1
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The role and therapeutic implication of protein tyrosine phosphatases in Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113188. [PMID: 35676788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulator of neuronal signal transduction and a growing number of PTPs have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brains of patients with AD, there are a variety of abnormally phosphorylated proteins, which are closely related to the abnormal expression and activity of PTPs. β-Amyloid plaques (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are two pathological hallmarks of AD, and their accumulation ultimately leads to neurodegeneration. Studies have shown that protein phosphorylation signaling pathways mediates intracellular accumulation of Aβ and tau during AD development and are involved in synaptic plasticity and other stress responses. Here, we summarized the roles of PTPs related to the pathogenesis of AD and analyzed their therapeutic potential in AD.
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2
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Liu R, Mathieu C, Berthelet J, Zhang W, Dupret JM, Rodrigues Lima F. Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B): From Structure to Clinical Inhibitor Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137027. [PMID: 35806030 PMCID: PMC9266911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is an essential process in biological events and is considered critical for biological functions. In tissues, protein phosphorylation mainly occurs on tyrosine (Tyr), serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues. The balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is under the control of two super enzyme families, protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs), respectively. Although there are many selective and effective drugs targeting phosphokinases, developing drugs targeting phosphatases is challenging. PTP1B, one of the most central protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is a key player in several human diseases and disorders, such as diabetes, obesity, and hematopoietic malignancies, through modulation of different signaling pathways. However, due to high conservation among PTPs, most PTP1B inhibitors lack specificity, raising the need to develop new strategies targeting this enzyme. In this mini-review, we summarize three classes of PTP1B inhibitors with different mechanisms: (1) targeting multiple aryl-phosphorylation sites including the catalytic site of PTP1B; (2) targeting allosteric sites of PTP1B; (3) targeting specific mRNA sequence of PTP1B. All three types of PTP1B inhibitors present good specificity over other PTPs and are promising for the development of efficient small molecules targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Liu
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
| | | | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
- Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Fernando Rodrigues Lima
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Liu R, Sun Y, Berthelet J, Bui LC, Xu X, Viguier M, Dupret JM, Deshayes F, Rodrigues Lima F. Biochemical, Enzymatic, and Computational Characterization of Recurrent Somatic Mutations of the Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP1B in Primary Mediastinal B Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137060. [PMID: 35806064 PMCID: PMC9266312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a ubiquitous non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase that serves as a major negative regulator of tyrosine phosphorylation cascades of metabolic and oncogenic importance such as the insulin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and JAK/STAT pathways. Increasing evidence point to a key role of PTP1B-dependent signaling in cancer. Interestingly, genetic defects in PTP1B have been found in different human malignancies. Notably, recurrent somatic mutations and splice variants of PTP1B were identified in human B cell and Hodgkin lymphomas. In this work, we analyzed the molecular and functional levels of three PTP1B mutations identified in primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL) patients and located in the WPD-loop (V184D), P-loop (R221G), and Q-loop (G259V). Using biochemical, enzymatic, and molecular dynamics approaches, we show that these mutations lead to PTP1B mutants with extremely low intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity that display alterations in overall protein stability and in the flexibility of the active site loops of the enzyme. This is in agreement with the key role of the active site loop regions, which are preorganized to interact with the substrate and to enable catalysis. Our study provides molecular and enzymatic evidence for the loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of PTP1B active-site loop mutants identified in human lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Liu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (L.-C.B.); (M.V.); (J.-M.D.); (F.D.)
| | - Yujie Sun
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.S.); (X.X.)
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre d’Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (L.-C.B.); (M.V.); (J.-M.D.); (F.D.)
| | - Ximing Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.S.); (X.X.)
| | - Mireille Viguier
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (L.-C.B.); (M.V.); (J.-M.D.); (F.D.)
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (L.-C.B.); (M.V.); (J.-M.D.); (F.D.)
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (L.-C.B.); (M.V.); (J.-M.D.); (F.D.)
| | - Fernando Rodrigues Lima
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (L.-C.B.); (M.V.); (J.-M.D.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Yu F, Wang Y, Teng Y, Yang S, He Y, Zhang Z, Yang H, Ding CF, Zhou P. Interaction and Inhibition of a Ganoderma lucidum Proteoglycan on PTP1B Activity for Anti-diabetes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29804-29813. [PMID: 34778653 PMCID: PMC8582033 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key negative regulator of insulin and an effective target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A natural hyperbranched proteoglycan extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, namely, Fudan-Yueyang G. Lucidum (FYGL), was demonstrated capable of inhibiting the activity of PTP1B. Here, to identify the effective active components of FYGL, three different components, the polysaccharide FYGL-1, proteoglycans FYGL-2, and FYGL-3, were isolated from FYGL, and then, the protein moiety of FYGL-3 was further separated, namely, FYGL-3-P. Their abilities to enhance the glucose uptake in cells and inhibit the activity of PTP1B were compared. The inhibitory mechanisms were systematically explored by spectroscopic methods and MD simulations. The results showed that FYGL-3 and FYGL-3-P significantly enhanced the insulin-provoked glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, detected by the glucose oxidase method. Also, the FYGL-3-P protein moiety in FYGL played an essential role in inhibiting the activity of PTP1B. A strong, enthalpy-driven, and multitargeted interaction by electrostatic forces between PTP1B and FYGL-3-P dramatically inhibited the catalytic activity of PTP1B. These results provided deep insights into the molecular mechanisms of FYGL inhibiting the activity of PTP1B and structurally helped researchers seek natural PTP1B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhen Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yilong Teng
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shutong Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanming He
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P. R. China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhejiang
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular
Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science
and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- . Phone/Fax: (+86)021-31244038
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5
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Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases reverse cellular signals initiated by growth factors receptors and other tyrosine kinases by dephosphorylating phosphotyrosine on target proteins. The activity of these enzymes is crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis, yet these enzymes have been often dismissed as humble house-keeping proteins. Understandably, mutations and changes in expression patterns of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases are implicated in tumorigenesis and various carcinomas. The conserved nature of their catalytic domains makes drug discovery a challenging pursuit. In this review, we focus on describing the various classes of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases and their catalytic domains. We also summarize their role in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases using specific members as the model system. Finally, we explain the dichotomy in the biological role of catalytically active vs the pseudoenzyme forms of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in the context of their membrane bound receptor forms. This chapter aims to provide a current understanding of these proteins, in the background of their foundational past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Welsh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Preeti Pandey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lalima G Ahuja
