to study clinical cohorts? Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:309-318. [PMID: 37869791 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2272046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positional proteomics provides proteome-wide information on protein termini and their modifications, uniquely enabling unambiguous identification of site-specific, limited proteolysis. Such proteolytic cleavage irreversibly modifies protein sequences resulting in new proteoforms with distinct protease-generated neo-N and C-termini and altered localization and activity. Misregulated proteolysis is implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. Protein termini, therefore, constitute a huge, largely unexplored source of specific analytes that provides a deep view into the functional proteome and a treasure trove for biomarkers. AREAS COVERED We briefly review principal approaches to define protein termini and discuss recent advances in method development. We further highlight the potential of positional proteomics to identify and trace specific proteoforms, with a focus on proteolytic processes altered in disease. Lastly, we discuss current challenges and potential for applying positional proteomics in biomarker and pre-clinical research. EXPERT OPINION Recent developments in positional proteomics have provided significant advances in sensitivity and throughput. In-depth analysis of proteolytic processes in clinical cohorts thus appears feasible in the near future. We argue that this will provide insights into the functional state of the proteome and offer new opportunities to utilize proteolytic processes altered or targeted in disease as specific diagnostic, prognostic and companion biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp F Lange
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Westerlund J, Askman S, Pettersson Å, Hellmark T, Johansson ÅCM, Hansson M. Suppression of T-Cell Proliferation by Normal Density Granulocytes Led to CD183 Downregulation and Cytokine Inhibition in T-Cells. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8077281. [PMID: 36438199 PMCID: PMC9683987 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8077281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal density granulocytes (NDGs) can suppress T-cell responses in a similar way as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that NDGs from healthy donors preferentially inhibit T helper 1 (Th1) cells and investigated the myeloid-derived suppressive effect in different T-cell populations. We found that NDG-induced suppression of T-cell proliferation was contact dependent, mediated by integrin CD11b, and dependent on NDG-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The suppression was rapid and occurred within the first few hours of coculture. The suppression did not influence the CD8+/CD4+ ratio indicating an equal sensitivity in these populations. We further analyzed the CD4+ T helper subsets and found that NDGs induced a loss of Th1 surface marker, CD183, that was unrelated to ligand-binding to CD183. In addition, we analyzed the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine production and found that all cytokine groups were suppressed when T-cells were incubated with NDGs. We therefore concluded that NDGs do not preferentially suppress Th1-cells. Instead, NDGs generally suppress Th cells and cytotoxic T-cells but specifically downregulate the Th1 marker CD183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Westerlund
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, BMC B13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Askman
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, BMC B13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Pettersson
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, BMC B13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Nephrology, Barngatan 2, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hellmark
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Nephrology, Barngatan 2, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa C. M. Johansson
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, BMC B13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Region Skåne, Clinical Genetics and Pathology, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Hansson
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, 22185 Lund, Sweden
- University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicin and clinical nutrition, Bruna stråket 5, Plan 5, 41325 Göteborg, Sweden
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Targeted Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Prevents Aortic Dissection in a Murine Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203218. [PMID: 36291087 PMCID: PMC9600539 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a lethal aortic pathology without effective medical treatments since the underlying pathological mechanisms responsible for AD remain elusive. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8) has been previously identified as a key player in atherosclerosis and arterial remodeling. However, the functional role of MMP8 in AD remains largely unknown. Here, we report that an increased level of MMP8 was observed in 3-aminopropionitrile fumarate (BAPN)-induced murine AD. AD incidence and aortic elastin fragmentation were markedly reduced in MMP8-knockout mice. Importantly, pharmacologic inhibition of MMP8 significantly reduced the AD incidence and aortic elastin fragmentation. We observed less inflammatory cell accumulation, a lower level of aortic inflammation, and decreased smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis in MMP8-knockout mice. In line with our previous observation that MMP8 cleaves Ang I to generate Ang II, BAPN-treated MMP8-knockout mice had increased levels of Ang I, but decreased levels of Ang II and lower blood pressure. Additionally, we observed a decreased expression level of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) and a reduced level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MMP8-knockout aortas. Mechanistically, our data show that the Ang II/VCAM1 signal axis is responsible for MMP8-mediated inflammatory cell invasion and transendothelial migration, while MMP8-mediated SMC inflammation and apoptosis are attributed to Ang II/ROS signaling. Finally, we observed higher levels of aortic and serum MMP8 in patients with AD. We therefore provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and identify MMP8 as a potential therapeutic target for this life-threatening aortic disease.
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Augoff K, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Tabola R, Stach K. MMP9: A Tough Target for Targeted Therapy for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071847. [PMID: 35406619 PMCID: PMC8998077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Having the capability to proteolyze diverse structural and signaling proteins, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), one of the best-studied secretory endopeptidases, has been identified as a crucial mediator of processes closely associated with tumorigenesis, such as the extracellular matrix reorganization, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell migration, new blood vessel formation, and immune response. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on MMP9 and its role in cancer growth in the context of cell adhesion/migration, cancer-related inflammation, and tumor microenvironment formation. We also summarize recent achievements in the development of selective MMP9 inhibitors and the limitations of using them as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Renata Tabola
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kamilla Stach
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Kaasinen M, Hagström J, Mustonen H, Sorsa T, Sund M, Haglund C, Seppänen H. Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 Expression in a Tumour Predicts a Favourable Prognosis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3314. [PMID: 35328734 PMCID: PMC8951094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a significant cause of cancer-related death globally, and, despite improvements in diagnostics and treatment, survival remains poor. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in stroma remodelling in inflammation and cancer. MMP-8 plays a varied prognostic role in cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. We examined the prognostic value of MMP-8 immunoexpression in tumour tissue and the amount of MMP-8-positive polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in PDAC and their association with immune responses using C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of systemic inflammation. Tumour samples from 141 PDAC patients undergoing surgery in 2002−2011 at the Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital were stained immunohistochemically, for which we evaluated MMP-8 expression in cancer cells and the amount of MMP-8-positive PMNs. We assessed survival using the Kaplan−Meier analysis while uni- and multivariable analyses relied on the Cox proportional hazards model. A negative MMP-8 stain and elevated CRP level predicted a poor prognosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.69−17.93; p < 0.001) compared to a positive stain and low CRP level (<10 mg/L). The absence of PMNs together with an elevated CRP level also predicted an unfavourable outcome (HR = 3.17; 95% CI 1.60−6.30; p = 0.001). MMP-8 expression in the tumour served as an independent positive prognostic factor (HR = 0.33; 95% CI 0.16−0.68; p = 0.003). Tumour MMP-8 expression and a low CRP level may predict a favourable outcome in PDAC with similar results for MMP-8-positive PMNs and low CRP levels. Tumoural MMP-8 expression represents an independent positive prognostic factor in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjami Kaasinen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.K.); (H.M.); (M.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.K.); (H.M.); (M.S.); (C.H.)
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Solna, Sweden
| | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.K.); (H.M.); (M.S.); (C.H.)
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.K.); (H.M.); (M.S.); (C.H.)
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Seppänen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (M.K.); (H.M.); (M.S.); (C.H.)
