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Lee KH, Kim J, Kim JH. 3D epigenomics and 3D epigenopathies. BMB Rep 2024; 57:216-231. [PMID: 38627948 PMCID: PMC11139681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes are intricately compacted to form sophisticated 3-dimensional structures within the tiny nucleus, so called 3D genome folding. Despite their shapes reminiscent of an entangled yarn, the rapid development of molecular and next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) has revealed that mammalian genomes are highly organized in a hierarchical order that delicately affects transcription activities. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that 3D genome folding is implicated in diseases, giving us a clue on how to identify novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will study what 3D genome folding means in epigenetics, what types of 3D genome structures there are, how they are formed, and how the technologies have developed to explore them. We will also discuss the pathological implications of 3D genome folding. Finally, we will discuss how to leverage 3D genome folding and engineering for future studies. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(5): 216-231].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwan Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jungyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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2
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He H, Wang Y, Tang B, Dong Q, Wu C, Sun W, Wang J. Aging-induced MCPH1 translocation activates necroptosis and impairs hematopoietic stem cell function. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:510-526. [PMID: 38632351 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
DNA damage contributes to the aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we identified a heterogeneous functional role of microcephalin (MCPH1) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse HSCs. In the nucleus, MCPH1 maintains genomic stability, whereas in the cytoplasm, it prevents necroptosis by binding with p-RIPK3. Aging triggers MCPH1 translocation from cytosol to nucleus, reducing its cytoplasmic retention and leading to the activation of necroptosis and deterioration of HSC function. Mechanistically, we found that KAT7-mediated lysine acetylation within the NLS motif of MCPH1 in response to DNA damage facilitates its nuclear translocation. Targeted mutation of these lysines inhibits MCPH1 translocation and, consequently, compromises necroptosis. The dysfunction of necroptosis signaling, in turn, improves the function of aged HSCs. In summary, our findings demonstrate that DNA damage-induced redistribution of MCPH1 promotes HSC aging and could have broader implications for aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baixue Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiongye Dong
- Institute of Precision of Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chou Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanling Sun
- Department of Hematology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Crawford BI, Talley MJ, Russman J, Riddle J, Torres S, Williams T, Longworth MS. Condensin-mediated restriction of retrotransposable elements facilitates brain development in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2716. [PMID: 38548759 PMCID: PMC10978865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) maintenance is essential for ensuring that organisms are born with proper brain volumes and head sizes. Microcephaly is a disorder in which babies are born with significantly smaller head sizes and cortical volumes. Mutations in subunits of the DNA organizing complex condensin have been identified in microcephaly patients. However, the molecular mechanisms by which condensin insufficiency causes microcephaly remain elusive. We previously identified conserved roles for condensins in repression of retrotransposable elements (RTEs). Here, we show that condensin subunit knockdown in NSPCs of the Drosophila larval central brain increases RTE expression and mobility which causes cell death, and significantly decreases adult head sizes and brain volumes. These findings suggest that unrestricted RTE expression and activity may lead to improper brain development in condensin insufficient organisms, and lay the foundation for future exploration of causative roles for RTEs in other microcephaly models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert I Crawford
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mary Jo Talley
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joshua Russman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - James Riddle
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Sabrina Torres
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Troy Williams
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Michelle S Longworth
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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4
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Ali SI, Najaf-Panah MJ, Pyper KB, Lujan FE, Sena J, Ashley AK. Comparative analysis of basal and etoposide-induced alterations in gene expression by DNA-PKcs kinase activity. Front Genet 2024; 15:1276365. [PMID: 38577247 PMCID: PMC10991847 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1276365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Maintenance of the genome is essential for cell survival, and impairment of the DNA damage response is associated with multiple pathologies including cancer and neurological abnormalities. DNA-PKcs is a DNA repair protein and a core component of the classical nonhomologous end-joining pathway, but it also has roles in modulating gene expression and thus, the overall cellular response to DNA damage. Methods: Using cells producing either wild-type (WT) or kinase-inactive (KR) DNA-PKcs, we assessed global alterations in gene expression in the absence or presence of DNA damage. We evaluated differential gene expression in untreated cells and observed differences in genes associated with cellular adhesion, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation-related pathways. Following exposure to etoposide, we compared how KR versus WT cells responded transcriptionally to DNA damage. Results: Downregulated genes were mostly involved in protein, sugar, and nucleic acid biosynthesis pathways in both genotypes, but enriched biological pathways were divergent, again with KR cells manifesting a more robust inflammatory response compared to WT cells. To determine what major transcriptional regulators are controlling the differences in gene expression noted, we used pathway analysis and found that many master regulators of histone modifications, proinflammatory pathways, cell cycle regulation, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and cellular development and differentiation were impacted by DNA-PKcs status. Finally, we have used qPCR to validate selected genes among the differentially regulated pathways to validate RNA sequence data. Conclusion: Overall, our results indicate that DNA-PKcs, in a kinase-dependent fashion, decreases proinflammatory signaling following genotoxic insult. As multiple DNA-PK kinase inhibitors are in clinical trials as cancer therapeutics utilized in combination with DNA damaging agents, understanding the transcriptional response when DNA-PKcs cannot phosphorylate downstream targets will inform the overall patient response to combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Mohammad J. Najaf-Panah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Kennedi B. Pyper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - F. Ester Lujan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Johnny Sena
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Amanda K. Ashley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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5
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Oluwole OG. The analyses of human MCPH1 DNA repair machinery and genetic variations. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240917. [PMID: 38463519 PMCID: PMC10921449 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Causal mutations in the MCPH1 gene have been associated with disorders like microcephaly, and recently congenital hearing impairment. This study examined the MCPH1 DNA repair machinery and identified genetic variations of interest in gnomAD database to discuss the biological roles and effects of rare variants in MCPH1-related diseases. Notably, MCPH1 coordinates two of the seven known mechanisms of DNA repair which confirmed its roles in neurogenesis and chromatin condensation. A pathogenic missense variant in MCPH1 p.Gly753Arg, and two pathogenic frameshifts MCPH1 p.Asn189LysfsTer15 and p.Cys624Ter identified in this study, already had entries in ClinVar and were associated with microcephaly. A pathogenic frameshift in MCPH1 p.Val10SerfsTer5 with a loss-of-function flag and a pathogenic stop gained p.Ser571Ter variants with ultra-rare allele frequency (MAF ≤ 0.001) were identified but have not been linked to any phenotype. The predicted pathogenic ultra-rare variants identified in this study, warranty phenotypic discovery, and also positioned these variants or nearby deleterious variants candidate for screening in MCPH1-associated rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi G Oluwole
- Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Non-communicable Diseases Department, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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6
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Xu R, Pan Z, Nakagawa T. Gross Chromosomal Rearrangement at Centromeres. Biomolecules 2023; 14:28. [PMID: 38254628 PMCID: PMC10813616 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Centromeres play essential roles in the faithful segregation of chromosomes. CENP-A, the centromere-specific histone H3 variant, and heterochromatin characterized by di- or tri-methylation of histone H3 9th lysine (H3K9) are the hallmarks of centromere chromatin. Contrary to the epigenetic marks, DNA sequences underlying the centromere region of chromosomes are not well conserved through evolution. However, centromeres consist of repetitive sequences in many eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and a subset of fungi, including fission yeast. Advances in long-read sequencing techniques have uncovered the complete sequence of human centromeres containing more than thousands of alpha satellite repeats and other types of repetitive sequences. Not only tandem but also inverted repeats are present at a centromere. DNA recombination between centromere repeats can result in gross chromosomal rearrangement (GCR), such as translocation and isochromosome formation. CENP-A chromatin and heterochromatin suppress the centromeric GCR. The key player of homologous recombination, Rad51, safeguards centromere integrity through conservative noncrossover recombination between centromere repeats. In contrast to Rad51-dependent recombination, Rad52-mediated single-strand annealing (SSA) and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) lead to centromeric GCR. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of centromere and recombination proteins in maintaining centromere integrity and discusses how GCR occurs at centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ziyi Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Mladenov E, Mladenova V, Stuschke M, Iliakis G. New Facets of DNA Double Strand Break Repair: Radiation Dose as Key Determinant of HR versus c-NHEJ Engagement. