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Johnson LA, Jackson DG. Hyaluronan and Its Receptors: Key Mediators of Immune Cell Entry and Trafficking in the Lymphatic System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082061. [PMID: 34440831 PMCID: PMC8393520 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry to the afferent lymphatics marks the first committed step for immune cell migration from tissues to draining lymph nodes both for the generation of immune responses and for timely resolution of tissue inflammation. This critical process occurs primarily at specialised discontinuous junctions in initial lymphatic capillaries, directed by chemokines released from lymphatic endothelium and orchestrated by adhesion between lymphatic receptors and their immune cell ligands. Prominent amongst the latter is the large glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) that can form a bulky glycocalyx on the surface of certain tissue-migrating leucocytes and whose engagement with its key lymphatic receptor LYVE-1 mediates docking and entry of dendritic cells to afferent lymphatics. Here we outline the latest insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the HA glycocalyx together with LYVE-1 and the related leucocyte receptor CD44 co-operate in immune cell entry, and how the process is facilitated by the unusual character of LYVE-1 • HA-binding interactions. In addition, we describe how pro-inflammatory breakdown products of HA may also contribute to lymphatic entry by transducing signals through LYVE-1 for lymphangiogenesis and increased junctional permeability. Lastly, we outline some future perspectives and highlight the LYVE-1 • HA axis as a potential target for immunotherapy.
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Scavenius C, Poulsen EC, Thøgersen IB, Roebuck M, Frostick S, Bou-Gharios G, Yamamoto K, Deleuran B, Enghild JJ. Matrix-degrading protease ADAMTS-5 cleaves inter-α-inhibitor and releases active heavy chain 2 in synovial fluids from arthritic patients. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15495-15504. [PMID: 31484722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Destruction of the cartilage matrix in joints is an important feature of arthritis. Proteolytic degradation of cartilage glycoproteins can contribute to the loss of matrix integrity. Human inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), which stabilizes the extracellular matrix, is composed of the light-chain serine proteinase inhibitor bikunin and two homologous heavy chains (HC1 and HC2) covalently linked through chondroitin 4-sulfate. Inflammation promotes the transfer of HCs from chondroitin 4-sulfate to hyaluronan by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 protein (TSG-6). This reaction generates a covalent complex between the heavy chains and hyaluronan that can promote leukocyte invasion. This study demonstrates that both IαI and the HC-hyaluronan complex are substrates for the extracellular matrix proteases ADAMTS-5 and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) -3, -7, and -13. The major cleavage sites for all four proteases are found in the C terminus of HC2. ADAMTS-5 and MMP-7 displayed the highest activity toward HC2. ADAMTS-5 degradation products were identified in mass spectrometric analysis of 29 of 33 arthropathic patients, indicating that ADAMTS-5 cleavage occurs in synovial fluid in arthritis. After cleavage, free HC2, together with TSG-6, is able to catalyze the transfer of heavy chains to hyaluronan. The release of extracellular matrix bound HC2 is likely to increase the mobility of the HC2/TSG-6 catalytic unit and consequently increase the rate of the HC transfer reaction. Ultimately, ADAMTS-5 cleavage of HC2 could alter the physiological and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix and contribute to the progression of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Margaret Roebuck
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Frostick
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Sivakumar A, Mahadevan A, Lauer ME, Narvaez RJ, Ramesh S, Demler CM, Souchet NR, Hascall VC, Midura RJ, Garantziotis S, Frank DB, Kimata K, Kurpios NA. Midgut Laterality Is Driven by Hyaluronan on the Right. Dev Cell 2018; 46:533-551.e5. [PMID: 30174180 PMCID: PMC6207194 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For many years, biologists have focused on the role of Pitx2, expressed on the left side of developing embryos, in governing organ laterality. Here, we identify a different pathway during left-right asymmetry initiated by the right side of the embryo. Surprisingly, this conserved mechanism is orchestrated by the extracellular glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA) and is independent of Pitx2 on the left. Whereas HA is normally synthesized bilaterally as a simple polysaccharide, we show that covalent modification of HA by the enzyme Tsg6 on the right triggers distinct cell behavior necessary to drive the conserved midgut rotation and to pattern gut vasculature. HA disruption in chicken and Tsg6-/- mice results in failure to initiate midgut rotation and perturbs vascular development predisposing to midgut volvulus. Our study leads us to revise the current symmetry-breaking paradigm in vertebrates and demonstrates how enzymatic modification of HA matrices can execute the blueprint of organ laterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aparna Mahadevan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ricky J Narvaez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Siddesh Ramesh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cora M Demler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nathan R Souchet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ron J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Koji Kimata
- Institute of Molecular Medical Sciences, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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4