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Shah MA, Cunningham D, Metges JP, Van Cutsem E, Wainberg Z, Elboudwarej E, Lin KW, Turner S, Zavodovskaya M, Inzunza D, Liu J, Patterson SD, Zhou J, He J, Thai D, Bhargava P, Brachmann CB, Cantenacci DVT. Randomized, open-label, phase 2 study of andecaliximab plus nivolumab versus nivolumab alone in advanced gastric cancer identifies biomarkers associated with survival. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003580. [PMID: 34893523 PMCID: PMC8666898 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) selectively cleaves extracellular matrix proteins contributing to tumor growth and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This study evaluated andecaliximab (ADX), an inhibitor of MMP9, in combination with nivolumab (NIVO), for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Methods Phase 2, open-label, randomized multicenter study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and pharmacodynamics of ADX+NIVO versus NIVO in patients with pretreated metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs). We explored the correlation of efficacy outcomes with biomarkers. Results 144 patients were randomized; 141 were treated: 81% white, 69% male, median age was 61 years in the ADX+NIVO group and 62 years in the NIVO-alone group. The ORR was 10% (95% CI 4 to 19) in the ADX+NIVO group and 7% (95% CI 2 to 16) in the NIVO-alone group (OR: 1.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 6.1; p=0.8)). There was no response or survival benefit associated with adding ADX. AE rates were comparable in both treatment groups; the most common AEs were fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Programmed cell death ligand 1, interferon-γ (IFN), and intratumoral CD8+ cell density were not associated with treatment response or survival. The gene signature most correlated with shorter survival was the epithelial-to-mesenchymal gene signature; high transforming growth factor (TGF)-β fibrosis score was negatively associated with OS (p=0.036). Gene expression analysis of baseline tumors comparing long-(1+ years) and short-term (<1 year) survivors showed that GRB7 was associated with survival beyond 1 year. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive disease was associated with significantly longer survival (p=0.0077). Median tumor mutation burden (TMB) was 2.01; patients with TMB ≥median had longer survival (p=0.0025) and improved PFS (p=0.016). Based on a model accounting for TMB, TGF-β fibrosis, and HER2, TMB was the main driver of survival in this patient population. Conclusion Combination of ADX+NIVO had a favorable safety profile but did not improve efficacy compared with NIVO alone in patients with pretreated metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma. HER2 positivity, higher TMB or GRB7, and lower TGF-β were associated with improved outcomes. Trial registration number NCT02864381 or GS-US-296–-2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish A Shah
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA .,Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Cunningham
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton and London Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Eric Van Cutsem
- Division Head of Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zev Wainberg
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Kai-Wen Lin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Scott Turner
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jinfeng Liu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Jingzhu Zhou
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jing He
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Dung Thai
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel V T Cantenacci
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Duckworth BC, Qin RZ, Groom JR. Spatial determinates of effector and memory CD8 + T cell fates. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:76-92. [PMID: 34882817 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lymph node plays a critical role in mounting an adaptive immune response to infection, clearance of foreign pathogens, and cancer immunosurveillance. Within this complex structure, intranodal migration is vital for CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation. Combining tissue clearing and volumetric light sheet fluorescent microscopy of intact lymph nodes has allowed us to explore the spatial regulation of T cell fates. This has determined that short-lived effector (TSLEC ) are imprinted in peripheral lymph node interfollicular regions, due to CXCR3 migration. In contrast, stem-like memory cell (TSCM ) differentiation is determined in the T cell paracortex. Here, we detail the inflammatory and chemokine regulators of spatially restricted T cell differentiation, with a focus on how to promote TSCM . We propose a default pathway for TSCM differentiation due to CCR7-directed segregation of precursors away from the inflammatory effector niche. Although volumetric imaging has revealed the consequences of intranodal migration, we still lack knowledge of how this is orchestrated within a complex chemokine environment. Toward this goal, we highlight the potential of combining microfluidic chambers with pre-determined complexity and subcellular resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette C Duckworth
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Raymond Z Qin
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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11
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Dual Targeting of Cancer Cells and MMPs with Self-Assembly Hybrid Nanoparticles for Combination Therapy in Combating Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13121990. [PMID: 34959271 PMCID: PMC8707712 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and immune modulators to their targets remains to be a great challenge for nanocarriers. Here, we developed a hybrid thermosensitive nanoparticle (TMNP) which could co-deliver paclitaxel-loaded transferrin (PTX@TF) and marimastat-loaded thermosensitive liposomes (MMST/LTSLs) for the dual targeting of cancer cells and the microenvironment. TMNPs could rapidly release the two payloads triggered by the hyperthermia treatment at the site of tumor. The released PTX@TF entered cancer cells via transferrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis and inhibited the survival of tumor cells. MMST was intelligently employed as an immunomodulator to improve immunotherapy by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases to reduce chemokine degradation and recruit T cells. The TMNPs promoted the tumor infiltration of CD3+ T cells by 2-fold, including memory/effector CD8+ T cells (4.2-fold) and CD4+ (1.7-fold), but not regulatory T cells. Our in vivo anti-tumor experiment suggested that TMNPs possessed the highest tumor growth inhibitory rate (80.86%) compared with the control group. We demonstrated that the nanoplatform could effectively inhibit the growth of tumors and enhance T cell recruitment through the co-delivery of paclitaxel and marimastat, which could be a promising strategy for the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
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12
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De Zutter A, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The Role of Post-Translational Modifications of Chemokines by CD26 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174247. [PMID: 34503058 PMCID: PMC8428238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of small chemotactic cytokines that fulfill a central function in cancer. Both tumor-promoting and -impeding roles have been ascribed to chemokines, which they exert in a direct or indirect manner. An important post-translational modification that regulates chemokine activity is the NH2-terminal truncation by peptidases. CD26 is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPPIV), which typically clips a NH2-terminal dipeptide from the chemokine. With a certain degree of selectivity in terms of chemokine substrate, CD26 only recognizes chemokines with a penultimate proline or alanine. Chemokines can be protected against CD26 recognition by specific amino acid residues within the chemokine structure, by oligomerization or by binding to cellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Upon truncation, the binding affinity for receptors and GAGs is altered, which influences chemokine function. The consequences of CD26-mediated clipping vary, as unchanged, enhanced, and reduced activities are reported. In tumors, CD26 most likely has the most profound effect on CXCL12 and the interferon (IFN)-inducible CXCR3 ligands, which are converted into receptor antagonists upon truncation. Depending on the tumor type, expression of CD26 is upregulated or downregulated and often results in the preferential generation of the chemokine isoform most favorable for tumor progression. Considering the tight relationship between chemokine sequence and chemokine binding specificity, molecules with the appropriate characteristics can be chemically engineered to provide innovative therapeutic strategies in a cancer setting.
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13
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Frangogiannis NG, Kovacic JC. Extracellular Matrix in Ischemic Heart Disease, Part 4/4: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2219-2235. [PMID: 32354387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia and infarction, both in the acute and chronic phases, are associated with cardiomyocyte loss and dramatic changes in the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). It has long been appreciated that these changes in the cardiac ECM result in altered mechanical properties of ischemic or infarcted myocardial segments. However, a growing body of evidence now clearly demonstrates that these alterations of the ECM not only affect the structural properties of the ischemic and post-infarct heart, but they also play a crucial and sometimes direct role in mediating a range of biological pathways, including the orchestration of inflammatory and reparative processes, as well as the pathogenesis of adverse remodeling. This final part of a 4-part JACC Focus Seminar reviews the evidence on the role of the ECM in relation to the ischemic and infarcted heart, as well as its contribution to cardiac dysfunction and adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Yang F, Chen Q, Yang M, Maguire EM, Yu X, He S, Xiao R, Wang CS, An W, Wu W, Zhou Y, Xiao Q, Zhang L. Macrophage-derived MMP-8 determines smooth muscle cell differentiation from adventitia stem/progenitor cells and promotes neointima hyperplasia. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:211-225. [PMID: 30778537 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Emerging evidence has suggested that adventitia stem/progenitor cells (AdSPCs) migrate into the intima of arteries in response to injury, where they differentiate towards smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and participate in neointimal hyperplasia. We have previously identified matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8) as a key player in atherogenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional roles of macrophage-derived MMP8 in AdSPC differentiation and injury-induced arterial remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS We first observed an important role for MMP8 in SMC differentiation from embryonic stem cells, but this effect was not seen in AdSPCs. Instead, through macrophages/AdSPCs co-culture and macrophage conditional culture medium studies, we have demonstrated that the MMP8 protein secreted from macrophages promotes SMC differentiation from AdSPCs. Mechanistically, we showed that macrophage-derived MMP8 promotes SMC differentiation from AdSPCs through modulating transforming growth factor-β activity and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10)/Notch1 signalling. We further demonstrated that the binding site for CBF1, Suppressor of Hairless, and Lag-1 (CSL) within SMC gene promoters is responsible for Notch1 mediated SMC differentiation. Finally, we demonstrated that macrophage-derived MMP8 increased injury-induced neointimal SMC hyperplasia by activating ADAM10/Notch1 signalling. CONCLUSIONS We have identified macrophage-derived MMP8 as a regulator in SMC differentiation from AdSPCs and neointimal SMC hyperplasia in response to injury. Our data provide new insights into the roles of MMP8 in AdSPC differentiation and the pathogenesis of neointima formation in the context of angiographic restenosis, and therefore may aid in the development of novel therapeutic agents for the prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qishan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eithne Margaret Maguire
