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Pan Y, Cai Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Sheng H, Shao D, Cui D, Guo X, Zheng P, Lai B. Formation of chronic morphine withdrawal memories requires C1QL3-mediated regulation of PSD95 in the mouse basolateral amygdala. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150076. [PMID: 38772224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation is a complex process influenced by various molecular mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contributions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and complement component 1, q subcomponent-like 3 (C1QL3), a secreted and presynaptically targeted protein, to the formation of chronic morphine (repeat dosing of morphine) withdrawal memory using conditioned place aversion (CPA) and chemogenetic methods. We conducted experiments involving the inhibition of the BLA during naloxone-induced withdrawal to assess its impact on CPA scores, providing insights into the significance of the BLA in the chronic morphine memory formation process. We also examined changes in C1ql3/C1QL3 expression within the BLA following conditioning. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the colocalization of C1QL3 and the G protein-coupled receptor, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3) in the BLA, supporting their involvement in synaptic development. Moreover, we downregulated C1QL3 expression in the BLA to investigate its role in chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation. Our findings revealed that BLA inhibition during naloxone-induced withdrawal led to a significant reduction in CPA scores, confirming the critical role of the BLA in this memory process. Additionally, the upregulation of C1ql3 expression within the BLA postconditioning suggested its participation in withdrawal memory formation. The colocalization of C1QL3 and BAI3 in the BLA further supported their involvement in synaptic development. Furthermore, downregulation of C1QL3 in the BLA effectively hindered chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation, emphasizing its pivotal role in this process. Notably, we identified postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) as a potential downstream effector of C1QL3 during chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation. Blocking PSD95 led to a significant reduction in the CPA score, and it appeared that C1QL3 modulated the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of PSD95, resulting in decreased PSD95 protein levels. This study underscores the importance of the BLA, C1QL3 and PSD95 in chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation. It provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms, emphasizing their significance in this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhangyin Cai
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Junfang Zhang
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Sheng
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Shao
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyang Cui
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lai
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Bates JN, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. Lipophilic analogues of D-cysteine prevent and reverse physical dependence to fentanyl in male rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1336440. [PMID: 38645835 PMCID: PMC11026688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1336440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined whether co-injections of the cell-permeant D-cysteine analogues, D-cysteine ethyl ester (D-CYSee) and D-cysteine ethyl amide (D-CYSea), prevent acquisition of physical dependence induced by twice-daily injections of fentanyl, and reverse acquired dependence to these injections in freely-moving male Sprague Dawley rats. Injection of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX, 1.5 mg/kg, IV), elicited a series of withdrawal phenomena that included cardiorespiratory and behavioral responses, and falls in body weight and body temperature, in rats that received 5 or 10 injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV), and the same number of vehicle co-injections. Regarding the development of physical dependence, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena were markedly reduced in fentanyl-injected rats that had received co-injections of D-CYSee (250 μmol/kg, IV) or D-CYSea (100 μmol/kg, IV), but not D-cysteine (250 μmol/kg, IV). Regarding reversal of established dependence to fentanyl, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena in rats that had received 10 injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV) was markedly reduced in rats that received co-injections of D-CYSee (250 μmol/kg, IV) or D-CYSea (100 μmol/kg, IV), but not D-cysteine (250 μmol/kg, IV), starting with injection 6 of fentanyl. This study provides evidence that co-injections of D-CYSee and D-CYSea prevent the acquisition of physical dependence, and reverse acquired dependence to fentanyl in male rats. The lack of effect of D-cysteine suggests that the enhanced cell-penetrability of D-CYSee and D-CYSea into cells, particularly within the brain, is key to their ability to interact with intracellular signaling events involved in acquisition to physical dependence to fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T. Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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3
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Bates JN, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. L-cysteine ethyl ester prevents and reverses acquired physical dependence on morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303207. [PMID: 38111383 PMCID: PMC10726967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of addiction/dependence on morphine may result from the ability of the opioid to diminish the transport of L-cysteine into neurons via inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAA3). The objective of this study was to determine whether the co-administration of the cell-penetrant L-thiol ester, L-cysteine ethyl ester (L-CYSee), would reduce physical dependence on morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Injection of the opioid-receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX; 1.5 mg/kg, IP), elicited pronounced withdrawal phenomena in rats which received a subcutaneous depot of morphine (150 mg/kg) for 36 h and were receiving a continuous infusion of saline (20 μL/h, IV) via osmotic minipumps for the same 36 h period. The withdrawal phenomena included wet-dog shakes, jumping, rearing, fore-paw licking, 360° circling, writhing, apneas, cardiovascular (pressor and tachycardia) responses, hypothermia, and body weight loss. NLX elicited substantially reduced withdrawal syndrome in rats that received an infusion of L-CYSee (20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) for 36 h. NLX precipitated a marked withdrawal syndrome in rats that had received subcutaneous depots of morphine (150 mg/kg) for 48 h) and a co-infusion of vehicle. However, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were markedly reduced in morphine (150 mg/kg for 48 h)-treated rats that began receiving an infusion of L-CYSee (20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) at 36 h. In similar studies to those described previously, neither L-cysteine nor L-serine ethyl ester (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) mimicked the effects of L-CYSee. This study demonstrates that 1) L-CYSee attenuates the development of physical dependence on morphine in male rats and 2) prior administration of L-CYSee reverses morphine dependence, most likely by intracellular actions within the brain. The lack of the effect of L-serine ethyl ester (oxygen atom instead of sulfur atom) strongly implicates thiol biochemistry in the efficacy of L-CYSee. Accordingly, L-CYSee and analogs may be a novel class of therapeutics that ameliorate the development of physical dependence on opioids in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T. Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Patrick MB, Omar N, Werner CT, Mitra S, Jarome TJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity - A 10 year update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105280. [PMID: 37315660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over 25 years ago, a seminal paper demonstrated that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was involved in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Interest in this topic began to expand around 2008 following another seminal paper showing that UPS-mediated protein degradation controlled the "destabilization" of memories following retrieval, though we remained with only a basic understanding of how the UPS regulated activity- and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, over the last 10 years there has been an explosion of papers on this topic that has significantly changed our understanding of how ubiquitin-proteasome signaling regulates synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Importantly, we now know that the UPS controls much more than protein degradation, is involved in plasticity underlying drugs of abuse and that there are significant sex differences in how ubiquitin-proteasome signaling is used for memory storage processes. Here, we aim to provide a critical 10-year update on the role of ubiquitin-proteasome signaling in synaptic plasticity and memory formation, including updated cellular models of how ubiquitin-proteasome activity could be regulating learning-dependent synaptic plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Patrick
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nour Omar
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; National Center for Wellness and Recovery, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
| | - Timothy J Jarome