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Rapid clearance of heavy chain-modified hyaluronan during resolving acute lung injury. Respir Res 2018; 19:107. [PMID: 29855321 PMCID: PMC5984366 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several inflammatory lung diseases display abundant presence of hyaluronic acid (HA) bound to heavy chains (HC) of serum protein inter-alpha-inhibitor (IαI) in the extracellular matrix. The HC-HA modification is critical to neutrophil sequestration in liver sinusoids and to survival during experimental lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. Therefore, the covalent HC-HA binding, which is exclusively mediated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-stimulated-gene-6 (TSG-6), may play an important role in the onset or the resolution of lung inflammation in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by respiratory infection. METHODS Reversible ALI was induced by a single intratracheal instillation of LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice and outcomes were studied for up to six days. We measured in the lung or the bronchoalveolar fluid HC-HA formation, HA immunostaining localization and roughness, HA fragment abundance, and markers of lung inflammation and lung injury. We also assessed TSG-6 secretion by TNFα- or LPS-stimulated human alveolar macrophages, lung fibroblast Wi38, and bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. RESULTS Extensive HC-modification of lung HA, localized predominantly in the peri-broncho-vascular extracellular matrix, was notable early during the onset of inflammation and was markedly decreased during its resolution. Whereas human alveolar macrophages secreted functional TSG-6 following both TNFα and LPS stimulation, fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells responded to only TNFα. Compared to wild type, TSG-6-KO mice, which lacked HC-modified HA, exhibited modest increases in inflammatory cells in the lung, but no significant differences in markers of lung inflammation or injury, including histopathological lung injury scores. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory infection induces rapid HC modification of HA followed by fragmentation and clearance, with kinetics that parallel the onset and resolution phase of ALI, respectively. Alveolar macrophages may be an important source of pulmonary TSG-6 required for HA remodeling. The formation of HC-modified HA had a minor role in the onset, severity, or resolution of experimental reversible ALI induced by respiratory infection with gram-negative bacteria.
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Day AJ, Milner CM. TSG-6: A multifunctional protein with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:60-83. [PMID: 29362135 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is an inflammation-associated secreted protein that has been implicated as having important and diverse tissue protective and anti-inflammatory properties, e.g. mediating many of the immunomodulatory and beneficial activities of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. TSG-6 is constitutively expressed in some tissues, which are either highly metabolically active or subject to challenges from the environment, perhaps providing protection in these contexts. The diversity of its functions are dependent on the binding of TSG-6 to numerous ligands, including matrix molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, as well as immune regulators and growth factors that themselves interact with these linear polysaccharides. It is becoming apparent that TSG-6 can directly affect matrix structure and modulate the way extracellular signalling molecules interact with matrix. In this review, we focus mainly on the literature for TSG-6 over the last 10 years, summarizing its expression, structure, ligand-binding properties, biological functions and highlighting TSG-6's potential as a therapeutic for a broad range of disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Lawrance W, Banerji S, Day AJ, Bhattacharjee S, Jackson DG. Binding of Hyaluronan to the Native Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Receptor LYVE-1 Is Critically Dependent on Receptor Clustering and Hyaluronan Organization. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8014-30. [PMID: 26823460 PMCID: PMC4825007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelial receptor LYVE-1 has been implicated in both uptake of hyaluronan (HA) from tissue matrix and in facilitating transit of leukocytes and tumor cells through lymphatic vessels based largely on in vitro studies with recombinant receptor in transfected fibroblasts. Curiously, however, LYVE-1 in lymphatic endothelium displays little if any binding to HA in vitro, and this has led to the conclusion that the native receptor is functionally silenced, a feature that is difficult to reconcile with its proposed in vivo functions. Nonetheless, as we reported recently, LYVE-1 can function as a receptor for HA-encapsulated Group A streptococci and mediate lymphatic dissemination in mice. Here we resolve these paradoxical findings and show that the capacity of LYVE-1 to bind HA is strictly dependent on avidity, demanding appropriate receptor self-association and/or HA multimerization. In particular, we demonstrate the prerequisite of a critical LYVE-1 threshold density and show that HA binding may be elicited in lymphatic endothelium by surface clustering with divalent LYVE-1 mAbs. In addition, we show that cross-linking of biotinylated HA in streptavidin multimers or supramolecular complexes with the inflammation-induced protein TSG-6 enables binding even in the absence of LYVE-1 cross-linking. Finally, we show that endogenous HA on the surface of macrophages can engage LYVE-1, facilitating their adhesion and transit across lymphatic endothelium. These results reveal LYVE-1 as a low affinity receptor tuned to discriminate between different HA configurations through avidity and establish a new mechanistic basis for the functions ascribed to LYVE-1 in matrix HA binding and leukocyte trafficking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lawrance
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - Suneale Banerji
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - Anthony J Day
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Shaumick Bhattacharjee
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - David G Jackson
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
