1
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Wang HY, Nguyen TP, Sternisha AC, Carroll CL, Cross B, Morlock L, Williams NS, McBrayer S, Nijhawan D, De Brabander JK. Discovery and Optimization of N-Arylated Tetracyclic Dicarboximides That Target Primary Glioma Stem-like Cells. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9277-9301. [PMID: 38804887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel N-aryl tetracyclic dicarboximide MM0299 (1) with robust activity against glioma stem-like cells that potently and selectively inhibits lanosterol synthase leading to the accumulation of the toxic shunt metabolite 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol. Herein, we delineate a systematic and comprehensive SAR study that explores the structural space surrounding the N-aryl tetracyclic dicarboximide scaffold. A series of 100 analogs were synthesized and evaluated for activity against the murine glioma stem-like cell line Mut6 and for metabolic stability in mouse liver S9 fractions. This study led to several analogs with single-digit nanomolar activity in Mut6 glioblastoma cells that were metabolically stable in S9 fractions. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis of selected analogs identified compound 52a (IC50 = 63 nM; S9 T1/2 > 240 min) which was orally available (39% plasma; 58% brain) and displayed excellent brain exposure. Chronic oral dosing of 52a during a 2-week tolerability study indicated no adverse effect on body weight nor signs of hematologic, liver, or kidney toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Thu P Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Alex C Sternisha
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Christopher L Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bethany Cross
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Lorraine Morlock
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Samuel McBrayer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Deepak Nijhawan
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Program in Molecular Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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2
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De La Fuente DC, Tamburini C, Stonelake E, Andrews R, Hall J, Owen MJ, Linden DEJ, Pocklington A, Li M. Impaired oxysterol-liver X receptor signaling underlies aberrant cortical neurogenesis in a stem cell model of neurodevelopmental disorder. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113946. [PMID: 38483902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which genomic risks contribute to the onset of neuropsychiatric conditions remain a key challenge and a prerequisite for successful development of effective therapies. 15q11.2 copy number variation (CNV) containing the CYFIP1 gene is associated with autism and schizophrenia. Using stem cell models, we show that 15q11.2 deletion (15q11.2del) and CYFIP1 loss of function (CYFIP1-LoF) lead to premature neuronal differentiation, while CYFIP1 gain of function (CYFIP1-GoF) favors neural progenitor maintenance. CYFIP1 dosage changes led to dysregulated cholesterol metabolism and altered levels of 24S,25-epoxycholesterol, which can mimic the 15q11.2del and CYFIP1-LoF phenotypes by promoting cortical neuronal differentiation and can restore the impaired neuronal differentiation of CYFIP1-GoF neural progenitors. Moreover, the neurogenic activity of 24S,25-epoxycholesterol is lost following genetic deletion of liver X receptor (LXRβ), while compound deletion of LXRβ in CYFIP1-/- background rescued their premature neurogenesis. This work delineates LXR-mediated oxysterol regulation of neurogenesis as a pathological mechanism in neural cells carrying 15q11.2 CNV and provides a potential target for therapeutic strategies for associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Tamburini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Robert Andrews
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Pocklington
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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3
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Jiang W, Jin WL, Xu AM. Cholesterol metabolism in tumor microenvironment: cancer hallmarks and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2044-2071. [PMID: 38617549 PMCID: PMC11008265 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.92274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is crucial for cell survival and growth, and dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis has been linked to the development of cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitates tumor cell survival and growth, and crosstalk between cholesterol metabolism and the TME contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Targeting cholesterol metabolism has demonstrated significant antitumor effects in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of cholesterol homeostasis and the impact of its dysregulation on the hallmarks of cancer. We also describe how cholesterol metabolism reprograms the TME across seven specialized microenvironments. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of targeting cholesterol metabolism as a therapeutic strategy for tumors. This approach not only exerts antitumor effects in monotherapy and combination therapy but also mitigates the adverse effects associated with conventional tumor therapy. Finally, we outline the unresolved questions and suggest potential avenues for future investigations on cholesterol metabolism in relation to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
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4