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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6
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Crean RM, Gardner JM, Kamerlin SCL. Harnessing Conformational Plasticity to Generate Designer Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11324-11342. [PMID: 32496764 PMCID: PMC7467679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in understanding the role of conformational dynamics both in the evolution of new enzymatic activities from existing enzymes and in facilitating the emergence of enzymatic activity de novo on scaffolds that were previously non-catalytic. There are also an increasing number of examples in the literature of targeted engineering of conformational dynamics being successfully used to alter enzyme selectivity and activity. Despite the obvious importance of conformational dynamics to both enzyme function and evolvability, many (although not all) computational design approaches still focus either on pure sequence-based approaches or on using structures with limited flexibility to guide the design. However, there exist a wide variety of computational approaches that can be (re)purposed to introduce conformational dynamics as a key consideration in the design process. Coupled with laboratory evolution and more conventional existing sequence- and structure-based approaches, these techniques provide powerful tools for greatly expanding the protein engineering toolkit. This Perspective provides an overview of evolutionary studies that have dissected the role of conformational dynamics in facilitating the emergence of novel enzymes, as well as advances in computational approaches that allow one to target conformational dynamics as part of enzyme design. Harnessing conformational dynamics in engineering studies is a powerful paradigm with which to engineer the next generation of designer biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M. Crean
- Department of Chemistry -
BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jasmine M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry -
BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry -
BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Shen S, Zhang X, Li Z. Development of an engineered carbamoyl phosphate synthetase with released sensitivity to feedback inhibition by site-directed mutation and casting error-prone PCR. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 129:109354. [PMID: 31307577 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) is a key enzyme in both pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis. However, it is inhibited strongly by uridine monophosphate (UMP), which is an intermediate of the de-novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleoside. In this study, the native carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, from Escherichia coli, was evolved by site-directed mutation and casting error-prone PCR. Compared with the wild-type, the variant N1015 F had released sensitivity to UMP and exhibited 100% of the initial activity in the presence of UMP. Variant K1006A exhibited 0.14-fold improvement in initial activity and kept above 65% of relative activity under the saturated concentration of inhibitor. Structure analysis of variants demonstrated that the reduced sensitivity to inhibitor was largely attributed to the decreased hydrogen bonds, which could reduce the binding affinity with UMP. Also, Phe with large side chain could narrow the binding pocket and generate more steric hindrance. Based on the results in this study, N1015F was an ideal alternative catalyst for the wild-type CPS for pyrimidine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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8
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The development of protein tyrosine phosphatase1B inhibitors defined by binding sites in crystalline complexes. Future Med Chem 2019; 10:2345-2367. [PMID: 30273014 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase1B (PTP1B), a significant negative regulator in insulin and leptin signaling pathways, has emerged as a promising drug target for Type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. Numerous potent PTP1B inhibitors have been discovered within both academia and pharmaceutical industry. However, nearly all medicinal chemistry efforts have been severely hindered because a vast majority of them demonstrate poor membrane permeability and low-selectivity, especially over T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). To search the rules about the selectivity over TCPTP and membrane permeability of PTP1B inhibitors, based on the PTP1B/inhibitor crystal complexes, the development PTP1B inhibitors defined as AB, AC, ABC and ADC types have been concluded in the review.
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9
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Trease AJ, Li H, Spagnol G, Zheng L, Stauch KL, Sorgen PL. Regulation of Connexin32 by ephrin receptors and T-cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:341-350. [PMID: 30401746 PMCID: PMC6322898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular conduits that permit the passage of ions, small metabolites, and signaling molecules between cells. Connexin32 (Cx32) is a major gap junction protein in the liver and brain. Phosphorylation is integral to regulating connexin assembly, degradation, and electrical and metabolic coupling, as well as to interactions with molecular partners. Cx32 contains two intracellular tyrosine residues, and tyrosine phosphorylation of Cx32 has been detected after activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor; however, the specific tyrosine residue and the functional implication of this phosphorylation remain unknown. To address the limited available information on Cx32 regulation by tyrosine kinases, here we used the Cx32 C-terminal (CT) domain in an in vitro kinase-screening assay, which identified ephrin (Eph) receptor family members as tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate Cx32. We found that EphB1 and EphA1 phosphorylate the Cx32CT domain residue Tyr243 Unlike for Cx43, the tyrosine phosphorylation of the Cx32CT increased gap junction intercellular communication. We also demonstrated that T-cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates pTyr243 The data presented above along with additional examples throughout the literature of gap junction regulation by kinases, indicate that one cannot extrapolate the effect of a kinase on one connexin to another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | | | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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10
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Rampogu S, Parameswaran S, Lemuel MR, Lee KW. Exploring the Therapeutic Ability of Fenugreek against Type 2 Diabetes and Breast Cancer Employing Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:1943203. [PMID: 30108647 PMCID: PMC6077604 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1943203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is used as a spice throughout the world. It is known for its medicinal properties such as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, and immunological activities. The present study shows the properties and the nutritional quality of fenugreek seed extract and focuses on screening of active compounds in drug designing for type 2 diabetes and breast cancer. Quantitative analysis was used to calculate the percentages of protein, carbohydrates moisture, fatty acid, galactomannan, oil, and amino acid. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins in fenugreek seed extracts. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation-based computational drug discovery methods were employed to address the role of fenugreek seed constituents against type 2 diabetes and breast cancer. The computational results reveal that the compound galactomannan can be ascribed as potential drug candidate against breast cancer and type 2 diabetes rendered by higher molecular dock scores, stable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations results, and lower binding energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Parameswaran
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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11
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Recent advances in the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for Type 2 diabetes. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1239-58. [PMID: 27357615 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most serious and prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide, complications of which can decrease significantly the quality of life and contribute to premature death. Resistance to insulin is a predominant pathophysiological factor of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative factor of insulin signal and a potent therapeutic target in T2D patients. This review highlights recent advances (2012-2015) in research related to the role of PTP1B in signal transduction processes implicated in pathophysiology of T2D, and novel PTP1B inhibitors with an emphasis on their chemical structures and modes of action.