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7
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Briggs DC, Birchenough HL, Ali T, Rugg MS, Waltho JP, Ievoli E, Jowitt TA, Enghild JJ, Richter RP, Salustri A, Milner CM, Day AJ. Metal Ion-dependent Heavy Chain Transfer Activity of TSG-6 Mediates Assembly of the Cumulus-Oocyte Matrix. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28708-23. [PMID: 26468290 PMCID: PMC4661386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) has a critical role in the expansion of the cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC), a process that is necessary for ovulation and fertilization in most mammals. Hyaluronan is organized into a cross-linked network by the cooperative action of three proteins, inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), pentraxin-3, and TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), driving the expansion of the COC and providing the cumulus matrix with its required viscoelastic properties. Although it is known that matrix stabilization involves the TSG-6-mediated transfer of IαI heavy chains (HCs) onto hyaluronan (to form covalent HC·HA complexes that are cross-linked by pentraxin-3) and that this occurs via the formation of covalent HC·TSG-6 intermediates, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we have determined the tertiary structure of the CUB module from human TSG-6, identifying a calcium ion-binding site and chelating glutamic acid residue that mediate the formation of HC·TSG-6. This occurs via an initial metal ion-dependent, non-covalent, interaction between TSG-6 and HCs that also requires the presence of an HC-associated magnesium ion. In addition, we have found that the well characterized hyaluronan-binding site in the TSG-6 Link module is not used for recognition during transfer of HCs onto HA. Analysis of TSG-6 mutants (with impaired transferase and/or hyaluronan-binding functions) revealed that although the TSG-6-mediated formation of HC·HA complexes is essential for the expansion of mouse COCs in vitro, the hyaluronan-binding function of TSG-6 does not play a major role in the stabilization of the murine cumulus matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Briggs
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Holly L Birchenough
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Ali
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Marilyn S Rugg
- the Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P Waltho
- the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ievoli
- the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Enghild
- the Department of Molecular Chemistry, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain, the Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France, and the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonietta Salustri
- the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Caroline M Milner
- the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Day
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom,
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8
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Cowman MK, Schmidt TA, Raghavan P, Stecco A. Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions. F1000Res 2015; 4:622. [PMID: 26594344 PMCID: PMC4648226 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6885.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is particularly abundant in soft connective tissues. Solutions of HA can be highly viscous with non-Newtonian flow properties. These properties affect the movement of HA-containing fluid layers within and underlying the deep fascia. Changes in the concentration, molecular weight, or even covalent modification of HA in inflammatory conditions, as well as changes in binding interactions with other macromolecules, can have dramatic effects on the sliding movement of fascia. The high molecular weight and the semi-flexible chain of HA are key factors leading to the high viscosity of dilute solutions, and real HA solutions show additional nonideality and greatly increased viscosity due to mutual macromolecular crowding. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity, and the viscoelasticity of HA solutions, depend on the relaxation time of the molecule, which in turn depends on the HA concentration and molecular weight. Temperature can also have an effect on these properties. High viscosity can additionally affect the lubricating function of HA solutions. Immobility can increase the concentration of HA, increase the viscosity, and reduce lubrication and gliding of the layers of connective tissue and muscle. Over time, these changes can alter both muscle structure and function. Inflammation can further increase the viscosity of HA-containing fluids if the HA is modified via covalent attachment of heavy chains derived from Inter-α-Inhibitor. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes HA, thus reducing its molecular weight, lowering the viscosity of the extracellular matrix fluid and making outflow easier. It can also disrupt any aggregates or gel-like structures that result from HA being modified. Hyaluronidase is used medically primarily as a dispersion agent, but may also be useful in conditions where altered viscosity of the fascia is desired, such as in the treatment of muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Cowman
- Biomatrix Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Schulich School of Engineering - Centre for Bioengineering Research & Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Preeti Raghavan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Stecco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, 35100, Italy
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9
