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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies detected an inverse relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), identifying HDL-C as a major risk factor for ASCVD and suggesting atheroprotective functions of HDL. However, the role of HDL-C as a mediator of risk for ASCVD has been called into question by the failure of HDL-C-raising drugs to reduce cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Progress in understanding the heterogeneous nature of HDL particles in terms of their protein, lipid, and small RNA composition has contributed to the realization that HDL-C levels do not necessarily reflect HDL function. The most examined atheroprotective function of HDL is reverse cholesterol transport, whereby HDL removes cholesterol from plaque macrophage foam cells and delivers it to the liver for processing and excretion into bile. Indeed, in several studies, HDL has shown inverse associations between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and ASCVD in humans. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque formation, and a fundamental function of HDL is suppression of inflammatory signaling in macrophages and other cells. Oxidation is also a critical process to ASCVD in promoting atherogenic oxidative modifications of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and cellular inflammation. HDL and its proteins including apoAI (apolipoprotein AI) and PON1 (paraoxonase 1) prevent cellular oxidative stress and LDL modifications. Importantly, HDL in humans with ASCVD is oxidatively modified rendering HDL dysfunctional and proinflammatory. Modification of HDL with reactive carbonyl species, such as malondialdehyde and isolevuglandins, dramatically impairs the antiatherogenic functions of HDL. Importantly, treatment of murine models of atherosclerosis with scavengers of reactive dicarbonyls improves HDL function and reduces systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis development, and features of plaque instability. Here, we discuss the HDL antiatherogenic functions in relation to oxidative modifications and the potential of reactive dicarbonyl scavengers as a therapeutic approach for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F. Linton
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia G. Yancey
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Huan Tao
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sean S. Davies
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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2
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Pastore AJ, Ficaretta E, Chatterjee A, Davidson VL. Substitution of the sole tryptophan of the cupredoxin, amicyanin, with 5-hydroxytryptophan alters fluorescence properties and energy transfer to the type 1 copper site. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111895. [PMID: 35696758 PMCID: PMC9753554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Amicyanin is a type 1 copper protein with a single tryptophan residue. Using genetic code expansion, the tryptophan was selectively replaced with the unnatural amino acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). The 5-HTP substituted amicyanin exhibited absorbance at 300-320 nm, characteristic of 5-HTP and not seen in native amicyanin. The fluorescence emission maximum in 5-HTP substituted amicyanin is redshifted from 318 nm in native amicyanin to 331 nm and to 348 nm in the unfolded protein. The fluorescence quantum yield of 5-HTP substituted amicyanin mutant was much less than that of native amicyanin. Differences in intrinsic fluorescence are explained by differences in the excited states of tryptophan versus 5-HTP and the intraprotein environment. The substitution of tryptophan with 5-HTP did not affect the visible absorbance and redox potential of the copper, which is 10 Å away. In amicyanin and other cupredoxins, an unexplained quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence by the bound copper is observed. However, the fluorescence of 5-HTP substituted amicyanin is not quenched by the copper. It is shown that the mechanism of quenching in native amicyanin is Förster, or fluorescence, resonance energy transfer (FRET). This does not occur in 5-HTP substituted amicyanin because the fluorescence quantum yield is significantly lower and the red-shift of fluorescence emission maximum decreases overlap with the near UV absorbance of copper. Characterization of the distinct fluorescence properties of 5-HTP relative to tryptophan in amicyanin provides a basis for spectroscopic interrogation of the protein microenvironment using 5-HTP, and long-distance interactions with transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Pastore
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Elise Ficaretta
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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3
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Understanding Myeloperoxidase-Induced Damage to HDL Structure and Function in the Vessel Wall: Implications for HDL-Based Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030556. [PMID: 35326206 PMCID: PMC8944857 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of increased oxidative stress characterized by protein and lipid modifications in the vessel wall. One important oxidative pathway involves reactive intermediates generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme present mainly in neutrophils and monocytes. Tandem MS analysis identified MPO as a component of lesion derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL), showing that the two interact in the arterial wall. MPO modifies apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I), paraoxonase 1 and certain HDL-associated phospholipids in human atheroma. HDL isolated from atherosclerotic plaques depicts extensive MPO mediated posttranslational modifications, including oxidation of tryptophan, tyrosine and methionine residues, and carbamylation of lysine residues. In addition, HDL associated plasmalogens are targeted by MPO, generating 2-chlorohexadecanal, a pro-inflammatory and endothelial barrier disrupting lipid that suppresses endothelial nitric oxide formation. Lesion derived HDL is predominantly lipid-depleted and cross-linked and exhibits a nearly 90% reduction in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity and cholesterol efflux capacity. Here we provide a current update of the pathophysiological consequences of MPO-induced changes in the structure and function of HDL and discuss possible therapeutic implications and options. Preclinical studies with a fully functional apoA-I variant with pronounced resistance to oxidative inactivation by MPO-generated oxidants are currently ongoing. Understanding the relationships between pathophysiological processes that affect the molecular composition and function of HDL and associated diseases is central to the future use of HDL in diagnostics, therapy, and ultimately disease management.