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12
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Li H, Spagnol G, Naslavsky N, Caplan S, Sorgen PL. TC-PTP directly interacts with connexin43 to regulate gap junction intercellular communication. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3269-79. [PMID: 24849651 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases have long been reported to regulate connexins; however, little is known about the involvement of phosphatases in the modulation of intercellular communication through gap junctions and the subsequent downstream effects on cellular processes. Here, we identify an interaction between the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP, officially known as PTPN2) and the carboxyl terminus of connexin43 (Cx43, officially known as GJA1). Two cell lines, normal rat kidney (NRK) cells endogenously expressing Cx43 and an NRK-derived cell line expressing v-Src with temperature-sensitive activity, were used to demonstrate that EGF and v-Src stimulation, respectively, induced TC-PTP to colocalize with Cx43 at the plasma membrane. Cell biology experiments using phospho-specific antibodies and biophysical assays demonstrated that the interaction is direct and that TC-PTP dephosphorylates Cx43 residues Y247 and Y265, but does not affect v-Src. Transfection of TC-PTP also indirectly led to the dephosphorylation of Cx43 S368, by inactivating PKCα and PKCδ, with no effect on the phosphorylation of S279 and S282 (MAPK-dependent phosphorylation sites). Dephosphorylation maintained Cx43 gap junctions at the plaque and partially reversed the channel closure caused by v-Src-mediated phosphorylation of Cx43. Understanding dephosphorylation, along with the well-documented roles of Cx43 phosphorylation, might eventually lead to methods to modulate the regulation of gap junction channels, with potential benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Gaelle Spagnol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Paul L Sorgen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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13
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important enzymes that are involved in the regulation of cellular signaling. Evidence accumulated over the years has indicated that PTPs present exciting opportunities for drug discovery against diseases such as diabetes, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and tuberculosis. However, the highly conserved and partially positive charge of the catalytic sites of PTPs is a major challenge in the development of potent and highly selective PTP inhibitors. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we examine the strategy of developing bidentate inhibitors for selective inhibition of PTPs. Bidentate inhibitors are small-molecular-weight compounds with the ability to bind to both the active site and a non-conserved secondary phosphate binding site. This secondary phosphate binding site was initially discovered in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and, hence, most of the bidentate inhibitors reported in this review are PTP1B inhibitors. CRITICAL ISSUES Although bidentate inhibition is a good strategy for developing potent and selective inhibitors, the cell membrane permeability and pharmacokinetic properties of the inhibitors are also important for successful drug development. In this review, we will also summarize the various efforts made toward the development of phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetics for increasing cellular permeability. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Even though the secondary phosphate binding site was initially found in PTP1B, structural data have shown that a secondary binding site can also be found in other PTPs, albeit with varying degrees of accessibility. Along with improvements in pTyr mimetics, we believe that the future will see an increase in the number of orally bioavailable bidentate inhibitors against the various classes of PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Leng Low
- 1 Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences , Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Tautz L, Critton DA, Grotegut S. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: structure, function, and implication in human disease. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1053:179-221. [PMID: 23860656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-562-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic cell physiology. Aberrant expression or function of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases can lead to serious human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, as well as cardiovascular, infectious, autoimmune, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we give an overview of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily with its over 100 members in humans. We review their structure, function, and implications in human diseases, and discuss their potential as novel drug targets, as well as current challenges and possible solutions to developing therapeutics based on these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Tautz
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Madsen JJ, Linderoth L, Subramanian AK, Andresen TL, Peters GH. Secretory phospholipase A2 activity toward diverse substrates. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6853-61. [PMID: 21561115 DOI: 10.1021/jp112137b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied secretory phospholipase A(2)-IIA (sPLA(2)) activity toward different phospholipid analogues by performing biophysical characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations. The phospholipids were natural substrates, triple alkyl phospholipids, a prodrug anticancer etherlipid, and an inverted ester. The latter were included to study head group-enzyme interactions. Our simulation results show that the lipids are optimally placed into the binding cleft and that water molecules can freely reach the active site through a well-defined pathway; both are indicative that these substrates are efficiently hydrolyzed, which is in good agreement with our experimental data. The phospholipid analogue with three alkyl side chains forms aggregates of different shapes with no well-defined sizes due to its cone-shape structure. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine head groups interact with specific charged residues, but relatively large fluctuations are observed, suggesting that these interactions are not necessarily important for stabilizing substrate binding to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
The Gewald reaction of sulfur, cyanoacetic acid derivatives, and oxo-component (G-3CR) yielding highly substituted 2-aminothiophene derivatives has seen diverse applications in combinatorial and medicinal chemistry. Its products are of great use in pharmaceutical industry mainly as small molecular weight inhibitors. We herein review synthetic scope and variations, usage, and structural biology of Gewald products.