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Baranova NS, Inforzato A, Briggs DC, Tilakaratna V, Enghild JJ, Thakar D, Milner CM, Day AJ, Richter RP. Incorporation of pentraxin 3 into hyaluronan matrices is tightly regulated and promotes matrix cross-linking. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30481-30498. [PMID: 25190808 PMCID: PMC4215230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are surrounded by a highly hydrated hyaluronan (HA)-rich extracellular matrix with embedded cumulus cells, forming the cumulus cell·oocyte complex (COC) matrix. The correct assembly, stability, and mechanical properties of this matrix, which are crucial for successful ovulation, transport of the COC to the oviduct, and its fertilization, depend on the interaction between HA and specific HA-organizing proteins. Although the proteins inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) have been identified as being critical for COC matrix formation, its supramolecular organization and the molecular mechanism of COC matrix stabilization remain unknown. Here we used films of end-grafted HA as a model system to investigate the molecular interactions involved in the formation and stabilization of HA matrices containing TSG-6, IαI, and PTX3. We found that PTX3 binds neither to HA alone nor to HA films containing TSG-6. This long pentraxin also failed to bind to products of the interaction between IαI, TSG-6, and HA, among which are the covalent heavy chain (HC)·HA and HC·TSG-6 complexes, despite the fact that both IαI and TSG-6 are ligands of PTX3. Interestingly, prior encounter with IαI was required for effective incorporation of PTX3 into TSG-6-loaded HA films. Moreover, we demonstrated that this ternary protein mixture made of IαI, PTX3, and TSG-6 is sufficient to promote formation of a stable (i.e. cross-linked) yet highly hydrated HA matrix. We propose that this mechanism is essential for correct assembly of the COC matrix and may also have general implications in other inflammatory processes that are associated with HA cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Viranga Tilakaratna
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dhruv Thakar
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France, and
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain,; Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France, and; Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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10
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Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF, Hascall V, Kao W. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells suppress host rejection: the role of the glycocalyx. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23465-81. [PMID: 24986866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) have unique immunosuppressive properties enabling them to evade host rejection and making them valuable tools for cell therapy. We previously showed that human UMSCs survive xenograft transplantation and successfully correct the corneal clouding defects associated with the mouse model for the congenital metabolic disorder mucopolysaccharidosis VII. However, the precise mechanism by which UMSCs suppress the immune system remains elusive. This study aimed to determine the key components involved in the ability of the UMSCs to modulate the inflammatory system and to identify the inflammatory cells that are regulated by the UMSCs. Our results show that human UMSCs transplanted into the mouse stroma 24 h after an alkali burn suppress the severe inflammatory response and enable the recovery of corneal transparency within 2 weeks. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vitro that UMSCs inhibit the adhesion and invasion of inflammatory cells and also the polarization of M1 macrophages. UMSCs also induced the maturation of T-regulatory cells and led to inflammatory cell death. Moreover, UMSCs exposed to inflammatory cells synthesize a rich extracellular glycocalyx composed of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican bound to a heavy chain (HC)-modified hyaluronan (HA) matrix (HC-HA). This matrix also contains TNFα-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6), the enzyme that transfers HCs to HA, and pentraxin-3, which further stabilizes the matrix. Our results, both in vivo and in vitro, show that this glycocalyx confers the ability for UMSCs to survive the host immune system and to regulate the inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarsis Ferreira Gesteira
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0838, the Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, and
| | - Vincent Hascall
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Winston Kao
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0838
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11
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Dicker KT, Gurski LA, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Witt RL, Farach-Carson MC, Jia X. Hyaluronan: a simple polysaccharide with diverse biological functions. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1558-70. [PMID: 24361428 PMCID: PMC3960342 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear polysaccharide with disaccharide repeats of d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. It is evolutionarily conserved and abundantly expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM), on the cell surface and even inside cells. Being a simple polysaccharide, HA exhibits an astonishing array of biological functions. HA interacts with various proteins or proteoglycans to organize the ECM and to maintain tissue homeostasis. The unique physical and mechanical properties of HA contribute to the maintenance of tissue hydration, the mediation of solute diffusion through the extracellular space and the lubrication of certain tissues. The diverse biological functions of HA are manifested through its complex interactions with matrix components and resident cells. Binding of HA with cell surface receptors activates various signaling pathways, which regulate cell function, tissue development, inflammation, wound healing and tumor progression and metastasis. Taking advantage of the inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability of HA, as well as its susceptibility to chemical modification, researchers have developed various HA-based biomaterials and tissue constructs with promising and broad clinical potential. This paper illustrates the properties of HA from a matrix biology perspective by first introducing the principles underlying the biosynthesis and biodegradation of HA, as well as the interactions of HA with various proteins and proteoglycans. It next highlights the roles of HA in physiological and pathological states, including morphogenesis, wound healing and tumor metastasis. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the roles of HA in various physiological processes can provide new insights and tools for the engineering of complex tissues and tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Dicker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lisa A Gurski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Swati Pradhan-Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Systems (CCHS), Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Robert L Witt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Systems (CCHS), Newark, DE 19713, USA; Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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12