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14956. [PMID: 37834403 PMCID: PMC10573367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an essential component of present-day cancer management, utilizing ionizing radiation (IR) of different modalities to mitigate cancer progression. IR functions by generating ionizations in cells that induce a plethora of DNA lesions. The most detrimental among them are the DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). In the course of evolution, cells of higher eukaryotes have evolved four major DSB repair pathways: classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), alternative end-joining (alt-EJ), and single strand annealing (SSA). These mechanistically distinct repair pathways have different cell cycle- and homology-dependencies but, surprisingly, they operate with widely different fidelity and kinetics and therefore contribute unequally to cell survival and genome maintenance. It is therefore reasonable to anticipate tight regulation and coordination in the engagement of these DSB repair pathway to achieve the maximum possible genomic stability. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the accumulated knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underpinning these repair pathways, with emphasis on c-NHEJ and HR. We discuss factors and processes that have recently come to the fore. We outline mechanisms steering DSB repair pathway choice throughout the cell cycle, and highlight the critical role of DNA end resection in this process. Most importantly, however, we point out the strong preference for HR at low DSB loads, and thus low IR doses, for cells irradiated in the G2-phase of the cell cycle. We further explore the molecular underpinnings of transitions from high fidelity to low fidelity error-prone repair pathways and analyze the coordination and consequences of this transition on cell viability and genomic stability. Finally, we elaborate on how these advances may help in the development of improved cancer treatment protocols in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Veronika Mladenova
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (M.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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8
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Kabirova E, Nurislamov A, Shadskiy A, Smirnov A, Popov A, Salnikov P, Battulin N, Fishman V. Function and Evolution of the Loop Extrusion Machinery in Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055017. [PMID: 36902449 PMCID: PMC10003631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are essential proteins found in genomes of all cellular organisms. Essential functions of these proteins, such as mitotic chromosome formation and sister chromatid cohesion, were discovered a long time ago. Recent advances in chromatin biology showed that SMC proteins are involved in many other genomic processes, acting as active motors extruding DNA, which leads to the formation of chromatin loops. Some loops formed by SMC proteins are highly cell type and developmental stage specific, such as SMC-mediated DNA loops required for VDJ recombination in B-cell progenitors, or dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans and X-chromosome inactivation in mice. In this review, we focus on the extrusion-based mechanisms that are common for multiple cell types and species. We will first describe an anatomy of SMC complexes and their accessory proteins. Next, we provide biochemical details of the extrusion process. We follow this by the sections describing the role of SMC complexes in gene regulation, DNA repair, and chromatin topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kabirova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem Nurislamov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem Shadskiy
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Smirnov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Popov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Salnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman Battulin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Veniamin Fishman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), 121108 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Alsolami M, Aboalola D, Malibari D, Alghamdi T, Alshekhi W, Jad H, Rumbold-Hall R, Altowairqi AS, Bell SM, Alsiary RA. The emerging role of MCPH1/BRIT1 in carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1047588. [PMID: 36845691 PMCID: PMC9951231 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1047588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The MCPH1 gene, also known as BRCT-repeat inhibitor of hTERT expression (BRIT1), has three BRCA1 carboxyl-terminal domains which is an important regulator of DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints and chromosome condensation. MCPH1/BRIT1 is also known as a tumour suppressor in different types of human cancer. The expression level of the MCPH1/BRIT1 gene is decreased at the DNA, RNA or protein level in a number of types of cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer compared to normal tissue. This review also showed that deregulation of MCPH1/BRIT1 is significantly associated with reduced overall survival in 57% (12/21) and relapsed free survival in 33% (7/21) of cancer types especially in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and renal clear cell carcinoma. A common finding of this study is that the loss of MCPH1/BRIT1 gene expression plays a key role in promoting genome instability and mutations supporting its function as a tumour suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alsolami
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Aboalola
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dolal Malibari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Alghamdi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Alshekhi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Jad
- Oncology Department, Princess Nourah Cancer Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rea Rumbold-Hall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ahlam S. Altowairqi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M. Bell
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rawiah Abdullah Alsiary
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Rawiah Abdullah Alsiary,
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10
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Kim JH, Youn Y, Hwang JH. NCAPH Stabilizes GEN1 in Chromatin to Resolve Ultra-Fine DNA Bridges and Maintain Chromosome Stability. Mol Cells 2022; 45:792-805. [PMID: 36380731 PMCID: PMC9676985 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repairing damaged DNA and removing all physical connections between sister chromosomes is important to ensure proper chromosomal segregation by contributing to chromosomal stability. Here, we show that the depletion of non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H (NCAPH) exacerbates chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure owing to sister-chromatid intertwinement, which is distinct from the ultra-fine DNA bridges induced by DNA inter-strand crosslinks (DNA-ICLs). Importantly, we identified an interaction between NCAPH and GEN1 in the chromatin involving binding at the N-terminus of NCAPH. DNA-ICL activation, using ICL-inducing agents, increased the expression and interaction between NCAPH and GEN1 in the soluble nuclear and chromatin, indicating that the NCAPH-GEN1 interaction participates in repairing DNA damage. Moreover, NCAPH stabilizes GEN1 within chromatin at the G2/M-phase and is associated with DNA-ICL-induced damage repair. Therefore, NCAPH resolves DNA-ICL-induced ultra-fine DNA bridges by stabilizing GEN1 and ensures proper chromosome separation and chromosome structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Yuna Youn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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11
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Regulation of the mitotic chromosome folding machines. Biochem J 2022; 479:2153-2173. [PMID: 36268993 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years enormous progress has been made in identifying the molecular machines, including condensins and topoisomerases that fold mitotic chromosomes. The discovery that condensins generate chromatin loops through loop extrusion has revolutionized, and energized, the field of chromosome folding. To understand how these machines fold chromosomes with the appropriate dimensions, while disentangling sister chromatids, it needs to be determined how they are regulated and deployed. Here, we outline the current understanding of how these machines and factors are regulated through cell cycle dependent expression, chromatin localization, activation and inactivation through post-translational modifications, and through associations with each other, with other factors and with the chromatin template itself. There are still many open questions about how condensins and topoisomerases are regulated but given the pace of progress in the chromosome folding field, it seems likely that many of these will be answered in the years ahead.
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12
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Wang Y, Zong W, Sun W, Chen C, Wang ZQ, Li T. The Central Domain of MCPH1 Controls Development of the Cerebral Cortex and Gonads in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172715. [PMID: 36078123 PMCID: PMC9455054 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1 is the first gene identified to be responsible for the human autosomal recessive disorder primary microcephaly (MCPH). Mutations in the N-terminal and central domains of MCPH1 are strongly associated with microcephaly in human patients. A recent study showed that the central domain of MCPH1, which is mainly encoded by exon 8, interacts with E3 ligase βTrCP2 and regulates the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. In order to investigate the biological functions of MCPH1’s central domain, we constructed a mouse model that lacked the central domain of MCPH1 by deleting its exon 8 (designated as Mcph1-Δe8). Mcph1-Δe8 mice exhibited a reduced brain size and thinner cortex, likely caused by a compromised self-renewal capacity and premature differentiation of Mcph1-Δe8 neuroprogenitors during corticogenesis. Furthermore, Mcph1-Δe8 mice were sterile because of a loss of germ cells in the testis and ovary. The embryonic fibroblasts of Mcph1-Δe8 mice exhibited premature chromosome condensation (PCC). All of these findings indicate that Mcph1-Δe8 mice are reminiscent of MCPH1 complete knockout mice and Mcph1-ΔBR1 mice. Our study demonstrates that the central domain of MCPH1 represses microcephaly, and is essential for gonad development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Wen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Wenli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Chengyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (Z.-Q.W.); (T.L.); Tel.: +49-3641-656415 (Z.-Q.W.); +86-532-5863-2368 (T.L.); Fax: +49-3641-656413 (Z.-Q.W.)
| | - Tangliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-Q.W.); (T.L.); Tel.: +49-3641-656415 (Z.-Q.W.); +86-532-5863-2368 (T.L.); Fax: +49-3641-656413 (Z.-Q.W.)