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Latorre-Leal M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Franchini L, Nikolidakis O, Daniilidou M, Delac L, Varshney MK, Arroyo-García LE, Eroli F, Winblad B, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Kivipelto M, Pacciarini M, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Björkhem I, Matton A, Nalvarte I, Merino-Serrais P, Cedazo-Minguez A, Maioli S. CYP46A1-mediated cholesterol turnover induces sex-specific changes in cognition and counteracts memory loss in ovariectomized mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj1354. [PMID: 38266095 PMCID: PMC10807813 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The brain-specific enzyme CYP46A1 controls cholesterol turnover by converting cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OH). Dysregulation of brain cholesterol turnover and reduced CYP46A1 levels are observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we report that CYP46A1 overexpression in aged female mice leads to enhanced estrogen signaling in the hippocampus and improved cognitive functions. In contrast, age-matched CYP46A1 overexpressing males show anxiety-like behavior, worsened memory, and elevated levels of 5α-dihydrotestosterone in the hippocampus. We report that, in neurons, 24OH contributes to these divergent effects by activating sex hormone signaling, including estrogen receptors. CYP46A1 overexpression in female mice protects from memory impairments induced by ovariectomy while having no effects in gonadectomized males. Last, we measured cerebrospinal fluid levels of 24OH in a clinical cohort of patients with AD and found that 24OH negatively correlates with neurodegeneration markers only in women. We suggest that CYP46A1 activation is a valuable pharmacological target for enhancing estrogen signaling in women at risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Latorre-Leal
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Franchini
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Orestis Nikolidakis
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Makrina Daniilidou
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljerka Delac
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mukesh K. Varshney
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luis E. Arroyo-García
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Eroli
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK
| | | | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Matton
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Hennegan J, Bryant AH, Griffiths L, Trigano M, Bartley OJ, Bartlett JJ, Minahan C, Abreu de Oliveira WA, Yutuc E, Ntikas S, Bartsocas CS, Markouri M, Antoniadou E, Laina I, Howell OW, Li M, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Lane EL, Lelos MJ, Theofilopoulos S. Inhibition of 7α,26-dihydroxycholesterol biosynthesis promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. iScience 2024; 27:108670. [PMID: 38155767 PMCID: PMC10753067 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism has been linked to neurodegeneration. We previously found that free, non-esterified, 7α,(25R)26-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,26-diHC), was significantly elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study we investigated the role of 7α,26-diHC in midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron development and survival. We report that 7α,26-diHC induces apoptosis and reduces the number of mDA neurons in hESC-derived cultures and in mouse progenitor cultures. Voriconazole, an oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) inhibitor, increases the number of mDA neurons and prevents the loss of mDA neurons induced by 7α,26-diHC. These effects are specific since neither 7α,26-diHC nor voriconazole alter the number of Islet1+ oculomotor neurons. Furthermore, our results suggest that elevated 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol, which has been shown to promote mDA neurogenesis, may be partially responsible for the effect of voriconazole on mDA neurons. These findings suggest that voriconazole, and/or other azole CYP7B1 inhibitors may have implications in PD therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hennegan
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Aled H. Bryant
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Matthieu Trigano
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Oliver J.M. Bartley
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Joanna J. Bartlett
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Carys Minahan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Willy Antoni Abreu de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Sotirios Ntikas
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Owain W. Howell
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Meng Li
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Oxysterol Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Emma L. Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mariah J. Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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6