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Xiaotian Yu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shiping He
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rui Xiao
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claire S Wang
- Gonville & Caius College, University of Cambridge, Trinity Street, Cambridge, CB2 1TA, UK
| | - Weiwei An
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Wei Wu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yijiang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Balogh A, Milibák T, Szabó V, Nagy ZZ, Resch MD. Position of macula lutea and presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy affect vitreous cytokine expression in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234525. [PMID: 32542038 PMCID: PMC7295219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to evaluate the concentrations of vitreous cytokines in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). We hypothesized that patients with macula on RRD have lower levels of cytokines compared to patients with macula off RRD and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Vitreous fluids were collected during 23G pars plana vitrectomy from 58 eyes of 58 patients. Indication for vitrectomy included macula off and macula on RRD, PVR, and idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). A multiplex chemiluminescent immunoassay was performed to measure the concentrations of 48 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Levels of HGF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-16, IFN-gamma, MCP-1, and MIF were significantly higher in all groups of retinal detachment compared to ERM. Levels of CTACK, eotaxin, G-CSF, IP-10, MIG, SCF, SCGF-beta, SDF-1alpha were significantly higher in PVR compared to macula on RRD and ERM. Levels of IL-1ra, IL-5, IL-9, M-CSF, MIP-1alpha, and TRIAL were significantly higher in PVR compared to macula on RRD. Our results indicate that the position of macula lutea and the presence of PVR significantly influence vitreous cytokine expression. The detected proteins may serve as biomarkers to estimate the possibility of PVR formation and may help to invent personalized therapeutic strategies to slow down or prevent PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Balogh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Milibák
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Szabó
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós D. Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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16
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Crijns H, Vanheule V, Proost P. Targeting Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions to Inhibit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32296423 PMCID: PMC7138053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues depends on the activity of chemokines that form concentration gradients to guide leukocytes to a specific site. Interaction of chemokines with their specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes induces leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells, followed by extravasation of the leukocytes and subsequent directed migration along the chemotactic gradient. Interaction of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is crucial for extravasation in vivo. Chemokines need to interact with GAGs on endothelial cells and in the extracellular matrix in tissues in order to be presented on the endothelium of blood vessels and to create a concentration gradient. Local chemokine retention establishes a chemokine gradient and prevents diffusion and degradation. During the last two decades, research aiming at reducing chemokine activity mainly focused on the identification of inhibitors of the interaction between chemokines and their cognate GPCRs. This approach only resulted in limited success. However, an alternative strategy, targeting chemokine-GAG interactions, may be a promising approach to inhibit chemokine activity and inflammation. On this line, proteins derived from viruses and parasites that bind chemokines or GAGs may have the potential to interfere with chemokine-GAG interactions. Alternatively, chemokine mimetics, including truncated chemokines and mutant chemokines, can compete with chemokines for binding to GAGs. Such truncated or mutated chemokines are characterized by a strong binding affinity for GAGs and abrogated binding to their chemokine receptors. Finally, Spiegelmers that mask the GAG-binding site on chemokines, thereby preventing chemokine-GAG interactions, were developed. In this review, the importance of GAGs for chemokine activity in vivo and strategies that could be employed to target chemokine-GAG interactions will be discussed in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Bronger H, Magdolen V, Goettig P, Dreyer T. Proteolytic chemokine cleavage as a regulator of lymphocytic infiltration in solid tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:417-430. [PMID: 31482487 PMCID: PMC6890590 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, immune-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies against tumor epitopes or immune checkpoint inhibitors have become an integral part of contemporary cancer treatment in many entities. However, a fundamental prerequisite for the success of such therapies is a sufficient trafficking of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into the tumor microenvironment. This infiltration is facilitated by chemokines, a group of about 50 small proteins capable of chemotactically guiding leukocytes. Proteolytic inactivation of chemokines leading to an impaired infiltration of immune effector cells appears to be an efficient immune escape mechanism of solid cancers. The CXCR3 and CX3CR1 chemokine receptor ligands CXCL9-11 and CX3CL1, respectively, are mainly responsible for the tumor-suppressive lymphocytic infiltration into the tumor micromilieu. Their structure explains the biochemical basis of their proteolytic cleavage, while in vivo data from mouse models and patient samples shed light on the corresponding processes in cancer. The emerging roles of proteases, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in chemokine inactivation define new resistance mechanisms against immunotherapies and identify attractive new targets to enhance immune intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bronger
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
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18
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Hu H, Zhao W, Zhu M, Zhao L, Zhai L, Xu JY, Liu P, Tan M. LysargiNase and Chemical Derivatization Based Strategy for Facilitating In-Depth Profiling of C-Terminome. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14522-14529. [PMID: 31634432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Global identification of protein C-termini is highly challenging due to their low abundance in conventional shotgun proteomics. Several enrichment strategies have been developed to facilitate the detection of C-terminal peptides. One major issue of previous approaches is the limited C-terminome coverage. Herein, we integrated LysargiNase digestion, chemical acetylation on neo-N-terminus, and a-ion-aided peptide matching into poly(allylamine)-based C-terminomics (termed as LAACTer). In this strategy, we leveraged LysargiNase, a protease with cleavage specificity N-terminal to Lys and Arg residues, to cover previously unidentifiable C-terminome and employed chemical acetylation and a-ion-aided peptide matching to efficiently boost peptide identifications. Triplicates of LAACTer identified a total of 834 C-termini from proteome of 293T cell, which expanded the coverage by 164% (643 more unique C-termini) compared with the parallel experiments using the original workflow. Compared with the largest human C-terminome data sets (containing 800-900 C-termini), LAACTer not only achieved comparable profiling depth but also yielded 465 previously unidentified C-termini. In a SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture)-based quantitative study for identification of GluC-cleaved products, LAACTer quantified 300% more C-terminal peptides than the original workflow. Using LAACTer and the original workflow, we performed global analysis for the C-terminal sequences of 293T cell. The original and processed C-termini displayed distinct sequence patterns, implying the "C-end rules" that regulates protein stability could be more complex than just amino acid motifs. In conclusion, we reason LAACTer could be a powerful proteomic tool for in-depth C-terminomics and would benefit better functional understanding of protein C-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China
| | - Wensi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Mengdi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China
| | - Linhui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China
| | - Jun-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai , 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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19
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Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways in Acute Myocardial Infarction Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 2019:8490707. [PMID: 31772617 PMCID: PMC6739802 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8490707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common disease with high morbidity and mortality around the world. The aim of this research was to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which may serve as potential therapeutic targets or new biomarkers in AMI. Methods From the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, three gene expression profiles (GSE775, GSE19322, and GSE97494) were downloaded. To identify the DEGs, integrated bioinformatics analysis and robust rank aggregation (RRA) method were applied. These DEGs were performed through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses by using Clusterprofiler package. In order to explore the correlation between these DEGs, the interaction network of protein-protein internet (PPI) was constructed using the STRING database. Utilizing the MCODE plug-in of Cytoscape, the module analysis was performed. Utilizing the cytoHubba plug-in, the hub genes were screened out. Results 57 DEGs in total were identified, including 2 down- and 55 upregulated genes. These DEGs were mainly enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and so on. The module analysis filtered out 18 key genes, including Cxcl5, Arg1, Cxcl1, Spp1, Selp, Ptx3, Tnfaip6, Mmp8, Serpine1, Ptgs2, Il6, Il1r2, Il1b, Ccl3, Ccr1, Hmox1, Cxcl2, and Ccl2. Ccr1 was the most fundamental gene in PPI network. 4 hub genes in total were identified, including Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl5, and Mmp8. Conclusion This study may provide credible molecular biomarkers in terms of screening, diagnosis, and prognosis for AMI. Meanwhile, it also serves as a basis for exploring new therapeutic target for AMI.