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13
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Pang D, Yu S, Yang X. A mini-review of the role of condensin in human nervous system diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:889796. [PMID: 35992200 PMCID: PMC9386267 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.889796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis and meiosis are crucial life activities that transmit eukaryotic genetic information to progeny in a stable and orderly manner. The formation and appearance of chromosomes, which are derived from chromatin, are the preconditions and signs of mitosis. When entering mitosis, interphase loose chromatin is highly spiralized and folded to form compact chromosomes. In recent years, it has been found that in addition to the well-known DNA, histones, and topoisomerase, a large protein complex called condensin plays an important role in the process of chromosome formation. Numerous studies have shown that the abnormal function of condensin can lead to incomplete or excessive concentration of chromatin, as well as disorder of genome organization process, abnormal transmission of genetic information, and ultimately lead to various diseases of individual, especially in nervous system diseases. In this review, the biological function of condensin and the potential pathogenic mechanism of condensin in nervous system diseases are briefly summarized. Therefore, the investigation of these mechanisms makes a significant contribution to the understanding of those related diseases and provides new ideas for clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Shengping Yu Xuejun Yang
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shengping Yu Xuejun Yang
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14
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Kristofova M, Ori A, Wang ZQ. Multifaceted Microcephaly-Related Gene MCPH1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020275. [PMID: 35053391 PMCID: PMC8774270 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1, or BRIT1, is often mutated in human primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a smaller brain size at birth, due to its dysfunction in regulating the proliferation and self-renewal of neuroprogenitor cells. In the last 20 years or so, genetic and cellular studies have identified MCPH1 as a multifaceted protein in various cellular functions, including DNA damage signaling and repair, the regulation of chromosome condensation, cell-cycle progression, centrosome activity and the metabolism. Yet, genetic and animal model studies have revealed an unpredicted essential function of MPCH1 in gonad development and tumorigenesis, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. These studies have begun to shed light on the role of MPCH1 in controlling various pathobiological processes of the disorder. Here, we summarize the biological functions of MCPH1, and lessons learnt from cellular and mouse models of MCPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Bachstrasse 18k, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-656415; Fax: +49-3641-656335
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15
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Houlard M, Cutts EE, Shamim MS, Godwin J, Weisz D, Presser Aiden A, Lieberman Aiden E, Schermelleh L, Vannini A, Nasmyth K. MCPH1 inhibits Condensin II during interphase by regulating its SMC2-Kleisin interface. eLife 2021; 10:e73348. [PMID: 34850681 PMCID: PMC8673838 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic change in chromosomal DNA morphology between interphase and mitosis is a defining features of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Two types of enzymes, namely cohesin and condensin confer the topology of chromosomal DNA by extruding DNA loops. While condensin normally configures chromosomes exclusively during mitosis, cohesin does so during interphase. The processivity of cohesin's loop extrusion during interphase is limited by a regulatory factor called WAPL, which induces cohesin to dissociate from chromosomes via a mechanism that requires dissociation of its kleisin from the neck of SMC3. We show here that a related mechanism may be responsible for blocking condensin II from acting during interphase. Cells derived from patients affected by microcephaly caused by mutations in the MCPH1 gene undergo premature chromosome condensation. We show that deletion of Mcph1 in mouse embryonic stem cells unleashes an activity of condensin II that triggers formation of compact chromosomes in G1 and G2 phases, accompanied by enhanced mixing of A and B chromatin compartments, and this occurs even in the absence of CDK1 activity. Crucially, inhibition of condensin II by MCPH1 depends on the binding of a short linear motif within MCPH1 to condensin II's NCAPG2 subunit. MCPH1's ability to block condensin II's association with chromatin is abrogated by the fusion of SMC2 with NCAPH2, hence may work by a mechanism similar to cohesin. Remarkably, in the absence of both WAPL and MCPH1, cohesin and condensin II transform chromosomal DNAs of G2 cells into chromosomes with a solenoidal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Houlard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Erin E Cutts
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Muhammad S Shamim
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Godwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | - Aviva Presser Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Alessandro Vannini
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
- Human TechnopoleMilanItaly
| | - Kim Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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16
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Xu S, Wu X, Wang P, Cao SL, Peng B, Xu X. ASPM promotes homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair by safeguarding BRCA1 stability. iScience 2021; 24:102534. [PMID: 34142045 PMCID: PMC8184511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) is essential for ensuring genome stability. Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene encodes a spindle protein that is commonly implicated in primary microcephaly. We found that ASPM is recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP2-dependent manner. ASPM interacts with BRCA1 and its E3 ligase HERC2, preventing HERC2 from accessing to BRCA1 and ensuring BRCA1 stability. Inhibition of ASPM expression promotes HERC2-mediated BRCA1 degradation, compromises HR repair efficiency and chromosome stability, and sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Moreover, we observed a synergistic effect between ASPM and PARP inhibition in killing cancer cells. This research has uncovered a novel function for ASPM in facilitating HR-mediated repair of DSBs by ensuring BRCA1 stability. ASPM might constitute a promising target for synthetic lethality-based cancer therapy. ASPM is recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP2-dependent manner. ASPM promotes DSB-end resection to facilitate HR repair. ASPM prevents HERC2 from accessing to BRCA1 and ensuring BRCA1 stability. Inhibition of ASPM sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation and PARP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingxuan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Sheng-Li Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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17
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Liu X, Schneble-Löhnert N, Kristofova M, Qing X, Labisch J, Hofmann S, Ehrenberg S, Sannai M, Jörß T, Ori A, Godmann M, Wang ZQ. The N-terminal BRCT domain determines MCPH1 function in brain development and fertility. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:143. [PMID: 33542216 PMCID: PMC7862653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MCPH1 is a causal gene for the neurodevelopmental disorder, human primary microcephaly (MCPH1, OMIM251200). Most pathogenic mutations are located in the N-terminal region of the gene, which encodes a BRCT domain, suggesting an important function of this domain in brain size determination. To investigate the specific function of the N-terminal BRCT domain in vivo, we generated a mouse model lacking the N’-BRCT domain of MCPH1 (referred as Mcph1-ΔBR1). These mutant mice are viable, but exhibit reduced brain size, with a thinner cortex due to a reduction of neuroprogenitor populations and premature neurogenic differentiation. Mcph1-ΔBR1 mice (both male and female) are infertile; however, almost all female mutants develop ovary tumours. Mcph1-ΔBR1 MEF cells exhibit a defect in DNA damage response and DNA repair, and show the premature chromosome condensation (PCC) phenotype, a hallmark of MCPH1 patient cells and also Mcph1 knockout cells. In comparison with Mcph1 complete knockout mice, Mcph1-ΔBR1 mice faithfully reproduce all phenotypes, indicating an essential role of the N-terminal BRCT domain for the physiological function of MCPH1 in the control of brain size and gonad development as well as in multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Schneble-Löhnert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiaobing Qing
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Labisch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Hofmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Ehrenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mara Sannai
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tjard Jörß
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maren Godmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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18
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Wang H, Liu X, Li G. Explore a novel function of human condensins in cellular senescence. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:147. [PMID: 33375949 PMCID: PMC7772929 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two kinds of condensins in human cells, known as condensin I and condensin II. The canonical roles of condensins are participated in chromosome dynamics, including chromosome condensation and segregation during cell division. Recently, a novel function of human condensins has been found with increasing evidences that they play important roles in cellular senescence. This paper reviewed the research progress of human condensins involved in different types of cellular senescence, mainly oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and replicative senescence (RS). The future perspectives of human condensins involved in cellular senescence are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, 136000, Siping, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, 136000, Siping, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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19
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Cutts EE, Vannini A. Condensin complexes: understanding loop extrusion one conformational change at a time. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2089-2100. [PMID: 33005926 PMCID: PMC7609036 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Condensin and cohesin, both members of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) family, contribute to the regulation and structure of chromatin. Recent work has shown both condensin and cohesin extrude DNA loops and most likely work via a conserved mechanism. This review focuses on condensin complexes, highlighting recent in vitro work characterising DNA loop formation and protein structure. We discuss similarities between condensin and cohesin complexes to derive a possible mechanistic model, as well as discuss differences that exist between the different condensin isoforms found in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Cutts
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Alessandro Vannini
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K
- Fondazione Human Technopole, Structural Biology Research Centre, 20157 Milan, Italy
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20