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Alavi MS, Karimi G, Ghanimi HA, Roohbakhsh A. The potential of CYP46A1 as a novel therapeutic target for neurological disorders: An updated review of mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175726. [PMID: 37062503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key component of the cell membrane that impacts the permeability, fluidity, and functions of membrane-bound proteins. It also participates in synaptogenesis, synaptic function, axonal growth, dendrite outgrowth, and microtubule stability. Cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are in balance in the brain. Its metabolism in the brain is mediated mainly by CYP46A1 or cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. It is responsible for eliminating about 80% of the cholesterol excess from the human brain. CYP46A1 converts cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC) that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the liver for the final elimination process. Studies show that cholesterol and 24HC levels change during neurological diseases and conditions. So, it was hypothesized that inhibition or activation of CYP46A1 would be an effective therapeutic strategy. Accordingly, preclinical studies, using genetic and pharmacological interventions, assessed the role of CYP46A1 in main neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinocerebellar ataxias, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, its role in seizures and brain injury was evaluated. The recent development of soticlestat, as a selective and potent CYP46A1 inhibitor, with significant anti-seizure effects in preclinical and clinical studies, suggests the importance of this target for future drug developments. Previous studies have shown that both activation and inhibition of CYP46A1 are of therapeutic value. This article, using recent studies, highlights the role of CYP46A1 in various brain diseases and insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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7
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Nguyen TP, Wang W, Sternisha AC, Corley CD, Wang HYL, Wang X, Ortiz F, Lim SK, Abdullah KG, Parada LF, Williams NS, McBrayer SK, McDonald JG, De Brabander JK, Nijhawan D. Selective and brain-penetrant lanosterol synthase inhibitors target glioma stem-like cells by inducing 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol production. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:214-229.e18. [PMID: 36758549 PMCID: PMC10008516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive adult brain cancer with few treatment options due in part to the challenges of identifying brain-penetrant drugs. Here, we investigated the mechanism of MM0299, a tetracyclic dicarboximide with anti-glioblastoma activity. MM0299 inhibits lanosterol synthase (LSS) and diverts sterol flux away from cholesterol into a "shunt" pathway that culminates in 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (EPC). EPC synthesis following MM0299 treatment is both necessary and sufficient to block the growth of mouse and human glioma stem-like cells by depleting cellular cholesterol. MM0299 exhibits superior selectivity for LSS over other sterol biosynthetic enzymes. Critical for its application in the brain, we report an MM0299 derivative that is orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant, and induces the production of EPC in orthotopic GBM tumors but not normal mouse brain. These studies have implications for the development of an LSS inhibitor to treat GBM or other neurologic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu P Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wentian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alex C Sternisha
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chase D Corley
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hua-Yu Leo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Francisco Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sang-Kyun Lim
- Department of Development Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kalil G Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Luis F Parada
- Department of Development Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel K McBrayer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Deepak Nijhawan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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8
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Faulkner R, Jo Y. Synthesis, function, and regulation of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1006822. [PMID: 36275615 PMCID: PMC9579336 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1006822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, the bulk end-product of the mevalonate pathway, is a key component of cellular membranes and lipoproteins that transport lipids throughout the body. It is also a precursor of steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. In addition to cholesterol, the mevalonate pathway yields a variety of nonsterol isoprenoids that are essential to cell survival. Flux through the mevalonate pathway is tightly controlled to ensure cells continuously synthesize nonsterol isoprenoids but avoid overproducing cholesterol and other sterols. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase (HMGCR), the rate limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, is the focus of a complex feedback regulatory system governed by sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. This review highlights transcriptional and post-translational regulation of HMGCR. Transcriptional regulation of HMGCR is mediated by the Scap-SREBP pathway. Post-translational control is initiated by the intracellular accumulation of sterols, which causes HMGCR to become ubiquitinated and subjected to proteasome-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Sterols also cause a subfraction of HMGCR molecules to bind the vitamin K2 synthetic enzyme, UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1). This binding inhibits ERAD of HMGCR, which allows cells to continuously synthesize nonsterol isoprenoids such as geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), even when sterols are abundant. Recent studies reveal that UBIAD1 is a GGPP sensor, dissociating from HMGCR when GGPP thresholds are met to allow maximal ERAD. Animal studies using genetically manipulated mice disclose the physiological significance of the HMGCR regulatory system and we describe how dysregulation of these pathways contributes to disease.
