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Klimenko ES, Sukhareva KS, Vlasova Y, Smolina NA, Fomicheva Y, Knyazeva A, Muravyev AS, Sorokina MY, Gavrilova LS, Boldyreva LV, Medvedeva SS, Sejersen T, Kostareva AA. Flnc expression impacts mitochondrial function, autophagy, and calcium handling in C2C12 cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 442:114174. [PMID: 39089502 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- E S Klimenko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - K S Sukhareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - YuA Vlasova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - N A Smolina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - YuV Fomicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Knyazeva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Muravyev
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Yu Sorokina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L S Gavrilova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L V Boldyreva
- Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S S Medvedeva
- Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T Sejersen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Child Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - A A Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Child Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Kumazoe M, Fujimura Y, Shimada Y, Onda H, Hatakeyama Y, Tachibana H. Fustin suppressed melanoma cell growth via cAMP/PKA-dependent mechanism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:900-907. [PMID: 38835135 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma, a cancer arising from melanocytes, requires a novel treatment strategy because of the ineffectiveness of conventional therapies in certain patients. Fustin is a flavanonol found in young fustic (Cotinus coggygria). However, little is known about its antimelanoma effects. Our study demonstrates that fustin suppresses the growth of B16 melanoma cells. Phalloidin staining of cytoskeletal actin revealed that fustin induced a conformational change in the actin structure of melanoma cells, accompanied by suppressed phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain 2 (MLC2), a regulator of actin structure. Furthermore, the protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor H89 completely attenuated fustin-induced downregulation of phosphorylated myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1, which is involved in dephosphorylation of MLC2. In a mouse model, administration of fustin suppressed tumor growth in B16 melanoma cells without adverse effects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that fustin effectively suppresses melanoma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujimura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yu Shimada
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onda
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yui Hatakeyama
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sundby LJ, Southern WM, Sun J, Patrinostro X, Zhang W, Yong J, Ervasti JM. Deletion of exons 2 and 3 from Actb and cell immortalization lead to widespread, β-actin independent alterations in gene expression associated with cell cycle control. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151397. [PMID: 38387258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic actin proteins, β- and γ-actin, are 99% identical but thought to perform non-redundant functions. The nucleotide coding regions of cytoplasmic actin genes, Actb and Actg1, are 89% identical. Knockout (KO) of Actb by Cre-mediated deletion of first coding exons 2 and 3 in mice is embryonic lethal and fibroblasts derived from KO embryos (MEFs) fail to proliferate. In contrast, Actg1 KO MEFs display with a much milder defect in cell proliferation and Actg1 KO mice are viable, but present with increased perinatal lethality. Recent studies have identified important protein-independent functions for both Actb and Actg1 and demonstrate that deletions within the Actb nucleotide sequence, and not loss of the β-actin protein, cause the most severe phenotypes in KO mice and cells. Here, we use a multi-omics approach to better understand what drives the phenotypes of Actb KO MEFs. RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry reveal largescale changes to the transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome in cells lacking Actb but not those only lacking β-actin protein. Pathway analysis of genes and proteins differentially expressed upon Actb KO suggest widespread dysregulation of genes involved in the cell cycle that may explain the severe defect in proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Sundby
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - William M Southern
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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4
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Hembrom PS, Deepthi M, Biswas G, Mappurath B, Babu A, Reeja N, Mano N, Grace T. Reference genes for qPCR expression in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:422. [PMID: 38485790 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression profiling via qPCR is an essential tool for unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying growth and development. Identifying and validating the most appropriate reference genes is essential for qPCR experiments. Nevertheless, there exists a deficiency in a thorough assessment of reference genes concerning the expression of the genes in the research in the context of the growth and development of the Black Tiger Shrimp, P. monodon. This popular marine crustacean is extensively raised for human consumption. In this study, we assessed the expression stability of seven reference genes (ACTB, 18S, EF-1α, AK, PK, cox1, and CLTC) in adult tissues (hepatopancreas, gills, and stomach) of small and large polymorphs of P. monodon. METHODS AND RESULTS The stability of gene expressions was assessed utilizing NormFinder, BestKeeper, and geNorm, and a comprehensive ranking of these genes was conducted through the online tool RefFinder. In the overall ranking, 18S and CLTC emerged as the most stable genes in the hepatopancreas and stomach, while CLTC and AK exhibited significant statistical reliability in the gills of adult P. monodon. The validation of these identified stable genes was carried out using a growth-associated gene, insr-1. CONCLUSION The results indicated that 18S and CLTC stand out as the most versatile reference genes for conducting qPCR analysis focused on the growth of P. monodon. This study represents the first comprehensive exploration that identifies and assesses reference genes for qPCR analysis in P. monodon, providing valuable tools for research involving similar crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Sweta Hembrom
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Mottakunja Deepthi
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Gourav Biswas
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Bhagya Mappurath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Adon Babu
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Narchikundil Reeja
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Neeraja Mano
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Tony Grace
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
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Piñero-Pérez R, López-Cabrera A, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Cilleros-Holgado P, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Gómez-Fernández D, Reche-López D, Romero-González A, Romero-Domínguez JM, de Pablos RM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Actin Polymerization Defects Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Models of Nemaline Myopathies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2023. [PMID: 38136143 PMCID: PMC10740811 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nemaline myopathy (NM) is one of the most common forms of congenital myopathy and it is identified by the presence of "nemaline bodies" (rods) in muscle fibers by histopathological examination. The most common forms of NM are caused by mutations in the Actin Alpha 1 (ACTA1) and Nebulin (NEB) genes. Clinical features include hypotonia and muscle weakness. Unfortunately, there is no curative treatment and the pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. In this manuscript, we examined the pathophysiological alterations in NM using dermal fibroblasts derived from patients with mutations in ACTA1 and NEB genes. Patients' fibroblasts were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin to analyze the polymerization of actin filaments by fluorescence microscopy. We found that patients' fibroblasts showed incorrect actin filament polymerization compared to control fibroblasts. Actin filament polymerization defects were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, we identified two mitochondrial-boosting compounds, linoleic acid (LA) and L-carnitine (LCAR), that improved the formation of actin filaments in mutant fibroblasts and corrected mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our results indicate that cellular models can be useful to study the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NM and to find new potential therapies. Furthermore, targeting mitochondrial dysfunction with LA and LCAR can revert the pathological alterations in NM cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Alejandra López-Cabrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - David Gómez-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Ana Romero-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - José Manuel Romero-Domínguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
| | - Rocío M. de Pablos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
- Instituto of Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A. Sánchez-Alcázar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.P.-P.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (D.G.-F.); (D.R.-L.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.)