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Rullo L, Caputi FF, Losapio LM, Morosini C, Posa L, Canistro D, Vivarelli F, Romualdi P, Candeletti S. Effects of Different Opioid Drugs on Oxidative Status and Proteasome Activity in SH-SY5Y Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238321. [PMID: 36500414 PMCID: PMC9738452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective drugs used for the management of moderate to severe pain; however, their chronic use is often associated with numerous adverse effects. Some results indicate the involvement of oxidative stress as well as of proteasome function in the development of some opioid-related side effects including analgesic tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and dependence. Based on the evidence, this study investigated the impact of morphine, buprenorphine or tapentadol on intracellular reactive oxygen species levels (ROS), superoxide dismutase activity/gene expression, as well as β2 and β5 subunit proteasome activity/biosynthesis in SH-SY5Y cells. Results showed that tested opioids differently altered ROS production and SOD activity/biosynthesis. Indeed, the increase in ROS production and the reduction in SOD function elicited by morphine were not shared by the other opioids. Moreover, tested drugs produced distinct changes in β2(trypsin-like) and β5(chymotrypsin-like) proteasome activity and biosynthesis. In fact, while prolonged morphine exposure significantly increased the proteolytic activity of both subunits and β5 mRNA levels, buprenorphine and tapentadol either reduced or did not alter these parameters. These results, showing different actions of the selected opioid drugs on the investigated parameters, suggest that a low µ receptor intrinsic efficacy could be related to a smaller oxidative stress and proteasome activation and could be useful to shed more light on the role of the investigated cellular processes in the occurrence of these opioid drug side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Loredana Maria Losapio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Morosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Posa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0512091866
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Opioids and Vitamin C: Known Interactions and Potential for Redox-Signaling Crosstalk. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071267. [PMID: 35883757 PMCID: PMC9312198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are among the most widely used classes of pharmacologically active compounds both clinically and recreationally. Beyond their analgesic efficacy via μ opioid receptor (MOR) agonism, a prominent side effect is central respiratory depression, leading to systemic hypoxia and free radical generation. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid; AA) is an essential antioxidant vitamin and is involved in the recycling of redox cofactors associated with inflammation. While AA has been shown to reduce some of the negative side effects of opioids, the underlying mechanisms have not been explored. The present review seeks to provide a signaling framework under which MOR activation and AA may interact. AA can directly quench reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induced by opioids, yet this activity alone does not sufficiently describe observations. Downstream of MOR activation, confounding effects from AA with STAT3, HIF1α, and NF-κB have the potential to block production of antioxidant proteins such as nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase. Further mechanistic research is necessary to understand the underlying signaling crosstalk of MOR activation and AA in the amelioration of the negative, potentially fatal side effects of opioids.
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He L, Xu W, Zhang C, Ding Z, Guo Q, Zou W, Wang J. Dysregulation of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGluT2 via BDNF/TrkB Pathway Contributes to Morphine Tolerance in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861786. [PMID: 35559256 PMCID: PMC9086316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Long-term use of morphine leads to various adverse effects, such as tolerance and hyperalgesia. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) accumulates glutamate into synaptic vesicles and plays multiple roles in the central nervous system. However, the specific role of VGluT2 in morphine tolerance has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of VGluT2 in morphine tolerance and assessed the potential role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) pathway in VGluT2 mediated morphine antinociceptive tolerance in mice. In the present study, we found that VGluT2 is upregulated in the spinal cord after the development of morphine tolerance. Furthermore, inhibition of VGluT2 with its antagonist (Chicago sky blue 6 B, CSB6B) or knockdown of VGluT2 by lentivirus restored the analgesic effect of morphine, suppressed the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and decreased glial-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overexpression of VGluT2 by lentivirus facilitated morphine tolerance and mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, we found the expression of BDNF is correlated with VGluT2 expression in the spinal cord after chronic morphine administration. Intrathecal injection of the BDNF/TrkB pathway antagonist K252a attenuated the development of morphine tolerance and decreased the expression of VGluT2 in the spinal cord, which suggested the BDNF/TrkB pathway participates in the regulation of VGluT2 in morphine tolerance. This study elucidates the functional capability of VGluT2 in modulating morphine tolerance and identifies a novel mechanism and promising therapeutic target for morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Wang K, Liu J, Li YL, Li JP, Zhang R. Ubiquitination/de-ubiquitination: A promising therapeutic target for PTEN reactivation in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Resveratrol and endothelial function: A literature review. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105725. [PMID: 34119624 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a major contributing factor to diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, acute lung injury, preeclampsia, among others. Resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring bioactive polyphenol found in grapes and red wine. According to experimental studies, RSV modulates several events involved in endothelial dysfunction such as impaired vasorelaxation, eNOS uncoupling, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial senescence, and endothelial mesenchymal transition. The endothelial protective effects of RSV are found to be mediated by numerous molecular targets (e.g. Silent Information Regulator 1 (SIRT1), 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), nuclear factor-erythroid-derived 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), Krüppel-like factor-2 (KLF2), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB)). Herein, we present an updated review addressing pharmacological effects and molecular targets of RSV in maintaining endothelial function, and the potential of this phytochemical for endothelial dysfunction-associated disorders.
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10
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Cheng J, Deng Y, Zhou J. Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:674914. [PMID: 34122010 PMCID: PMC8194701 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.674914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a significant public health issue, chronic pain, mainly neuropathic pain (NP) and inflammatory pain, has a severe impact. The underlying mechanisms of chronic pain are enigmatic at present. The roles of ubiquitin have been demonstrated in various physiological and pathological conditions and underscore its potential as therapeutic targets. The dysfunction of the component of the ubiquitin system that occurs during chronic pain is rapidly being discovered. These results provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of chronic pain. Chronic pain is regulated by ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), etc. Insight into the mechanism of the ubiquitin system regulating chronic pain might contribute to relevant therapeutic targets and the development of novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Chronic pain susceptibility is associated with anhedonic behavior and alterations in the accumbal ubiquitin-proteasome system. Pain 2021; 162:1722-1731. [PMID: 33449505 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It remains unknown why on similar acute/subacute painful conditions, pain persists in some individuals while in others it resolves. Genetic factors, mood, and functional alterations, particularly involving the mesolimbic network, seem to be key. To explore potential susceptibility or resistance factors, we screened a large population of rats with a peripheral neuropathy and we isolated a small subset (<15%) that presented high thresholds (HTs) to mechanical allodynia (reduced pain manifestation). The phenotype was sustained over 12 weeks and was associated with higher hedonic behavior when compared with low-threshold (LT) subjects. The nucleus accumbens of HT and LT animals were isolated for proteomic analysis by Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra. Two hundred seventy-nine proteins displayed different expression between LT and HT animals or subjects. Among several protein families, the proteasome pathway repeatedly emerged in gene ontology enrichment and KEGG analyses. Several alpha and beta 20S proteasome subunits were increased in LT animals when compared with HT animals (eg, PSMα1, PSMα2, and PSMβ5). On the contrary, UBA6, an upstream ubiquitin-activating enzyme, was decreased in LT animals. Altogether these observations are consistent with an overactivation of the accumbal proteasome pathway in animals that manifest pain and depressive-like behaviors after a neuropathic injury. All the proteomic data are available through ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022478.