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Liang J, Huang W, Jiang L, Paul C, Li X, Wang Y. Concise Review: Reduction of Adverse Cardiac Scarring Facilitates Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells 2019; 37:844-854. [PMID: 30913336 PMCID: PMC6599570 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive, reliable source for generating functional cardiomyocytes for regeneration of infarcted heart. However, inefficient cell engraftment into host tissue remains a notable challenge to therapeutic success due to mechanical damage or relatively inhospitable microenvironment. Evidence has shown that excessively formed scar tissues around cell delivery sites present as mechanical and biological barriers that inhibit migration and engraftment of implanted cells. In this review, we focus on the functional responses of stem cells and cardiomyocytes during the process of cardiac fibrosis and scar formation. Survival, migration, contraction, and coupling function of implanted cells may be affected by matrix remodeling, inflammatory factors, altered tissue stiffness, and presence of electroactive myofibroblasts in the fibrotic microenvironment. Although paracrine factors from implanted cells can improve cardiac fibrosis, the transient effect is insufficient for complete repair of an infarcted heart. Furthermore, investigation of interactions between implanted cells and fibroblasts including myofibroblasts helps the identification of new targets to optimize the host substrate environment for facilitating cell engraftment and functional integration. Several antifibrotic approaches, including the use of pharmacological agents, gene therapies, microRNAs, and modified biomaterials, can prevent progression of heart failure and have been developed as adjunct therapies for stem cell-based regeneration. Investigation and optimization of new biomaterials is also required to enhance cell engraftment of engineered cardiac tissue and move PSCs from a laboratory setting into translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christian Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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The gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, as fine tuners of neuroinflammatory processes. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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MMP-9 inhibition promotes anti-tumor immunity through disruption of biochemical and physical barriers to T-cell trafficking to tumors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207255. [PMID: 30500835 PMCID: PMC6267998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), whose expression is frequently dysregulated in cancer, promotes tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by multiple mechanisms, including extracellular matrix remodeling and growth-factor and cytokine activation. We developed a monoclonal antibody against murine MMP-9, which we found decreased growth of established primary tumors in an orthotopic model of HER2-driven breast cancer (HC11-NeuT) in immunocompetent mice. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) profiling of NeuT tumors and additional mouse model tumors revealed that anti-MMP-9 treatment resulted in upregulation of immune signature pathways associated with cytotoxic T-cell response. As there is a need to boost the low response rates observed with anti-PDL1 antibody treatment in the clinical setting, we assessed the potential of anti-MMP-9 to improve T-cell response to immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PDL1 in NeuT tumors. Anti-MMP-9 and anti-PDL1 cotreatment reduced T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality and increased TCR diversity, as detected by TCR sequencing of NeuT tumors. Flow cytometry analyses of tumors showed that the combination treatment increased the frequency of CD3+ T cells, including memory/effector CD4 and CD8 T cells, but not regulatory T cells, among tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. Moreover, in vitro enzymatic assays corroborated that MMP-9 cleaves key T-cell chemoattractant CXC receptor 3 ligands (CXC ligand [CXCL] 9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) and renders them inactive in T-cell migration assays. Consistent with our in vitro experiments, analysis of NeuT tumor protein lysates showed that anti-MMP-9 treatment increases expression of CXCL10 and other T cell–stimulating factors, such as interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-18. We show that inhibition of MMP-9, a key component of the tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive myeloid inflammatory milieu, increases T-helper cell 1 type cytokines, trafficking of effector/memory T cells into tumors, and intratumoral T-cell diversity.
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Lin K, Lin F, Clark RA. Elastase Digestion of Fibronectin Releases an Epiviosamine Peptide with Fibroblast Growth and Survival Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2480-2483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Collins LE, Troeberg L. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:81-92. [PMID: 30376187 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0618-246r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is found on the surface of most cell types, as well as in basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Its strong anionic properties and highly variable structure enable this glycosaminoglycan to provide binding sites for numerous protein ligands, including many soluble mediators of the immune system, and may promote or inhibit their activity. The formation of ligand binding sites on heparan sulfate (HS) occurs in a tissue- and context-specific fashion through the action of several families of enzymes, most of which have multiple isoforms with subtly different specificities. Changes in the expression levels of these biosynthetic enzymes occur in response to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in structurally different HS and acquisition or loss of binding sites for immune mediators. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles for HS in regulating immune responses, and the evidence for inflammation-associated changes to HS structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Collins
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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How post-translational modifications influence the biological activity of chemokines. Cytokine 2018; 109:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sachdev U, Vodovotz L, Bitner J, Barclay D, Zamora R, Yin J, Simmons RL, Vodovotz Y. Suppressed networks of inflammatory mediators characterize chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2018; 6:358-366. [PMID: 29439934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) affects 25 million adults in the United States. Little emphasis has been placed on inflammatory changes associated with CVI. We hypothesize that in patients with early to mid-stage benign varicose vein disease, differences in circulating inflammatory mediators will be manifested in blood draining the involved area vs circulating blood in control subjects. METHODS Patients undergoing either endovenous ablation or sclerotherapy for Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology clinical class 3 to 5 disease underwent phlebotomy from regional veins at the time of the procedure. The patient's age, gender, clinical class, duration of symptoms, presence of superficial truncal reflux by duplex ultrasound, and treatment modality were recorded. Plasma from patients and banked blood samples from healthy volunteers (HVs) were subjected to Luminex (EMD Millipore, Billerica, Mass) to evaluate the expression of an established panel of 20 inflammatory mediators. Mediator concentrations were compared between patients and HVs using Mann-Whitney U tests. Importantly, computational analysis allowed us to compare not only the panel of inflammatory mediators but also the inflammatory networks connecting these mediators to one another. Principal components were analyzed to assess network robustness in each group. RESULTS CVI venous blood revealed significantly lower levels of monokine induced by γ interferon, soluble interleukin (IL) 2 receptor α chain, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, tumor necrosis factor α, eotaxin, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor than blood from controls. Inflammatory networks were significantly less complex and less robust in the CVI patients compared with HVs. Based on principal component analysis, responses among HVs were more varied than those of CVI patients. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that patients with CVI have significant differences not only in blood-borne inflammatory mediators but also in the interconnectedness of these mediators with one another and in their principal inflammatory characteristics. Results suggest hypoinflammation in chronic nonhealing changes in CVI. These novel findings, if validated in larger cohorts, may help predict the risk of disease progression or response to therapy in the future and may guide mechanistic studies on tissue responses to CVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Sachdev
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
| | - Lena Vodovotz
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Julie Bitner
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Derek Barclay
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Jinling Yin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | | | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
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Chang CL, Garcia-Arcos I, Nyrén R, Olivecrona G, Kim JY, Hu Y, Agrawal RR, Murphy AJ, Goldberg IJ, Deckelbaum RJ. Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency Impairs Bone Marrow Myelopoiesis and Reduces Circulating Monocyte Levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:509-519. [PMID: 29371243 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue macrophages induce and perpetuate proinflammatory responses, thereby promoting metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Lipoprotein lipase (LpL), the rate-limiting enzyme in blood triglyceride catabolism, is expressed by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. We questioned whether LpL, which is also expressed in the bone marrow (BM), affects circulating white blood cells and BM proliferation and modulates macrophage retention within the artery. APPROACH AND RESULTS We characterized blood and tissue leukocytes and inflammatory molecules in transgenic LpL knockout mice rescued from lethal hypertriglyceridemia within 18 hours of life by muscle-specific LpL expression (MCKL0 mice). LpL-deficient mice had ≈40% reduction in blood white blood cell, neutrophils, and total and inflammatory monocytes (Ly6C/Ghi). LpL deficiency also significantly decreased expression of BM macrophage-associated markers (F4/80 and TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor α]), master transcription factors (PU.1 and C/EBPα), and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and their receptors, which are required for monocyte and monocyte precursor proliferation and differentiation. As a result, differentiation of macrophages from BM-derived monocyte progenitors and monocytes was decreased in MCKL0 mice. Furthermore, although LpL deficiency was associated with reduced BM uptake and accumulation of triglyceride-rich particles and macrophage CSF-macrophage CSF receptor binding, triglyceride lipolysis products (eg, linoleic acid) stimulated expression of macrophage CSF and macrophage CSF receptor in BM-derived macrophage precursor cells. Arterial macrophage numbers decreased after heparin-mediated LpL cell dissociation and by genetic knockout of arterial LpL. Reconstitution of LpL-expressing BM replenished aortic macrophage density. CONCLUSIONS LpL regulates peripheral leukocyte levels and affects BM monocyte progenitor differentiation and aortic macrophage accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchun L Chang
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Rakel Nyrén
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Ji Young Kim
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Yunying Hu
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Rishi R Agrawal
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.)