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Elizalde MJ, Gorelick DA. Mechanistic toxicology in light of genetic compensation. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:kfad113. [PMID: 37941503 PMCID: PMC10823772 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic toxicology seeks to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which toxicants exert their deleterious effects. One powerful approach is to generate mutations in genes that respond to a particular toxicant, and then test how such mutations change the effects of the toxicant. CRISPR is a rapid and versatile approach to generate mutations in cultured cells and in animal models. Many studies use CRISPR to generate short insertions or deletions in a target gene and then assume that the resulting mutation, such as a premature termination codon, causes a loss of functional protein. However, recent studies demonstrate that this assumption is flawed. Cells can compensate for short insertion and deletion mutations, leading toxicologists to draw erroneous conclusions from mutant studies. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms by which a mutation in one gene may be rescued by compensatory activity. We will discuss how CRISPR insertion and deletion mutations are susceptible to compensation by transcriptional adaptation, alternative splicing, and rescue by maternally derived gene products. We will review evidence that measuring levels of messenger RNA transcribed from a mutated gene is an unreliable indicator of the severity of the mutation. Finally, we provide guidelines for using CRISPR to generate mutations that avoid compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Elizalde
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Daniel A Gorelick
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Angelini A, Trial J, Saltzman AB, Malovannaya A, Cieslik KA. A defective mechanosensing pathway affects fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in the old male mouse heart. iScience 2023; 26:107283. [PMID: 37520701 PMCID: PMC10372839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast interacts with an extracellular matrix (ECM), enabling myofibroblast maturation via a process called mechanosensing. Although in the aging male heart, ECM is stiffer than in the young mouse, myofibroblast development is impaired, as demonstrated in 2-D and 3-D experiments. In old male cardiac fibroblasts, we found a decrease in actin polymerization, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and Kindlin-2 expressions, the latter an effector of the mechanosensing. When Kindlin-2 levels were manipulated via siRNA interference, young fibroblasts developed an old-like fibroblast phenotype, whereas Kindlin-2 overexpression in old fibroblasts reversed the defective phenotype. Finally, inhibition of overactivated extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the old male fibroblasts rescued actin polymerization and α-SMA expression. Pathological ERK1/2 overactivation was also attenuated by Kindlin-2 overexpression. In contrast, old female cardiac fibroblasts retained an operant mechanosensing pathway. In conclusion, we identified defective components of the Kindlin/ERK/actin/α-SMA mechanosensing axis in aged male fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Angelini
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - JoAnn Trial
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander B. Saltzman
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katarzyna A. Cieslik
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Jeruzalska E, Mazur AJ. The Role of non-muscle actin paralogs in cell cycle progression and proliferation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151315. [PMID: 37099935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation leads to several pathologies, including cancer. Thus, this process must be tightly regulated. The cell cycle accounts for cell proliferation, and its progression is coordinated with changes in cell shape, for which cytoskeleton reorganization is responsible. Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton allows for its participation in the precise division of genetic material and cytokinesis. One of the main cytoskeletal components is filamentous actin-based structures. Mammalian cells have at least six actin paralogs, four of which are muscle-specific, while two, named β- and γ-actin, are abundantly present in all types of cells. This review summarizes the findings that establish the role of non-muscle actin paralogs in regulating cell cycle progression and proliferation. We discuss studies showing that the level of a given non-muscle actin paralog in a cell influences the cell's ability to progress through the cell cycle and, thus, proliferation. Moreover, we elaborate on the non-muscle actins' role in regulating gene transcription, interactions of actin paralogs with proteins involved in controlling cell proliferation, and the contribution of non-muscle actins to different structures in a dividing cell. The data cited in this review show that non-muscle actins regulate the cell cycle and proliferation through varying mechanisms. We point to the need for further studies addressing these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Jeruzalska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
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Jin J, Zhu C, Wang J, Zhao X, Yang R. The association between ACTB methylation in peripheral blood and coronary heart disease in a case-control study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:972566. [PMID: 36061541 PMCID: PMC9433772 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) brings a heavy burden to society worldwide. Novel and minimally invasive biomarkers for the risk evaluation of CHD are urgently needed. Previous study has revealed that blood-based hypomethylation of β-actin (ACTB) was associated with increased risk of stroke, but not reported in CHD yet. Objectives We aimed to explore the association between blood-based ACTB methylation and the risk of CHD in a case-control study in the Chinese population. Methods The methylation level of ACTB was quantitatively determined by mass spectrometry in 281 CHD patients and 272 controls. The association between ACTB methylation and CHD risk was estimated by logistic regression analyses adjusted for possible confounding effects. Results We found a significant association between hypermethylation of ACTB in peripheral blood and increased risk of CHD (odds ratios (ORs) per +10% methylation: 1.19–1.45, p < 0.013 for nine out of thirteen CpG sites), especially in male subjects and heart failure (HF) patients (ORs per +10% methylation: 1.20–1.43, 1.38–1.46; p < 0.030, 1.52 × 10−4, respectively). Hypermethylation of ACTB_CpG_2.3, ACTB_CpG_7.8, and ACTB_CpG_9.10 was observed in the CHD patients with minor to medium cardiac function impairment (NYHA I&II CHD cases) (ORs per +10% methylation: 1.38–1.44; p < 0.001). The combination of ACTB_CpG_2.3, ACTB_CpG_7.8, and ACTB_CpG_9.10 methylation levels could efficiently discriminate CHD cases, male CHD patients, HF and NYHA I&II CHD patients from controls (area under curve (AUC) = 0.75, 0.74, 0.73, and 0.77, respectively). Conclusions Our study reveals a strong association between blood-based ACTB hypermethylation and CHD risk. The combination of ACTB methylation and conventional risk factors might provide a novel strategy to improve risk assessment of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Military Translational Medicine Lab, Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Xiaojing Zhao
| | - Rongxi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Rongxi Yang
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10
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Xu Q, Miao Y, Ren J, Sun Y, Li C, Cai X, Wang Z. Silencing of Nesprin-2 inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts from fibroblasts induced by mechanical stretch. Int Wound J 2021; 19:978-986. [PMID: 34558192 PMCID: PMC9284660 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar (HTS). Dermal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the key cells involved in HTS. Myofibroblasts in HTS possess different biochemical and biophysical characteristics by which myofibroblasts are often distinguished from fibroblasts. The role of mechanotransducers outside the nucleus in the pathogenesis of HTS has been reported in many studies. However, the role of Nesprin‐2 in HTS is not clear. Hence, we aim to construct a cell model of HTS and explore the role of Nesprin‐2 in this process. Myofibroblasts and fibroblasts were isolated from HTS and healthy skin tissues of the same patient. Fibroblasts were exposed to cyclic stretch with 10% magnitude and a frequency of 0.1 Hz for 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, respectively. After the cell model was confirmed, fibroblasts transfected with siRNA targeting human Nesprin‐2 were exposed to cyclic stretch. The mechanical behaviour and biochemical reaction of the dermal fibroblasts were analysed. The stretched fibroblasts at day 5 showed the same mechanotransductive and biochemical features as unstretched myofibroblasts. Mechanical strain could induce the myofibroblasts differentiation and a cell model of HTS was established successfully at day 5. The expressions of lamin A/C, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta 1, and collagen type I in fibroblasts were reduced by the silencing of Nesprin‐2. Mechanical strain could induce the myofibroblasts differentiation and silencing of Nesprin‐2 could block the mechanical stimulation of terminal myofibroblasts differentiation. Nesprin‐2 might be a potential target to treat the HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchen Xu
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanxin Miao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jizheng Ren
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Gibieža P, Petrikaitė V. The regulation of actin dynamics during cell division and malignancy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4050-4069. [PMID: 34659876 PMCID: PMC8493394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is the most abundant protein in almost all the eukaryotic cells. Actin amino acid sequences are highly conserved and have not changed a lot during the progress of evolution, varying by no more than 20% in the completely different species, such as humans and algae. The network of actin filaments plays a crucial role in regulating cells' cytoskeleton that needs to undergo dynamic tuning and structural changes in order for various functional processes, such as cell motility, migration, adhesion, polarity establishment, cell growth and cell division, to take place in live cells. Owing to its fundamental role in the cell, actin is a prominent regulator of cell division, a process, whose success directly depends on morphological changes of actin cytoskeleton and correct segregation of duplicated chromosomes. Disorganization of actin framework during the last stage of cell division, known as cytokinesis, can lead to multinucleation and formation of polyploidy in post-mitotic cells, eventually developing into cancer. In this review, we will cover the principles of actin regulation during cell division and discuss how the control of actin dynamics is altered during the state of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Gibieža
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
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12
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β-actin dependent chromatin remodeling mediates compartment level changes in 3D genome architecture. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5240. [PMID: 34475390 PMCID: PMC8413440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-actin is a crucial component of several chromatin remodeling complexes that control chromatin structure and accessibility. The mammalian Brahma-associated factor (BAF) is one such complex that plays essential roles in development and differentiation by regulating the chromatin state of critical genes and opposing the repressive activity of polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs). While previous work has shown that β-actin loss can lead to extensive changes in gene expression and heterochromatin organization, it is not known if changes in β-actin levels can directly influence chromatin remodeling activities of BAF and polycomb proteins. Here we conduct a comprehensive genomic analysis of β-actin knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using ATAC-Seq, HiC-seq, RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq of various epigenetic marks. We demonstrate that β-actin levels can induce changes in chromatin structure by affecting the complex interplay between chromatin remodelers such as BAF/BRG1 and EZH2. Our results show that changes in β-actin levels and associated chromatin remodeling activities can not only impact local chromatin accessibility but also induce reversible changes in 3D genome architecture. Our findings reveal that β-actin-dependent chromatin remodeling plays a role in shaping the chromatin landscape and influences the regulation of genes involved in development and differentiation.