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17
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Huang Y, Dömling A. The Gewald multicomponent reaction. Mol Divers 2010; 15:3-33. [PMID: 20191319 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Peters GH. The effect of Asp54 phosphorylation on the energetics and dynamics in the response regulator protein Spo0F studied by molecular dynamics. Proteins 2009; 75:648-58. [PMID: 19004019 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The response regulator protein Spo0F acts as an intermediate phospho-messenger in the signal transduction pathway that controls initiation of the differentiation process of sporculation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The regulatory domain of Spo0F contains a triad of three conserved aspartate residues, whereof one aspartate (Asp54) is phosphorylated. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have studied the changes in flexibility induced by phosphorylation and estimated the free energy cost of introducing a phosphate group at this position using alchemical free energy calculations. The deduced conformational flexibility compares well with experimental NMR results. We find that the apo-conformation of the protein explores a rough energy landscape resulting in a broad population of conformational substates. Phosphorylation of Spo0F reduces protein flexibility, and in particular, the so-called anchor and recognition regions exhibit lower mobility relative to the apo-conformation. Phosphorylation of Asp54 (P-Asp54), in which the apo-structure coordinates to the magnesium ion, results in extension of the sidechain, and depending on which carboxylate oxygen is phosphorylated, distinct interactions between P-Asp54 and magnesium ion as well as residues in its proximity are established. However, phosphorylation does not affect the coordination number of the magnesium ion yielding, within the statistical uncertainties, the same free energy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther H Peters
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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19
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Barr AJ, Ugochukwu E, Lee WH, King ON, Filippakopoulos P, Alfano I, Savitsky P, Burgess-Brown NA, Müller S, Knapp S. Large-scale structural analysis of the classical human protein tyrosine phosphatome. Cell 2009; 136:352-63. [PMID: 19167335 PMCID: PMC2638020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play a critical role in regulating cellular functions by selectively dephosphorylating their substrates. Here we present 22 human PTP crystal structures that, together with prior structural knowledge, enable a comprehensive analysis of the classical PTP family. Despite their largely conserved fold, surface properties of PTPs are strikingly diverse. A potential secondary substrate-binding pocket is frequently found in phosphatases, and this has implications for both substrate recognition and development of selective inhibitors. Structural comparison identified four diverse catalytic loop (WPD) conformations and suggested a mechanism for loop closure. Enzymatic assays revealed vast differences in PTP catalytic activity and identified PTPD1, PTPD2, and HDPTP as catalytically inert protein phosphatases. We propose a “head-to-toe” dimerization model for RPTPγ/ζ that is distinct from the “inhibitory wedge” model and that provides a molecular basis for inhibitory regulation. This phosphatome resource gives an expanded insight into intrafamily PTP diversity, catalytic activity, substrate recognition, and autoregulatory self-association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J. Barr
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Emilie Ugochukwu
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Oliver N.F. King
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ivan Alfano
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Pavel Savitsky
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicola A. Burgess-Brown
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Susanne Müller
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stefan Knapp
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- University of Oxford, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Corresponding author
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20
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Barr AJ, Debreczeni JE, Eswaran J, Knapp S. Crystal structure of human protein tyrosine phosphatase 14 (PTPN14) at 1.65-A resolution. Proteins 2006; 63:1132-6. [PMID: 16534812 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Barr
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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21
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Eswaran J, Debreczeni JE, Longman E, Barr AJ, Knapp S. The crystal structure of human receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa phosphatase domain 1. Protein Sci 2006; 15:1500-5. [PMID: 16672235 PMCID: PMC2242534 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062128706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are integral membrane proteins composed of extracellular adhesion molecule-like domains, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The cytoplasmic domain consists of tandem PTP domains, of which the D1 domain is enzymatically active. RPTPkappa is a member of the R2A/IIb subfamily of RPTPs along with RPTPmu, RPTPrho, and RPTPlambda. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of catalytically active, monomeric D1 domain of RPTPkappa at 1.9 A. Structural comparison with other PTP family members indicates an overall classical PTP architecture of twisted mixed beta-sheets flanked by alpha-helices, in which the catalytically important WPD loop is in an unhindered open conformation. Though the residues forming the dimeric interface in the RPTPmu structure are all conserved, they are not involved in the protein-protein interaction in RPTPkappa. The N-terminal beta-strand, formed by betax association with betay, is conserved only in RPTPs but not in cytosolic PTPs, and this feature is conserved in the RPTPkappa structure forming a beta-strand. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies show that the presence of reducing agents and higher ionic strength are necessary to maintain RPTPkappa as a monomer. In this family the crystal structure of catalytically active RPTPmu D1 was solved as a dimer, but the dimerization was proposed to be a consequence of crystallization since the protein was monomeric in solution. In agreement, we show that RPTPkappa is monomeric in solution and crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyanthy Eswaran
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
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22
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Blair ER, Hoffman HE, Bishop AC. Engineering non-natural inhibitor sensitivity in protein tyrosine phosphatase H1. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:464-71. [PMID: 16182535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase H1, a member of the ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes, is an important signaling molecule, mutant forms of which have been found in human colorectal cancers. Selective PTPH1 inhibitors would be valuable tools for investigating PTPH1's roles in cellular regulation. However, no PTPH1-specific inhibitors are known. To identify target-selective inhibitors of human PTPH1, we have redesigned a PTPH1/inhibitor interface. Structure-based protein design was used to identify two amino-acid residues, isoleucine 846 and methionine 883, that control PTPH1's sensitivity to oxalylaminoindole PTP inhibitors. Mutation of residues 846 and 883 to alanine and glycine, respectively, conferred novel inhibitor sensitivity onto PTPH1. From a small panel of putative inhibitors, compounds that potently and selectively target the inhibitor-sensitized PTPH1 mutants were identified.