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.).
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- From Institute of Human Nutrition (C.L.C., J.Y.K., R.R.A., R.J.D.), Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (I.G.-A.), Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.H., A.J.M., I.J.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (R.J.D.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden (R.N., G.O.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York (Y.H., I.J.G.); Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.M.).
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Metzemaekers M, Vanheule V, Janssens R, Struyf S, Proost P. Overview of the Mechanisms that May Contribute to the Non-Redundant Activities of Interferon-Inducible CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1970. [PMID: 29379506 PMCID: PMC5775283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are predominantly induced by interferon (IFN)-γ and share an exclusive chemokine receptor named CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). With a prototype function of directing temporal and spatial migration of activated T cells and natural killer cells, and inhibitory effects on angiogenesis, these CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in infection, acute inflammation, autoinflammation and autoimmunity, as well as in cancer. Intense former research efforts led to recent and ongoing clinical trials using CXCR3 and CXCR3 ligand targeting molecules. Scientific evidence has claimed mutual redundancy, ligand dominance, collaboration or even antagonism, depending on the (patho)physiological context. Most research on their in vivo activity, however, illustrates that CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 each contribute to the activation and trafficking of CXCR3 expressing cells in a non-redundant manner. When looking into detail, one can unravel a multistep machinery behind final CXCR3 ligand functions. Not only can specific cell types secrete individual CXCR3 interacting chemokines in response to certain stimuli, but also the receptor and glycosaminoglycan interactions, major associated intracellular pathways and susceptibility to processing by particular enzymes, among others, seem ligand-specific. Here, we overview major aspects of the molecular properties and regulatory mechanisms of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands, and propose that their in vivo non-redundancy is a reflection of the unprecedented degree of versatility that seems inherent to the IFN-related CXCR3 chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Structural determinant of BST-2-mediated regulation of breast cancer cell motility: a role for cytoplasmic tail tyrosine residues. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110221-110233. [PMID: 29299143 PMCID: PMC5746378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now irrefutable evidence that overexpression of the innate immunity protein―BST-2, in breast cancer cells is implicated in tumor growth and progression. The cellular mechanisms that control BST-2-mediated effect in tumor progression involve enhancement of cancer cell motility―migration/invasion. However, the distinct structural elements of BST-2 that mediate breast cancer cell motility remain unknown. Here, we used various motility assays and different variants of BST-2 to examine the cellular and structural mechanisms controlling BST-2-mediated cell motility. We show that BST-2 silencing in various cancer cell lines inhibits cell motility. Restoration of BST-2 expression using construct expressing wild type BST-2 rescues cell motility. Mutational analysis identifies the cytoplasmic tail of BST-2 as a novel regulator of cancer cell motility, because cell motility was significantly abrogated by substitution of the BST-2 cytoplasmic tail tyrosine residues to alanine residues. Furthermore, in a spheroid invasion model, BST-2-expressing tumor spheroids are highly invasive inside 3D Matrigel matrices. In this model, the spreading distance of BST-2-expressing spheroids was significantly higher than that of BST-2-suppressed spheroids. Collectively, our data reveal that i) BST-2-expressing breast cancer cells in spheroids are more motile than their BST-2-supressed counterparts; ii) BST-2 cytoplasmic tail regulates non-proteolytic (migration) and proteolytic (invasion) mechanisms of breast cancer cell motility; and iii) replacement of the tyrosine residues at positions 6 and 8 in the cytoplasmic tail of BST-2 with alanine residues inhibits cell motility.
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Proost P, Struyf S, Van Damme J, Fiten P, Ugarte-Berzal E, Opdenakker G. Chemokine isoforms and processing in inflammation and immunity. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:45-57. [PMID: 28684129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The first dimension of chemokine heterogeneity is reflected by their discovery and purification as natural proteins. Each of those chemokines attracted a specific inflammatory leukocyte type. With the introduction of genomic technologies, a second wave of chemokine heterogeneity was established by the discovery of putative chemokine-like sequences and by demonstrating chemotactic activity of the gene products in physiological leukocyte homing. In the postgenomic era, the third dimension of chemokine heterogeneity is the description of posttranslational modifications on most chemokines. Proteolysis of chemokines, for instance by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV/CD26) and by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is already well established as a biological control mechanism to activate, potentiate, dampen or abrogate chemokine activities. Other posttranslational modifications are less known. Theoretical N-linked and O-linked attachment sites for chemokine glycosylation were searched with bio-informatic tools and it was found that most chemokines are not glycosylated. These findings are corroborated with a low number of experimental studies demonstrating N- or O-glycosylation of natural chemokine ligands. Because attached oligosaccharides protect proteins against proteolytic degradation, their absence may explain the fast turnover of chemokines in the protease-rich environments of infection and inflammation. All chemokines interact with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Whether lectin-like GAG-binding induces cellular signaling is not clear, but these interactions are important for leukocyte migration and have already been exploited to reduce inflammation. In addition to selective proteolysis, citrullination and nitration/nitrosylation are being added as biologically relevant modifications contributing to functional chemokine heterogeneity. Resulting chemokine isoforms with reduced affinity for GPCRs reduce leukocyte migration in various models of inflammation. Here, these third dimension modifications are compared, with reflections on the biological and pathological contexts in which these posttranslational modifications take place and contribute to the repertoire of chemokine functions and with an emphasis on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Fiten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Frangogiannis NG. The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1600-1612. [PMID: 28459429 DOI: 10.1172/jci87491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides mechanical support, but also transduces essential molecular signals in health and disease. Following myocardial infarction, dynamic ECM changes drive inflammation and repair. Early generation of bioactive matrix fragments activates proinflammatory signaling. The formation of a highly plastic provisional matrix facilitates leukocyte infiltration and activates infarct myofibroblasts. Deposition of matricellular proteins modulates growth factor signaling and contributes to the spatial and temporal regulation of the reparative response. Mechanical stress due to pressure and volume overload and metabolic dysfunction also induce profound changes in ECM composition that contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure. This manuscript reviews the role of the ECM in cardiac repair and remodeling and discusses matrix-based therapies that may attenuate remodeling while promoting repair and regeneration.