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13
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Dugina VB, Shagieva GS, Shakhov AS, Alieva IB. The Cytoplasmic Actins in the Regulation of Endothelial Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157836. [PMID: 34360602 PMCID: PMC8345992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the endothelial cells (EC) lining the inner surface of all vessels is to regulate permeability of vascular walls and to control exchange between circulating blood and tissue fluids of organs. The EC actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in maintaining endothelial barrier function. Actin cytoskeleton reorganization result in EC contraction and provides a structural basis for the increase in vascular permeability, which is typical for many diseases. Actin cytoskeleton in non-muscle cells presented two actin isoforms: non-muscle β-cytoplasmic and γ-cytoplasmic actins (β-actins and γ-actins), which are encoded by ACTB and ACTG1 genes, respectively. They are ubiquitously expressed in the different cells in vivo and in vitro and the β/γ-actin ratio depends on the cell type. Both cytoplasmic actins are essential for cell survival, but they perform various functions in the interphase and cell division and play different roles in neoplastic transformation. In this review, we briefly summarize the research results of recent years and consider the features of the cytoplasmic actins: The spatial organization in close connection with their functional activity in different cell types by focusing on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera B. Dugina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Galina S. Shagieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Anton S. Shakhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Irina B. Alieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Venit T, El Said NH, Mahmood SR, Percipalle P. A dynamic actin-dependent nucleoskeleton and cell identity. J Biochem 2021; 169:243-257. [PMID: 33351909 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is an essential regulator of cellular functions. In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, actin regulates chromatin as a bona fide component of chromatin remodelling complexes, it associates with nuclear RNA polymerases to regulate transcription and is involved in co-transcriptional assembly of nascent RNAs into ribonucleoprotein complexes. Actin dynamics are, therefore, emerging as a major regulatory factor affecting diverse cellular processes. Importantly, the involvement of actin dynamics in nuclear functions is redefining the concept of nucleoskeleton from a rigid scaffold to a dynamic entity that is likely linked to the three-dimensional organization of the nuclear genome. In this review, we discuss how nuclear actin, by regulating chromatin structure through phase separation may contribute to the architecture of the nuclear genome during cell differentiation and facilitate the expression of specific gene programs. We focus specifically on mitochondrial genes and how their dysregulation in the absence of actin raises important questions about the role of cytoskeletal proteins in regulating chromatin structure. The discovery of a novel pool of mitochondrial actin that serves as 'mitoskeleton' to facilitate organization of mtDNA supports a general role for actin in genome architecture and a possible function of distinct actin pools in the communication between nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venit
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Hosny El Said
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Raza Mahmood
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, 1009 Silver Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Suresh R, Diaz RJ. The remodelling of actin composition as a hallmark of cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101051. [PMID: 33761369 PMCID: PMC8008238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is a key structural protein that makes up the cytoskeleton of cells, and plays a role in functions such as division, migration, and vesicle trafficking. It comprises six different cell-type specific isoforms: ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTB, ACTC1, ACTG1, and ACTG2. Abnormal actin isoform expression has been reported in many cancers, which led us to hypothesize that it may serve as an early biomarker of cancer. We show an overview of the different actin isoforms and highlight mechanisms by which they may contribute to tumorigenicity. Furthermore, we suggest how the aberrant expression of actin subunits can confer cells with greater proliferation ability, increased migratory capability, and chemoresistance through incorporation into the normal cellular F-actin network and altered actin binding protein interaction. Studying this fundamental change that takes place within cancer cells can further our understanding of neoplastic transformation in multiple tissue types, which can ultimately aid in the early-detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roberto J Diaz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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16
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Duivenvoorden HM, Brockwell NK, Nowell CJ, Simpson KJ, Parker BS. High-content siRNA 3D co-cultures to identify myoepithelial cell-derived breast cancer suppressor proteins. Sci Data 2021; 8:147. [PMID: 34050191 PMCID: PMC8163786 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cancer cells interact with the surrounding microenvironment early in breast cancer development can provide insight into the initiation and progression of invasive breast cancers. The myoepithelial cell layer surrounding breast ducts acts as a physical barrier in early breast cancer, preventing cancer cells from invading the surrounding stroma. Changes to the expression profile and properties of myoepithelial cells have been implicated in progression to invasive carcinoma. Identifying the molecular drivers of myoepithelial cell-mediated tumour suppression may offer new approaches to predict and block the earliest stages of cancer invasion. We employed a high-content approach to knock down 87 different genes using siRNA in an immortalised myoepithelial cell line, prior to co-culture with invasive breast cancer cells in 3D. Combined with high-content imaging and a customised analysis pipeline, this system was used to identify myoepithelial proteins that are necessary to control cancer cell invasion. This dataset has identified prospective myoepithelial suppressors of early breast cancer invasion which may be used by researchers to investigate their clinical validity and utility. Measurement(s) | cell proliferation assay • Myoepithelial Cell • cell viability assay • protein expression assay | Technology Type(s) | cell counting technique • high content screen of cells treated with library of siRNAs • imaging technique • western blot analysis | Factor Type(s) | gene targeted by siRNA | Sample Characteristic - Environment | cell line |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14533644
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika M Duivenvoorden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Clayton, 3168, Australia
| | - Natasha K Brockwell
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomic, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia. .,Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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17
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Cancer type-specific alterations in actin genes: Worth a closer look? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 360:133-184. [PMID: 33962749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actins form a strongly conserved family of proteins that are central to the functioning of the actin cytoskeleton partaking in natural processes such as cell division, adhesion, contraction and migration. These processes, however, also occur during the various phases of cancer progression. Yet, surprisingly, alterations in the six human actin genes in cancer studies have received little attention and the focus was mostly on deregulated expression levels of actins and even more so of actin-binding or regulatory proteins. Starting from the early mutation work in the 1980s, we propose based on reviewing literature and data from patient cancer genomes that alterations in actin genes are different in distinct cancer subtypes, suggesting some specificity. These actin gene alterations include (missense) mutations, gene fusions and copy number alterations (deletions and amplifications) and we illustrate their occurrence for a limited number of examples including actin mutations in lymphoid cancers and nonmelanoma skin cancer and actin gene copy number alterations for breast, prostate and liver cancers. A challenge in the future will be to further sort out the specificity per actin gene, alteration type and cancer subtype. Even more challenging is (experimentally) distinguishing between cause and consequence: which alterations are passengers and which are involved in tumor progression of particular cancer subtypes?
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18
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Xie X, Mahmood SR, Gjorgjieva T, Percipalle P. Emerging roles of cytoskeletal proteins in regulating gene expression and genome organization during differentiation. Nucleus 2020; 11:53-65. [PMID: 32212905 PMCID: PMC7289583 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1742066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, cytoskeletal proteins are emerging as essential players in nuclear function. In particular, actin regulates chromatin as part of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, it modulates transcription and it is incorporated into nascent ribonucleoprotein complexes, accompanying them from the site of transcription to polyribosomes. The nuclear actin pool is undistinguishable from the cytoplasmic one in terms of its ability to undergo polymerization and it has also been implicated in the dynamics of chromatin, regulating heterochromatin segregation at the nuclear lamina and maintaining heterochromatin levels in the nuclear interiors. One of the next frontiers is, therefore, to determine a possible involvement of nuclear actin in the functional architecture of the cell nucleus by regulating the hierarchical organization of chromatin and, thus, genome organization. Here, we discuss the repertoire of these potential actin functions and how they are likely to play a role in the context of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Raza Mahmood
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Gjorgjieva
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Vanslembrouck B, Ampe C, Hengel J. Time for rethinking the different β‐actin transgenic mouse models? Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:527-543. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Vanslembrouck
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jolanda Hengel
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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20
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Lechuga S, Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Cruise M, Ervasti JM, Ivanov AI. Loss of β-Cytoplasmic Actin in the Intestinal Epithelium Increases Gut Barrier Permeability in vivo and Exaggerates the Severity of Experimental Colitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588836. [PMID: 33195251 PMCID: PMC7644907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier is critical for the maintenance of normal gut homeostasis and disruption of this barrier may trigger or exaggerate mucosal inflammation. The actin cytoskeleton is a key regulator of barrier structure and function, controlling the assembly and permeability of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. Epithelial cells express two actin isoforms: a β-cytoplasmic actin and γ-cytoplasmic actin. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that these actin isoforms play distinctive roles in establishing the intestinal epithelial barrier, by controlling the organization of different junctional complexes. It remains unknown, whether β-actin and γ-actin have unique or redundant functions in regulating the gut barrier in vivo. To address this question, we selectively knocked out β-actin expression in mouse intestinal epithelium. Mice with intestinal epithelial knockout of β-actin do not display gastrointestinal abnormalities or gross alterations of colonic mucosal architecture. This could be due to compensatory upregulation of γ-actin expression. Despite such compensation, β-actin knockout mice demonstrate increased intestinal permeability. Furthermore, these animals show more severe clinical symptoms during dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis, compared to control littermates. Such exaggerated colitis is associated with the higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, increased macrophage infiltration in the gut, and accelerated mucosal cell death. Consistently, intestinal organoids generated from β-actin knockout mice are more sensitive to tumor necrosis factor induced cell death, ex vivo. Overall, our data suggests that β-actin functions as an essential regulator of gut barrier integrity in vivo, and plays a tissue protective role during mucosal injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Feygin
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael Cruise
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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21
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Malek N, Mrówczyńska E, Michrowska A, Mazurkiewicz E, Pavlyk I, Mazur AJ. Knockout of ACTB and ACTG1 with CRISPR/Cas9(D10A) Technique Shows that Non-Muscle β and γ Actin Are Not Equal in Relation to Human Melanoma Cells' Motility and Focal Adhesion Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082746. [PMID: 32326615 PMCID: PMC7216121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle actins have been studied for many decades; however, the reason for the existence of both isoforms is still unclear. Here we show, for the first time, a successful inactivation of the ACTB (CRISPR clones with inactivated ACTB, CR-ACTB) and ACTG1 (CRISPR clones with inactivated ACTG1, CR-ACTG1) genes in human melanoma cells (A375) via the RNA-guided D10A mutated Cas9 nuclease gene editing [CRISPR/Cas9(D10A)] technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate how melanoma cell motility was impacted by the lack of either β actin coded by ACTB or γ actin coded by ACTG1. First, we observed different distributions of β and γ actin in the cells, and the absence of one actin isoform was compensated for via increased expression of the other isoform. Moreover, we noted that γ actin knockout had more severe consequences on cell migration and invasion than β actin knockout. Next, we observed that the formation rate of bundled stress fibers in CR-ACTG1 cells was increased, but lamellipodial activity in these cells was impaired, compared to controls. Finally, we discovered that the formation rate of focal adhesions (FAs) and, subsequently, FA-dependent signaling were altered in both the CR-ACTB and CR-ACTG1 clones; however, a more detrimental effect was observed for γ actin-deficient cells. Our research shows that both non-muscle actins play distinctive roles in melanoma cells’ FA formation and motility.