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23
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Groen A, Lemeer S, van der Wijk T, Overvoorde J, Heck AJR, Ostman A, Barford D, Slijper M, den Hertog J. Differential Oxidation of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatases. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10298-304. [PMID: 15623519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412424200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is emerging as an important regulatory mechanism of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Here we report that PTPs are differentially oxidized, and we provide evidence for the underlying mechanism. The membrane-proximal RPTPalpha-D1 was catalytically active but not readily oxidized as assessed by immunoprobing with an antibody that recognized oxidized catalytic site cysteines in PTPs (oxPTPs). In contrast, the membrane-distal RPTPalpha-D2, a poor PTP, was readily oxidized. Oxidized catalytic site cysteines in PTP immunoprobing and mass spectrometry demonstrated that mutation of two residues in the Tyr(P) loop and the WPD loop that reverse catalytic activity of RPTPalpha-D1 and RPTPalpha-D2 also reversed oxidizability, suggesting that oxidizability and catalytic activity are coupled. However, catalytically active PTP1B and LAR-D1 were readily oxidized. Oxidizability was strongly dependent on pH, indicating that the microenvironment of the catalytic cysteine has an important role. Crystal structures of PTP domains demonstrated that the orientation of the absolutely conserved PTP loop arginine correlates with oxidizability of PTPs, and consistently, RPTPmu-D1, with a similar conformation as RPTPalpha-D1, was not readily oxidized. In conclusion, PTPs are differentially oxidized at physiological pH and H(2)O(2) concentrations, and the PTP loop arginine is an important determinant for susceptibility to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud Groen
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Villa F, Deak M, Bloomberg GB, Alessi DR, van Aalten DMF. Crystal structure of the PTPL1/FAP-1 human tyrosine phosphatase mutated in colorectal cancer: evidence for a second phosphotyrosine substrate recognition pocket. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:8180-7. [PMID: 15611135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412211200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-L1 (PTPL1, also known as FAP-1, PTP1E, PTP-BAS, and PTPN13) is mutated in a significant number of colorectal tumors and may play a role in down-regulating signaling responses mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, although the precise substrates are as yet unknown. In this study, we describe a 1.8 A resolution crystal structure of a fully active fragment of PTPL1 encompassing the catalytic domain. PTPL1 adopts the standard PTP fold, albeit with an unusually positioned additional N-terminal helix, and shows an ordered phosphate in the active site. Interestingly, a positively charged pocket is located near the PTPL1 catalytic site, reminiscent of the second phosphotyrosine binding site in PTP1B, which is required to dephosphorylate peptides containing two adjacent phosphotyrosine residues (as occurs for example in the activated insulin receptor). We demonstrate that PTPL1, like PTP1B, interacts with and dephosphorylates a bis-phosphorylated insulin receptor peptide more efficiently than monophosphorylated peptides, indicating that PTPL1 may down-regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, by dephosphorylating insulin or growth factor receptors that contain tandem phosphotyrosines. The structure also reveals that four out of five PTPL1 mutations found in colorectal cancers are located on solvent-exposed regions remote from the active site, consistent with these mutants being normally active. In contrast, the fifth mutation, which changes Met-2307 to Thr, is close to the active site cysteine and decreases activity significantly. Our studies provide the first molecular description of the PTPL1 catalytic domain and give new insight into the function of PTPL1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Catalytic Domain
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Peptides/chemistry
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 13
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry
- Receptor, Insulin/chemistry
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Villa
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
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25
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Lee WH, Raas-Rotschild A, Miteva MA, Bolasco G, Rein A, Gillis D, Vidaud D, Vidaud M, Villoutreix BO, Parfait B. Noonan syndrome type I with PTPN11 3 bp deletion: Structure-function implications. Proteins 2004; 58:7-13. [PMID: 15521065 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome was recently reported to be caused by mutations in the PTPN11 gene in 40% of the cases. This gene encodes the nonreceptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and has been shown to be self down-regulated with the concurrency of two SH2 domains. Insertion of a specific loop (D'EF) from N-terminal SH2 domain into the SHP-2 active-site is responsible for the reversible inhibition of the phosphatase activity. Here we report the first in frame trinucleotide deletion resulting in the removal of Aspartate 61 (D61del), a key residue of the N-terminal SH2 D'EF loop. Energetic-based structural analysis and electrostatic calculations carried out on the wild-type and mutant proteins predict lower stability of the D'EF loop for the D61del variant as compared to the wild type indicating better access to the active site and most likely an enzyme activated for longer extent. Similar computations were performed on the previously functionally characterized gain-of-function D61Y mutant and similar behaviors were observed. The simulation data for the D61del and D61Y mutants suggest that both variants could yield more catalytic cycles than the wild-type molecule in the same timespan because of the opening of the active site. It also supports the notion that D61 plays a major role for proper down-regulation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hwa Lee
- INSERM U428, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, PARIS, France
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26
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Peters GH, Iversen LF, Andersen HS, Møller NPH, Olsen OH. Residue 259 in Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP1B and PTPα Determines the Flexibility of Glutamine 262. Biochemistry 2004; 43:8418-28. [PMID: 15222753 DOI: 10.1021/bi0498757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the flexibility of the substrate-binding site and in particular of Gln262, we have performed adiabatic conformational search and molecular dynamics simulations on the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of wild-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B, a mutant PTP1B(R47V,D48N,M258C,G259Q), and a model of the catalytically active form of PTPalpha. For each molecule two cases were modeled: the Michaelis-Menten complex with the substrate analogue p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-PNPP) bound to the active site and the cysteine-phosphor complex, each corresponding to the first and second step of the phosphate hydrolysis. Analyses of the trajectories revealed that in the cysteine-phosphor complex of PTP1B, Gln262 oscillates freely between the bound phosphate group and Gly259 frequently forming, as observed in the crystal structure, a hydrogen bond with the backbone oxygen of Gly259. In contrast, the movement of Gln262 is restricted in PTPalpha and the mutant due to interactions with Gln259 reducing the frequency of the oscillation of Gln262 and thereby delaying the positioning of this residue for the second step in the catalysis, as reflected experimentally by a reduction in k(cat). Additionally, in the simulation with the Michaelis-Menten complexes, we found that a glutamine in position 259 induces steric hindrance by pushing the Gln262 side chain further toward the substrate and thereby negatively affecting K(m) as indicated by kinetic studies. Detailed analysis of the water structure around Gln262 and the active site Cys215 reveals that the probability of finding a water molecule correctly positioned for catalysis is much larger in PTP1B than in PTP1B(R47V,D48N,M258C,G259Q) and PTPalpha, in accordance with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther H Peters