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9
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Pikuleva IA. Targeting cytochrome P450 46A1 and brain cholesterol 24-hydroxylation to treat neurodegenerative diseases. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2021; 1:159-172. [PMID: 35156102 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2021.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain cholesterol content is determined by the balance between the pathways of in situ biosynthesis and cholesterol elimination via 24-hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP46A1 (cytochrome P450 46A1). Both pathways are tightly coupled and determine the rate of brain cholesterol turnover. Evidence is accumulating that modulation of CYP46A1 activity by gene therapy or pharmacologic means could be beneficial in case neurodegenerative and other brain diseases and affect brain processes other than cholesterol biosynthesis and elimination. This minireview summarizes these other processes, most common of which include abnormal protein accumulation, memory and cognition, motor behavior, gene transcription, protein phosphorylation as well as autophagy and lysosomal processing. The unifying mechanisms, by which these processes could be affected by CYP46A targeting are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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10
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Shen W, Jiang L, Zhao J, Wang H, Hu M, Chen L, Chen Y. Bioactive lipids and their metabolism: new therapeutic opportunities for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:846-872. [PMID: 34904314 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, which can also be associated with non-motor symptoms. Its pathogenesis is thought to stem from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated α-synuclein. Recent works suggested that lipids might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of PD. In particular, the so-called "bioactive" lipids whose changes in the concentration may lead to functional consequences and affect many pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, are closely related to PD in terms of symptoms, disease progression, and incidence. This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolism and physiological functions of bioactive lipids, such as fatty acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, oxysterols, representative sphingolipids, diacylglycerols, and lysophosphatidic acid, in the development of PD. The knowledge of bioactive lipids in PD gained through preclinical and clinical studies is expected to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central Sounth University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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de Rus Jacquet A, Tancredi JL, Lemire AL, DeSantis MC, Li WP, O'Shea EK. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters astrocyte-to-neuron communication via extracellular vesicles and induces neuron atrophy in a human iPSC-derived model of Parkinson's disease. eLife 2021; 10:e73062. [PMID: 34590578 PMCID: PMC8514240 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential cells of the central nervous system, characterized by dynamic relationships with neurons that range from functional metabolic interactions and regulation of neuronal firing activities, to the release of neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopaminergic neurons are progressively lost during the course of the disease, but the effects of PD on astrocytes and astrocyte-to-neuron communication remain largely unknown. This study focuses on the effects of the PD-related mutation LRRK2 G2019S in astrocytes generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. We report the alteration of extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis in astrocytes and identify the abnormal accumulation of key PD-related proteins within multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We found that dopaminergic neurons internalize astrocyte-secreted EVs and that LRRK2 G2019S EVs are abnormally enriched in neurites and fail to provide full neurotrophic support to dopaminergic neurons. Thus, dysfunctional astrocyte-to-neuron communication via altered EV biological properties may participate in the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna L Tancredi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Andrew L Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael C DeSantis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Erin K O'Shea
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
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12
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Brain Renin-Angiotensin System as Novel and Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810139. [PMID: 34576302 PMCID: PMC8468637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cognition. While the brain RAS has been studied before in the context of hypertension, little is known about its role and regulation in relation to neuronal function and its modulation. Adequate blood flow to the brain as well as proper clearing of metabolic byproducts become crucial in the presence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). RAS inhibition (RASi) drugs that can cross into the central nervous system have yielded unclear results in improving cognition in AD patients. Consequently, only one RASi therapy is under consideration in clinical trials to modify AD. Moreover, the role of non-genetic factors such as hypercholesterolemia in the pathophysiology of AD remains largely uncharacterized, even when evidence exists that it can lead to alteration of the RAS and cognition in animal models. Here we revise the evidence for the function of the brain RAS in cognition and AD pathogenesis and summarize the evidence that links it to hypercholesterolemia and other risk factors. We review existent medications for RASi therapy and show research on novel drugs, including small molecules and nanodelivery strategies that can target the brain RAS with potential high specificity. We hope that further research into the brain RAS function and modulation will lead to innovative therapies that can finally improve AD neurodegeneration.
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13
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de Freitas FA, Levy D, Zarrouk A, Lizard G, Bydlowski SP. Impact of Oxysterols on Cell Death, Proliferation, and Differentiation Induction: Current Status. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092301. [PMID: 34571949 PMCID: PMC8468221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol produced by enzymatic activity or non-enzymatic pathways (auto-oxidation). The oxidation processes lead to the synthesis of about 60 different oxysterols. Several oxysterols have physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological activities. The effects of oxysterols on cell death processes, especially apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and oxiapoptophagy, as well as their action on cell proliferation, are reviewed here. These effects, also observed in several cancer cell lines, could potentially be useful in cancer treatment. The effects of oxysterols on cell differentiation are also described. Among them, the properties of stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells while inhibiting adipogenic differentiation may be useful in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Alessandro de Freitas
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
| | - Débora Levy
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition—Functional Food & Vascular Health’, Monastir, Tunisia & Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’ EA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—Inserm, 7270 Dijon, France;
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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14
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into several cell types when exposed to determined substances, including oxysterols. Oxysterols are cholesterol products derived from its auto-oxidation by reactive species or from enzymatic action. They are present in the body in low quantities under physiological conditions and exhibit several physiological and pharmacological actions according to both the types of oxysterol and tissue. Some of them are cytotoxic while others have been shown to promote cell differentiation through the action on several different receptors, such as nuclear LXR receptors and Smoothened receptor ligands. Here, we review the main pathways by which oxysterols have been associated with cell differentiation and death of mesenchymal stem cells.