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Chang HY, Lee CY, Lu CH, Lee W, Yang HL, Yeh HY, Li HW, Chi P. Microcephaly family protein MCPH1 stabilizes RAD51 filaments. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9135-9146. [PMID: 32735676 PMCID: PMC7498314 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephalin 1 (MCPH1) was identified from genetic mutations in patients with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly. In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), MCPH1 forms damage-induced foci and recruits BRCA2-RAD51 complex, a key component of the DSB repair machinery for homologous recombination (HR), to damage sites. Accordingly, the efficiency of HR is significantly attenuated upon depletion of MCPH1. The biochemical characteristics of MCPH1 and its functional interaction with the HR machinery had remained unclear due to lack of highly purified MCPH1 recombinant protein for functional study. Here, we established a mammalian expression system to express and purify MCPH1 protein. We show that MCPH1 is a bona fide DNA-binding protein and provide direct biochemical analysis of this MCPH family protein. Furthermore, we reveal that MCPH1 directly interacts with RAD51 at multiple contact points, providing evidence for how MCPH1 physically engages with the HR machinery. Importantly, we demonstrate that MCPH1 enhances the stability of RAD51 on single-strand DNA, a prerequisite step for RAD51-mediated recombination. Single-molecule tethered particle motion analysis showed a ∼2-fold increase in the lifetime of RAD51-ssDNA filaments in the presence of MCPH1. Thus, our study demonstrates direct crosstalk between microcephaly protein MCPH1 and the recombination component RAD51 for DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yen Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Lin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Yeh
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chi
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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21
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Liang Y, Yu L, Zhang D, Zhao X, Gao H, Slagle BL, Goss JA, Wang X, Li K, Lin SY. BRIT1 dysfunction confers synergistic inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases and PI3K. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1900-1918. [PMID: 32642299 PMCID: PMC7339272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BRIT1 has emerged as a novel key player in homologous recombination (HR). It is located in 8p23, a locus frequently deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we found that BRIT1-deficiency triggered genomic instability and tumor formation in our mouse model. Here we aim to determine whether BRIT1 aberrations are implicated in HCC and, if so, whether they can be used for targeted therapy with PARP inhibitors and other agents. We analyzed HCC samples for BRIT1 alterations at DNA, RNA and protein levels. BRIT1 was found deleted and/or downregulated in ~30% of HCC samples; BRIT1 mutant K659fsX10 identified in HCC abolished DNA repair function. Notably, BRIT1 deletion was correlated with poor survival and high recurrence of HCC. To determine the role of BRIT1 deficiency in potentiating the drug response, we subsequently generated BRIT1-deficient HCC cells, determined their HR defects, and assessed their response to the PARPi olaparib and PI3K inhibitor in vitro and in mice. BRIT1-deficient HCC cells were HR defective and hypersensitive to olaparib alone or in combination with PI3K inhibitor BEZ235, both in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of olaparib alone or in combination with BEZ235 was largely alleviated by ectopic BRIT1. We also found that BEZ235 markedly enhanced the production of poly (ADP-ribose) and the level of double-strand breaks (DSB) and single-strand breaks (SSB) in BRIT1-deficient cells. In summary, our results identify BRIT1 deficiency as a potential driver for HCC development, and BRIT1 status is critical to sensitivity to treatment with olaparib and/or BEZ235. PI3K inhibition induces substantial DNA damage and makes cells more dependent on PARP activity in the context of BRIT1 deficiency, thus, BRIT1 depletion facilitates enhancing synthetic lethality of PARP inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors in HCC. This study provides a new mechanistic foundation for significantly expanding the application of PARPi in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liang
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Lihou Yu
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Dongxiao Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong First Medical UniversityTai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Gao
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Betty L Slagle
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - John A Goss
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaiyi Li
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Shiaw-Yih Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
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22
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Sakamoto T, Sugiyama T, Yamashita T, Matsunaga S. Plant condensin II is required for the correct spatial relationship between centromeres and rDNA arrays. Nucleus 2020; 10:116-125. [PMID: 31092096 PMCID: PMC6527393 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2019.1616507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein complexes cohesin, condensin, and SMC5/6, which function in fundamental biological processes such as sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation and segregation, and damaged DNA repair. Recently, increasing evidence in several organisms has suggested that condensin is involved in chromatin organizations during interphase. In Arabidopsis thaliana, condensin II is localized in the nucleus throughout interphase and is suggested to be required for keeping centromeres apart and the assembly of euchromatic chromosome arms. However, it remains unclear how condensin II organizes chromatin associations. Here, we first showed the high possibility that the function of condensin II as a complex is required for the disassociation of centromeres. Analysis of the rDNA array distribution revealed that condensin II is also indispensable for the association of centromeres with rDNA arrays. Reduced axial compaction of chromosomes and impaired genome integrity in condensin II mutants are not related to the disruption of chromatin organization. In contrast, the axial compaction of chromosomes by condensin II produces the force leading to the disassociation of heterologous centromeres in Drosophila melanogaster. Taken together, our data imply that the condensin II function in chromatin organization differs among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sakamoto
- a Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan
| | - Tomoya Sugiyama
- a Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan
| | - Tomoe Yamashita
- a Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- a Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan
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23
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Diminished Condensin Gene Expression Drives Chromosome Instability That May Contribute to Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081066. [PMID: 31357676 PMCID: PMC6721357 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN), or constantly evolving chromosome complements, is a form of genome instability implicated in the development and progression of many cancer types, however, the molecular determinants of CIN remain poorly understood. Condensin is a protein complex involved in chromosome compaction, and recent studies in model organisms show that aberrant compaction adversely impacts mitotic fidelity. To systematically assess the clinical and fundamental impacts that reduced condensin gene expression have in cancer, we first assessed gene copy number alterations of all eight condensin genes. Using patient derived datasets, we show that shallow/deep deletions occur frequently in 12 common cancer types. Furthermore, we show that reduced expression of each gene is associated with worse overall survival in colorectal cancer patients. To determine the overall impact that reduced condensin gene expression has on CIN, a comprehensive siRNA-based screen was performed in two karyotypically stable cell lines. Following gene silencing, quantitative imaging microscopy identified increases in CIN-associated phenotypes, including changes in nuclear areas, micronucleus formation, and chromosome numbers. Although silencing corresponded with increases in CIN phenotypes, the most pronounced phenotypes were observed following SMC2 and SMC4 silencing. Collectively, our clinical and fundamental findings suggest reduced condensin expression and function may be a significant, yet, underappreciated driver of colorectal cancer.
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24
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Meyer SK, Dunn M, Vidler DS, Porter A, Blain PG, Jowsey PA. Phosphorylation of MCPH1 isoforms during mitosis followed by isoform-specific degradation by APC/C-CDH1. FASEB J 2019; 33:2796-2808. [PMID: 30303738 PMCID: PMC6338662 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microcephalin-1 (MCPH1) exists as 2 isoforms that regulate cyclin-dependent kinase-1 activation and chromosome condensation during mitosis, with MCPH1 mutations causing primary microcephaly. MCPH1 is also a tumor suppressor protein, with roles in DNA damage repair/checkpoints. Despite these important roles, there is little information on the cellular regulation of MCPH1. We show that both MCPH1 isoforms are phosphorylated in a cyclin-dependent kinase-1-dependent manner in mitosis and identify several novel phosphorylation sites. Upon mitotic exit, MCPH1 isoforms were degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-CDH1 E3 ligase complex. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-CDH1 target proteins generally have D-Box or KEN-Box degron sequences. We found that MCPH1 isoforms are degraded independently, with the long isoform degradation being D-Box dependent, whereas the short isoform was KEN-Box dependent. Our research identifies several novel mechanisms regulating MCPH1 and also highlights important issues with several commercial MCPH1 antibodies, with potential relevance to previously published data.-Meyer, S. K., Dunn, M., Vidler, D. S., Porter, A., Blain, P. G., Jowsey, P. A. Phosphorylation of MCPH1 isoforms during mitosis followed by isoform-specific degradation by APC/C-CDH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K. Meyer
- National Intitute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael Dunn
- National Intitute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniel S. Vidler
- National Intitute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew Porter
- Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Blain
- National Intitute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul A. Jowsey
- National Intitute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit for Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
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25
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Ohta S, Taniguchi T, Sato N, Hamada M, Taniguchi H, Rappsilber J. Quantitative Proteomics of the Mitotic Chromosome Scaffold Reveals the Association of BAZ1B with Chromosomal Axes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:169-181. [PMID: 30266865 PMCID: PMC6356081 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In mitosis, chromosomes achieve their characteristic shape through condensation, an essential process for proper segregation of the genome during cell division. A classical model for mitotic chromosome condensation proposes that non-histone proteins act as a structural framework called the chromosome scaffold. The components of the chromosome scaffold, such as DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) and structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 (SMC2), are necessary to generate stable mitotic chromosomes; however, the existence of this scaffold remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the protein composition of the chromosome scaffold. We used the DT40 chicken cell line to isolate mitotic chromosomes and extract the associated protein fraction, which could contain the chromosome scaffold. MS revealed a novel component of the chromosome scaffold, bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger 1B (BAZ1B), which was localized to the mitotic chromosome axis. Knocking out BAZ1B caused prophase delay because of altered chromosome condensation timing and mitosis progression errors, and the effect was aggravated if BAZ1A, a BAZ1B homolog, was simultaneously knocked out; however, protein composition of prometaphase chromosomes was normal. Our results suggest that BAZ1 proteins are essential for timely chromosome condensation at mitosis entry. Further characterization of the functional role of BAZ1 proteins would provide new insights into the timing of chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan;.