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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27
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Lund IK, Andersen HS, Iversen LF, Olsen OH, Møller KB, Pedersen AK, Ge Y, Holsworth DD, Newman MJ, Axe FU, Møller NPH. Structure-based Design of Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase β. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:24226-35. [PMID: 15024017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered important therapeutic targets because of their pivotal role as regulators of signal transduction and thus their implication in several human diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and autoimmunity. In particular, PTP1B has been the focus of many academic and industrial laboratories because it was found to be an important negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling, and hence a potential therapeutic target in diabetes and obesity. As a result, significant progress has been achieved in the design of highly selective and potent PTP1B inhibitors. In contrast, little attention has been given to other potential drug targets within the PTP family. Guided by x-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, and enzyme kinetic analyses with wild type and mutant PTPs, we describe the development of a general, low molecular weight, non-peptide, non-phosphorus PTP inhibitor into an inhibitor that displays more than 100-fold selectivity for PTPbeta over PTP1B. Of note, our structure-based design principles, which are based on extensive bioinformatics analyses of the PTP family, are general in nature. Therefore, we anticipate that this strategy, here applied to PTPbeta, in principle can be used in the design and development of selective inhibitors of many, if not most PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Katrine Lund
- Signal Transduction, Protein Science, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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28
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Pedersen AK, Guo XL, Møller KB, Peters GH, Andersen HS, Kastrup JS, Mortensen SB, Iversen LF, Zhang ZY, Møller NPH. Residue 182 influences the second step of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-mediated catalysis. Biochem J 2004; 378:421-33. [PMID: 14572311 PMCID: PMC1223950 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Revised: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous enzyme kinetic and structural studies have revealed a critical role for Asp181 (PTP1B numbering) in PTP (protein-tyrosine phosphatase)-mediated catalysis. In the E-P (phosphoenzyme) formation step, Asp181 functions as a general acid, while in the E-P hydrolysis step it acts as a general base. Most of our understanding of the role of Asp181 is derived from studies with the Yersinia PTP and the mammalian PTP1B, and to some extent also TC (T-cell)-PTP and the related PTPa and PTPe. The neighbouring residue 182 is a phenylalanine in these four mammalian enzymes and a glutamine in Yersinia PTP. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the fact that this residue is a histidine in most other mammalian PTPs. Using a reciprocal single-point mutational approach with introduction of His182 in PTP1B and Phe182 in PTPH1, we demonstrate here that His182-PTPs, in comparison with Phe182-PTPs, have significantly decreased kcat values, and to a lesser degree, decreased kcat/Km values. Combined enzyme kinetic, X-ray crystallographic and molecular dynamics studies indicate that the effect of His182 is due to interactions with Asp181 and with Gln262. We conclude that residue 182 can modulate the functionality of both Asp181 and Gln262 and therefore affect the E-P hydrolysis step of PTP-mediated catalysis.
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29
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Frank C, Burkhardt C, Imhof D, Ringel J, Zschörnig O, Wieligmann K, Zacharias M, Böhmer FD. Effective dephosphorylation of Src substrates by SHP-1. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:11375-83. [PMID: 14699166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309096200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is a negative regulator of multiple signal transduction pathways. We observed that SHP-1 effectively antagonized Src-dependent phosphorylations in HEK293 cells. This occurred by dephosphorylation of Src substrates, because Src activity was unaffected in the presence of SHP-1. One reason for efficient dephosphorylation was activation of SHP-1 by Src. Recombinant SHP-1 had elevated activity subsequent to phosphorylation by Src in vitro, and SHP-1 variants with mutated phosphorylation sites in the C terminus, SHP-1 Y538F, and SHP-1 Y538F,Y566F were less active toward Src-generated phosphoproteins in intact cells. A second reason for efficient dephosphorylation is the substrate selectivity of SHP-1. Pull-down experiments with different GST-SHP-1 fusion proteins revealed efficient interaction of Src-generated phosphoproteins with the SHP-1 catalytic domain rather than with the SH2 domains. Phosphopeptides that correspond to good Src substrates were efficiently dephosphorylated by SHP-1 in vitro. Phosphorylated "optimal Src substrate" AEEEIpYGEFEA (where pY is phosphotyrosine) and a phosphopeptide corresponding to a recently identified Src phosphorylation site in p120 catenin, DDLDpY(296)GMMSD, were excellent SHP-1 substrates. Docking of these phosphopeptides into the catalytic domain of SHP-1 by molecular modeling was consistent with the biochemical data and explains the efficient interaction. Acidic residues N-terminal of the phosphotyrosine seem to be of major importance for efficient substrate interaction. Residues C-terminal of the phosphotyrosine probably contribute to the substrate selectivity of SHP-1. We propose that activation of SHP-1 by Src and complementary substrate specificities of SHP-1 and Src may lead to very transient Src signals in the presence of SHP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Frank
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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30
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Drake PG, Peters GH, Andersen HS, Hendriks W, Møller NPH. A novel strategy for the development of selective active-site inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins islet-cell antigen 512 (IA-2) and phogrin (IA-2beta). Biochem J 2003; 373:393-401. [PMID: 12697028 PMCID: PMC1223505 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2002] [Revised: 04/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Islet-cell antigen 512 (IA-2) and phogrin (IA-2beta) are atypical members of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family that are characterized by a lack of activity against conventional PTP substrates. The physiological role(s) of these proteins remain poorly defined, although recent studies indicate that IA-2 may be involved in granule trafficking and exocytosis. To further understand their function, we have embarked upon developing low-molecular-mass inhibitors of IA-2 and IA-2beta. Previously, we have shown that a general PTP inhibitor, 2-(oxalylamino)benzoic acid (OBA), can be developed into highly selective and potent inhibitors of PTP1B. However, since wild-type IA-2 and IA-2beta lack conventional PTP activity, a novel strategy was designed whereby catalytically active species were generated by 'back-mutating' key non-consensus catalytic region residues to those of PTP1B. These mutants were then used as tools with which to test the potency and selectivity of OBA and a variety of its derivatives. Catalytically competent IA-2 and IA-2beta species were generated by 'back-mutation' of only three key residues (equivalent to Tyr(46), Asp(181) and Ala(217) using the human PTP1B numbering) to those of PTP1B. Importantly, enzyme kinetic analyses indicated that the overall fold of both mutant and wild-type IA-2 and IA-2beta was similar to that of classic PTPs. In particular, one derivative of OBA, namely 7-(1,1-dioxo-1 H -benzo[ d ]isothiazol-3-yloxymethyl)-2-(oxalylamino)-4,7-dihydro-5 H -thieno[2,3- c ]pyran-3 -carboxylic acid ('Compound 6 ' shown in the main paper), which inhibited IA-2beta((S762Y/Y898P/D933A)) (IA-2beta in which Ser(762) has been mutated to tyrosine, Tyr(898) to proline, and Asp(933) to alanine) with a K (i) value of approximately 8 microM, appeared ideal for future lead optimization. Thus molecular modelling of this classical, competitive inhibitor in the catalytic site of wild-type IA-2beta identified two residues (Ser(762) and Asp(933)) that offer the possibility for unique interaction with an appropriately modified 'Compound 6 '. Such a compound has the potential to be a highly selective and potent active-site inhibitor of wild-type IA-2beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Drake
- Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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31
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Abstract
Although initially viewed as housekeeping enzymes, research over the last 15 years has revealed that the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical regulators of tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling events and may represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of human diseases. In this review I will describe some of the key advances in the characterization of the structure, regulation and function of the prototypic PTP, PTP1B, and illustrate how our understanding of the properties of this enzyme has revealed principles that apply to the PTP family as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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32
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Szczepankiewicz BG, Liu G, Hajduk PJ, Abad-Zapatero C, Pei Z, Xin Z, Lubben TH, Trevillyan JM, Stashko MA, Ballaron SJ, Liang H, Huang F, Hutchins CW, Fesik SW, Jirousek MR. Discovery of a potent, selective protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor using a linked-fragment strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4087-96. [PMID: 12670229 DOI: 10.1021/ja0296733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an enzyme that downregulates the insulin receptor. Inhibition of PTP1B is expected to improve insulin action, and the design of small molecule PTP1B inhibitors to treat type II diabetes has received considerable attention. In this work, NMR-based screening identified a nonselective competitive inhibitor of PTP1B. A second site ligand was also identified by NMR-based screening and then linked to the catalytic site ligand by rational design. X-ray data confirmed that the inhibitor bound with the catalytic site in the native, "open" conformation. The final compound displayed excellent potency and good selectivity over many other phosphatases. The modular approach to drug design described in this work should be applicable for the design of potent and selective inhibitors of other therapeutically relevant protein tyrosine phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Szczepankiewicz
- Metabolic Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development Organization, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
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33
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Guo XL, Shen K, Wang F, Lawrence DS, Zhang ZY. Probing the molecular basis for potent and selective protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41014-22. [PMID: 12193602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207347200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important for the control of proper cellular tyrosine phosphorylation. Despite the large number of PTPs encoded in the human genome and the emerging roles played by PTPs in human diseases, a detailed understanding of the role played by PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific inhibitors. Such inhibitors could serve as useful tools for determining the physiological functions of PTPs and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. However, because of the highly conserved nature of the active site, it has been difficult to develop selective PTP inhibitors. By taking an approach to tether together two small ligands that can interact simultaneously with the active site and a unique proximal noncatalytic site, we have recently acquired Compound 2 (see Fig. 1), the most potent and selective PTP1B inhibitor identified to date, which exhibits several orders of magnitude selectivity in favor of PTP1B against a panel of PTPs. We describe an evaluation of the interaction between 2 and its analogs with PTP1B and its site-directed mutants selected based on hydrogen/deuterium exchange of PTP1B backbone amides in the presence and absence of 2. We have established the binding mode of Compound 2 and identified 12 PTP1B residues that are important for the potency and selectivity of Compound 2. Although many of the residues important for Compound 2 binding are not unique to PTP1B, the combinations of all contact residues differ between PTP isozymes, which suggest that the binding surface defined by these residues in individual PTPs determines inhibitor selectivity. Our results provide structural information toward understanding of the molecular basis for potent and selective PTP1B inhibition and further establish the feasibility of acquiring potent, yet highly selective, PTP inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Guo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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34
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Johnson TO, Ermolieff J, Jirousek MR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:696-709. [PMID: 12209150 DOI: 10.1038/nrd895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has elevated the medical need for new agents to treat these disease states. Resistance to the hormones insulin and leptin are hallmarks of both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Drugs that can ameliorate this resistance should be effective in treating type 2 diabetes and possibly obesity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is thought to function as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signal transduction. This article reviews PTP1B as a novel target for type 2 diabetes, and looks at the challenges in developing small-molecule inhibitors of this phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore O Johnson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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35
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Iversen LF, Moller KB, Pedersen AK, Peters GH, Petersen AS, Andersen HS, Branner S, Mortensen SB, Moller NPH. Structure determination of T cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19982-90. [PMID: 11907034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200567200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has recently received much attention as a potential drug target in type 2 diabetes. This has in particular been spurred by the finding that PTP1B knockout mice show increased insulin sensitivity and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Surprisingly, the highly homologous T cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) has received much less attention, and no x-ray structure has been provided. We have previously co-crystallized PTP1B with a number of low molecular weight inhibitors that inhibit TC-PTP with similar efficiency. Unexpectedly, we were not able to co-crystallize TC-PTP with the same set of inhibitors. This seems to be due to a multimerization process where residues 130-132, the DDQ loop, from one molecule is inserted into the active site of the neighboring molecule, resulting in a continuous string of interacting TC-PTP molecules. Importantly, despite the high degree of functional and structural similarity between TC-PTP and PTP1B, we have been able to identify areas close to the active site that might be addressed to develop selective inhibitors of each enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Fogh Iversen
- Protein Chemistry and Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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36