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22
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Serobyan V, Kontarakis Z, El-Brolosy MA, Welker JM, Tolstenkov O, Saadeldein AM, Retzer N, Gottschalk A, Wehman AM, Stainier DY. Transcriptional adaptation in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2020; 9:50014. [PMID: 31951195 PMCID: PMC6968918 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional adaptation is a recently described phenomenon by which a mutation in one gene leads to the transcriptional modulation of related genes, termed adapting genes. At the molecular level, it has been proposed that the mutant mRNA, rather than the loss of protein function, activates this response. While several examples of transcriptional adaptation have been reported in zebrafish embryos and in mouse cell lines, it is not known whether this phenomenon is observed across metazoans. Here we report transcriptional adaptation in C. elegans, and find that this process requires factors involved in mutant mRNA decay, as in zebrafish and mouse. We further uncover a requirement for Argonaute proteins and Dicer, factors involved in small RNA maturation and transport into the nucleus. Altogether, these results provide evidence for transcriptional adaptation in C. elegans, a powerful model to further investigate underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahan Serobyan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Zacharias Kontarakis
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mohamed A El-Brolosy
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jordan M Welker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Oleg Tolstenkov
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF-MC), Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Amr M Saadeldein
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nicholas Retzer
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt - Macromolecular Complexes (CEF-MC), Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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23
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Percipalle P, Vartiainen M. Cytoskeletal proteins in the cell nucleus: a special nuclear actin perspective. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 30:1781-1785. [PMID: 31306096 PMCID: PMC6727747 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of cytoskeletal proteins in the cell nucleus has become a new frontier in cell biology. Actin and actin-binding proteins regulate chromatin and gene expression, but importantly they are beginning to be essential players in genome organization. These actin-based functions contribute to genome stability and integrity while affecting DNA replication and global transcription patterns. This is likely to occur through interactions of actin with nuclear components including nuclear lamina and subnuclear organelles. An exciting future challenge is to understand how these actin-based genome-wide mechanisms may regulate development and differentiation by interfering with the mechanical properties of the cell nucleus and how regulated actin polymerization plays a role in maintaining nuclear architecture. With a special focus on actin, here we summarize how cytoskeletal proteins operate in the nucleus and how they may be important to consolidate nuclear architecture for sustained gene expression or silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Program, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, 12988 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Vartiainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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To KHT, Gui P, Li M, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Davis MJ. T-type, but not L-type, voltage-gated calcium channels are dispensable for lymphatic pacemaking and spontaneous contractions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:70. [PMID: 31919478 PMCID: PMC6952455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels provide an essential propulsive force to return lymph centrally. These contractions are driven by an intrinsic electrical pacemaker, working through an unknown underlying ionic mechanism that becomes compromised in some forms of lymphedema. In previous studies, T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) were implicated in this pacemaking mechanism, based on the effects of the reputedly selective T-type VGCC inhibitors mibefradil and Ni2+. Our goal was to test this idea in a more definitive way using genetic knock out mice. First, we demonstrated through both PCR and immunostaining that mouse lymphatic muscle cells expressed Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 and produced functional T-type VGCC currents when patch clamped. We then employed genetic deletion strategies to selectively test the roles of each T-type VGCC isoform in the regulation of lymphatic pacemaking. Surprisingly, global deletion of either, or both, isoform(s) was without significant effect on either the frequency, amplitude, or fractional pump flow of lymphatic collectors from two different regions of the mouse, studied ex vivo. Further, both WT and Cav3.1-/-; 3.2-/- double knock-out lymphatic vessels responded similarly to mibefradil and Ni2+, which substantially reduced contraction amplitudes and slightly increased frequencies at almost all pressures in both strains: a pattern consistent with inhibition of L-type rather than T-type VGCCs. Neither T-type VGCC isoform was required for ACh-induced inhibition of contraction, a mechanism by which those channels in smooth muscle are thought to be targets of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Sharp intracellular electrode measurements in lymphatic smooth muscle revealed only subtle, but not significant, differences in the resting membrane potential and action potential characteristics between vessels from wild-type and Cav3.1-/-; 3.2-/- double knock-out mice. In contrast, smooth-muscle specific deletion of the L-type VGCC, Cav1.2, completely abolished all lymphatic spontaneous contractions. Collectively our results suggest that, although T-type VGCCs are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle, they do not play a significant role in modulating the frequency of the ionic pacemaker or the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. We conclude that the effects of mibefradil and Ni2+ in other lymphatic preparations are largely or completely explained by off-target effects on L-type VGCCs, which are essential for controlling both the frequency and strength of spontaneous contractions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/chemistry
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/deficiency
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/metabolism
- Lymphatic Vessels/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mibefradil/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nickel/pharmacology
- Pacemaker, Artificial
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H T To
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA.