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuko Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mayako Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany;; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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26
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Wang HZ, Yang SH, Li GY, Cao X. Subunits of human condensins are potential therapeutic targets for cancers. Cell Div 2018; 13:2. [PMID: 29467813 PMCID: PMC5819170 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-018-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main role of condensins is to regulate chromosome condensation and segregation during cell cycles. Recently, it has been suggested in the literatures that subunits of condensin I and condensin II are involved in some human cancers. This paper will first briefly discuss discoveries of human condensins, their components and structures, and their multiple cellular functions. This will be followed by reviews of most recent studies on subunits of human condensins and their dysregulations or mutations in human cancers. It can be concluded that many of these subunits have potentials to be novel targets for cancer therapies. However, hCAP-D2, a subunit of human condensin I, has not been directly documented to be associated with any human cancers to date. This review hypothesizes that hCAP-D2 can also be a potential therapeutic target for human cancers, and therefore that all subunits of human condensins are potential therapeutic targets for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhen Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 P. R. China.,2Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 P. R. China.,3Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Si-Han Yang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 P. R. China
| | - Gui-Ying Li
- 2Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 P. R. China
| | - Xudong Cao
- 3Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Canada
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27
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Liu X, Zong W, Li T, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhou ZW, Wang ZQ. The E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C Cdh1 degrades MCPH1 after MCPH1-βTrCP2-Cdc25A-mediated mitotic entry to ensure neurogenesis. EMBO J 2017; 36:3666-3681. [PMID: 29150431 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of microcephalin (MCPH1) can cause the neurodevelopmental disorder primary microcephaly type 1. We previously showed that MCPH1 deletion in neural stem cells results in early mitotic entry that distracts cell division mode, leading to exhaustion of the progenitor pool. Here, we show that MCPH1 interacts with and promotes the E3 ligase βTrCP2 to degrade Cdc25A independent of DNA damage. Overexpression of βTrCP2 or the knockdown of Cdc25A remedies the high mitotic index and rescues the premature differentiation of Mcph1-deficient neuroprogenitors in vivo MCPH1 itself is degraded by APC/CCdh1, but not APC/CCdc20, in late mitosis and G1 phase. Forced MCPH1 expression causes cell death, underlining the importance of MCPH1 turnover after mitosis. Ectopic expression of Cdh1 leads to premature differentiation of neuroprogenitors, mimicking differentiation defects of Mcph1-knockout neuroprogenitors. The homeostasis of MCPH1 in association with the ubiquitin-proteasome system ensures mitotic entry independent of cell cycle checkpoint. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of how MCPH1 controls neural stem cell fate and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Wen Zong
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tangliang Li
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Division of Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center/Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany .,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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28
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Oligomerization and ATP stimulate condensin-mediated DNA compaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14279. [PMID: 29079757 PMCID: PMC5660149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale chromatin remodeling during mitosis is catalyzed by a heteropentameric enzyme known as condensin. The DNA-organizing mechanism of condensin depends on the energy of ATP hydrolysis but how this activity specifically promotes proper compaction and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis remains poorly understood. Purification of budding yeast condensin reveals that it occurs not only in the classical heteropentameric "monomer" form, but that it also adopts much larger configurations consistent with oligomerization. We use a single-DNA magnetic tweezers assay to study compaction of DNA by yeast condensin, with the result that only the multimer shows ATP-enhanced DNA-compaction. The compaction reaction involves step-like events of 200 nm (600 bp) size and is strongly suppressed by forces above 1 pN, consistent with a loop-capture mechanism for initial binding and compaction. The compaction reactions are largely insensitive to DNA torsional stress. Our results suggest a physiological role for oligomerized condensin in driving gradual chromatin compaction by step-like and slow "creeping" dynamics consistent with a loop-extrusion mechanism.
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29
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Calabrò M, Porcelli S, Crisafulli C, Wang SM, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Albani D, Raimondi I, Forloni G, Bin S, Mattiaccio A, Mantovani V, Jun TY, Pae CU, Serretti A. Genetic Variants Within Key Nodes of the Cascade of Antipsychotic Mechanisms: Effects on Antipsychotic Response and Schizophrenia Psychopathology in a Naturalistic Treatment Setting in Two Independent Korean and Italian Samples. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1482-1497. [PMID: 28508933 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders. Genetic factors play an important role in both SCZ liability and its treatment outcome. In the present paper, we investigated the effects of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ten strong candidate genes involved with antipsychotics (APs) mechanisms of action. METHODS Two independent samples were investigated in the present study. Totals of 176 SCZ subjects and 326 controls of Korean ancestry, and 83 SCZ subjects and 194 controls of Italian ancestry were recruited and genotyped. SCZ risk and other parameters were also investigated. RESULTS Concerning APs response, only a nominal association with HOMER1 rs3822568 in the Korean sample was found. In the haplotype analysis, rs9801117 C-rs12668837 C-rs4621754 A haplotype within ESYT2 and NCAPG2 genes was associated with APs response in the same sample. As for secondary outcomes, rs7439 within PKDCC and rs12668837 within NCAPG2 were associated with SCZ risk in the Italian sample. In the haplotype analysis, rs2788478 G-rs2657375 T-rs1039621 A within the region between WDR60 and ESYT genes and rs2013 C (ESYT2)-rs6459896 A (NCAPG2) haplotypes were associated with SCZ in the same sample. No association was found in the Korean sample. Finally, our exploratory data suggest a possible modulation of HOMER1, ARC, BDNF, TXNRD2, WDR60, and ESYT2 genes in the APs response to specific symptom clusters. CONCLUSION Our results did not support a primary role for the genes investigated in the APs response. On the other hand, our secondary results suggest a possible involvement of NACPG2 and PKDCC in SCZ liability. Finally, our exploratory findings may deserve further investigations in specific studies.