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Myers MP, Andersen JN, Cheng A, Tremblay ML, Horvath CM, Parisien JP, Salmeen A, Barford D, Tonks NK. TYK2 and JAK2 are substrates of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:47771-4. [PMID: 11694501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c100583200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins, modulated by the coordinated actions of protein-tyrosine kinases and protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), regulates the cellular response to a wide variety of stimuli. It is established that protein kinases possess discrete sets of substrates and that substrate recognition is often dictated by the presence of consensus phosphorylation sites. Here, we have extended this concept to the PTPs and demonstrated that (E/D)-pY-pY-(R/K) is a consensus substrate recognition motif for PTP1B. We have shown that JAK2 and TYK2 are substrates of PTP1B and that the substrate recognition site within theses kinases is similar to the site of dephosphorylation previously identified within the insulin receptor. A substrate-trapping mutant of PTP1B formed a stable interaction with JAK2 and TYK2 in response to interferon stimulation. Expression of wild type or substrate-trapping mutant PTP1B inhibited interferon-dependent transcriptional activation. Finally, mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in PTP1B displayed subtle changes in tyrosine phosphorylation, including hyperphosphorylation of JAK2. The closely related JAK family member, JAK1, which does not match the consensus dephosphorylation site, was not recognized as a substrate. These data illustrate that PTP1B may be an important physiological regulator of cytokine signaling and that it may be possible to derive consensus substrate recognition motifs for other members of the PTP family, which may then be used to predict novel physiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Myers
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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37
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Iversen LF, Andersen HS, Møller KB, Olsen OH, Peters GH, Branner S, Mortensen SB, Hansen TK, Lau J, Ge Y, Holsworth DD, Newman MJ, Hundahl Møller NP. Steric hindrance as a basis for structure-based design of selective inhibitors of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Biochemistry 2001; 40:14812-20. [PMID: 11732900 DOI: 10.1021/bi011389l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing structure-based design, we have previously demonstrated that it is possible to obtain selective inhibitors of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). A basic nitrogen was introduced into a general PTP inhibitor to form a salt bridge to Asp48 in PTP1B and simultaneously cause repulsion in PTPs containing an asparagine in the equivalent position [Iversen, L. F., et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 10300-10307]. Further, we have recently demonstrated that Gly259 in PTP1B forms the bottom of a gateway that allows easy access to the active site for a broad range of substrates, while bulky residues in the same position in other PTPs cause steric hindrance and reduced substrate recognition capacity [Peters, G. H., et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18201-18209]. The current study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of structure-based design, utilizing these differences in accessibility to the active site among various PTPs. We show that a general, low-molecular weight PTP inhibitor can be developed into a highly selective inhibitor for PTP1B and TC-PTP by introducing a substituent, which is designed to address the region around residues 258 and 259. Detailed enzyme kinetic analysis with a set of wild-type and mutant PTPs, X-ray protein crystallography, and molecular modeling studies confirmed that selectivity for PTP1B and TC-PTP was achieved due to steric hindrance imposed by bulky position 259 residues in other PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Iversen
- Protein Chemistry and Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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38
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Andersen JN, Mortensen OH, Peters GH, Drake PG, Iversen LF, Olsen OH, Jansen PG, Andersen HS, Tonks NK, Møller NP. Structural and evolutionary relationships among protein tyrosine phosphatase domains. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:7117-36. [PMID: 11585896 PMCID: PMC99888 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.21.7117-7136.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J N Andersen
- Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
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39
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Jackson MD, Denu JM. Molecular reactions of protein phosphatases--insights from structure and chemistry. Chem Rev 2001; 101:2313-40. [PMID: 11749375 DOI: 10.1021/cr000247e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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40
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Rodrigues-Lima F, Deloménie C, Goodfellow GH, Grant DM, Dupret JM. Homology modelling and structural analysis of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase NAT1: evidence for the conservation of a cysteine protease catalytic domain and an active-site loop. Biochem J 2001; 356:327-34. [PMID: 11368758 PMCID: PMC1221842 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3560327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.5) (NATs) catalyse the biotransformation of many primary arylamines, hydrazines and their N-hydroxylated metabolites, thereby playing an important role in both the detoxification and metabolic activation of numerous xenobiotics. The recently published crystal structure of the Salmonella typhimurium NAT (StNAT) revealed the existence of a cysteine protease-like (Cys-His-Asp) catalytic triad. In the present study, a three-dimensional homology model of human NAT1, based upon the crystal structure of StNAT [Sinclair, Sandy, Delgoda, Sim and Noble (2000) Nat. Struct. Biol. 7, 560-564], is demonstrated. Alignment of StNAT and NAT1, together with secondary structure predictions, have defined a consensus region (residues 29-131) in which 37% of the residues are conserved. Homology modelling provided a good quality model of the corresponding region in human NAT1. The location of the catalytic triad was found to be identical in StNAT and NAT1. Comparison of active-site structural elements revealed that a similar length loop is conserved in both species (residues 122-131 in NAT1 model and residues 122-133 in StNAT). This observation may explain the involvement of residues 125, 127 and 129 in human NAT substrate selectivity. Our model, and the fact that cysteine protease inhibitors do not affect the activity of NAT1, suggests that human NATs may have adapted a common catalytic mechanism from cysteine proteases to accommodate it for acetyl-transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodrigues-Lima
- CNRS-UMR7000, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 105 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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41
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Salmeen A, Andersen JN, Myers MP, Tonks NK, Barford D. Molecular basis for the dephosphorylation of the activation segment of the insulin receptor by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Mol Cell 2000; 6:1401-12. [PMID: 11163213 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is responsible for negatively regulating insulin signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphotyrosine residues of the insulin receptor kinase (IRK) activation segment. Here, by integrating crystallographic, kinetic, and PTP1B peptide binding studies, we define the molecular specificity of this reaction. Extensive interactions are formed between PTP1B and the IRK sequence encompassing the tandem pTyr residues at 1162 and 1163 such that pTyr-1162 is selected at the catalytic site and pTyr-1163 is located within an adjacent pTyr recognition site. This selectivity is attributed to the 70-fold greater affinity for tandem pTyr-containing peptides relative to mono-pTyr peptides and predicts a hierarchical dephosphorylation process. Many elements of the PTP1B-IRK interaction are unique to PTP1B, indicating that it may be feasible to generate specific, small molecule inhibitors of this interaction to treat diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salmeen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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