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Higman VA, Briggs DC, Mahoney DJ, Blundell CD, Sattelle BM, Dyer DP, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Almond A, Milner CM, Day AJ. A refined model for the TSG-6 link module in complex with hyaluronan: use of defined oligosaccharides to probe structure and function. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5619-34. [PMID: 24403066 PMCID: PMC3937638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is an inflammation-associated hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that contributes to remodeling of HA-rich extracellular matrices during inflammatory processes and ovulation. The HA-binding domain of TSG-6 consists solely of a Link module, making it a prototypical member of the superfamily of proteins that interacts with this high molecular weight polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Previously we modeled a complex of the TSG-6 Link module in association with an HA octasaccharide based on the structure of the domain in its HA-bound conformation. Here we have generated a refined model for a HA/Link module complex using novel restraints identified from NMR spectroscopy of the protein in the presence of 10 distinct HA oligosaccharides (from 4- to 8-mers); the model was then tested using unique sugar reagents, i.e. chondroitin/HA hybrid oligomers and an octasaccharide in which a single sugar ring was (13)C-labeled. The HA chain was found to make more extensive contacts with the TSG-6 surface than thought previously, such that a D-glucuronic acid ring makes stacking and ionic interactions with a histidine and lysine, respectively. Importantly, this causes the HA to bend around two faces of the Link module (resembling the way that HA binds to CD44), potentially providing a mechanism for how TSG-6 can reorganize HA during inflammation. However, the HA-binding site defined here may not play a role in TSG-6-mediated transfer of heavy chains from inter-α-inhibitor onto HA, a process known to be essential for ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Higman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - David J. Mahoney
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D. Blundell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Benedict M. Sattelle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Douglas P. Dyer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Dixy E. Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Andrew Almond
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Caroline M. Milner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
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13
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Wisniewski HG, Colón E, Liublinska V, Karia RJ, Stabler TV, Attur M, Abramson SB, Band PA, Kraus VB. TSG-6 activity as a novel biomarker of progression in knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:235-41. [PMID: 24333293 PMCID: PMC3939799 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish whether there is an association between TSG-6 activity and osteoarthritis progression. DESIGN TSG-6 activity was determined in 132 synovial fluids from patients with OA of the knee, using a novel quantitative TSG-6 activity assay. The association between TSG-6 activities at baseline and four distinct disease progression states, determined at 3-year follow-up, was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS There was a statistically significant relationship between TSG-6 activity at baseline and all OA progression states over a 3-year period. Patient knees with TSG-6 activities in the top tenth percentile, compared to the median activity, had an odds ratio (OR) of at least 7.86 (confidence interval (CI) [3.2, 20.5]) for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) within 3 years, and of at least 5.20 (CI [1.8, 13.9]) after adjustment for confounding factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for knee arthroplasty yielded a cut-off point of 13.3 TSG-6 activity units/ml with the following parameters: area under the curve 0.90 (CI [0.804, 0.996]), sensitivity 0.91 (CI [0.59, 0.99]), specificity 0.82 (CI [0.74, 0.88]) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.99 (CI [0.934, 0.994]). CONCLUSION The TSG-6 activity is a promising independent biomarker for OA progression. Given the high NPV, this assay may be particularly suitable for identifying patients at low risk of rapid disease progression and to assist in the timing of arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Wisniewski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Elisa Colón
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Raj J. Karia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University, School of Medicine, and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003
| | - Thomas V. Stabler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mukundan Attur
- Department of Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003
| | - Steven B. Abramson
- Department of Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003
| | - Philip A. Band
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University, School of Medicine, and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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14