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30
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Barnhart-Dailey MC, Trivedi P, Stukenberg PT, Foltz DR. HJURP interaction with the condensin II complex during G1 promotes CENP-A deposition. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:54-64. [PMID: 27807043 PMCID: PMC5221629 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensin II interacts with human CENP-A chaperone HJURP and is present at centromeres in early G1. Condensin II, but not condensin I, is required for efficient CENP-A deposition in human cells. HJURP-induced chromatin decondensation at de novo centromeres is counteracted by the activity of condensin II. Centromeric chromatin is required for kinetochore assembly during mitosis and accurate chromosome segregation. A unique nucleosome containing the histone H3–specific variant CENP-A is the defining feature of centromeric chromatin. In humans, CENP-A nucleosome deposition occurs in early G1 just after mitotic exit at the time when the CENP-A deposition machinery localizes to centromeres. The mechanism by which CENP-A is deposited onto an existing, condensed chromatin template is not understood. Here we identify the selective association of the CENP-A chaperone HJURP with the condensin II complex and not condensin I. We show CAPH2 is present at centromeres during early G1 at the time when CENP-A deposition is occurring. CAPH2 localization to early G1 centromeres is dependent on HJURP. The CENP-A chaperone and assembly factor HJURP induces decondensation of a noncentromeric LacO array, and this decondensation is modulated by the condensin II complex. We show that condensin II function at the centromere is required for new CENP-A deposition in human cells. These data demonstrate that HJURP selectively recruits the condensin II chromatin-remodeling complex to facilitate CENP-A deposition in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Barnhart-Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Prasad Trivedi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - P Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908 .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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31
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Martin CA, Murray JE, Carroll P, Leitch A, Mackenzie KJ, Halachev M, Fetit AE, Keith C, Bicknell LS, Fluteau A, Gautier P, Hall EA, Joss S, Soares G, Silva J, Bober MB, Duker A, Wise CA, Quigley AJ, Phadke SR, Wood AJ, Vagnarelli P, Jackson AP. Mutations in genes encoding condensin complex proteins cause microcephaly through decatenation failure at mitosis. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2158-2172. [PMID: 27737959 PMCID: PMC5088565 DOI: 10.1101/gad.286351.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Martin et al. report that biallelic mutations in NCAPD2, NCAPH, or NCAPD3, encoding subunits of condensin complexes, cause microcephaly. Frequent anaphase chromatin bridge formation observed in apical neural progenitors during neurogenesis are the consequence of failed sister chromatid disentanglement during chromosome compaction. Compaction of chromosomes is essential for accurate segregation of the genome during mitosis. In vertebrates, two condensin complexes ensure timely chromosome condensation, sister chromatid disentanglement, and maintenance of mitotic chromosome structure. Here, we report that biallelic mutations in NCAPD2, NCAPH, or NCAPD3, encoding subunits of these complexes, cause microcephaly. In addition, hypomorphic Ncaph2 mice have significantly reduced brain size, with frequent anaphase chromatin bridge formation observed in apical neural progenitors during neurogenesis. Such DNA bridges also arise in condensin-deficient patient cells, where they are the consequence of failed sister chromatid disentanglement during chromosome compaction. This results in chromosome segregation errors, leading to micronucleus formation and increased aneuploidy in daughter cells. These findings establish “condensinopathies” as microcephalic disorders, with decatenation failure as an additional disease mechanism for microcephaly, implicating mitotic chromosome condensation as a key process ensuring mammalian cerebral cortex size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol-Anne Martin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie E Murray
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Carroll
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Leitch
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Mackenzie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Mihail Halachev
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed E Fetit
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Keith
- South East Scotland Cytogenetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Louise S Bicknell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Adeline Fluteau
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Emma A Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Genetic Service, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Soares
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), 4150 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael B Bober
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA
| | - Angela Duker
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas 75219, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas 75219, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas 75219, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75350, USA
| | - Alan J Quigley
- Department of Radiology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, United Kingdom
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | | | - Andrew J Wood
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Vagnarelli
- Biosciences, Research Institute for Health and Environment, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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32
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Wang J, Niu B, Huang J, Wang H, Yang X, Dong A, Makaroff C, Ma H, Wang Y. The PHD Finger Protein MMD1/DUET Ensures the Progression of Male Meiotic Chromosome Condensation and Directly Regulates the Expression of the Condensin Gene CAP-D3. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1894-909. [PMID: 27385818 PMCID: PMC5006699 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome condensation, a process mediated by the condensin complex, is essential for proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Unlike rapid mitotic chromosome condensation, meiotic chromosome condensation occurs over a relatively long prophase I and is unusually complex due to the coordination with chromosome axis formation and homolog interaction. The molecular mechanisms that regulate meiotic chromosome condensation progression from prophase I to metaphase I are unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana meiotic PHD-finger protein MMD1/DUET is required for progressive compaction of prophase I chromosomes to metaphase I bivalents. The MMD1 PHD domain is required for its function in chromosome condensation and binds to methylated histone tails. Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR showed that several condensin genes exhibit significantly reduced expression in mmd1 meiocytes. Furthermore, MMD1 specifically binds to the promoter region of the condensin subunit gene CAP-D3 to enhance its expression. Moreover, cap-d3 mutants exhibit similar chromosome condensation defects, revealing an MMD1-dependent mechanism for regulating meiotic chromosome condensation, which functions in part by promoting condensin gene expression. Together, these discoveries provide strong evidence that the histone reader MMD1/DUET defines an important step for regulating the progression of meiotic prophase I chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Baixiao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongkuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Aiwu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | | | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Liu X, Zhou ZW, Wang ZQ. The DNA damage response molecule MCPH1 in brain development and beyond. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:678-85. [PMID: 27197793 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephalin (MCPH1) is identified as being responsible for the neurodevelopmental disorder primary microcephaly type 1, which is characterized by a smaller-than-normal brain size and mental retardation. MCPH1 has originally been identified as an important regulator of telomere integrity and of cell cycle control. Genetic and cellular studies show that MCPH1 controls neurogenesis by coordinating the cell cycle and the centrosome cycle and thereby regulating the division mode of neuroprogenitors to prevent the exhaustion of the progenitor pool and thereby microcephaly. In addition to its role in neurogenesis, MCPH1 plays a role in gonad development. MCPH1 also functions as a tumor suppressor in several human cancers as well as in mouse models. Here, we review the role of MCPH1 in DNA damage response, cell cycle control, chromosome condensation and chromatin remodeling. We also summarize the studies on the biological functions of MCPH1 in brain size determination and in pathologies, including infertility and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Because the genome stores all genetic information required for growth and development, it is of pivotal importance to maintain DNA integrity, especially during cell division, when the genome is prone to replication errors and damage. Although over the last two decades it has become evident that the basic cell cycle toolbox of plants shares several similarities with those of fungi and mammals, plants appear to have evolved a set of distinct checkpoint regulators in response to different types of DNA stress. This might be a consequence of plants' sessile lifestyle, which exposes them to a set of unique DNA damage-inducing conditions. In this review, we highlight the types of DNA stress that plants typically experience and describe the plant-specific molecular mechanisms that control cell division in response to these stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Hu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Toon Cools
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Mantere T, Winqvist R, Kauppila S, Grip M, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Tervasmäki A, Rapakko K, Pylkäs K. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies a Recurrent Mutation in MCPH1 Associating with Hereditary Breast Cancer Susceptibility. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005816. [PMID: 26820313 PMCID: PMC4731077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is strongly influenced by hereditary risk factors, a majority of which still remain unknown. Here, we performed a targeted next-generation sequencing of 796 genes implicated in DNA repair in 189 Finnish breast cancer cases with indication of hereditary disease susceptibility and focused the analysis on protein truncating mutations. A recurrent heterozygous mutation (c.904_916del, p.Arg304ValfsTer3) was identified in early DNA damage response gene, MCPH1, significantly associating with breast cancer susceptibility both in familial (5/145, 3.4%, P = 0.003, OR 8.3) and unselected cases (16/1150, 1.4%, P = 0.016, OR 3.3). A total of 21 mutation positive families were identified, of which one-third exhibited also brain tumors and/or sarcomas (P = 0.0007). Mutation carriers exhibited significant increase in genomic instability assessed by cytogenetic analysis for spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements in peripheral blood lymphocytes (P = 0.0007), suggesting an effect for MCPH1 haploinsufficiency on cancer susceptibility. Furthermore, 40% of the mutation carrier tumors exhibited loss of the wild-type allele. These findings collectively provide strong evidence for MCHP1 being a novel breast cancer susceptibility gene, which warrants further investigations in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Mantere
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail: (RW); (KP)
| | - Saila Kauppila
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mervi Grip
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Tervasmäki
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katrin Rapakko
- Laboratory of Genetics, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail: (RW); (KP)
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Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of homologous recombination DNA repair. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3361. [PMID: 24553445 PMCID: PMC4017859 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) repair deficiency predisposes to cancer development, but also sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damage-inducing therapeutics. Here we identify an HR defect (HRD) gene signature that can be used to functionally assess HR repair status without interrogating individual genetic alterations in cells. By using this HRD gene signature as a functional network analysis tool, we discover that simultaneous loss of two major tumour suppressors BRCA1 and PTEN extensively rewire the HR repair-deficient phenotype, which is found in cells with defects in either BRCA1 or PTEN alone. Moreover, the HRD gene signature serves as an effective drug discovery platform to identify agents targeting HR repair as potential chemo/radio sensitizers. More importantly, this HRD gene signature is able to predict clinical outcomes across multiple cancer lineages. Our findings, therefore, provide a molecular profile of HR repair to assess its status at a functional network level, which can provide both biological insights and have clinical implications in cancer.