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12
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Hanna N, Kicka S, Chiriano G, Harrison C, Sakouhi HO, Trofimov V, Kranjc A, Nitschke J, Pagni M, Cosson P, Hilbi H, Scapozza L, Soldati T. Identification of Anti- Mycobacterium and Anti- Legionella Compounds With Potential Distinctive Structural Scaffolds From an HD-PBL Using Phenotypic Screens in Amoebae Host Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32153546 PMCID: PMC7047896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubercular Mycobacteria and Legionella pneumophila are the causative agents of potentially fatal respiratory diseases due to their intrinsic pathogenesis but also due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance that limits treatment options. The aim of our study was to explore the antimicrobial activity of a small ligand-based chemical library of 1255 structurally diverse compounds. These compounds were screened in a combination of three assays, two monitoring the intracellular growth of the pathogenic bacteria, Mycobacterium marinum and L. pneumophila, and one assessing virulence of M. marinum. We set up these assays using two amoeba strains, the genetically tractable social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. In summary, 64 (5.1%) compounds showed anti-infective/anti-virulence activity in at least one of the three assays. The intracellular assays hit rate varied between 1.7% (n = 22) for M. marinum and 2.8% (n = 35) for L. pneumophila with seven compounds in common for both pathogens. In parallel, 1.2% (n = 15) of the tested compounds were able to restore D. discoideum growth in the presence of M. marinum spiked in a lawn of food bacteria. We also validated the generality of the hits identified in the A. castellanii–M. marinum anti-infective screen using the D. discoideum–M. marinum host–pathogen model. The characterization of anti-infective and antibacterial hits in the latter infection model revealed compounds able to reduce intracellular growth more than 50% at 30 μM. Moreover, the chemical space and physico-chemical properties of the anti-M. marinum hits were compared to standard and candidate Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drugs using ChemGPS-NP. A principle component analysis identified separate clusters for anti-M. marinum and anti-L. pneumophila hits unveiling the potentially new physico-chemical properties of these hits compared to standard and candidate M. tuberculosis drugs. Our studies underscore the relevance of using a combination of low-cost and low-complexity assays with full 3R compliance in concert with a rationalized focused library of compounds to identify new chemical scaffolds and to dissect some of their properties prior to taking further steps toward compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Kicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gianpaolo Chiriano
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Harrison
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hajer Ouertatani Sakouhi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Trofimov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Agata Kranjc
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jahn Nitschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pagni
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Caputi FF, Rullo L, Stamatakos S, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Interplay between the Endogenous Opioid System and Proteasome Complex: Beyond Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061441. [PMID: 30901925 PMCID: PMC6470665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the opioid system regulation of nociception, neurotransmitters release, stress responses, depression, and the modulation of reward circuitry have been investigated from different points of view. The presence of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in the synaptic terminations suggest a potential role of ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms in the control of the membrane occupancy by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including those belonging to the opioid family. In this review, we focused our attention on the role played by the ubiquitination processes and by UPS in the modulation of opioid receptor signaling and in pathological conditions involving the endogenous opioid system. The collective evidence here reported highlights the potential usefulness of proteasome inhibitors in neuropathic pain, addictive behavior, and analgesia since these molecules can reduce pain behavioral signs, heroin self-administration, and the development of morphine analgesic tolerance. Moreover, the complex mechanisms involved in the effects induced by opioid agonists binding to their receptors include the ubiquitination process as a post-translational modification which plays a relevant role in receptor trafficking and degradation. Hence, UPS modulation may offer novel opportunities to control the balance between therapeutic versus adverse effects evoked by opioid receptor activation, thus, representing a promising druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Stamatakos
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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14
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Chen MW, Wu XJ. SLC25A22 Promotes Proliferation and Metastasis of Osteosarcoma Cells via the PTEN Signaling Pathway. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 17:1533033818811143. [PMID: 30482097 PMCID: PMC6259056 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818811143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor. However, due to the high complexity of the occurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma, the exact mechanism promoting its development and progression remains to be elucidated. This study highlights the causal link between solute carrier family 25 member 22 (SLC25A22) and the development, progression, and metastasis of osteosarcoma. SLC25A22 is upregulated in human osteosarcoma and predicts a poor prognosis. The upregulation of SLC25A22 in osteosarcoma tissues was significantly associated with cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Studies of functional gain (overexpression) and loss (knockdown) showed that SLC25A22 significantly increases the ability of osteosarcoma cells to proliferate, as well as invade and metastasize in vitro. At the same time, the expression of SLC25A22 promoted the progression of the cellcycle of osteosarcoma cell lines and inhibited the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Analysis using a mouse xenograft model showed that xenografts of SLC25A22 stable overexpressing osteosarcoma cells had a significant increase in tumor volume and weight compared to the control group. Lung metastasis models in mice showed that expression of SLC25A22 promoted lung metastasis of osteosarcoma in vivo. Furthermore, SLC25A22 inhibited phosphatase and tensin homolog expression and increased phosphorylation of protein kinase b (Akt) and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in the phosphatase and tensin homolog signaling pathway. In summary, SLC25A22 is highly expressed in osteosarcoma, promoting osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting the phosphatase and tensin homolog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chen
- 1 Orthopedics department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Xue-Jian Wu
- 1 Orthopedics department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
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15
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Resveratrol rescues hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via activation of Akt. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:182-191. [PMID: 27941804 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a phytoalexin, has shown to prevent endothelial dysfunction and reduce diabetic vascular complications and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying the protecting effects of RSV against endothelial dysfunction during hyperglycemia in vitro and in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with RSV, and then exposed to high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L). Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation, and PTEN protein levels in the cells were detected using Western blot. For in vivo studies, WT and Akt-/- mice were fed a normal diet containing RSV (400 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 2 weeks, then followed by injection of STZ to induce hyperglycemia (300 mg/dL). Endothelial function was evaluated using aortic rings by assessing ACh-induced vasorelaxation. RSV (5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, accompanied by increased eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation in HUVECs; these effects were more prominent under HG stimulation. Transfection with Akt siRNA abolished RSV-enhanced eNOS phosphorylation and NO release. Furthermore, RSV (5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the levels of PTEN, which was significantly increased under HG stimulation, and PTEN overexpression abolished RSV-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in HG-treated HUVECs. Moreover, RSV dramatically increased 26S proteasome activity, which induced degradation of PTEN. In in vivo studies, pretreatment with RSV significantly increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in aortic tissues and ACh-induced vasorelaxation, and improved diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction in wild-type mice but not in Akt-/- mice. RSV attenuates endothelial function during hyperglycemia via activating proteasome-dependent degradation of PTEN, which increases Akt phosphorylation, and consequentially upregulation of eNOS-derived NO production.