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25
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Farhadi S, Sabet MS, Malboobi MA, Moieni A. The Critical Role of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 Genes in Arabidopsis Phosphate Compensation Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:565865. [PMID: 33101335 PMCID: PMC7554520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.565865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Purple acid phosphatases (PAP)-encoding genes form a complex network that play a critical role in plant phosphate (Pi) homeostasis. Mostly, the functions of PAPs were investigated individually. However, the interactions of most of these genes in response to various concentrations of available Pi remain unknown. In this study, the roles of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes, and their relationship within Pi homeostasis context were investigated. Surprisingly, atpap17 and atpap26 mutants not only showed no obvious developmental defects, but also produced higher biomass in compare to wild type (WT) plants under normal growth conditions. Comparing gene expression patterns of these mutants with WT plant, we identified a set of genes up-regulated in mutant plants but not in WT. Based on these unexpected results and up-regulation of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes by the loss of function of each other, the hypothesis of compensation relationship between these genes in Pi homeostasis was assessed by generating atpap17/atpap26 double mutants. Observation of developmental defects in atpap17/atpap26 mutant but not in single mutants indicated a compensation relationship between AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes in Pi homeostasis network. Taken together, these results demonstrate the activation of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes to buffer against the loss of function of each other, and this compensation relationship is vital for Arabidopsis growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Farhadi
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Sabet
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Sadegh Sabet,
| | - Mohammad Ali Malboobi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Lingzhi Z, Meirong L, Xiaobing F. Biological approaches for hypertrophic scars. Int Wound J 2019; 17:405-418. [PMID: 31860941 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is usually the pathological consequence of skin trauma. And hypertrophic scars (HSs) frequently occur in people after being injured deeply. HSs are unusually considered as the result of tissue contraction and excessive extracellular matrix component deposition. Myofibroblasts, as the effector cells, mainly differentiated from fibroblasts, play the crucial role in the pathophysiology of HSs. A number of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines involved in the process of HS occurrence. Currently, with in-depth exploration and clinical research of HSs, various creative and effective treatments budded. In here, we summarize the progress in the molecular mechanism of HSs, and review the available biotherapeutic methods for their pathophysiological characteristics. Additionally, we further prospected that the comprehensive therapy may be more suitable for HS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lingzhi
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meirong
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, China
| | - Fu Xiaobing
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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27
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A new evolutionary model for the vertebrate actin family including two novel groups. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 141:106632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Rodríguez-Barrientos CA, Trevino V, Zavala J, Montalvo-Parra MD, Guerrero-Ramírez GI, Aguirre-Gamboa R, Valdez-García JE. Arresting proliferation improves the cell identity of corneal endothelial cells in the New Zealand rabbit. Mol Vis 2019; 25:745-755. [PMID: 31814700 PMCID: PMC6857776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal endothelium engineering aims to reduce the tissue shortage for corneal grafts. We investigated the impact of mitogenic and resting culture systems on the identity of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) for tissue engineering purposes. Methods Rabbit CECs were cultured in growth factor-supplemented media (MitoM) until confluence. At the first passage, the CECs were divided into two populations: P1 remained cultured in MitoM, and P2 was cultured in a basal medium (RestM) for another passage. Morphologic changes in the CECs were analyzed, and RNA was isolated for transcriptome analysis. Quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry validation of selected differentially expressed markers were performed. Results The CECs in MitoM showed fibroblastic morphology, whereas the CECs in RestM exhibited polygonal morphology. Circularity analysis showed similar values in human (0.75±0.056), rabbit basal (before cultured; 0.77±0.063), and CECs in RestM (0.73±0.09), while MitoM showed lower circularities (0.41±0.19). Genes related to collagen type IV and the extracellular matrix, along with the adult CEC markers ATP1A1, ATP1B1, COL8A2, GPC4, and TJP1, were highly expressed in RestM. Conversely, the IL-6, F3, and ITGB3 genes and the non-adult CEC markers CD44, CNTN3, and CD166 were more expressed in MitoM. Overall, from the transcriptome, we identified 832 differentially expressed probes. A functional analysis of the 308 human annotated differentially expressed genes revealed around 13 functional clusters related to important biological terms, such as extracellular matrix, collagen type 4, immune responses, cell proliferation, and wound healing. Quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry confirmed the overexpression of ATP1A1, TJP1, and GPC4 in CECs in RestM. Conclusions The addition of a stabilization step during CEC culture improves the cells' morphology and molecular identity, which agrees with transcriptome data. This suggests that stabilization is useful for studying the plasticity of the corneal endothelium's morphology, and stabilization is proposed as a necessary step in corneal endothelium engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Rodríguez-Barrientos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, 3000 Morones Prieto Ave., Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
- Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Asturias, Spain
| | - Victor Trevino
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, 3000 Morones Prieto Ave., Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Judith Zavala
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, 3000 Morones Prieto Ave., Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - María-Dolores Montalvo-Parra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, 3000 Morones Prieto Ave., Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | | | - Raul Aguirre-Gamboa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, 3000 Morones Prieto Ave., Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Jorge-Eugenio Valdez-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, 3000 Morones Prieto Ave., Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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29
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Caridi CP, Plessner M, Grosse R, Chiolo I. Nuclear actin filaments in DNA repair dynamics. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1068-1077. [PMID: 31481797 PMCID: PMC6736642 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of innovative tools for live imaging of actin filaments (F-actin) enabled the detection of surprising nuclear structures responding to various stimuli, challenging previous models that actin is substantially monomeric in the nucleus. We review these discoveries, focusing on double-strand break (DSB) repair responses. These studies revealed a remarkable network of nuclear filaments and regulatory mechanisms coordinating chromatin dynamics with repair progression and led to a paradigm shift by uncovering the directed movement of repair sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Irene Chiolo
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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30
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Rockey DC, Du Q, Weymouth ND, Shi Z. Smooth Muscle α-Actin Deficiency Leads to Decreased Liver Fibrosis via Impaired Cytoskeletal Signaling in Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2209-2220. [PMID: 31476284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the liver, smooth muscle α-actin (SM α-actin) is up-regulated in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as they transition to myofibroblasts during liver injury and the wound healing response. Whether SM α-actin has specific functional effects on cellular effectors of fibrosis such as HSC is controversial. Here, the relationship between SM α-actin and type 1 collagen expression (COL1A1), a major extracellular matrix protein important in liver fibrosis, is investigated with the results demonstrating that knockout of SM α-actin leads to reduced liver fibrosis and COL1 expression. The mechanism for the reduction in fibrogenesis in vivo is multifactorial, including not only a reduction in the number of HSCs, but also an HSC-specific reduction in COL1 expression in Acta2-deficient HSCs. Despite a compensatory increase in expression of cytoplasmic β-actin and γ-actin isoforms in Acta2-/- HSCs, defects were identified in each transforming growth factor beta/Smad2/3 and ET-1/Erk1/2 signaling in Acta2-/- HSCs. These data not only suggest a molecular link between the SM α-actin cytoskeleton and classic fibrogenic signaling cascades, but also emphasize the relationship between SM α-actin and fibrogenesis in hepatic myofibroblasts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don C Rockey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Qinghong Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Zengdun Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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31