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Sarper M, Allen MD, Gomm J, Haywood L, Decock J, Thirkettle S, Ustaoglu A, Sarker SJ, Marshall J, Edwards DR, Jones JL. Loss of MMP-8 in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)-associated myoepithelial cells contributes to tumour promotion through altered adhesive and proteolytic function. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:33. [PMID: 28330493 PMCID: PMC5363009 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal myoepithelial cells (MECs) play an important tumour-suppressor role in the breast but display an altered phenotype in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), gaining tumour-promoter functions. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) is expressed by normal MECs but is lost in DCIS. This study investigated the function of MMP-8 in MECs and the impact of its loss in DCIS. METHODS Primary normal and DCIS-associated MECs, and normal (N-1089) and DCIS-modified myoepithelial (β6-1089) cell lines, were used to assess MMP-8 expression and function. β6-1089 lacking MMP-8 were transfected with MMP-8 WT and catalytically inactive MMP-8 EA, and MMP-8 in N-1089 MEC was knocked down with siRNA. The effect on adhesion and migration to extracellular matrix (ECM), localisation of α6β4 integrin to hemidesmosomes (HD), TGF-β signalling and gelatinase activity was measured. The effect of altering MEC MMP-8 expression on tumour cell invasion was investigated in 2D and 3D organotypic models. RESULTS Assessment of primary cells and MEC lines confirmed expression of MMP-8 in normal MEC and its loss in DCIS-MEC. Over-expression of MMP-8 WT but not MMP-8 EA in β6-1089 cells increased adhesion to ECM proteins and reduced migration. Conversely, knock-down of MMP-8 in N-1089 reduced adhesion and increased migration. Expression of MMP-8 WT in β6-1089 led to greater localisation of α6β4 to HD and reduced retraction fibre formation, this being reversed by MMP-8 knock-down in N-1089. Over-expression of MMP-8 WT reduced TGF-β signalling and gelatinolytic activity. MMP-8 knock-down enhanced TGF-β signalling and gelatinolytic activity, which was reversed by blocking MMP-9 by knock-down or an inhibitor. MMP-8 WT but not MMP-8 EA over-expression in β6-1089 reduced breast cancer cell invasion in 2D and 3D invasion assays, while MMP-8 knock-down in N-1089 enhanced cancer cell invasion. Staining of breast cancer cases for MMP-8 revealed a statistically significant loss of MMP-8 expression in DCIS with invasion versus pure DCIS (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate MMP-8 is a vital component of the myoepithelial tumour-suppressor function. It restores MEC interaction with the matrix, opposes TGF-β signalling and MMP-9 proteolysis, which contributes to inhibition of tumour cell invasion. Assessment of MMP-8 expression may help to determine risk of DCIS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Sarper
- Translational Cancer Discovery Team, CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Michael D Allen
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Jenny Gomm
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Linda Haywood
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Research Centre, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sally Thirkettle
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ahsen Ustaoglu
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shah-Jalal Sarker
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - J Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Isaacson KJ, Martin Jensen M, Subrahmanyam NB, Ghandehari H. Matrix-metalloproteinases as targets for controlled delivery in cancer: An analysis of upregulation and expression. J Control Release 2017; 259:62-75. [PMID: 28153760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While commonly known for degradation of the extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) exhibit broad potential for use in targeting of bioactive and imaging agents in cancer treatment. MMPs are upregulated at all stages of expression in cancers. A comprehensive analysis of published literature on expression of all MMP subtypes at the genetic, protein, and activity levels in normal and diseased tissues indicate targeting applicability in a variety of cancers. This expression significantly increases at advanced cancer stages, providing an improved opportunity for controlled release in higher-stage patients. Since MMPs are integral at every stage of metastasis, MMP roles in cancer are discussed with a focus on MMP distribution and mobility within cells and tumors for cancer targeting applications. Several strategies for MMP utilization in targeting - such as matrix degradation, MMP cleavage, MMP binding, and MMP-induced environmental changes - are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Isaacson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Martin Jensen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nithya B Subrahmanyam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Metzemaekers M, Van Damme J, Mortier A, Proost P. Regulation of Chemokine Activity - A Focus on the Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV/CD26. Front Immunol 2016; 7:483. [PMID: 27891127 PMCID: PMC5104965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small, chemotactic proteins that play a crucial role in leukocyte migration and are, therefore, essential for proper functioning of the immune system. Chemokines exert their chemotactic effect by activation of chemokine receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Furthermore, the exact chemokine function is modulated at the level of posttranslational modifications. Among the different types of posttranslational modifications that were found to occur in vitro and in vivo, i.e., proteolysis, citrullination, glycosylation, and nitration, NH2-terminal proteolysis of chemokines has been described most intensively. Since the NH2-terminal chemokine domain mediates receptor interaction, NH2-terminal modification by limited proteolysis or amino acid side chain modification can drastically affect their biological activity. An enzyme that has been shown to provoke NH2-terminal proteolysis of various chemokines is dipeptidyl peptidase IV or CD26. This multifunctional protein is a serine protease that preferably cleaves dipeptides from the NH2-terminal region of peptides and proteins with a proline or alanine residue in the penultimate position. Various chemokines possess such a proline or alanine residue, and CD26-truncated forms of these chemokines have been identified in cell culture supernatant as well as in body fluids. The effects of CD26-mediated proteolysis in the context of chemokines turned out to be highly complex. Depending on the chemokine ligand, loss of these two NH2-terminal amino acids can result in either an increased or a decreased biological activity, enhanced receptor specificity, inactivation of the chemokine ligand, or generation of receptor antagonists. Since chemokines direct leukocyte migration in homeostatic as well as pathophysiologic conditions, CD26-mediated proteolytic processing of these chemotactic proteins may have significant consequences for appropriate functioning of the immune system. After introducing the chemokine family together with the GPCRs and GAGs, as main interaction partners of chemokines, and discussing the different forms of posttranslational modifications, this review will focus on the intriguing relationship of chemokines with the serine protease CD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Abstract
Cell migration results from stepwise mechanical and chemical interactions between cells and their extracellular environment. Mechanistic principles that determine single-cell and collective migration modes and their interconversions depend upon the polarization, adhesion, deformability, contractility, and proteolytic ability of cells. Cellular determinants of cell migration respond to extracellular cues, including tissue composition, topography, alignment, and tissue-associated growth factors and cytokines. Both cellular determinants and tissue determinants are interdependent; undergo reciprocal adjustment; and jointly impact cell decision making, navigation, and migration outcome in complex environments. We here review the variability, decision making, and adaptation of cell migration approached by live-cell, in vivo, and in silico strategies, with a focus on cell movements in morphogenesis, repair, immune surveillance, and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Te Boekhorst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Peter Friedl
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; .,Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Killeen AP, Diskin MG, Morris DG, Kenny DA, Waters SM. Endometrial gene expression in high- and low-fertility heifers in the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle and a comparison with midluteal gene expression. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:306-19. [PMID: 26850042 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic mortality is a major constraint to improving reproductive efficiency and profitability in livestock enterprises. We previously reported differential expression of genes with identified roles in cellular growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism, endometrial remodeling, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metabolic exchange in endometrial tissue on day 7 of the estrous cycle (D7), between heifers ranked as either high (HF) or low (LF) for fertility. The aim of the current study was to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to early embryo loss by examining differential endometrial gene expression in HF or LF heifers at a later stage of the estrous cycle;day 14(D14). A second objective was to compare these expression profiles with those from midluteal HF and LF endometrium. Using the same animal model as employed in the previous study, we slaughtered HF and LF animals on D14, harvested endometrial tissue, and carried out global gene expression analysis using the Affymetrix Bovine GeneChip. Microarray analysis detected 430 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between HF and LF animals. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed enrichment for a host of biological pathways including lipid metabolism, molecular transport, immune response, cell morphology and development, and cell growth and proliferation. Important DEG includedALB, BMPR2, CCL28, COL4A3/4, FADS1, ITGA6, LDLR, PLCB3, PPARG, PTGS2, and SLC27A4 Furthermore, DEG expressed on both D7 and D14 included:PCCB,SLC25A24,DAP, and COL4A4 This study highlights some of the pathways and mechanisms underpinning late luteal bovine endometrial physiology and endometrial-related conception rate variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen P Killeen
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, County Meath, Ireland; School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Michael G Diskin
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Dermot G Morris
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Kenny
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, County Meath, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M Waters
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, County Meath, Ireland;
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Deleon-Pennell KY, Altara R, Yabluchanskiy A, Modesti A, Lindsey ML. The circular relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and inflammation following myocardial infarction. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:611-8. [PMID: 26269290 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) regulates remodeling of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction (MI) and is tightly linked to the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response serves to recruit leukocytes as part of the wound healing reaction to the MI injury, and infiltrated leukocytes produce cytokines and chemokines that stimulate MMP-9 production and release. In turn, MMP-9 proteolyzes cytokines and chemokines. Although in most cases, MMP-9 cleavage of the cytokine or chemokine substrate serves to increase activity, there are cases where cleavage results in reduced activity. Global MMP-9 deletion in mouse MI models has proven beneficial, suggesting inhibition of some aspects of MMP-9 activity may be valuable for clinical use. At the same time, overexpression of MMP-9 in macrophages has also proven beneficial, indicating that we still do not fully understand the complexity of MMP-9 mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the cycle of MMP-9 effects on cytokine production and cleavage to regulate leukocyte functions. Although we use MI as the example process, similar events occur in other inflammatory and wound healing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Deleon-Pennell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Raffaele Altara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Vanheule V, Janssens R, Boff D, Kitic N, Berghmans N, Ronsse I, Kungl AJ, Amaral FA, Teixeira MM, Van Damme J, Proost P, Mortier A. The Positively Charged COOH-terminal Glycosaminoglycan-binding CXCL9(74-103) Peptide Inhibits CXCL8-induced Neutrophil Extravasation and Monosodium Urate Crystal-induced Gout in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21292-304. [PMID: 26183778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELR(-)CXC chemokine CXCL9 is characterized by a long, highly positively charged COOH-terminal region, absent in most other chemokines. Several natural leukocyte- and fibroblast-derived COOH-terminally truncated CXCL9 forms missing up to 30 amino acids were identified. To investigate the role of the COOH-terminal region of CXCL9, several COOH-terminal peptides were chemically synthesized. These peptides display high affinity for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and compete with functional intact chemokines for GAG binding, the longest peptide (CXCL9(74-103)) being the most potent. The COOH-terminal peptide CXCL9(74-103) does not signal through or act as an antagonist for CXCR3, the G protein-coupled CXCL9 receptor, and does not influence neutrophil chemotactic activity of CXCL8 in vitro. Based on the GAG binding data, an anti-inflammatory role for CXCL9(74-103) was further evidenced in vivo. Simultaneous intravenous injection of CXCL9(74-103) with CXCL8 injection in the joint diminished CXCL8-induced neutrophil extravasation. Analogously, monosodium urate crystal-induced neutrophil migration to the tibiofemural articulation, a murine model of gout, is highly reduced by intravenous injection of CXCL9(74-103). These data show that chemokine-derived peptides with high affinity for GAGs may be used as anti-inflammatory peptides; by competing with active chemokines for binding and immobilization on GAGs, these peptides may lower chemokine presentation on the endothelium and disrupt the generation of a chemokine gradient, thereby preventing a chemokine from properly performing its chemotactic function. The CXCL9 peptide may serve as a lead molecule for further development of inhibitors of inflammation based on interference with chemokine-GAG interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Nikola Kitic