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16
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Hook MA, Woller SA, Bancroft E, Aceves M, Funk MK, Hartman J, Garraway SM. Neurobiological Effects of Morphine after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:632-644. [PMID: 27762659 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used commonly to manage pain in the early phase of spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite its analgesic efficacy, however, our studies suggest that intrathecal morphine undermines locomotor recovery and increases lesion size in a rodent model of SCI. Similarly, intravenous (IV) morphine attenuates locomotor recovery. The current study explores whether IV morphine also increases lesion size after a spinal contusion (T12) injury and quantifies the cell types that are affected by early opioid administration. Using an experimenter-administered escalating dose of IV morphine across the first seven days post-injury, we quantified the expression of neuron, astrocyte, and microglial markers at the injury site. SCI decreased NeuN expression relative to shams. In subjects with SCI treated with IV morphine, virtually no NeuN+ cells remained across the rostral-caudal extent of the lesion. Further, whereas SCI per se increased the expression of astrocyte and microglial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and OX-42, respectively), morphine treatment decreased the expression of these markers. These cellular changes were accompanied by attenuation of locomotor recovery (Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scores), decreased weight gain, and the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (increased tactile reactivity) in morphine-treated subjects. These data suggest that morphine use is contraindicated in the acute phase of a spinal injury. Faced with a lifetime of intractable pain, however, simply removing any effective analgesic for the management of SCI pain is not an ideal option. Instead, these data underscore the critical need for further understanding of the molecular pathways engaged by conventional medications within the pathophysiological context of an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Hook
- 1 Texas A&M University Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.,2 Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, Texas
| | - Sarah A Woller
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California , San Diego, California
| | - Eric Bancroft
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, Texas
| | - Miriam Aceves
- 1 Texas A&M University Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.,2 Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, Texas
| | - Mary Katherine Funk
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, Texas
| | - John Hartman
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, Texas
| | - Sandra M Garraway
- 4 Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Xu BC, Long HB, Luo KQ. Tert-butylhydroquinone lowers blood pressure in AngII-induced hypertension in mice via proteasome-PTEN-Akt-eNOS pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29589. [PMID: 27435826 PMCID: PMC4951646 DOI: 10.1038/srep29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), as an antioxidant, has been widely used for many years to prevent oxidization of food products. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tBHQ activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to prevent endothelial dysfunction and lower blood pressure. The role of Akt in tBHQ-induced eNOS phosphorylation was examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or in mice. tBHQ treatment of HUVEC increased both Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, accompanied with increased eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation and NO release. Mechanically, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of Akt abolished tBHQ-enhanced NO release and eNOS phosphorylation in HUVEC. Gain-function of PTEN or inhibition of 26S proteasome abolished tBHQ-enhanced Akt phosphorylation in HUVEC. Ex vivo analysis indicated that tBHQ improved Ach-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in LPC-treated mice aortic arteries, which were abolished by inhibition of Akt or eNOS. In animal study, administration of tBHQ significantly increased eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation and acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation, and lowered AngII-induced hypertension in wildtype mice, but not in mice deficient of Akt or eNOS. In conclusion, tBHQ via proteasome-dependent degradation of PTEN increases Akt phosphorylation, resulting in upregulation of eNOS-derived NO production and consequent improvement of endothelial function in vivo. In this way, tBHQ lowers blood pressure in hypertensive mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Can Xu
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Bao Long
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Qin Luo
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Underhill SM. The importance of the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3). Neurochem Int 2016; 98:4-18. [PMID: 27233497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) is fairly ubiquitously expressed in the brain, though it does not necessarily maintain the same function everywhere. It is important in maintaining low local concentrations of glutamate, where its predominant post-synaptic localization can buffer nearby glutamate receptors and modulate excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. It is also the main neuronal cysteine uptake system acting as the rate-limiting factor for the synthesis of glutathione, a potent antioxidant, in EAAT3 expressing neurons, while on GABAergic neurons, it is important in supplying glutamate as a precursor for GABA synthesis. Several diseases implicate EAAT3, and modulation of this transporter could prove a useful therapeutic approach. Regulation of EAAT3 could be targeted at several points for functional modulation, including the level of transcription, trafficking and direct pharmacological modulation, and indeed, compounds and experimental treatments have been identified that regulate EAAT3 function at different stages, which together with observations of EAAT3 regulation in patients is giving us insight into the endogenous function of this transporter, as well as the consequences of altered function. This review summarizes work done on elucidating the role and regulation of EAAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walden E Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Suzanne M Underhill
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive Room 3A: 210 MSC3742, Bethesda, MD 20892-3742, USA.
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19
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Cui L, Ding Y, Zeng J, Feng Y, Li M, Ding M. Spinal Glutamate Transporters Are Involved in the Development of Electroacupuncture Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:357. [PMID: 26978348 PMCID: PMC4813218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) tolerance is a gradual decline in EA antinociception because of its repeated or prolonged use. This study aims to explore the role of spinal glutamate transporters (GTs) in EA tolerance (EAT). METHODS Rats were treated with EA once per day for eight consecutive days, and their L4-5 spinal cords were collected at days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The levels of three spinal GTs and their mRNAs were detected with Western blot and pPCR, respectively. Then, riluzole, a positive GT regulator, was administered intrathecally in order to observe its effect on EA analgesia after repeated EA. RESULTS The expression levels of the spinal GTs increased at days 2 and 4, and gradually decreased as the times of EA increased. At day 8, no difference was observed in the spinal GTs between the sham treatment and the EA treatment. Intrathecal administration of riluzole dose-dependently attenuated the decreased EA analgesia. CONCLUSION These results indicated the participation of the spinal GTs in EAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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20
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Aceves M, Mathai BB, Hook MA. Evaluation of the effects of specific opioid receptor agonists in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:767-777. [PMID: 26927293 PMCID: PMC5009008 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The current study aimed to evaluate the contribution(s) of specific
opioid receptor systems to the analgesic and detrimental effects of
morphine, observed after spinal cord injury in prior studies. Study Design We used specific opioid receptor agonists to assess the effects of
µ- (DAMGO), δ- (DPDPE), and κ- (GR89696) opioid
receptor activation on locomotor (BBB, tapered beam, ladder tests) and
sensory (girdle, tactile, and tail-flick tests) recovery in a rodent
contusion model (T12). We also tested the contribution of non-classic opioid
binding using [+]- morphine. Methods First, a dose-response curve for analgesic efficacy was generated for
each opioid agonist. Baseline locomotor and sensory reactivity was assessed
24 h after injury. Subjects were then treated with an intrathecal dose of a
specific agonist and re-tested after 30 min. To evaluate effects on
recovery, subjects were treated with a single dose of an agonist and both
locomotor and sensory function were monitored for 21 d. Results All agonists for the classic opioid receptors, but not the [+]-
morphine enantiomer, produced antinociception at a concentration equivalent
to a dose of morphine previously shown to produce strong analgesic effects
(0.32 μmol). DAMGO and [+]- morphine did not affect long-term
recovery. GR89696, however, significantly undermined recovery of locomotor
function at all doses tested. Conclusions Based on these data, we hypothesize that the analgesic efficacy of
morphine is primarily mediated by binding to the classic μ-opioid
receptor. Conversely, the adverse effects of morphine may be linked to
activation of the κ-opioid receptor. Ultimately, elucidating the
molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of morphine is imperative in
order to develop safe and effective pharmacological interventions in a
clinical setting. Setting USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aceves
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - B B Mathai
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - M A Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
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21
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Huang C, Yuan P, Wu J, Huang J. Estrogen regulates excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) expression through sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) transacting FGFR-mediated ERK signaling in rat C6 astroglial cells. Neuroscience 2016; 319:9-22. [PMID: 26804240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is one important subtype of the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), and its absence can increase the vulnerability to oxidative stress in neural tissue. Enhanced expression of EAAC1 can provide neuroprotection in multiple disorders, including ischemia and multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanism regulating EAAC1 expression is not fully understood. Using rat C6 astroglial cells, which specifically express EAAC1, we found that 17β-estradiol (E2) and (±)-1-[(3aR(∗),4S(∗),9bS(∗))-4-(6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-8-yl]-ethanone (G1), an agonist of the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30), strongly increased EAAC1 protein levels and protected cells from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity. We further found that E2/G1 activated sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) via GPR30, resulting in the transcription of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which stimulated its receptor (FGFR) and led to the phosphorylation of FGFR substrate 2α (FRS2α). This triggered downstream ERK1/2 signaling for the expression of EAAC1. Both the knockdown of FGF2 by siRNA and the pharmacological suppression of the FGFR-ERK cascade abolished the E2/G1 effect on EAAC1 expression. Overall, our work characterizes a signaling pathway by which E2 transactivates FGFR-ERK to induce EAAC1 expression in an FGF2-dependent manner. This occurs through SphK1 activation via GPR30 and leads to a resistance to H2O2 toxicity. This signal transduction pathway may provide novel insights into our understanding of the neuroprotective effects of E2 and may reveal new therapeutic targets or drugs for regulating the oxidative toxicity effects of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - P Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Wu