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Baranova NS, Foulcer SJ, Briggs DC, Tilakaratna V, Enghild JJ, Milner CM, Day AJ, Richter RP. Inter-α-inhibitor impairs TSG-6-induced hyaluronan cross-linking. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29642-53. [PMID: 24005673 PMCID: PMC3795262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Under inflammatory conditions and in the matrix of the cumulus-oocyte complex, the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) becomes decorated covalently with heavy chains (HCs) of the serum glycoprotein inter-α-inhibitor (IαI). This alters the functional properties of the HA as well as its structural role within extracellular matrices. The covalent transfer of HCs from IαI to HA is catalyzed by TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6), but TSG-6 is also known as a HA cross-linker that induces condensation of the HA matrix. Here, we investigate the interplay of these two distinct functions of TSG-6 by studying the ternary interactions of IαI and TSG-6 with well defined films of end-grafted HA chains. We demonstrate that TSG-6-mediated cross-linking of HA films is impaired in the presence of IαI and that this effect suppresses the TSG-6-mediated enhancement of HA binding to CD44-positive cells. Furthermore, we find that the interaction of TSG-6 and IαI in the presence of HA gives rise to two types of complexes that independently promote the covalent transfer of heavy chains to HA. One type of complex interacts very weakly with HA and is likely to correspond to the previously reported covalent HC·TSG-6 complexes. The other type of complex is novel and binds stably but noncovalently to HA. Prolonged incubation with TSG-6 and IαI leads to HA films that contain, in addition to covalently HA-bound HCs, several tightly but noncovalently bound molecular species. These findings have important implications for understanding how the biological activities of TSG-6 are regulated, such that the presence or absence of IαI will dictate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Baranova
- From the Biosurfaces Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jan J. Enghild
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Caroline M. Milner
- the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralf P. Richter
- From the Biosurfaces Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and
- the Department of Molecular Chemistry, Joseph Fourier University, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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15
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Chang MY, Chan CK, Braun KR, Green PS, O'Brien KD, Chait A, Day AJ, Wight TN. Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation: synthesis and secretion of a complex extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14122-35. [PMID: 22351750 PMCID: PMC3340194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although monocyte- and macrophage-derived molecules are known to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) disruption and destabilization, it is less appreciated that they also synthesize molecules contributing to ECM formation, stabilization, and function. We have identified and characterized the synthesis of proteoglycans and related proteins, some not previously known to be associated with macrophages. Proteoglycan extracts of [35S]sulfate- and 35S-trans amino acid-radiolabeled culture media from THP-1 monocytes induced to differentiate by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate revealed three major proteins of ∼25, 90, and 100 kDa following chondroitin ABC lyase digestion. The 25-kDa protein was predominant for monocytes, whereas the 90- and 100-kDa proteins were predominant for macrophages. Tandem mass spectrometry identified (i) the 25-kDa core protein as serglycin, (ii) the 90-kDa core protein as inter-α-inhibitor heavy chain 2 (IαIHC2), and (iii) the 100-kDa core as amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2). Differentiation was also associated with (i) a >500-fold increase in mRNA for TNF-stimulated gene-6, an essential cofactor for heavy chain-mediated matrix stabilization; (ii) a >800-fold increase in mRNA for HAS2, which is responsible for hyaluronan synthesis; and (iii) a 3-fold increase in mRNA for versican, which interacts with hyaluronan. Biochemical evidence is also presented for an IαIHC2-APLP2 complex, and immunohistochemical staining of human atherosclerotic lesions demonstrates similar staining patterns for APLP2 and IαIHC2 with macrophages, whereas serglycin localizes to the underlying glycosaminoglycan-rich region. These findings indicate that macrophages synthesize many of the molecules participating in ECM formation and function, suggesting a novel role for these molecules in the differentiation of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Scavenius C, Sanggaard KW, Nikolajsen CL, Bak S, Valnickova Z, Thøgersen IB, Jensen ON, Højrup P, Enghild JJ. Human inter-α-inhibitor is a substrate for factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1624-30. [PMID: 21939789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that inter-α-inhibitor is a substrate for both factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase. These enzymes catalyze the incorporation of dansylcadaverine and biotin-pentylamine, revealing that inter-α-inhibitor contains reactive Gln residues within all three subunits. These findings suggest that transglutaminases catalyze the covalent conjugation of inter-α-inhibitor to other proteins. This was demonstrated by the cross-linking between inter-α-inhibitor and fibrinogen by either factor XIIIa or tissue transglutaminase. Finally, using quantitative mass spectrometry, we show that inter-α-inhibitor is cross-linked to the fibrin clot in a 1:20 ratio relative to the known factor XIIIa substrate α2-antiplasmin. This interaction may protect fibrin or other Lys-donating proteins from adventitious proteolysis by increasing the local concentration of bikunin. In addition, the reaction may influence the TSG-6/heavy Chain 2-mediated transfer of heavy chains observed during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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17