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Dugina VB, Shagieva GS, Kopnin PB. Biological Role of Actin Isoforms in Mammalian Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:583-592. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Xie X, Liu PS, Percipalle P. Analysis of Global Transcriptome Change in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts After dsDNA and dsRNA Viral Mimic Stimulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:836. [PMID: 31057555 PMCID: PMC6478819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of innate immunity by viral nucleic acids present in the cytoplasm plays an essential role in controlling viral infection in both immune and non-immune cells. The dsDNA and dsRNA viral mimics can stimulate the cytosolic nucleic acids sensors and activate the antiviral innate immunity. In this study, taking advantage of dsDNA and dsRNA viral mimics, we investigated the global transcriptome changes after the antiviral immunity activation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Results from our data identified a positive feedback up-regulation of sensors (e.g., Tlr2, Tlr3, Ddx58, cGAS), transducers (e.g., Traf2, Tbk1) and transcription factors (e.g., Irf7, Jun, Stat1, Stat2) in multiple pathways involved in detecting viral or microbial infections upon viral mimic stimulation. A group of genes involved in DNA damage response and DNA repair such as Parp9, Dtx3l, Rad52 were also up-regulated, implying the involvement of these genes in antiviral immunity. Molecular function analysis further showed that groups of helicase genes (e.g., Dhx58, Helz2), nuclease genes (e.g., Dnase1l3, Rsph10b), methyltransferase genes (e.g., histone methyltransferase Prdm9, Setdb2; RNA methyltransferase Mettl3, Mttl14), and protein ubiquitin-ligase genes (e.g., Trim genes and Rnf genes) were up-regulated upon antiviral immunity activation. In contrast, viral mimic stimulation down-regulated genes involved in a broad range of general biological processes (e.g., cell division, metabolism), cellular components (e.g., mitochondria and ribosome), and molecular functions (e.g., cell-cell adhesion, microtubule binding). In summary, our study provides valuable information about the global transcriptome changes upon antiviral immunity activation. The identification of novel groups of genes up-regulated upon antiviral immunity activation serves as useful resource for mining new antiviral sensors and effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pu-Ste Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Carter TY, Gadwala S, Chougule AB, Bui APN, Sanders AC, Chaerkady R, Cormier N, Cole RN, Thomas JH. Actomyosin contraction during cellularization is regulated in part by Src64 control of Actin 5C protein levels. Genesis 2019; 57:e23297. [PMID: 30974046 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Src64 is required for actomyosin contraction during cellularization of the Drosophila embryonic blastoderm. The mechanism of actomyosin ring constriction is poorly understood even though a number of cytoskeletal regulators have been implicated in the assembly, organization, and contraction of these microfilament rings. How these cytoskeletal processes are regulated during development is even less well understood. To investigate the role of Src64 as an upstream regulator of actomyosin contraction, we conducted a proteomics screen to identify proteins whose expression levels are controlled by src64. Global levels of actin are reduced in src64 mutant embryos. Furthermore, we show that reduction of the actin isoform Actin 5C causes defects in actomyosin contraction during cellularization similar to those caused by src64 mutation, indicating that a relatively high level of Actin 5C is required for normal actomyosin contraction and furrow canal structure. However, reduction of Actin 5C levels only slows down actomyosin ring constriction rather than preventing it, suggesting that src64 acts not only to modulate actin levels, but also to regulate the actomyosin cytoskeleton by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Y Carter
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Swetha Gadwala
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ashish B Chougule
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Anh P N Bui
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Alex C Sanders
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nathaly Cormier
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Robert N Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey H Thomas
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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Abstract
We have shown that cytoplasmic actin isoforms play different roles in neoplastic cell transformation. β-Cytoplasmic actin acts as a tumor suppressor, affecting epithelial differentiation, cell growth, cell invasion and tumor growth of colon and lung carcinoma cells. In contrast, γ-cytoplasmic actin enhances malignant features of tumor cells whose actin network regulation is carried out via the γ-actin isoform. The goal of this study was to describe the role of cytoplasmic actins in cell cycle regulation of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The distinct roles of each cytoplasmic actin in the cell cycle driving were observed. β-Actin as well as γ-actin down-regulation inhibited proliferation of breast cancer cells, but only down-regulation of β-actin induced a significant decrease in diploid cell population and accumulation of tetraploid cells. Down-regulation of β-actin stimulated cyclin A2, B1 and D3 expression, whereas down-regulation of γ-actin reduced expression of these cyclins in both cell lines. Moreover, cyclin B1 and γ-actin were co-localized in mitotic control and β-actin-deficient cells. In mitotic MCF-7 cells down-regulation of β-actin caused an enrichment of prophase/metaphase population compared with control. γ-Actin down-regulation induced telophase enrichment. ERK1/2 and γ-actin co-localization and possible selective binding were revealed in MCF7 cells. β-Actin down-regulation induced ERK1/2 activation, while γ-actin down-regulation led to reduction of p-ERK1/2. A direct interaction of ERK1/2 with γ-actin and cyclin A2 in the same protein complex was also discovered. We suggest that γ-actin down-regulation leads to decrease of cyclin A2 level, inhibits ERK1/2 signaling and deceleration of breast cancer cells proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Galina Shagieva
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | | | - Pavel Kopnin
- b Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
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35
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Wineland DM, Kelpsch DJ, Tootle TL. Multiple Pools of Nuclear Actin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2014-2036. [PMID: 30312534 PMCID: PMC6293971 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While nuclear actin was reported ~50 years ago, it's in vivo prevalence and structure remain largely unknown. Here, we use Drosophila oogenesis, that is, follicle development, to characterize nuclear actin. We find that three different reagents-DNase I, anti-actin C4, and anti-actin AC15-recognize distinct pools of nuclear actin. DNase I labels monomeric or G-actin, and, during follicle development, G-actin is present in the nucleus of every cell. Some G-actin is recognized by the C4 antibody. In particular, C4 nuclear actin colocalizes with DNase I to the nucleolus in anterior escort cells, follicle stem cells, some mitotic follicle cells, and a subset of nurse cells during early oogenesis. C4 also labels polymeric nuclear actin in the nucleoplasm of the germline stem cells, early cystoblasts, and oocytes. The AC15 antibody labels a completely distinct pool of nuclear actin from that of DNase I and C4. Specifically, AC15 nuclear actin localizes to the chromatin in the nurse and follicle cells during mid-to-late oogenesis. Within the oocyte, AC15 nuclear actin progresses from localizing to puncta surrounding the DNA, to forming a filamentous cage around the chromosomes. Together these findings reveal that nuclear actin is highly prevalent in vivo, and multiple pools of nuclear actin exist and can be recognized using different reagents. Additionally, our localization studies suggest that nuclear actin may regulate stemness, nucleolar structure and function, transcription, and nuclear structure. Such findings call for further studies to explore the prevalence, diversity, and functions of nuclear actin across tissues and organisms. Anat Rec, 301:2014-2036, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylane M. Wineland
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of
Medicine, 51 Newton Rd, 1-500 BSB, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Daniel J. Kelpsch
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of
Medicine, 51 Newton Rd, 1-500 BSB, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tina L. Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of
Medicine, 51 Newton Rd, 1-500 BSB, Iowa City, IA 52242
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36
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An actin-based nucleoskeleton involved in gene regulation and genome organization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:378-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Variants in exons 5 and 6 of ACTB cause syndromic thrombocytopenia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4250. [PMID: 30315159 PMCID: PMC6185941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the ubiquitously expressed ACTB, which encodes β-cytoplasmic actin (CYA), are almost exclusively associated with Baraitser-Winter Cerebrofrontofacial syndrome (BWCFF). Here, we report six patients with previously undescribed heterozygous variants clustered in the 3′-coding region of ACTB. Patients present with clinical features distinct from BWCFF, including mild developmental disability, microcephaly, and thrombocytopenia with platelet anisotropy. Using patient-derived fibroblasts, we demonstrate cohort specific changes to β-CYA filament populations, which include the enhanced recruitment of thrombocytopenia-associated actin binding proteins (ABPs). These perturbed interactions are supported by in silico modeling and are validated in disease-relevant thrombocytes. Co-examination of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton constituents in patient-derived megakaryocytes and thrombocytes indicates that these β-CYA mutations inhibit the final stages of platelet maturation by compromising microtubule organization. Our results define an ACTB-associated clinical syndrome with a distinct genotype-phenotype correlation and delineate molecular mechanisms underlying thrombocytopenia in this patient cohort. Genetic variants in ACTB and ACTG1 have been associated with Baraitser-Winter Cerebrofrontofacial syndrome. Here, the authors report of a syndromic thrombocytopenia caused by variants in ACTB exons 5 or 6 that compromise the organization and coupling of the cytoskeleton, leading to impaired platelet maturation.
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Abstract
The highly similar cytoplasmic β- and γ-actins differ by only four functionally similar amino acids, yet previous in vitro and in vivo data suggest that they support unique functions due to striking phenotypic differences between Actb and Actg1 null mouse and cell models. To determine whether the four amino acid variances were responsible for the functional differences between cytoplasmic actins, we gene edited the endogenous mouse Actb locus to translate γ-actin protein. The resulting mice and primary embryonic fibroblasts completely lacked β-actin protein, but were viable and did not present with the most overt and severe cell and organismal phenotypes observed with gene knockout. Nonetheless, the edited mice exhibited progressive high-frequency hearing loss and degeneration of actin-based stereocilia as previously reported for hair cell-specific Actb knockout mice. Thus, β-actin protein is not required for general cellular functions, but is necessary to maintain auditory stereocilia.