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzes Universität, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nele Berghmans
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas J Kungl
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzes Universität, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Flavio Almeida Amaral
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Jo Van Damme
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Wen G, Zhang C, Chen Q, Luong LA, Mustafa A, Ye S, Xiao Q. A Novel Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 in Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19158-72. [PMID: 26092731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8) has been shown to influence various cellular functions. As monocytes and macrophages (Mφ) express MMP8, we investigated if MMP8 played a role in macrophage differentiation and polarization. MMP8 expression was significantly increased during monocyte differentiation into Mφ. Monocyte-derived Mφ from MMP8-deficient mice expressed higher levels of M1-Mφ markers but lower levels of M2-Mφ markers than monocyte-derived Mφ from wild-type mice. Although Mφ from either MMP8-deficient or wild-type mice were inducible by interferon-γ into M1-Mφ, only wild-type Mφ but not MMP8-deficient Mφ could be induced into M2-Mφ by interleukin-4. However, MMP8-deficient Mφ exposed to conditioned culture media of wild-type Mφ developed a M2-Mφ phenotype. Compared with conditioned culture media of wild-type Mφ, conditioned culture media of MMP8-deficient Mφ contained a lower concentration of active transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an M2-Mφ inducer. Moreover, evidence also showed that the degradation of the TGF-β sequester, fibromodulin, was modulated by MMP8. The data indicate a previously unknown role of MMP8 in M2-Mφ polarization by cleaving fibromodulin and therefore increasing the bioavailability of the M2-Mφ inducer TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmei Wen
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and the Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510182 Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Cheng Zhang
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and the Department of Thoracic Surgery and Cardio Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Qishan Chen
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and
| | | | - Arif Mustafa
- Biological Service Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Ye
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and
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McGarry Houghton A. Matrix metalloproteinases in destructive lung disease. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chinnadurai R, Copland IB, Ng S, Garcia M, Prasad M, Arafat D, Gibson G, Kugathasan S, Galipeau J. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived From Crohn's Patients Deploy Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated Immune Suppression, Independent of Autophagy. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1248-1261. [PMID: 25899824 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for adoptive cell therapy of luminal Crohn's disease (CD) are being tested in clinical trials. However, CD is associated with dysregulation of autophagy and its effect on MSC's immunobiology is unknown. Here, we demonstrate no quantitative difference in phenotype, in vitro growth kinetics and molecular signatures to IFNγ between MSCs derived from CD and healthy individuals. CD MSCs were indistinguishable from those derived from healthy controls at inhibiting T-cell proliferation through an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-dependent mechanism. Upon IFNγ prelicensing, both MSC populations inhibit T-cell effector functions. Neither a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7820268 in the IDO gene, nor a widely reported CD predisposing SNP ATG16L1rs2241880 modulated the suppressive function of MSCs carrying these haplotypes. IFNγ stimulation or coculture with activated T cells upregulated the expression of autophagy genes and/or vacuoles on MSCs. Pharmacological blockade of autophagy pathway did not reverse the immunosuppressive properties and IFNγ responsiveness of MSCs confirming the absence of a functional link between these two cell biochemical properties. We conclude that autophagy, but not IDO and IFNγ responsiveness, is dispensable for MSC's immunosuppressive properties. MSCs from CD subjects are functionally analogous to those of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian B Copland
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Mahadev Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dalia Arafat
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Repnik U, Starr AE, Overall CM, Turk B. Cysteine Cathepsins Activate ELR Chemokines and Inactivate Non-ELR Chemokines. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13800-11. [PMID: 25833952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily lysosomal proteases involved in general protein turnover, but they also have specific proteolytic functions in antigen presentation and bone remodeling. Cathepsins are most stable at acidic pH, although growing evidence indicates that they have physiologically relevant activity also at neutral pH. Post-translational proteolytic processing of mature chemokines is a key, yet underappreciated, level of chemokine regulation. Although the role of selected serine proteases and matrix metalloproteases in chemokine processing has long been known, little has been reported about the role of cysteine cathepsins. Here we evaluated cleavage of CXC ELR (CXCL1, -2, -3, -5, and -8) and non-ELR (CXCL9-12) chemokines by cysteine cathepsins B, K, L, and S at neutral pH by high resolution Tris-Tricine SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Whereas cathepsin B cleaved chemokines especially in the C-terminal region, cathepsins K, L, and S cleaved chemokines at the N terminus with glycosaminoglycans modulating cathepsin processing of chemokines. The functional consequences of the cleavages were determined by Ca(2+) mobilization and chemotaxis assays. We show that cysteine cathepsins inactivate and in some cases degrade non-ELR CXC chemokines CXCL9-12. In contrast, cathepsins specifically process ELR CXC chemokines CXCL1, -2, -3, -5, and -8 N-terminally to the ELR motif, thereby generating agonist forms. This study suggests that cysteine cathepsins regulate chemokine activity and thereby leukocyte recruitment during protective or pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Repnik
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amanda E Starr
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada, the Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada,
| | - Boris Turk
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, the Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Gorbachev AV, Fairchild RL. Regulation of chemokine expression in the tumor microenvironment. Crit Rev Immunol 2015; 34:103-20. [PMID: 24940911 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines critical for homeostatic and inflammation-induced trafficking of leukocytes during immune responses, hematopoesis, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Despite three decades of intensive study of the chemokine network, the molecular mechanisms regulating chemokine expression during tumor growth are not well understood. In this review, we focus on the role of chemokines in both tumor growth and anti-tumor immune responses and on molecular mechanisms employed by tumor cells to regulate chemokine expression in the tumor microenvironment. Multiple mechanisms used by tumors to regulate chemokine production, including those revealed by very recent studies (such as DNA methylation or post-translational nitrosylation of chemokines) are discussed. Concluding the review, we discuss how understanding of these regulatory mechanisms can be used in cancer therapy to suppress tumor growth and/or to promote immune-mediated eradication of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Immunology and Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195 and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Network analyses reveal pervasive functional regulation between proteases in the human protease web. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001869. [PMID: 24865846 PMCID: PMC4035269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Network modeling of interactions between proteases and their inhibitors reveals a network of new protein connections and cascades in the protease web. Proteolytic processing is an irreversible posttranslational modification affecting a large portion of the proteome. Protease-cleaved mediators frequently exhibit altered activity, and biological pathways are often regulated by proteolytic processing. Many of these mechanisms have not been appreciated as being protease-dependent, and the potential in unraveling a complex new dimension of biological control is increasingly recognized. Proteases are currently believed to act individually or in isolated cascades. However, conclusive but scattered biochemical evidence indicates broader regulation of proteases by protease and inhibitor interactions. Therefore, to systematically study such interactions, we assembled curated protease cleavage and inhibition data into a global, computational representation, termed the protease web. This revealed that proteases pervasively influence the activity of other proteases directly or by cleaving intermediate proteases or protease inhibitors. The protease web spans four classes of proteases and inhibitors and so links both recently and classically described protease groups and cascades, which can no longer be viewed as operating in isolation in vivo. We demonstrated that this observation, termed reachability, is robust to alterations in the data and will only increase in the future as additional data are added. We further show how subnetworks of the web are operational in 23 different tissues reflecting different phenotypes. We applied our network to develop novel insights into biologically relevant protease interactions using cell-specific proteases of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte as a system. Predictions from the protease web on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8) and neutrophil elastase being linked by an inactivating cleavage of serpinA1 by MMP8 were validated and explain perplexing Mmp8−/− versus wild-type polymorphonuclear chemokine cleavages in vivo. Our findings supply systematically derived and validated evidence for the existence of the protease web, a network that affects the activity of most proteases and thereby influences the functional state of the proteome and cell activity. Proteases modify the structure and activity of all proteins by peptide bond hydrolysis and are increasingly recognized as integral regulatory components of numerous biological mechanisms. Deregulated protease activity is a common characteristic of many diseases. However, protease drug development is complicated by an incomplete understanding of protease biology. One missing piece in this puzzle is the interplay between proteases: Some proteases activate other proteases, whereas some proteases inactivate inhibitors, leading to currently unpredictable cleavage of additional proteins. Using database annotations we mathematically modeled protease interactions. Our model includes 1,230 proteins and shows connections between 141,523 pairs of proteases, substrates, and inhibitors. Thus, proteases interact on a large scale to form the protease web, which links most studied groups of proteases and their inhibitors, indicating that the potential of regulation through this network is very large. We found that this interplay is robust to targeted or untargeted pruning of the protease web and that protease inhibitors are central to network connectivity. Our model was used to decipher proteolytic pathways that drive inflammatory processes in vivo. Consequently, protease regulatory interactions should be recognized and explored further to understand in vivo roles and to select better drug targets that avoid side effects arising from inhibition of unexpected activities.