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - J Huang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Repeated Mu-Opioid Exposure Induces a Novel Form of the Hyperalgesic Priming Model for Transition to Chronic Pain. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12502-17. [PMID: 26354917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1673-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary afferent nociceptor was used as a model system to study mechanisms of pain induced by chronic opioid administration. Repeated intradermal injection of the selective mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO induced mechanical hyperalgesia and marked prolongation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperalgesia, a key feature of hyperalgesic priming. However, in contrast to prior studies of priming induced by receptor-mediated (i.e., TNFα, NGF, or IL-6 receptor) or direct activation of protein kinase Cε (PKCε), the pronociceptive effects of PGE2 in DAMGO-treated rats demonstrated the following: (1) rapid induction (4 h compared with 3 d); (2) protein kinase A (PKA), rather than PKCε, dependence; (3) prolongation of hyperalgesia induced by an activator of PKA, 8-bromo cAMP; (4) failure to be reversed by a protein translation inhibitor; (5) priming in females as well as in males; and (6) lack of dependence on the isolectin B4-positive nociceptor. These studies demonstrate a novel form of hyperalgesic priming induced by repeated administration of an agonist at the Gi-protein-coupled MOR to the peripheral terminal of the nociceptor. Significance statement: The current study demonstrates the molecular mechanisms involved in the sensitization of nociceptors produced by repeated activation of mu-opioid receptors and contributes to our understanding of the painful condition observed in patients submitted to chronic use of opioids.
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23
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Trivedi MS, Deth R. Redox-based epigenetic status in drug addiction: a potential contributor to gene priming and a mechanistic rationale for metabolic intervention. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:444. [PMID: 25657617 PMCID: PMC4302946 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and other drugs of abuse, including psychostimulants and opioids, can induce epigenetic changes: a contributing factor for drug addiction, tolerance, and associated withdrawal symptoms. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mechanism and it is one of more than 200 methylation reactions supported by methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Levels of SAM are controlled by cellular redox status via the folate and vitamin B12-dependent enzyme methionine synthase (MS). For example, under oxidative conditions MS is inhibited, diverting its substrate homocysteine (HCY) to the trans sulfuration pathway. Alcohol, dopamine, and morphine, can alter intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH)-based cellular redox status, subsequently affecting SAM levels and DNA methylation status. Here, existing evidence is presented in a coherent manner to propose a novel hypothesis implicating the involvement of redox-based epigenetic changes in drug addiction. Further, we discuss how a “gene priming” phenomenon can contribute to the maintenance of redox and methylation status homeostasis under various stimuli including drugs of abuse. Additionally, a new mechanistic rationale for the use of metabolic interventions/redox-replenishers as symptomatic treatment of alcohol and other drug addiction and associated withdrawal symptoms is also provided. Hence, the current review article strengthens the hypothesis that neuronal metabolism has a critical bidirectional coupling with epigenetic changes in drug addiction exemplified by the link between redox-based metabolic changes and resultant epigenetic consequences under the effect of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malav S Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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Massaly N, Francès B, Moulédous L. Roles of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the effects of drugs of abuse. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:99. [PMID: 25610367 PMCID: PMC4285073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its ability to regulate the abundance of selected proteins the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in neuronal and synaptic plasticity. As a result various stages of learning and memory depend on UPS activity. Drug addiction, another phenomenon that relies on neuroplasticity, shares molecular substrates with memory processes. However, the necessity of proteasome-dependent protein degradation for the development of addiction has been poorly studied. Here we first review evidences from the literature that drugs of abuse regulate the expression and activity of the UPS system in the brain. We then provide a list of proteins which have been shown to be targeted to the proteasome following drug treatment and could thus be involved in neuronal adaptations underlying behaviors associated with drug use and abuse. Finally we describe the few studies that addressed the need for UPS-dependent protein degradation in animal models of addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massaly
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5169 Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089 Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Francès
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5169 Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Moulédous
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089 Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse, France
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Gegelashvili G, Bjerrum OJ. High-affinity glutamate transporters in chronic pain: an emerging therapeutic target. J Neurochem 2014; 131:712-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Gegelashvili
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Institute of Chemical Biology; Ilia State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Ole J. Bjerrum
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Yang HY, Pu XP, Liu Y. Chronic morphine treatment induces over-expression of HSP70 in mice striatum related with abnormal ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 139:53-9. [PMID: 24685564 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that opioid dependence-related neuronal plasticity may rely not only on protein synthesis, but also on protein degradation, mainly mediated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of morphine on the regulation of protein degradation in the brain and to determine which proteins are involved in the underlying mechanism. METHODS Mice were given chronic morphine administration and the state of morphine dependence was confirmed by induction of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping. The level of ubiquitinated proteins in the striatum and spinal cord of morphine-dependent mice was detected by Western blotting. One of the abnormal-ubiquitinated proteins in mice striatum was identified by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and the result was further confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence method. RESULTS We found that the expression of some ubiquitinated proteins was clearly decreased in the striatum of morphine-depnendent mice, but not in the spinal cord. And we identified a ubiquitinated protein (>79 kDa) decreased in the striatum as heat shock cognate 70 protein, one member of the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins (HSP70). Moreover, we confirmed the level of HSP70 protein was significantly increased in mice striatum. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest morphine-induced HSP70 overexpression in the striatum is closely related with its abnormal degradation by UPS and it seems to be an important mechanism associated with morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicial Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Pu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
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Trivedi M, Shah J, Hodgson N, Byun HM, Deth R. Morphine induces redox-based changes in global DNA methylation and retrotransposon transcription by inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter type 3-mediated cysteine uptake. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:747-57. [PMID: 24569088 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.091728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonically, opioids influence cells by binding to a G protein-coupled opioid receptor, initiating intracellular signaling cascades, such as protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and extracellular receptor kinase pathways. This results in several downstream effects, including decreased levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and elevated oxidative stress, as well as epigenetic changes, especially in retrotransposons and heterochromatin, although the mechanism and consequences of these actions are unclear. We characterized the acute and long-term influence of morphine on redox and methylation status (including DNA methylation levels) in cultured neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Acting via μ-opioid receptors, morphine inhibits excitatory amino acid transporter type 3-mediated cysteine uptake via multiple signaling pathways, involving different G proteins and protein kinases in a temporal manner. Decreased cysteine uptake was associated with decreases in both the redox and methylation status of neuronal cells, as defined by the ratios of GSH to oxidized forms of glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine levels, respectively. Further, morphine induced global DNA methylation changes, including CpG sites in long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1) retrotransposons, resulting in increased LINE-1 mRNA. Together, these findings illuminate the mechanism by which morphine, and potentially other opioids, can influence neuronal-cell redox and methylation status including DNA methylation. Since epigenetic changes are implicated in drug addiction and tolerance phenomenon, this study could potentially extrapolate to elucidate a novel mechanism of action for other drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malav Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (M.T., J.S., N.H., R.D.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.); and Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (H.-M.B.)