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4
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Battle S, Gogonea V, Willard B, Wang Z, Fu X, Huang Y, Graham LM, Cameron SJ, DiDonato JA, Crabb JW, Hazen SL. The pattern of apolipoprotein A-I lysine carbamylation reflects its lipidation state and the chemical environment within human atherosclerotic aorta. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101832. [PMID: 35304099 PMCID: PMC9010765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine carbamylation is an irreversible post-translational modification resulting in generation of homocitrulline (N-ε-carbamyllysine), which no longer possesses a charged ε-amino moiety. Two distinct pathways can promote protein carbamylation. One results from urea decomposition, forming an equilibrium mixture of cyanate (CNO−) and the reactive electrophile isocyanate. The second pathway involves myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN−), yielding CNO− and isocyanate. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is a known target for MPO-catalyzed modification in vivo, converting the cardioprotective lipoprotein into a proatherogenic and proapoptotic one. We hypothesized that monitoring site-specific carbamylation patterns of apoA-I recovered from human atherosclerotic aorta could provide insights into the chemical environment within the artery wall. To test this, we first mapped carbamyllysine obtained from in vitro carbamylation of apoA-I by both the urea-driven (nonenzymatic) and inflammatory-driven (enzymatic) pathways in lipid-poor and lipidated apoA-I (reconstituted HDL). Our results suggest that lysine residues within proximity of the known MPO-binding sites on HDL are preferentially targeted by the enzymatic (MPO) carbamylation pathway, whereas the nonenzymatic pathway leads to nearly uniform distribution of carbamylated lysine residues along the apoA-I polypeptide chain. Quantitative proteomic analyses of apoA-I from human aortic atheroma identified 16 of the 21 lysine residues as carbamylated and suggested that the majority of apoA-I carbamylation in vivo occurs on “lipid-poor” apoA-I forms via the nonenzymatic CNO− pathway. Monitoring patterns of apoA-I carbamylation recovered from arterial tissues can provide insights into both apoA-I structure and the chemical environment within human atheroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Battle
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Shared Laboratory Resource, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Linda M Graham
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Scott J Cameron
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - John W Crabb
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH; Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
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5
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Yu J, Fu J, Zhang X, Cui X, Cheng M. The Integration of Metabolomic and Proteomic Analyses Revealed Alterations in Inflammatory-Related Protein Metabolites in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Subjected to Oscillatory Shear Stress. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825966. [PMID: 35250628 PMCID: PMC8889118 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play essential roles in vascular repair. Our previous study suggests OSS would lead EPCs transdifferention into the mesenchymal cell that aggravates pathological vascular remodeling. The primary purpose of this study was to apply OSS in vitro in EPCs and then explore proteins, metabolites, and the protein-metabolite network of EPCs. Methods Endothelial progenitor cells were kept in static or treated with OSS. For OSS treatment, the Flexcell STR-4000 parallel plate flow system was used to simulate OSS for 12 h. Subsequently, an untargeted metabolomic LC/MS analysis and a TMT-labeled quantitative proteomic analysis were performed. Results A total of 4,699 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, among which 73 differentially expressed proteins were potentially meaningful (P < 0.05), with 66 upregulated and 7 downregulated expressions. There were 5,664 differential metabolites (DEMs), of which 401 DEMs with biologically potential marker significance (VIP > 1, P < 0.05), of which 137 were upregulated and 264 were downregulated. The Prison correlation analysis of DEPs and DEMs was performed, and the combined DEPs–DEMs pathway analyses of the KGLM database show 39 pathways. Among the DEPs, including the Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH), Prostaglandin E synthase 3 (PTGES3), Glutamate–cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM), Transaldolase (TALDO1), Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1), which are significantly enriched in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) and fatty acid metabolic pathways, promoting glycolysis and upregulation of fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, we screened the 6 DEPs with the highest correlation with DEMs for predicting the onset of early AS and performed qPCR to validate them. Conclusion The comprehensive analysis reveals the following main changes in EPCs after the OSS treatment: dysregulation of glutamate and glycine metabolism and their transport/catabolic related proteins. Disorders of fatty acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism accompanied by alterations in the corresponding metabolic enzymes. Elevated expression of glucose metabolism.