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Skogseid IM, Røsby O, Konglund A, Connelly JP, Nedregaard B, Jablonski GE, Kvernmo N, Stray-Pedersen A, Glover JC. Dystonia-deafness syndrome caused by ACTB p.Arg183Trp heterozygosity shows striatal dopaminergic dysfunction and response to pallidal stimulation. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:17. [PMID: 29788902 PMCID: PMC5964724 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia-deafness syndrome is a well-known clinical entity, with sensorineural deafness typically manifesting earlier than dystonia. ACTB p.Arg183Trp heterozygosity has been reported in six patients to cause combined infant-onset deafness and dystonia manifesting in adolescence or young adulthood. Three of these have received beneficial pallidal stimulation. Brain imaging to assess striatal function has not been reported previously, however. Nor has a comprehensive hypothesis been presented for how the pleiotropic manifestations of this specific beta-actin gene mutation originate developmentally. CASE PRESENTATION A 19-year-old girl with congenital mild dysmorphic facial features, cochlear implants for infant-onset deafness, and mild cognitive and emotional disability, presented with an adolescent-onset, severe generalized dystonia. Brain MRI and multiple single gene sequencing were inconclusive. Due to life-threatening dystonia, we implanted a neurostimulation device, targeting the postero-ventral internal pallidum bilaterally. The Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale motor/disability scores improved from 87/25 to 21/13 at 2.5 months postoperatively, 26/14 at 3 years, and 30/14 at 4 years. Subsequent whole exome sequencing identified heterozygosity for the ACTB p.Arg183Trp variant. Brain imaging included 123I-ioflupane single photon emission computed tomography (Dopamine Transporter-SPECT), SPECT with 123I-epidepride (binds to dopamine type 2-receptors) and 18 Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose (FDG)-PET. Both Epidepride-SPECT and FDG-PET showed reduced tracer uptake in the striatum bilaterally, particularly in the putamen. DaT-SPECT was slightly abnormal. CONCLUSIONS In this patient with dystonia-deafness syndrome caused by ACTB p.Arg183Trp heterozygosity, unprecedented brain imaging findings strongly indicate striatal neuronal/dopaminergic dysfunction as the underlying cause of the dystonia. Pallidal stimulation provided a substantial improvement of the severe generalized dystonia, which is largely sustained at 4-year follow-up, and we advise this treatment to be considered in such patients. We hypothesize that the pleiotropic manifestations of the dystonia-deafness syndrome caused by this mutation derive from diverse developmental functions of beta-actin in neural crest migration and proliferation (facial dysmorphogenesis), hair cell stereocilia function (infant-onset deafness), and altered synaptic activity patterns associated with pubertal changes in striatal function (adolescent-onset dystonia). The temporal differences in developmental onset are likely due to varying degrees of susceptibility and of compensatory upregulation of other actin variants in the affected structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Marie Skogseid
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Po.box. 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Oddveig Røsby
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Konglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - James P Connelly
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bård Nedregaard
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Greg Eigner Jablonski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Head, Neck & Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadja Kvernmo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Po.box. 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joel C Glover
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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40
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Vedula P, Kashina A. The makings of the 'actin code': regulation of actin's biological function at the amino acid and nucleotide level. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/9/jcs215509. [PMID: 29739859 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays key roles in every eukaryotic cell and is essential for cell adhesion, migration, mechanosensing, and contractility in muscle and non-muscle tissues. In higher vertebrates, from birds through to mammals, actin is represented by a family of six conserved genes. Although these genes have evolved independently for more than 100 million years, they encode proteins with ≥94% sequence identity, which are differentially expressed in different tissues, and tightly regulated throughout embryogenesis and adulthood. It has been previously suggested that the existence of such similar actin genes is a fail-safe mechanism to preserve the essential function of actin through redundancy. However, knockout studies in mice and other organisms demonstrate that the different actins have distinct biological roles. The mechanisms maintaining this distinction have been debated in the literature for decades. This Review summarizes data on the functional regulation of different actin isoforms, and the mechanisms that lead to their different biological roles in vivo We focus here on recent studies demonstrating that at least some actin functions are regulated beyond the amino acid level at the level of the actin nucleotide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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In Mitochondria ?-Actin Regulates mtDNA Transcription and Is Required for Mitochondrial Quality Control. iScience 2018; 3:226-237. [PMID: 30428323 PMCID: PMC6137402 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, actin regulates both cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. However, whether actin-based structures are present in the mitochondria and are involved in mitochondrial functions has not been investigated. Here, using wild-type ?-actin +/+ and knockout (KO) ?-actin ?/? mouse embryonic fibroblasts we show evidence for the defect in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in ?-actin-null cells. MMP defects were associated with impaired mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and nuclear oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) gene expression. Using super-resolution microscopy we provided direct evidence on the presence of ?-actin-containing structures inside mitochondria. Large aggregates of TFAM-stained nucleoids were observed in bulb-shaped mitochondria in KO cells, suggesting defects in mitochondrial nucleoid segregation without ?-actin. The observation that mitochondria-targeted ?-actin rescued mtDNA transcription and MMP suggests an indispensable functional role of a mitochondrial ?-actin pool necessary for mitochondrial quality control.
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Xie X, Deliorman M, Qasaimeh MA, Percipalle P. The relative composition of actin isoforms regulates cell surface biophysical features and cellular behaviors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1079-1090. [PMID: 29410074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell surface mechanics is able to physically and biomechanically affect cell shape and motility, vesicle trafficking and actin dynamics. The biophysical properties of cell surface are strongly influenced by cytoskeletal elements. In mammals, tissue-specific expression of six actin isoforms is thought to confer differential biomechanical properties. However, the relative contribution of actin isoforms to cell surface properties is not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate whether and how the composition of endogenous actin isoforms directly affects the biomechanical features of cell surface and cellular behavior. METHODS We used fibroblasts isolated from wild type (WT), heterozygous (HET) and from knockout (KO) mouse embryos where both β-actin alleles are not functional. We applied a combination of genome-wide analysis and biophysical methods such as RNA-seq and atomic force microscopy. RESULTS We found that endogenous β-actin levels are essential in controlling cell surface stiffness and pull-off force, which was not compensated by the up-regulation of other actin isoforms. The variations of surface biophysical features and actin contents were associated with distinct cell behaviors in 2D and 3D WT, HET and KO cell cultures. Since β-actin in WT cells and smooth muscle α-actin up-regulated in KO cells showed different organization patterns, our data support the differential localization and organization as a mechanism to regulate the biophysical properties of cell surface by actin isoforms. CONCLUSIONS We propose that variations in actin isoforms composition impact on the biophysical features of cell surface and cause the changes in cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammedin Deliorman
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Qasaimeh
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Xie X, Almuzzaini B, Drou N, Kremb S, Yousif A, Farrants AKÖ, Gunsalus K, Percipalle P. β-Actin-dependent global chromatin organization and gene expression programs control cellular identity. FASEB J 2018; 32:1296-1314. [PMID: 29101221 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700753r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During differentiation and development, cell fate and identity are established by waves of genetic reprogramming. Although the mechanisms are largely unknown, during these events, dynamic chromatin reorganization is likely to ensure that multiple genes involved in the same cellular functions are coregulated, depending on the nuclear environment. In this study, using high-content screening of embryonic fibroblasts from a β-actin knockout (KO) mouse, we found major chromatin rearrangements and changes in histone modifications, such as methylated histone (H)3-lysine-(K)9. Genome-wide H3K9 trimethylation-(Me)3 landscape changes correlate with gene up- and down-regulation in β-actin KO cells. Mechanistically, we found loss of chromatin association by the Brahma-related gene ( Brg)/Brahma-associated factor (BAF) chromatin remodeling complex subunit Brg1 in the absence of β-actin. This actin-dependent chromatin reorganization was concomitant with the up-regulation of sets of genes involved in angiogenesis, cytoskeletal organization, and myofibroblast features in β-actin KO cells. Some of these genes and phenotypes were gained in a β-actin dose-dependent manner. Moreover, reintroducing a nuclear localization signal-containing β-actin in the knockout cells affected nuclear features and gene expression. Our results suggest that, by affecting the genome-wide organization of heterochromatin through the chromatin-binding activity of the BAF complex, β-actin plays an essential role in the determination of gene expression programs and cellular identity.-Xie, X., Almuzzaini, B., Drou, N., Kremb, S., Yousif, A., Östlund Farrants, A.-K., Gunsalus, K., Percipalle, P. β-Actin-dependent global chromatin organization and gene expression programs control cellular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bader Almuzzaini
- Medical Genomic Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar Drou
- NYUAD Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stephan Kremb
- NYUAD Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman Yousif
- NYUAD Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Kristin Gunsalus