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Uhernik AL, Li L, LaVoy N, Velasquez MJ, Smith JP. Regulation of monocarboxylic acid transporter-1 by cAMP dependent vesicular trafficking in brain microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85957. [PMID: 24454947 PMCID: PMC3894203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a detailed characterization of Monocarboxylic Acid Transporter-1 (Mct1) in cytoplasmic vesicles of cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells shows them to be a diverse population of endosomes intrinsic to the regulation of the transporter by a brief 25 to 30 minute exposure to the membrane permeant cAMP analog, 8Br-cAMP. The vesicles are heterogeneous in size, mobility, internal pH, and co-localize with discreet markers of particular types of endosomes including early endosomes, clathrin coated vesicles, caveolar vesicles, trans-golgi, and lysosomes. The vesicular localization of Mct1 was not dependent on its N or C termini, however, the size and pH of Mct1 vesicles was increased by deletion of either terminus demonstrating a role for the termini in vesicular trafficking of Mct1. Using a novel BCECF-AM based assay developed in this study, 8Br-cAMP was shown to decrease the pH of Mct1 vesicles after 25 minutes. This result and method were confirmed in experiments with a ratiometric pH-sensitive EGFP-mCherry dual tagged Mct1 construct. Overall, the results indicate that cAMP signaling reduces the functionality of Mct1 in cerebrovascular endothelial cells by facilitating its entry into a highly dynamic vesicular trafficking pathway that appears to lead to the transporter's trafficking to autophagosomes and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Uhernik
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan LaVoy
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Micah J. Velasquez
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado, United States of America
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Wu Q, Xia S, Lin J, Cao D, Chen W, Liu L, Fu Y, Liang J, Cao M. Effects of the altered activity of δ-opioid receptor on the expression of glutamate transporter type 3 induced by chronic exposure to morphine. J Neurol Sci 2013; 335:174-81. [PMID: 24120272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Altered δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activity can affect the activity and function of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), but the effects of DOR on EAAT3 expression in morphine relapse remain unknown. In this study, a C6δ cell line and SD rats in a conditioned place preference (CPP) reinstatement model were used. Here, we show that EAAT3 protein levels in C6δ cells decreased significantly after chronic exposure to morphine (10 μM) for 48 h and returned to normal 12 h after drug withdrawal. When C6δ cells were re-exposed to 5 μM morphine for 4 h, EAAT3 protein levels again decreased significantly. The selective μ opioid receptor (MOR) specific agonist DAMGO had a similar effect as morphine, and CTOP, a specific MOR blocker, reversed the declined expression of EAAT3 protein triggered by morphine exposure. The selective DOR agonist [d-pen2, 5] enkephalin (DPDPE) significantly increased EAAT3 expression in C6δ cells and even reversed the decreased EAAT3 expression caused by chronic morphine exposure. The non specific antagonist naloxone, but not the DOR inhibitor Naltrindole (NTI), reversed the decreased EAAT3 expression in C6δ cells caused by chronic morphine exposure. In vivo, EAAT3 levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats with morphine-induced CPP reinstatement significantly decreased. Naloxone completely suppressed reinstatement and reversed the decrease in EAAT3 expression induced by morphine re-exposure. In contrast, NTI only weakened CPP reinstatement and exerted no influence on EAAT3 expression. These findings suggest that DOR can affect the expression of EAAT3. However, the morphine-induced down-regulation of EAAT3 in C6δ cells and in the prefrontal cortex of rats may not be mediated by DOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, PR China
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Gautam V, Trinidad JC, Rimerman RA, Costa BM, Burlingame AL, Monaghan DT. Nedd4 is a specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2D. Neuropharmacology 2013; 74:96-107. [PMID: 23639431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are a family of glutamate-gated ion channels that regulate various CNS functions such as synaptic plasticity and learning. However hypo- or hyper-activation of NMDA receptors is critically involved in many neurological and psychiatric conditions such as pain, stroke, epilepsy, neurodegeneration, schizophrenia, and depression. Thus, it is important to identify mechanisms (such as by targeted ubiquitination) that regulate the levels of individual subtypes of NMDA receptors. In this study, we used a series of tagged, carboxy terminal constructs of GluN2D to identify associating proteins from rat brain. Of seven different GluN2D C-terminal fragments used as bait, only the construct containing amino acids 983-1097 associated with an E3 ubiquitin ligase, Nedd4. A direct interaction between GluN2D and Nedd4 was confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. This association is mediated by an interaction between GluN2D's C-terminal PPXY motif and the 2nd and 3rd WW domains of Nedd4. Of the four GluN2 subunits, Nedd4 directly interacted with GluN2D and also weakly with GluN2A. Nedd4 coexpression with GluN2D enhances GluN2D ubiquitination and reduces GluN1/GluN2D NMDA receptor responses. These results identify Nedd4 as a novel binding partner for GluN2D and suggest a mechanism for the regulation of NMDA receptors that contain GluN2D subunits through ubiquitination-dependent downregulation. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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Involvement of protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system in opiate addictive behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:596-604. [PMID: 23169349 PMCID: PMC3572456 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a structure occupying a key position in the neural circuitry related to motivation, are among the critical cellular processes responsible for drug addiction. During the last decade, it has been shown that memory formation and related neuronal plasticity may rely not only on protein synthesis but also on protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). In this study, we assess the role of protein degradation in the NAcc in opiate-related behaviors. For this purpose, we coupled behavioral experiments to intra-accumbens injections of lactacystin, an inhibitor of the UPS. We show that protein degradation in the NAcc is mandatory for a full range of animal models of opiate addiction including morphine locomotor sensitization, morphine conditioned place preference, intra-ventral tegmental area morphine self-administration and intra-venous heroin self-administration but not for discrimination learning rewarded by highly palatable food. This study provides the first evidence of a specific role of protein degradation by the UPS in addiction.