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Abstract
The centrosome was discovered in the late 19th century when mitosis was first described. Long recognized as a key organelle of the spindle pole, its core component, the centriole, was realized more than 50 or so years later also to comprise the basal body of the cilium. Here, we chart the more recent acquisition of a molecular understanding of centrosome structure and function. The strategies for gaining such knowledge were quickly developed in the yeasts to decipher the structure and function of their distinctive spindle pole bodies. Only within the past decade have studies with model eukaryotes and cultured cells brought a similar degree of sophistication to our understanding of the centrosome duplication cycle and the multiple roles of this organelle and its component parts in cell division and signaling. Now as we begin to understand these functions in the context of development, the way is being opened up for studies of the roles of centrosomes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Fu
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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Molecular and cellular basis of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:547986. [PMID: 25548773 PMCID: PMC4274849 DOI: 10.1155/2014/547986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a marked reduction in brain size and intellectual disability. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous and can exhibit additional clinical features that overlap with related disorders including Seckel syndrome, Meier-Gorlin syndrome, and microcephalic osteodysplastic dwarfism. In this review, we discuss the key proteins mutated in MCPH. To date, MCPH-causing mutations have been identified in twelve different genes, many of which encode proteins that are involved in cell cycle regulation or are present at the centrosome, an organelle crucial for mitotic spindle assembly and cell division. We highlight recent findings on MCPH proteins with regard to their role in cell cycle progression, centrosome function, and early brain development.
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Kim JH, Shim J, Ji MJ, Jung Y, Bong SM, Jang YJ, Yoon EK, Lee SJ, Kim KG, Kim YH, Lee C, Lee BI, Kim KT. The condensin component NCAPG2 regulates microtubule-kinetochore attachment through recruitment of Polo-like kinase 1 to kinetochores. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4588. [PMID: 25109385 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The early event of microtubule-kinetochore attachment is a critical stage for precise chromosome segregation. Here we report that NCAPG2, which is a component of the condensin II complex, mediates chromosome segregation through microtubule-kinetochore attachment by recruiting PLK1 to prometaphase kinetochores. NCAPG2 colocalizes with PLK1 at prometaphase kinetochores and directly interacts with the polo-box domain (PBD) of PLK1 via its highly conserved C-terminal region. In both humans and Caenorhabditis elegans, when NCAPG2 is depleted, the attachment of the spindle to the kinetochore is loosened and misoriented. This is caused by the disruption of PLK1 localization to the kinetochore and by the decreased phosphorylation of its kinetochore substrate, BubR1. In addition, the crystal structure of the PBD of PLK1, in complex with the C-terminal region of NCAPG2, (1007)VLS-pT-L(1011), exhibits structural conservation of PBD-phosphopeptides, suggesting that the regulation of NCAPG2 function is phosphorylation-dependent. These findings suggest that NCAPG2 plays an important role in regulating proper chromosome segregation through a functional interaction with PLK1 during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeong Kim
- 1] Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea [2]
| | - Jaegal Shim
- 1] Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea [2]
| | - Min-Ju Ji
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Jung
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Min Bong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction, Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Yoon
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Gi Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Hui Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
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Li P, Jin H, Yu HG. Condensin suppresses recombination and regulates double-strand break processing at the repetitive ribosomal DNA array to ensure proper chromosome segregation during meiosis in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2934-47. [PMID: 25103240 PMCID: PMC4230583 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensin undergoes a sequestration, release, and reloading cycle at the rDNA array in budding yeast meiosis. It regulates rDNA stability by suppressing double-strand break (DSB) formation and promoting DSB processing. During meiosis, homologues are linked by crossover, which is required for bipolar chromosome orientation before chromosome segregation at anaphase I. The repetitive ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array, however, undergoes little or no meiotic recombination. Hyperrecombination can cause chromosome missegregation and rDNA copy number instability. We report here that condensin, a conserved protein complex required for chromosome organization, regulates double-strand break (DSB) formation and repair at the rDNA gene cluster during meiosis in budding yeast. Condensin is highly enriched at the rDNA region during prophase I, released at the prophase I/metaphase I transition, and reassociates with rDNA before anaphase I onset. We show that condensin plays a dual role in maintaining rDNA stability: it suppresses the formation of Spo11-mediated rDNA breaks, and it promotes DSB processing to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Condensin is unnecessary for the export of rDNA breaks outside the nucleolus but required for timely repair of meiotic DSBs. Our work reveals that condensin coordinates meiotic recombination with chromosome segregation at the repetitive rDNA sequence, thereby maintaining genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370
| | - Hong-Guo Yu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370
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Wang N, Lu H, Chen W, Gan M, Cao X, Zhang J, Chen L. Primary microcephaly gene MCPH1 shows a novel molecular biomarker of human renal carcinoma and is regulated by miR-27a. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4895-4903. [PMID: 25197360 PMCID: PMC4152050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcephalin 1 (MCPH1) gene, initially identified as an hTERT repressor, result in two autosomal recessive disorders: primary microcephaly and premature chromosome condensation syndrome. Recently, several studies have found that MCPH1 has also been shown to be downregulated in several different types of human cancers, suggesting that it could also function as a tumor suppressor gene and a novel molecular biomarker of human cancers. To investigate its potential role in the human renal carcinoma progression, we evaluated the expression of protein MCPH1 in 188 renal cancer and 20 normal renal tissues from 188 patients with renal cancer and 20 healthy persons by immunohistochemistry. Positive MCPH1 staining was found in all normal renal samples and partly in cancerous tissues. But MCPH1-positive cells resulted significantly lower in renal carcinoma tissues compared with normal tissues. We further observed that overexpression of MCPH1 decreased cellular proliferation, cell migration and invasion and induced cell apoptosis, indicating it is tumor suppressor. Using bioinformatics approaches and luciferase reporter assay, we showed that the 3'-UTR of MCPH1 harbors two non-overlapping functional seed regions for miR-27 which negatively regulated its level. The expression level of miR-27a negatively correlated with the MCPH1 protein level in renal cancer. Our study indicates for the first time that, in addition to its role in brain development, MCPH1 also functions as a tumor suppressor gene and is directly regulated by miR-27a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShaoxing, China
| | - Hongsheng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical GroupTaizhou, China
| | - Weifei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical GroupLinhai, China
| | - Meifu Gan
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical GroupLinhai, China
| | - Xuequan Cao
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical GroupTaizhou, China
| | - Jushi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShaoxing, China
| | - Lanxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital of Taizhou Enze Medical GroupTaizhou, China
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Hériché JK, Lees JG, Morilla I, Walter T, Petrova B, Roberti MJ, Hossain MJ, Adler P, Fernández JM, Krallinger M, Haering CH, Vilo J, Valencia A, Ranea JA, Orengo C, Ellenberg J. Integration of biological data by kernels on graph nodes allows prediction of new genes involved in mitotic chromosome condensation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2522-36. [PMID: 24943848 PMCID: PMC4142622 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-04-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi)-based screens puts us in the position to identify genes for all functions human cells carry out. However, for many functions, assay complexity and cost make genome-scale knockdown experiments impossible. Methods to predict genes required for cell functions are therefore needed to focus RNAi screens from the whole genome on the most likely candidates. Although different bioinformatics tools for gene function prediction exist, they lack experimental validation and are therefore rarely used by experimentalists. To address this, we developed an effective computational gene selection strategy that represents public data about genes as graphs and then analyzes these graphs using kernels on graph nodes to predict functional relationships. To demonstrate its performance, we predicted human genes required for a poorly understood cellular function-mitotic chromosome condensation-and experimentally validated the top 100 candidates with a focused RNAi screen by automated microscopy. Quantitative analysis of the images demonstrated that the candidates were indeed strongly enriched in condensation genes, including the discovery of several new factors. By combining bioinformatics prediction with experimental validation, our study shows that kernels on graph nodes are powerful tools to integrate public biological data and predict genes involved in cellular functions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Karim Hériché
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jon G Lees
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Morilla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry-CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, University of Malaga, Malaga 29071, Spain
| | - Thomas Walter
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Julia Roberti
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Julius Hossain
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Priit Adler
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - José M Fernández
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre and Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Krallinger
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre and Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian H Haering
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre and Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Ranea
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry-CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, University of Malaga, Malaga 29071, Spain
| | - Christine Orengo