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15
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? FEBS J 2021; 288:3727-3745. [PMID: 33506652 PMCID: PMC8653896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
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16
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Wang Y, Li X, Ren S. Cholesterol Metabolites 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Are Potent Paired Regulators: From Discovery to Clinical Usage. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010009. [PMID: 33375700 PMCID: PMC7823450 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols have long been believed to be ligands of nuclear receptors such as liver × receptor (LXR), and they play an important role in lipid homeostasis and in the immune system, where they are involved in both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. However, they are increasingly associated with a wide variety of other, sometimes surprising, cell functions. Oxysterols have also been implicated in several diseases such as metabolic syndrome. Oxysterols can be sulfated, and the sulfated oxysterols act in different directions: they decrease lipid biosynthesis, suppress inflammatory responses, and promote cell survival. Our recent reports have shown that oxysterol and oxysterol sulfates are paired epigenetic regulators, agonists, and antagonists of DNA methyltransferases, indicating that their function of global regulation is through epigenetic modification. In this review, we explore our latest research of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate in a novel regulatory mechanism and evaluate the current evidence for these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(804)-675-5000 (ext. 4973)
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17
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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18
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Brown AJ, Sharpe LJ, Rogers MJ. Oxysterols: From physiological tuners to pharmacological opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3089-3103. [PMID: 32335907 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated forms of cholesterol generated via autooxidation by free radicals and ROS, or formed enzymically by a variety of enzymes such as those involved in the synthesis of bile acids. Although found at very low concentrations in vivo, these metabolites play key roles in health and disease, particularly in development and regulating immune cell responses, by binding to effector proteins such as LXRα, RORγ and Insig and directly or indirectly regulating transcriptional programmes that affect cell metabolism and function. In this review, we summarise the routes by which oxysterols can be generated and subsequently modified to other oxysterol metabolites and highlight their diverse and profound biological functions and opportunities to alter their levels using pharmacological approaches. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Localization of sterols and oxysterols in mouse brain reveals distinct spatial cholesterol metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5749-5760. [PMID: 32132201 PMCID: PMC7084107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917421117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ and cholesterol homeostasis underpins brain function. It is known that cholesterol is not evenly distributed across different brain regions; however, the precise map of cholesterol metabolism in the brain remains unclear. If cholesterol metabolism is to be correlated with brain function it is essential to generate such a map. Here we describe an advanced mass spectrometry platform to reveal spatial cholesterol metabolism in situ at 400-µm spot diameter on 10-µm tissue slices from mouse brain. We mapped, not only cholesterol, but also other biologically active sterols arising from cholesterol turnover in both wild type and mice lacking cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), the major cholesterol metabolizing enzyme. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is implicated in a number of neurological disorders. Many sterols, including cholesterol and its precursors and metabolites, are biologically active and important for proper brain function. However, spatial cholesterol metabolism in brain and the resulting sterol distributions are poorly defined. To better understand cholesterol metabolism in situ across the complex functional regions of brain, we have developed on-tissue enzyme-assisted derivatization in combination with microliquid extraction for surface analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to locate sterols in tissue slices (10 µm) of mouse brain. The method provides sterolomic analysis at 400-µm spot diameter with a limit of quantification of 0.01 ng/mm2. It overcomes the limitations of previous mass spectrometry imaging techniques in analysis of low-abundance and difficult-to-ionize sterol molecules, allowing isomer differentiation and structure identification. Here we demonstrate the spatial distribution and quantification of multiple sterols involved in cholesterol metabolic pathways in wild-type and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase knockout mouse brain. The technology described provides a powerful tool for future studies of spatial cholesterol metabolism in healthy and diseased tissues.