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Shen CH, Tsai RY, Wong CS. Role of neuroinflammation in morphine tolerance: effect of tumor necrosis factor-α. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 50:178-82. [PMID: 23385041 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Opioids have been used as potent analgesics in clinics for decades; however, their long-term administration leads to tolerance. Two possible mechanisms for drug tolerance are postulated as within-system and between-systems adaptation. The within-system tolerance is involved in the signal transduction of opioid receptors, including downregulation of opioid receptors, uncoupling of G-protein from opioid receptors, and β-arrestin recruitment to opioid receptors, which causes receptor desensitization and internalization/endocytosis. The between-systems tolerance comprehends the glutamatergic receptor system and glial activation with the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and thus the analgesic effect of morphine is reduced. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a vital proinflammatory cytokine and exerts either a neurotoxic or neuroprotective effect on different diseases of the central nervous system. TNF-α has also been demonstrated to correlate with neuronal plasticity via activation of spinal glial cells and enhancement of glutamatergic transmission. Previous studies had revealed an increased expression of TNF-α in morphine tolerance. This review article focuses on the role of TNF-α in neuroinflammation and the glutamatergic receptor system in morphine tolerance. It may provide another adjuvant therapy for morphine tolerance, which extends the effectiveness of opioids in clinical pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hui Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Electroacupuncture Confers Antinociceptive Effects via Inhibition of Glutamate Transporter Downregulation in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Injected Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:643973. [PMID: 22956975 PMCID: PMC3432559 DOI: 10.1155/2012/643973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When we evaluated changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and two glutamate transporter (GTs) by immunohistochemistry, expression of GFAP showed a significant increase in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-injected rats; however, this expression was strongly inhibited by electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation. Robust downregulation of glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) was observed in CFA-injected rats; however, EA stimulation resulted in recovery of this expression. Double-labeling staining showed co-localization of a large proportion of GLAST or GLT-1 with GFAP. Using Western blot, we confirmed protein expression of two GTs, but no differences in the mRNA content of these GTs were observed. Because EA treatment resulted in strong inhibition of CFA-induced proteasome activities, we examined the question of whether thermal sensitivities and GTs expression could be regulated by proteasome inhibitor MG132. CFA-injected rats co-treated with EA and MG132 showed a significantly longer thermal sensitivity, compared with CFA-injected rats with or without MG132. Both EA and MG132 blocked CFA-induced GLAST and GLT-1 downregulation within the spinal cord. These results provide evidence for involvement of GLAST and GLT-1 in response to activation of spinal astrocytes in an EA antinociceptive effect. Antinociceptive effect of EA may be induced via proteasome-mediated regulation of spinal GTs.
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Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Lee E, Aschner M. Mechanism of Mn(II)-mediated dysregulation of glutamine-glutamate cycle: focus on glutamate turnover. J Neurochem 2012; 122:856-67. [PMID: 22708868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) has been implicated in the impairment of the glutamate-glutamine cycling (GGC) by deregulation of Glu and glutamine (Gln) turnover in astrocytes. Here, we have examined possible mechanisms involved in the Mn(II)-mediated disruption of Glu turnover, including those related to protein degradation, such as the proteasomal and lysosomal machinery. Our study revealed that lysosome but not proteasomal inhibition is responsible for down-regulation of the Glu transporter after Mn(II) treatment. Because protein kinase C (PKC) activation leads to the down-regulation of Glu carriers, and Mn(II) increases PKC activity, we hypothesized that the PKC signaling contributes to the Mn(II)-mediated disruption of Glu turnover. Our results show that PKC activation causes a decrease in Glu uptake and that inhibition of PKC reverses Mn(II)-dependent down-regulation of Glu influx as well as glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) protein level. Co-immunoprecipitation studies show association of GLT1 with the PKCδ and PKCα isoforms and Mn(II)-induced specific increase in PKCδ-GLT1 interaction. In addition, astrocytes transfected with shRNA against PKCδ show decreased sensitivity to Mn(II) compared with those transfected with control shRNA or shRNA targeted against PKCα. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PKCδ signaling is involved in the Mn(II)-induced deregulation of Glu turnover in astrocytes.
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Lin X, Wang Q, Cheng Y, Ji J, Yu LC. Changes of protein expression profiles in the amygdala during the process of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Intrathecal Etanercept Partially Restores Morphine's Antinociception in Morphine-Tolerant Rats via Attenuation of the Glutamatergic Transmission. Anesth Analg 2011; 113:184-90. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318217f7eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Involvement of NCAM and FGF receptor signaling in the development of analgesic tolerance to morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 672:77-82. [PMID: 21549695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the involvement of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, in the development of tolerance to morphine. Furthermore, we focused on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor and protein kinase C (PKC)-α as part of the intracellular signal transduction pathways underlying NCAM stimulation. The development of analgesic tolerance to morphine was gradually observed during daily treatment of morphine (10mg/kg, s.c.) for 5 days. Morphine treatment gradually and significantly decreased the NCAM expression levels. However it returned to normal levels immediately after re-treatment of morphine. Treatment of AS-ODN against NCAM completely inhibited analgesic tolerance to morphine. Protein expression levels of PKC-α were significantly increased by repeated morphine treatment in a NCAM-AS-ODN-reversible manner. Interestingly, alterations of protein interactions between NCAM and FGF receptor were observed under repeated morphine treatment. In addition, SU5402 (2 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), an inhibitor of FGF receptor, completely abolished the development of analgesic tolerance to morphine. Furthermore, κ-opioid receptor stimulation using U-50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist, or establishment of formalin-induced chronic pain can completely suppress these changes in protein expression levels of NCAM and PKC-α and inhibit development of analgesic tolerance to morphine. These findings suggest that NCAM and its interaction with FGF receptor in the mechanism of up-regulation of PKC-α may contribute to the development of analgesic tolerance to morphine. Chronic pain or κ-opioid receptor stimulation could modulate these phenomena and suppress the development of analgesic tolerance to morphine.