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Sidgwick GP, Bayat A. Extracellular matrix molecules implicated in hypertrophic and keloid scarring. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:141-52. [PMID: 21838832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration repairs the fabric of the skin to maintain homeostasis after injury. The expression and proliferation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the dermis, mediated by a range of growth factors and cytokines, is a fundamental element of wound repair. Previous work focused on how these complex molecular mechanisms relate to the formation of raised dermal scars, including keloid and hypertrophic scars, characterized by excessive deposition of ECM molecules. However, the mechanisms in the wound repair pathway which lead to the differential expression and organization of ECM molecules observed in different types of scar tissue are not fully understood. To summarize what is known about the expression and composition of ECM molecules in abnormal scarring, an extensive search of the literature was conducted, focusing on keywords connected to skin scarring, hypertrophic scars and keloid disease. The transcription and translation of collagen I and III, fibronectin, laminin, periostin and tenascin are all increased in raised dermal scar tissue. However, hyaluronic acid, dermatopontin and decorin are decreased, and the expression and localisation of fibrillin and elastin fibres in the dermis are altered compared with normal skin and scars. Recent whole genome profiling and proteomic studies have led to the identification of regulatory elements with different expression profiles in hypertrophic and keloid tissue. If the mechanisms of raised dermal scar formation are to be elucidated and effective therapeutic treatments developed, an integrated approach to research is required, focussing on the interactions between ECM molecules, regulatory elements and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sidgwick
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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18
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Tan KT, McGrouther DA, Day AJ, Milner CM, Bayat A. Characterization of hyaluronan and TSG-6 in skin scarring: differential distribution in keloid scars, normal scars and unscarred skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:317-27. [PMID: 20642475 PMCID: PMC3504979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with increased synthesis during tissue repair. Tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is known to catalyze the covalent transfer of heavy chains (HC1 and HC2) from inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) onto HA, and resultant HC•HA complexes have been implicated in physiological and pathological processes related to remodelling and inflammation. Objective The aims of this study were to determine the expression of HA, TSG-6 and the IαI polypeptides in unscarred skin, normal scars and keloid scars. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of unscarred skin, normal scars and keloid scars were prepared from patient samples collected during scar revision surgery. Haematoxylin and eosin, as well as immunofluorescent staining for HA, TSG-6 and the three polypeptide chains of IαI (i.e. HC1, HC2 and bikunin) were performed. Results All skin types stained positive for TSG-6, HC1, HC2 and bikunin, associated with keratinocytes, fibroblasts and skin appendages all in close proximity to HA. Keloid lesions showed altered HA organization patterns compared with unscarred skin and normal scars. TSG-6 staining was significantly more intense in the epidermis compared with the dermis of all sample types. There was a significant reduction in TSG-6 levels within keloid lesions compared with the dermis of unscarred skin (P = 0.017). Conclusion TSG-6 is expressed in unscarred skin, where its close association with HA and IαI could give rise to TSG-6-mediated HC•HA formation within this tissue. A reduction in the beneficial effects of TSG-6, caused by diminished protein levels in keloid lesions, could contribute to this abnormal scarring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Tan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, and Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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19
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Jiang D, Liang J, Noble PW. Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:221-64. [PMID: 21248167 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. Hyaluronan binds to a number of cell surface proteins on various cell types. Hyaluronan fragments signal through both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 as well as CD44 to stimulate inflammatory genes in inflammatory cells. Hyaluronan is also present on the cell surface of epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage from the environment by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins regulate inflammation, tissue injury, and repair through regulating inflammatory cell recruitment, release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell migration. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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20
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Sanggaard KW, Scavenius C, Rasmussen AJ, Wisniewski HG, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ. The TSG-6/HC2-mediated transfer is a dynamic process shuffling heavy chains between glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21988-93. [PMID: 20463016 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.041046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy chain (HC) subunits of the bikunin proteins are covalently attached to a single chondroitin sulfate (CS) chain originating from bikunin and can be transferred to different hyaluronan (HA) molecules by TSG-6/HC2. In the present study, we demonstrate that HCs transferred to HA may function as HC donors in subsequent transfer reactions, and we show that the CS of bikunin may serve as an HC acceptor, analogous to HA. Our data suggest that TSG-6/HC2 link HCs randomly on the CS chain of bikunin, in contrast to the ordered attachment observed during the biosynthesis. Moreover, the results show that the transfer activity is indifferent to the new HC position, and the relocated HCs are thus prone to further TSG-6/HC2-induced transfer reactions. The data suggest that HCs may be transferred directly from HA to HA without the involvement of the bikunin CS chain. The results demonstrate reversibility of the interactions between HCs and glycosaminoglycans and suggest that a dynamic shuffling of the HCs occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian W Sanggaard