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Ong KL, Cochran BBiotech BJ, Manandhar B, Thomas S, Rye KA. HDL maturation and remodelling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159119. [PMID: 35121104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol in the circulation is mostly transported in an esterified form as a component of lipoproteins. The majority of these cholesteryl esters are produced in nascent, discoidal high density lipoproteins (HDLs) by the enzyme, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Discoidal HDLs are discrete populations of particles that consist of a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic acyl chains of which are shielded from the aqueous environment by apolipoproteins that also confer water solubility on the particles. The progressive LCAT-mediated accumulation of cholesteryl esters in discoidal HDLs generates the spherical HDLs that predominate in normal human plasma. Spherical HDLs contain a core of water insoluble, neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) that is surrounded by a surface monolayer of phospholipids with which apolipoproteins associate. Although spherical HDLs all have the same basic structure, they are extremely diverse in size, composition, and function. This review is concerned with how the biogenesis of discoidal and spherical HDLs is regulated and the mechanistic basis of their size and compositional heterogeneity. Current understanding of the impact of this heterogeneity on the therapeutic potential of HDLs of varying size and composition is also addressed in the context of several disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Leung Ong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake J Cochran BBiotech
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bikash Manandhar
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shane Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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7
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Goetze S, Frey K, Rohrer L, Radosavljevic S, Krützfeldt J, Landmesser U, Bueter M, Pedrioli PGA, von Eckardstein A, Wollscheid B. Reproducible Determination of High-Density Lipoprotein Proteotypes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4974-4984. [PMID: 34677978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a heterogeneous mixture of blood-circulating multimolecular particles containing many different proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based proteotype analysis show promise for the analysis of proteoforms across large patient cohorts. In order to create the required spectral libraries enabling these data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategies, HDL was isolated from the plasma of more than 300 patients with a multiplicity of physiological HDL states. HDL proteome spectral libraries consisting of 296 protein groups and more than 786 peptidoforms were established, and the performance of the DIA strategy was benchmarked for the detection of HDL proteotype differences between healthy individuals and a cohort of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type 2 and/or coronary heart disease. Bioinformatic interrogation of the data using the generated spectral libraries showed that the DIA approach enabled robust HDL proteotype determination. HDL peptidoform analysis enabled by using spectral libraries allowed for the identification of post-translational modifications, such as in APOA1, which could affect HDL functionality. From a technical point of view, data analysis further shows that protein and peptide quantities are currently more discriminative between different HDL proteotypes than peptidoforms without further enrichment. Together, DIA-based HDL proteotyping enables the robust digitization of HDL proteotypes as a basis for the analysis of larger clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goetze
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Multi-Omics Center (SMOC), PHRT-CPAC, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Frey
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Silvija Radosavljevic
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Jan Krützfeldt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Patrick G A Pedrioli
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Multi-Omics Center (SMOC), PHRT-CPAC, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Multi-Omics Center (SMOC), PHRT-CPAC, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Demasi M, Augusto O, Bechara EJH, Bicev RN, Cerqueira FM, da Cunha FM, Denicola A, Gomes F, Miyamoto S, Netto LES, Randall LM, Stevani CV, Thomson L. Oxidative Modification of Proteins: From Damage to Catalysis, Signaling, and Beyond. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1016-1080. [PMID: 33726509 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The systematic investigation of oxidative modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species started in 1980. Later, it was shown that reactive nitrogen species could also modify proteins. Some protein oxidative modifications promote loss of protein function, cleavage or aggregation, and some result in proteo-toxicity and cellular homeostasis disruption. Recent Advances: Previously, protein oxidation was associated exclusively to damage. However, not all oxidative modifications are necessarily associated with damage, as with Met and Cys protein residue oxidation. In these cases, redox state changes can alter protein structure, catalytic function, and signaling processes in response to metabolic and/or environmental alterations. This review aims to integrate the present knowledge on redox modifications of proteins with their fate and role in redox signaling and human pathological conditions. Critical Issues: It is hypothesized that protein oxidation participates in the development and progression of many pathological conditions. However, no quantitative data have been correlated with specific oxidized proteins or the progression or severity of pathological conditions. Hence, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying these modifications, their importance in human pathologies, and the fate of the modified proteins is of clinical relevance. Future Directions: We discuss new tools to cope with protein oxidation and suggest new approaches for integrating knowledge about protein oxidation and redox processes with human pathophysiological conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1016-1080.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Demasi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata N Bicev
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Cerqueira
- CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lía M Randall
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Schoch L, Badimon L, Vilahur G. Unraveling the Complexity of HDL Remodeling: On the Hunt to Restore HDL Quality. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070805. [PMID: 34356869 PMCID: PMC8301317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has cast doubt over the HDL-cholesterol hypothesis. The complexity of the HDL particle and its proven susceptibility to remodel has paved the way for intense molecular investigation. This state-of-the-art review discusses the molecular changes in HDL particles that help to explain the failure of large clinical trials intending to interfere with HDL metabolism, and details the chemical modifications and compositional changes in HDL-forming components, as well as miRNA cargo, that render HDL particles ineffective. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to shed a light of hope on HDL-targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schoch
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935537100
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10
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Jin Z, Zhou L, Tian R, Lu N. Myeloperoxidase Targets Apolipoprotein A-I for Site-Specific Tyrosine Chlorination in Atherosclerotic Lesions and Generates Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1672-1680. [PMID: 33861588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is an important target for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed tyrosine chlorination in the circulation of subjects with cardiovascular diseases. Oxidation of apoA-I by MPO has been reported to deprive HDL of its protective properties. However, the potential effects of MPO-mediated site-specific tyrosine chlorination of apoA-I on dysfunctional HDL formation and atherosclerosis was unclear. Herein, Tyr192 in apoA-I was found to be the major chlorination site in both lesion and plasma HDL from humans with atherosclerosis, while MPO binding to apoA-I was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation studies in vivo. In vitro, MPO-mediated damage of lipid-free apoA-I impaired its ability to promote cellular cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway, whereas oxidation to lipid-associated apoA-I inhibited lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation, two key steps in reverse cholesterol transport. Compared with native apoA-I, apoA-I containing a Tyr192 → Phe mutation was moderately resistant to oxidative inactivation by MPO. In high-fat-diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, compared with native apoA-I, subcutaneous injection with oxidized apoA-I (MPO treated) failed to mediate the lipid content in aortic plaques while mutant apoA-I (Tyr192 → Phe) showed a slightly stronger ability to reduce the lipid content in vivo. Our observations suggest that oxidative damage of apoA-I and HDL involves MPO-dependent site-specific tyrosine chlorination, raising the feasibility of producing MPO-resistant forms of apoA-I that have stronger antiatherosclerotic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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11