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Farina AR, Mackay AR. Gelatinase B/MMP-9 in Tumour Pathogenesis and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:240-96. [PMID: 24473089 PMCID: PMC3980597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its original identification as a leukocyte gelatinase/type V collagenase and tumour type IV collagenase, gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is now recognised as playing a central role in many aspects of tumour progression. In this review, we relate current concepts concerning the many ways in which gelatinase B/MMP-9 influences tumour biology. Following a brief outline of the gelatinase B/MMP-9 gene and protein, we analyse the role(s) of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in different phases of the tumorigenic process, and compare the importance of gelatinase B/MMP-9 source in the carcinogenic process. What becomes apparent is the importance of inflammatory cell-derived gelatinase B/MMP-9 in tumour promotion, early progression and triggering of the "angiogenic switch", the integral relationship between inflammatory, stromal and tumour components with respect to gelatinase B/MMP-9 production and activation, and the fundamental role for gelatinase B/MMP-9 in the formation and maintenance of tumour stem cell and metastatic niches. It is also apparent that gelatinase B/MMP-9 plays important tumour suppressing functions, producing endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, promoting inflammatory anti-tumour activity, and inducing apoptosis. The fundamental roles of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in cancer biology underpins the need for specific therapeutic inhibitors of gelatinase B/MMP-9 function, the use of which must take into account and substitute for tumour-suppressing gelatinase B/MMP-9 activity and also limit inhibition of physiological gelatinase B/MMP-9 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
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Roebrock K, Sunderkotter C, Münck N, Wolf M, Nippe N, Barczyk K, Varga G, Vogl T, Roth J, Ehrchen J. Epidermal expression of I‐TAC (Cxc111) instructs adaptive Th2‐type immunity. FASEB J 2014; 28:1724-34. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-233593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Roebrock
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Cord Sunderkotter
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Niels‐Arne Münck
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Marc Wolf
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Nadine Nippe
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | | | - Georg Varga
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Jan Ehrchen
- Institute of Immunology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, MünsterMünsterGermany
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Rainczuk A, Rao JR, Gathercole JL, Fairweather NJ, Chu S, Masadah R, Jobling TW, Deb-Choudhury S, Dyer J, Stephens AN. Evidence for the antagonistic form of CXC-motif chemokine CXCL10 in serous epithelial ovarian tumours. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:530-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rainczuk
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Jyothsna R. Rao
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Jessica L. Gathercole
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Nicole J. Fairweather
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Simon Chu
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Rina Masadah
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; Hasanuddin University; Makassar Indonesia
| | - Thomas W. Jobling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton VIC Australia
| | | | - Jolon Dyer
- AgResearch Ltd, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
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48
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Inflammatory and microenvironmental factors involved in breast cancer progression. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:1419-31. [PMID: 24222504 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary reason for the high mortality rate of breast cancer is metastasis, which can result in a poor survival rate. The tumor environment is important for promotion and invasion of cancer cells. Recent studies have shown that inflammation is associated with breast cancer. Therefore, it is important to investigate the role of the inflammatory and microenvironment in breast cancer progression and metastasis. The present review summarizes some of the markers for inflammation and breast cancer invasion, which may aid in the design of an appropriate therapy for metastatic breast cancer. The following four inflammatory markers are discussed in this review: (1) Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs); (2) Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); (3) Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P); (4) C-reactive protein (CRP). TAMs are commonly found in breast cancer patients, and high infiltration is positively correlated with poor prognosis and low survival rate. MMPs are well-known for their roles in the degradation of ECM components when cancer cells invade and migrate. MMPs are also associated with inflammation through recruitment of a variety of stromal cells such as fibroblasts and leukocytes. S1P is an inflammatory lipid and is involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and migration. Recent studies indicate that S1P participates in breast cancer invasion in various ways. CRP is used clinically to indicate the outcome of cancer patients as well as acute inflammatory status. This review summarizes the current understanding on the role of S1P in CRP expression which promotes the breast epithelial cell invasion, suggesting a specific mechanism linking inflammation and breast cancer. The present review might be useful for understanding the relationship between inflammation and breast cancer for the development of pharmacological interventions that may control the primary molecules involved in the breast cancer microenvironment.
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49
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Rogers LD, Overall CM. Proteolytic post-translational modification of proteins: proteomic tools and methodology. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3532-42. [PMID: 23887885 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.031310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing is a ubiquitous and irreversible post-translational modification involving limited and highly specific hydrolysis of peptide and isopeptide bonds of a protein by a protease. Cleavage generates shorter protein chains displaying neo-N and -C termini, often with new or modified biological activities. Within the past decade, degradomics and terminomics have emerged as significant proteomics subfields dedicated to characterizing proteolysis products as well as natural protein N and C termini. Here we provide an overview of contemporary proteomics-based methods, including specific quantitation, data analysis, and curation considerations, and highlight exciting new and emerging applications within these fields enabling in vivo analysis of proteolytic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 4.401 Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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50
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Wells A, Grahovac J, Wheeler S, Ma B, Lauffenburger D. Targeting tumor cell motility as a strategy against invasion and metastasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:283-9. [PMID: 23571046 PMCID: PMC3640670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in diagnosis and treatment have rendered most solid tumors largely curable if they are diagnosed and treated before dissemination. However, once they spread beyond the initial primary location, these cancers are usually highly morbid, if not fatal. Thus, current efforts focus on both limiting initial dissemination and preventing secondary spread. There are two modes of tumor dissemination - invasion and metastasis - each leading to unique therapeutic challenges and likely to be driven by distinct mechanisms. However, these two forms of dissemination utilize some common strategies to accomplish movement from the primary tumor, establishment in an ectopic site, and survival therein. The adaptive behaviors of motile cancer cells provide an opening for therapeutic approaches if we understand the molecular, cellular, and tissue biology that underlie them. Herein, we review the signaling cascades and organ reactions that lead to dissemination, as these are non-genetic in nature, focusing on cell migration as the key to tumor progression. In this context, the cellular phenotype will also be discussed because the modes of migration are dictated by quantitative and physical aspects of the cell motility machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VAHS, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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