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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21
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Sanggaard KW, Hansen L, Scavenius C, Wisniewski HG, Kristensen T, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ. Evolutionary conservation of heavy chain protein transfer between glycosaminoglycans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1011-9. [PMID: 20100602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bikunin proteins are composed of heavy chains (HCs) covalently linked to a chondroitin sulfate chain originating from Ser-10 of bikunin. Tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene-6 protein (TSG-6)/heavy chain 2 (HC2) cleaves this unique cross-link and transfers the HCs to hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans via a covalent HC*TSG-6 intermediate. In the present study, we have investigated if this reaction is evolutionary conserved based on the hypothesis that it is of fundamental importance. The results revealed that plasma/serum samples from mammal, bird, and reptile were able to form TSG-6 complexes suggesting the presence of proteins with the same function as the human bikunin proteins. To substantiate this, the complex forming protein from Gallus gallus (Gg) plasma was purified and identified as a Gg homolog of human HC2*bikunin. In addition, Gg pre-alpha-inhibitor and smaller amount of high molecular weight forms composed of bikunin and two HCs were purified. Like the human bikunin proteins, the purified Gg proteins were all stabilized by a protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein cross-link, i.e. the HCs were covalently attached to a chondroitin sulfate originating from bikunin. Furthermore, the complex formed between Gg HC2*bikunin and human TSG-6 appeared to be identical to that of the human proteins. Akin to human, Gg HC2 was further transferred to hyaluronan when present, and when incubated in vitro, Gg pre-alpha-inhibitor and TSG-6, failed to form the intermediate covalent complex, essential for HC transfer. Significantly, Gg HC2, analogous to human HC2, promoted complex formation between human HC3 and human TSG-6, substantiating the evolutionary conservation of these interactions. The present study demonstrates that the unique interactions between bikunin proteins, glycosaminoglycans, and TSG-6 are evolutionary conserved, emphasizing the physiological importance of the TSG-6/HC2-mediated HC-transfer reaction. In addition, the data show that the evolution of HC transfer is likely to predate the role of HC.HA complexes in female fertility and thus has evolved in the context of inflammation rather than fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian W Sanggaard
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) at the Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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22
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Zhuo L, Kimata K. Serum Level of SHAP as a Disease Marker: A Comparison with Hyaluronan. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2010. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.22.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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He H, Li W, Tseng DY, Zhang S, Chen SY, Day AJ, Tseng SCG. Biochemical characterization and function of complexes formed by hyaluronan and the heavy chains of inter-alpha-inhibitor (HC*HA) purified from extracts of human amniotic membrane. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20136-46. [PMID: 19491101 PMCID: PMC2740440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, amniotic membrane (AM) suppresses inflammation, scarring, and angiogenesis. AM contains abundant hyaluronan (HA) but its function in exerting these therapeutic actions remains unclear. Herein, AM was extracted sequentially with buffers A, B, and C, or separately by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that high molecular weight (HMW) HA (an average of approximately 3000 kDa) was predominantly extracted in isotonic Extract A (70.1 +/- 6.0%) and PBS (37.7 +/- 3.2%). Western blot analysis of these extracts with hyaluronidase digestion or NaOH treatment revealed that HMW HA was covalently linked with the heavy chains (HCs) of inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI) via a NaOH-sensitive bond, likely transferred by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated gene-6 protein (TSG-6). This HC.HA complex (nHC*HA) could be purified from Extract PBS by two rounds of CsCl/guanidine HCl ultracentrifugation as well as in vitro reconstituted (rcHC*HA) by mixing HMW HA, serum IalphaI, and recombinant TSG-6. Consistent with previous reports, Extract PBS suppressed transforming growth factor-beta1 promoter activation in corneal fibroblasts and induced mac ro phage apoptosis. However, these effects were abolished by hyaluronidase digestion or heat treatment. More importantly, the effects were retained in the nHC*HA or rcHC*HA. These data collectively suggest that the HC*HA complex is the active component in AM responsible in part for clinically observed anti-inflammatory and anti-scarring actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- From TissueTech, Inc. and Ocular Surface Center
| | - Wei Li
- From TissueTech, Inc. and Ocular Surface Center
| | - David Y. Tseng
- Ocular Surface Research Education Foundation, Miami, Florida 33173 and
| | - Shan Zhang
- From TissueTech, Inc. and Ocular Surface Center
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- From TissueTech, Inc. and Ocular Surface Center
| | - Anthony J. Day
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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