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Relative profiling of L-tryptophan derivatives from selected edible mushrooms as psychoactive nutraceuticals to inhibit P-glycoprotein: a paradigm to contest blood-brain barrier. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2021; 102:55-64. [PMID: 36605716 PMCID: PMC9645570 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2021.103762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental illness and is considered to be a global threat. It is designated as burden of disease. There is therefore an intense need to improve the therapeutic response of antidepressants. India beholds a wide fraction (Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus ) as a vital source of non-hallucinogenic indole compounds. The amino acids L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) are precursors of serotonin. 5-HTP is a potential antidepressant that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a high rate and is converted into serotonin more efficiently. Drug delivery across this blockade remains a challenge due to the stimulation of efflux pump receptors called permeability glycoprotein (P-gp). This work reports a comparative phytochemical assay and profiling of non-hallucinogenic tryptophan metabolites using HPLC from two organic extracts of edible mushrooms. The efficacy of the eluted compounds was authenticated as P-gp inhibitors with in vitro and in silico studies. The following four derivatives were obtained from the methanol and ethanol extracts of the mushrooms: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5HTR), 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), L-tryptophan (L-Trp), and tryptamine (TA). In vitro and molecular docking studies targeting P-gp (minimum energy: -64.38 and -83.93 kcal/mol, respectively) substantiated the ability of mushroom-derived metabolites to facilitate drug delivery in the brain. This study verified that mushrooms containing non-hallucinogenic metabolites can act as psychoactive nutraceuticals that are significant for enhancing mental health. The high therapeutic efficacy, these mushrooms can serve as ideal neurological drug leads to fortify treatment for mental illness.
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An Increased Plasma Level of ApoCIII-Rich Electronegative High-Density Lipoprotein May Contribute to Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120542. [PMID: 33256187 PMCID: PMC7761422 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a vital role in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory activities; a dysfunctional HDL impairs cholesterol efflux pathways. To understand HDL's role in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we analyzed the chemical properties and function. HDL from AD patients (AD-HDL) was separated into five subfractions, H1-H5, using fast-protein liquid chromatography equipped with an anion-exchange column. Subfraction H5, defined as the most electronegative HDL, was increased 5.5-fold in AD-HDL (23.48 ± 17.83%) in comparison with the control HDL (4.24 ± 3.22%). By liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MSE), AD-HDL showed that the level of apolipoprotein (apo)CIII was elevated but sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-associated apoM and anti-oxidative paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were reduced. AD-HDL showed a lower cholesterol efflux capacity that was associated with the post-translational oxidation of apoAI. Exposure of murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, to AD-HDL induced a vibrant expression of ganglioside GM1 in colocalization with apoCIII on lipid rafts alongside a concomitant increase of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) detectable in the cultured medium. In conclusion, AD-HDL had a higher proportion of H5, an apoCIII-rich electronegative HDL subfraction. The associated increase in pro-inflammatory (apoCIII, TNF-α) components might favor Amyloid β assembly and neural inflammation. A compromised cholesterol efflux capacity of AD-HDL may also contribute to cognitive impairment.
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Jang E, Robert J, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A, Lee WL. Transendothelial transport of lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:111-125. [PMID: 33032832 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the arterial wall plays a pivotal role in the initiation and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Conversely, the removal of cholesterol from the intima by cholesterol efflux to high density lipoproteins (HDL) and subsequent reverse cholesterol transport shall confer protection against atherosclerosis. To reach the subendothelial space, both LDL and HDL must cross the intact endothelium. Traditionally, this transit is explained by passive filtration. This dogma has been challenged by the identification of several rate-limiting factors namely scavenger receptor SR-BI, activin like kinase 1, and caveolin-1 for LDL as well as SR-BI, ATP binding cassette transporter G1, and endothelial lipase for HDL. In addition, estradiol, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukins 6 and 17, purinergic signals, and sphingosine-1-phosphate were found to regulate transendothelial transport of either LDL or HDL. Thorough understanding of transendothelial lipoprotein transport is expected to elucidate new therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the development of strategies for the local delivery of drugs or diagnostic tracers into diseased tissues including atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jang
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada.
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