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20
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Vejux A, Abed-Vieillard D, Hajji K, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Ghosh S, Nury T, Yammine A, Zaibi M, Mihoubi W, Bouchab H, Nasser B, Grosjean Y, Lizard G. 7-Ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol: In vitro and animal models used to characterize their activities and to identify molecules preventing their toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Saeed A, Betsholtz C, Genove G, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Formation and metabolism of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids found in the mouse circulation: Lessons learnt from deuterium-enrichment experiments and the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105475. [PMID: 31541728 PMCID: PMC6880786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the presence and abundance of the major oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in the circulation is well established, minor cholesterol metabolites may also have biological importance and be of value to investigate. In this study by observing the metabolism of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in the pdgfbret/ret mouse, a mouse model with increased vascular permeability in brain, and by studying the sterol content of plasma from the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse overexpressing the human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase enzyme we have been able to identify a number of minor cholesterol metabolites found in the circulation, make approximate-quantitative measurements and postulate pathways for their formation. These "proof of principle" data may have relevance when using mouse models to mimic human disease and in respect of the increasing possibility of treating human neurodegenerative diseases with pharmaceuticals designed to enhance the activity of CYP46A1 or by adeno-associated virus delivery of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Guillem Genove
- ICMC Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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22
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Oxysterols as lipid mediators: Their biosynthetic genes, enzymes and metabolites. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106381. [PMID: 31698146 PMCID: PMC7081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathways of oxysterol biosynthesis. Pathways of oxysterol metabolism. Oxysterols as bioactive molecules. Disorders of oxysterol metabolism.
There is growing evidence that oxysterols are more than simple metabolites in the pathway from cholesterol to bile acids. Recent data has shown oxysterols to be ligands to nuclear receptors and to G protein-coupled receptors, modulators of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis. In this mini-review we will discuss the biosynthetic mechanisms for the formation of different oxysterols and the implication of disruption of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
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23
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Jamadagni P, Patten SA. 25-hydroxycholesterol impairs neuronal and muscular development in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:14-23. [PMID: 31449834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols have essential effects on brain homeostasis and their levels are often altered in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Several studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of 25-HC on different cell lines, however, not much is known about its effects on neurons in vivo. In this study, we examined the effects of 25-HC exposure on the nervous system development in the zebrafish. We showed that survival rate of zebrafish embryos/larvae is significantly decreased at doses of 25-HC above 40 μM. 25-HC was found to affect the motility of zebrafish larvae, primary motor axon and muscle morphology. Furthermore, larvae treated with 25-HC showed a reduced neuronal network and number of HuC-positive cells in the brain. An increased cell death was also observed in both the brain and spinal cord of zebrafish treated with 25-HC. Interestingly, administration of 25-HC at later stages of development (24 and 48 h post fertilization) had no detrimental effects on motor axons. Altogether, our findings show that elevated levels of 25-HC may have important consequences on neuronal development and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- INRS Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
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24
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Mouzat K, Chudinova A, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Raoul C, Lumbroso S. Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: What Role Do Liver X Receptors Play in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3858. [PMID: 31398791 PMCID: PMC6720493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXR) alpha and beta are two members of nuclear receptor superfamily documented as endogenous cholesterol sensors. Following conversion of cholesterol in oxysterol, both LXR isoforms detect intracellular concentrations and act as transcription factors to promote expression of target genes. Among their numerous physiological roles, they act as central cholesterol-lowering factors. In the central nervous system (CNS), cholesterol has been shown to be an essential determinant of brain function, particularly as a major constituent of myelin and membranes. In the brain, LXRs act as cholesterol central regulators, and, beyond this metabolic function, LXRs have additional roles such as providing neuroprotective effects and lowering neuroinflammation. In many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), dysregulations of cholesterol and oxysterol have been reported. In this paper, we propose to focus on recent advances in the knowledge of the LXRs roles on brain cholesterol and oxysterol homeostasis, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and their putative involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss their potential use as candidates for both molecular diagnosis and as promising pharmacological targets in the treatment of ALS, AD, or MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France.
| | - Aleksandra Chudinova
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - William Camu
- ALS Reference Center, Montpellier University Hospital and University of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
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