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Davis MP. Opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia: basic mechanisms and management in review. PROGRESS IN PALLIATIVE CARE 2011. [DOI: 10.1179/174329111x13045147380537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Lee ES, Ni M, Aschner M. Manganese-induced downregulation of astroglial glutamine transporter SNAT3 involves ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system. Glia 2011; 58:1905-12. [PMID: 20737472 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SNAT3 is a major facilitator of glutamine (Gln) efflux from astrocytes, supplying Gln to neurons for neurotransmitter synthesis. Our previous investigations have shown that, in primary cortical astrocyte cultures, SNAT3 protein is degraded after exposure to manganese (Mn(2+)). The present studies were performed to identify the processes responsible for this effect. One of the well-established mechanisms for protein-level regulation is posttranslational modification via ubiquitination, which leads to the rapid degradation of proteins by the 26S proteasome pathway. Here, we show that astrocytic SNAT3 directly interacts with the ubiquitin ligase, Nedd4-2 (neural precursor cells expressed developmentally downregulated 4-2), and that Mn(2+) increases both Nedd4-2 mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, we have found that Mn(2+) exposure elevates astrocytic ubiquitin B mRNA expression, free ubiquitin protein levels, and total protein ubiquitination. Furthermore, Mn(2+) effectively decreases astrocytic mRNA expression and the phosphorylation of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, a regulatory protein, which, in the active phosphorylated form, is responsible for the phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of Nedd4-2. Additional findings establish that Mn(2+) increases astrocytic caspase-like proteolytic proteasome activity and that the Mn(2+)-dependent degradation of SNAT3 protein is blocked by the proteasome inhibitors, N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal and lactacystin. Combined, these results demonstrate that Mn(2+)-induced SNAT3 protein degradation and the dysregulation of Gln homeostasis in primary astrocyte cultures proceeds through the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system.
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Carvallo L, Muñoz R, Bustos F, Escobedo N, Carrasco H, Olivares G, Larraín J. Non-canonical Wnt signaling induces ubiquitination and degradation of Syndecan4. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29546-55. [PMID: 20639201 PMCID: PMC2937986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of cell adhesion receptors is required for proper cell migration in embryogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer. Integrins and Syndecan4 (SDC4) are the main cell adhesion receptors involved in focal adhesion formation and are required for cell migration. SDC4 interacts biochemically and functionally with components of the Wnt pathway such as Frizzled7 and Dishevelled. Non-canonical Wnt signaling, particularly components of the planar cell polarity branch, controls cell adhesion and migration in embryogenesis and metastatic events. Here, we evaluate the effect of this pathway on SDC4. We have found that Wnt5a reduces cell surface levels and promotes ubiquitination and degradation of SDC4 in cell lines and dorsal mesodermal cells from Xenopus gastrulae. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that Dsh plays a key role in regulating SDC4 steady-state levels. Moreover, a SDC4 deletion construct that interacts inefficiently with Dsh is resistant to Wnt5a-induced degradation. Non-canonical Wnt signaling promotes monoubiquitination of the variable region of SDC4 cytoplasmic domain. Mutation of these specific residues abrogates ubiquitination and results in increased SDC4 steady-state levels. This is the first example of a cell surface protein ubiquitinated and degraded in a Wnt/Dsh-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Carvallo
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosana Muñoz
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bustos
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noelia Escobedo
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Carrasco
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Olivares
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- From the Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millenium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
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Lin SL, Tsai RY, Shen CH, Lin FH, Wang JJ, Hsin ST, Wong CS. Co-administration of ultra-low dose naloxone attenuates morphine tolerance in rats via attenuation of NMDA receptor neurotransmission and suppression of neuroinflammation in the spinal cords. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:236-45. [PMID: 20478329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although mechanisms underlying ultra-low dose naloxone-induced analgesia have been proposed, possible interactions with glutamatergic transmission and glial cell activation have not been addressed. In the present study, we examined the effect of ultra-low dose naloxone on spinal glutamatergic transmission and glial cell activity in rats chronically infused with morphine. In male Wistar rats, intrathecal morphine infusion (15microg/h) for 5days induced (1) antinociceptive tolerance, (2) downregulation of glutamate transporters (GTs) GLT-1, GLAST, and EAAC1, (3) increasing of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) NR1 subunit expression and phosphorylation, (4) upregulation of protein kinase C gamma (PKCgamma) expression, and (5) glial cell activation. On day 5, morphine challenge (15microg/10microl) caused a significant increase in the concentration of the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) aspartate and glutamate in the spinal CSF dialysates of morphine-tolerant rats. Intrathecal co-infusion of ultra-low dose naloxone (15pg/h) with morphine attenuated tolerance development, reversed GTs expression, inhibited the NMDAR NR1 subunit expression and phosphorylation, and PKCgamma expression, inhibited glial cell activation, and suppressed the morphine-evoked EAAs release. These effects may result in preservation of the antinociceptive effect of acute morphine challenge in chronic morphine-infused rats. Ultra-low dose naloxone infusion alone did not produce an antinociceptive effect. These findings demonstrated that attenuation of glutamatergic transmission and neuroinflammation by ultra-low dose naloxone co-infusion preserves the lasting antinociceptive effect of morphine in rats chronically infused with morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Long Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zamin LL, Filippi-Chiela EC, Dillenburg-Pilla P, Horn F, Salbego C, Lenz G. Resveratrol and quercetin cooperate to induce senescence-like growth arrest in C6 rat glioma cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1655-62. [PMID: 19496785 PMCID: PMC11159038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most frequent and malignant primary human brain tumor with dismal prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Resveratrol and quercetin, two structurally related and naturally occurring polyphenols, are proposed to have anticancer effects. We report here that resveratrol and quercetin decreased the cell number in four glioma cell lines but not in rat astrocytes. Low doses of resveratrol (10 microM) or quercetin (25 microM) separately had no effect on apoptosis induction, but had a strong effect on caspase 3/7 activation when administered together. Western blot analyses showed that resveratrol (10 microM) and quercetin (25 microM) caused a reduction in phosphorylation of Akt, but this reduction was not sufficient by itself to mediate the effects of these polyphenols. Most important, resveratrol and quercetin chronically administered presented a strong synergism in inducing senescence-like growth arrest. These results suggest that the combination of polyphenols can potentialize their antitumoral activity, thereby reducing the therapeutic concentration needed for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Zamin
- Biophysics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Li Q, Zhao X, Zhong LJ, Yang HY, Wang Q, Pu XP. Effects of chronic morphine treatment on protein expression in rat dorsal root ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 612:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Turchan-Cholewo J, Dimayuga FO, Gupta S, Keller JN, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Bruce-Keller AJ. Morphine and HIV-Tat increase microglial-free radical production and oxidative stress: possible role in cytokine regulation. J Neurochem 2008; 108:202-15. [PMID: 19054280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse alters the progression of human immunodeficiency virus and may increase the risk of neuroAIDS. As neuroAIDS is associated with altered microglial reactivity, the combined effects of human immunodeficiency virus-Tat and morphine were determined in cultured microglia. Specifically, experiments determined the effects of Tat and morphine on microglial-free radical production and oxidative stress, and on cytokine release. Data show that combined Tat and morphine cause early and synergistic increases in reactive oxygen species, with concomitant increases in protein oxidation. Furthermore, combined Tat and morphine, but not Tat or morphine alone, cause reversible decreases in proteasome activity. The effects of morphine on free radical production and oxidative stress are prevented by pre-treatment with naloxone, illustrating the important role of opioid receptor activation in these phenomena. While Tat is well known to induce cytokine release from cultured microglia, morphine decreases Tat-induced release of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, as well as the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Finally, experiments using the reversible proteasome inhibitor MG115 show that temporary, non-cytotoxic decreases in proteasome activity increase protein oxidation and decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and MCP-1 release from microglia. Taken together, these data suggest that oxidative stress and proteasome inhibition may be involved in the immunomodulatory properties of opioid receptor activation in microglia.
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