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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The overexpression of MCPH1 inhibits cell growth through regulating cell cycle-related proteins and activating cytochrome c-caspase 3 signaling in cervical cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:95-107. [PMID: 24633962 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MCPH1, initially identified as an hTERT repressor, has recently been implicated in mediating DNA damage response and maintaining chromosome integrity. This study is to investigate its potential role in the onset of cervical cancer. In the study, decreased expression of MCPH1 was observed in 19 of 31 cases (61.3%) at mRNA level and 44 of 63 cases (69.8%) at protein level of cervical tumor tissues compared with the paired nontumor tissues. Reduced MCPH1 protein expression was significantly associated with high-tumor grade (1 vs. 3 P = 0.013; 2 vs. 3 P = 0.047). In addition to inhibit SiHa cell migration and invasion, the overexpression of MCPH1 inhibited cervical cancer cells growth through inducing S phase arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis. Further analysis demonstrated cyclinA2/CDK2, CDC25C-cyclinB/CDC2, and p53/p21 pathways were involved in the MCPH1 overexpression-induced S phase arrest. Moreover, the overexpression of MCPH1 activated mitochondrial apoptosis through regulating several apoptosis-related proteins such as p53, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3, and PARP-1. Our findings indicate that downregulated MCPH1 correlates with tumor progression in cervical cancer, and MCPH1 has an important role in regulating cell growth through regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, it may be a crucial tumor suppressor gene and a novel candidate therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
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Venkatesh T, Suresh PS. Emerging roles of MCPH1: expedition from primary microcephaly to cancer. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:98-105. [PMID: 24560403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations in microcephalin1 (MCPH1) cause primary autosomal recessive microcephaly which is characterized by a marked reduction in brain size. MCPH1 encodes a centrosomal protein with three BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminal) domains. Also, it is a key regulator of DNA repair pathway and cell cycle checkpoints. Interestingly, in the past few years, many research studies have explored the role of MCPH1, a neurodevelopmental gene in several cancers and its tumor suppressor functions have been elucidated. Given the diverse new emerging roles, it becomes critical to review and summarize the multiple roles of MCPH1 that is currently lacking in the literature. In this review after systematic analysis of literature, we summarise the multiple functional roles of MCPH1 in centrosomal, DNA repair and apoptotic pathways. Additionally, we discuss the considerable efforts taken to understand the implications of MCPH1 in diseases such as primary microcephaly and its other emerging association with cancer and otitis media. The promising view is that MCPH1 has distinct roles and its clinical associations in various diseases makes it an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Loss of Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA1 promotes genome stability during replication in smc-5 mutants. Genetics 2014; 196:985-99. [PMID: 24424777 PMCID: PMC3982690 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.158295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage by ultraviolet (UV) light poses a risk for mutagenesis and a potential hindrance for cell cycle progression. Cells cope with UV-induced DNA damage through two general strategies to repair the damaged nucleotides and to promote cell cycle progression in the presence of UV-damaged DNA. Defining the genetic pathways and understanding how they function together to enable effective tolerance to UV remains an important area of research. The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins form distinct complexes that maintain genome stability during chromosome segregation, homologous recombination, and DNA replication. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified two alleles of smc-5 that exacerbate UV sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Germ cells of smc-5-defective animals show reduced proliferation, sensitivity to perturbed replication, chromatin bridge formation, and accumulation of RAD-51 foci that indicate the activation of homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks. Mutations in the translesion synthesis polymerase polh-1 act synergistically with smc-5 mutations in provoking genome instability after UV-induced DNA damage. In contrast, the DNA damage accumulation and sensitivity of smc-5 mutant strains to replication impediments are suppressed by mutations in the C. elegans BRCA1/BARD1 homologs, brc-1 and brd-1. We propose that SMC-5/6 promotes replication fork stability and facilitates recombination-dependent repair when the BRC-1/BRD-1 complex initiates homologous recombination at stalled replication forks. Our data suggest that BRC-1/BRD-1 can both promote and antagonize genome stability depending on whether homologous recombination is initiated during DNA double-strand break repair or during replication stalling.
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46
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Wallace HA, Bosco G. Condensins and 3D Organization of the Interphase Nucleus. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013; 1:219-229. [PMID: 24563825 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Condensins are conserved multi-subunit protein complexes that participate in eukaryotic genome organization. Well known for their role in mitotic chromosome condensation, condensins have recently emerged as integral components of diverse interphase processes. Recent evidence shows that condensins are involved in chromatin organization, gene expression, and DNA repair and indicates similarities between the interphase and mitotic functions of condensin. Recent work has enhanced our knowledge of how chromatin architecture is dynamically regulated by condensin to impact essential cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Wallace
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 609 Vail, HB 7400, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 609 Vail, HB 7400, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Perche O, Menuet A, Marcos M, Liu L, Pâris A, Utami KH, Kervran D, Cacheux V, Laudier B, Briault S. Combined deletion of two Condensin II system genes (NCAPG2 and MCPH1) in a case of severe microcephaly and mental deficiency. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:635-41. [PMID: 24013099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
7qter deletion syndrome includes prenatal and/or postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, psychomotor delay or mental retardation and a characteristic dysmorphism. If clinical features are well described, the molecular mechanisms underlying the 7qter deletion syndrome remain unknown. Those deletions usually arise de novo. Here, we describe a young boy with an abnormal phenotype consistent with a 7qter deletion syndrome. High resolution genomic analysis (Affymetrix Human Genome Wide SNP 6.0) revealed a 7q36.3 deletion encompassing NCAPG2, ESYT2, WDR60 and VIPR2, inherited from his asymptomatic father and paternal grandfather. In addition, the patient also harbored a MCPH1 deletion inherited from his healthy mother. Combined NCAPG2 and MCPH1 deletions were correlated with low mRNA levels and protein expression in the patient. MCPH1 and NCAPG2 proteins interaction is known to control chromosome structure and we thus propose that double heterozygosity for null mutations of those two genes of the Condensin II system contribute to mental deficiency with severe microcephaly phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Perche
- UMR7355, CNRS, Orleans, France; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, 3b rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France; Genetic Department, Regional Hospital, 14 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 45100 Orleans, France
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Gilmore EC, Walsh CA. Genetic causes of microcephaly and lessons for neuronal development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 2:461-78. [PMID: 24014418 PMCID: PMC3767923 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study of human developmental microcephaly is providing important insights into brain development. It has become clear that developmental microcephalies are associated with abnormalities in cellular production, and that the pathophysiology of microcephaly provides remarkable insights into how the brain generates the proper number of neurons that determine brain size. Most of the genetic causes of 'primary' developmental microcephaly (i.e., not associated with other syndromic features) are associated with centrosomal abnormalities. In addition to other functions, centrosomal proteins control the mitotic spindle, which is essential for normal cell proliferation during mitosis. However, the brain is often uniquely affected when microcephaly genes are mutated implying special centrosomal-related functions in neuronal production. Although models explaining how this could occur have some compelling data, they are not without controversy. Interestingly, some of the microcephaly genes show evidence that they were targets of evolutionary selection in primates and human ancestors, suggesting potential evolutionary roles in controlling neuronal number and brain volume across species. Mutations in DNA repair pathway genes also lead to microcephaly. Double-stranded DNA breaks appear to be a prominent type of damage that needs to be repaired during brain development, yet why defects in DNA repair affect the brain preferentially and if DNA repair relates to centrosome function, are not clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Gilmore
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Shi L, Li M, Lin Q, Qi X, Su B. Functional divergence of the brain-size regulating gene MCPH1 during primate evolution and the origin of humans. BMC Biol 2013; 11:62. [PMID: 23697381 PMCID: PMC3674976 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the key genes that regulate human brain size, MCPH1 has evolved under strong Darwinian positive selection during the evolution of primates. During this evolution, the divergence of MCPH1 protein sequences among primates may have caused functional changes that contribute to brain enlargement. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, we used co-immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays to examine the activating and repressing effects of MCPH1 on a set of its down-stream genes and then compared the functional outcomes of a series of mutant MCPH1 proteins that carry mutations at the human- and great-ape-specific sites. The results demonstrate that the regulatory effects of human MCPH1 and rhesus macaque MCPH1 are different in three of eight down-stream genes tested (p73, cyclinE1 and p14ARF), suggesting a functional divergence of MCPH1 between human and non-human primates. Further analyses of the mutant MCPH1 proteins indicated that most of the human-specific mutations could change the regulatory effects on the down-stream genes. A similar result was also observed for one of the four great-ape-specific mutations. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we propose that during primate evolution in general and human evolution in particular, the divergence of MCPH1 protein sequences under Darwinian positive selection led to functional modifications, providing a possible molecular mechanism of how MCPH1 contributed to brain enlargement during primate evolution and human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China
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