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,NYUAD Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Vedula P, Kurosaka S, Leu NA, Wolf YI, Shabalina SA, Wang J, Sterling S, Dong DW, Kashina A. Diverse functions of homologous actin isoforms are defined by their nucleotide, rather than their amino acid sequence. eLife 2017; 6:31661. [PMID: 29244021 PMCID: PMC5794254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β‐ and γ‐cytoplasmic actin are nearly indistinguishable in their amino acid sequence, but are encoded by different genes that play non‐redundant biological roles. The key determinants that drive their functional distinction are unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that β- and γ-actin functions are defined by their nucleotide, rather than their amino acid sequence, using targeted editing of the mouse genome. Although previous studies have shown that disruption of β-actin gene critically impacts cell migration and mouse embryogenesis, we demonstrate here that generation of a mouse lacking β-actin protein by editing β-actin gene to encode γ-actin protein, and vice versa, does not affect cell migration and/or organism survival. Our data suggest that the essential in vivo function of β-actin is provided by the gene sequence independent of the encoded protein isoform. We propose that this regulation constitutes a global ‘silent code’ mechanism that controls the functional diversity of protein isoforms. Mammalian cells, including human cells, contain high levels of a protein called actin. This protein is essential for many of the processes that organisms use to develop and survive. For example, filaments of actin maintain the shape of cells, and help generate the forces needed for cells to move and divide. As in many other animals, every cell in the human body contains two related actin proteins – known as β-actin and γ-actin. These proteins are made from almost identical amino acid building blocks. Yet the genes that encode these two proteins vary much more. The two actin proteins also play different roles: disrupting the gene for β-actin causes mouse embryos to die, but mice without the gene for γ-actin develop almost like normal. It was not fully understood how these almost identical proteins could perform such different roles. Earlier studies exploring the mechanisms that underlie the unique roles of β- and γ-actin focused on the differences in their amino acid sequences. Now, Vedula, Kurosaka et al. test the hypothesis that the differing roles of these two actin proteins are due to the pronounced differences in the DNA sequences of their genes. A gene-editing technique called CRISPR/Cas9 was used to make small changes to the mouse gene for β-actin so that it coded for the γ-actin protein. As a consequence, these mice did not make any β-actin protein and instead made the γ-actin protein from a mostly intact gene for β-actin. These mice lacking the β-actin protein survived as normal and were fertile. The shape of their organs and the movement of their cells – two other major processes that need β-actin – were also unaffected. Hence, the γ-actin protein can substitute for β-actin when the β-actin gene is intact. These observations imply that it is the DNA sequence of the gene rather than the amino acid sequence of the protein that determines the essential role of β-actin in cell migration and the organism’s survival. The next step will be to see if other proteins work in a similar way. If so, this mechanism might allow scientists to discover new ways to fine-tune how proteins behave in healthy and diseased human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Satoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Nicolae Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Stephanie Sterling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Dawei W Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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Abstract
Several recent studies in a number of model systems including zebrafish, Arabidopsis, and mouse have revealed phenotypic differences between knockouts (i.e., mutants) and knockdowns (e.g., antisense-treated animals). These differences have been attributed to a number of reasons including off-target effects of the antisense reagents. An alternative explanation was recently proposed based on a zebrafish study reporting that genetic compensation was observed in egfl7 mutant but not knockdown animals. Dosage compensation was first reported in Drosophila in 1932, and genetic compensation in response to a gene knockout was first reported in yeast in 1969. Since then, genetic compensation has been documented many times in a number of model organisms; however, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remains limited. In this review, we revisit studies reporting genetic compensation in higher eukaryotes and outline possible molecular mechanisms, which may include both transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Brolosy
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Li YR, Zhong A, Dong H, Ni LH, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Myosin Va plays essential roles in maintaining normal mitosis, enhancing tumor cell motility and viability. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54654-54671. [PMID: 28903372 PMCID: PMC5589611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va, a member of Class V myosin, functions in organelle motility, spindle formation, nuclear morphogenesis and cell motility. The purpose of this study is to explore the expression and localization of myosin Va in testicular cancer and prostate cancer, and its specific roles in tumor progression including cell division, migration and proliferation. We detected myosin Va in testicular and prostate tumor tissues using sqRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Tumor samples showed an increased expression of myosin Va, abnormal actin and myosin Va distribution. Immunofluorescence images during the cell cycle showed that myosin Va tended to gather at cytoplasm during anaphase but co-localized with nucleus during other phases, suggesting the roles of myosin Va in disassembly of spindle microtubule, movement of chromosomes and normal cytokinesis. In addition, multi-nucleation and aberrant nuclear morphology were observed in myosin Va-knockdown cells. Wounding assay and CCK-8-based cell counting were conducted to explore myosin Va roles in cell migration, viability and proliferation. Our results suggest that myosin Va plays essential roles in maintaining normal mitosis, enhancing tumor cell motility and viability, and these properties are the hallmark of tumor progression and metastasis development. Therefore, an increased understanding of myosin Va expression and function will assist in the development of future oncodiagnosis and -therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai Zhong
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Dong
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Han Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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47
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Simiczyjew A, Mazur AJ, Dratkiewicz E, Nowak D. Involvement of β- and γ-actin isoforms in actin cytoskeleton organization and migration abilities of bleb-forming human colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173709. [PMID: 28333953 PMCID: PMC5363831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid movement is characteristic for rounded cells, which do not form strong adhesion contacts with the ECM and use blebs as migratory protrusions. It is well known that actin is the main component of mature forms of these structures, but the exact role fulfilled by non-muscle actin isoforms β- and γ- in bleb formation and migration of these cells is still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to establish the role of β- and γ-actin in migration of bleb-forming cancer cells using isoform-specific antibodies and expression of fluorescently tagged actin isoforms. We observed, after staining with monoclonal antibodies, that both actins are present in these cells in the form of a cortical ring as well as in the area of blebs. Additionally, using simultaneous expression of differentially tagged β- and γ-actin in cells, we observed that the actin isoforms are present together in a single bleb. They were involved during bleb expansion as well as retraction. Also present in the area of these protrusions formed by both isoforms were the bleb markers–ezrin and myosin II. The overexpression of β- or γ-actin led to actin cytoskeletal rearrangement followed by the growth of migration and invasion abilities of examined human colon cancer cells, LS174T line. In summary these data prove that both actin isoforms have an impact on motility of bleb-forming cancer cells. Moreover, we conclude that monoclonal antibodies directed against actin isoforms in combination with the tagged actins are good tools to study their role in important biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dratkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
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48
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Moradi M, Sivadasan R, Saal L, Lüningschrör P, Dombert B, Rathod RJ, Dieterich DC, Blum R, Sendtner M. Differential roles of α-, β-, and γ-actin in axon growth and collateral branch formation in motoneurons. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:793-814. [PMID: 28246119 PMCID: PMC5346967 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-, β-, and γ-actin differentially regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and stability in axons of motoneurons. Locally translated α-actin contributes to stable actin filaments in axonal branches, whereas β- and γ-actin give rise to highly dynamic filaments that modulate growth cone dynamics. Axonal branching and terminal arborization are fundamental events during the establishment of synaptic connectivity. They are triggered by assembly of actin filaments along axon shafts giving rise to filopodia. The specific contribution of the three actin isoforms, Actα, Actβ, and Actγ, to filopodia stability and dynamics during this process is not well understood. Here, we report that Actα, Actβ, and Actγ isoforms are expressed in primary mouse motoneurons and their transcripts are translocated into axons. shRNA-mediated depletion of Actα reduces axonal filopodia dynamics and disturbs collateral branch formation. Knockdown of Actβ reduces dynamic movements of growth cone filopodia and impairs presynaptic differentiation. Ablation of Actβ or Actγ leads to compensatory up-regulation of the two other isoforms, which allows maintenance of total actin levels and preserves F-actin polymerization. Collectively, our data provide evidence for specific roles of different actin isoforms in spatial regulation of actin dynamics and stability in axons of developing motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Moradi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rajeeve Sivadasan
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Saal
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dombert
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Reena Jagdish Rathod
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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49
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Patrinostro X, O'Rourke AR, Chamberlain CM, Moriarity BS, Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM. Relative importance of β cyto- and γ cyto-actin in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:771-782. [PMID: 28077619 PMCID: PMC5349784 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly homologous β (βcyto) and γ (γcyto) cytoplasmic actins are hypothesized to carry out both redundant and unique essential functions, but studies using targeted gene knockout and siRNA-mediated transcript knockdown to examine βcyto- and γcyto-isoform--specific functions in various cell types have yielded conflicting data. Here we quantitatively characterized actin transcript and protein levels, as well as cellular phenotypes, in both gene- and transcript-targeted primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found that the smooth muscle αsm-actin isoform was the dominantly expressed actin isoform in WT primary fibroblasts and was also the most dramatically up-regulated in primary βcyto- or β/γcyto-actin double-knockout fibroblasts. Gene targeting of βcyto-actin, but not γcyto-actin, led to greatly decreased cell proliferation, decreased levels of cellular ATP, and increased serum response factor signaling in primary fibroblasts, whereas immortalization induced by SV40 large T antigen supported fibroblast proliferation in the absence of βcyto-actin. Consistent with in vivo gene-targeting studies in mice, both gene- and transcript-targeting approaches demonstrate that the loss of βcyto-actin protein is more disruptive to primary fibroblast function than is the loss of γcyto-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Allison R O'Rourke
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher M Chamberlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46022
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 .,Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Dugina V, Alieva I, Khromova N, Kireev I, Gunning PW, Kopnin P. Interaction of microtubules with the actin cytoskeleton via cross-talk of EB1-containing +TIPs and γ-actin in epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:72699-72715. [PMID: 27683037 PMCID: PMC5341938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin microfilaments and microtubules are both highly dynamic cytoskeleton components implicated in a wide range of intracellular processes as well as cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. The interactions of actin filaments with the microtubule system play an important role in the assembly and maintenance of 3D cell structure. Here we demonstrate that cytoplasmic actins are differentially distributed in relation to the microtubule system. LSM, 3D-SIM, proximity ligation assay (PLA) and co-immunoprecipitation methods applied in combination with selective depletion of β- or γ-cytoplasmic actins revealed a selective interaction between microtubules and γ-, but not β-cytoplasmic actin via the microtubule +TIPs protein EB1. EB1-positive comet distribution analysis and quantification have shown more effective microtubule growth in the absence of β-actin. Our data represent the first demonstration that microtubule +TIPs protein EB1 interacts mainly with γ-cytoplasmic actin in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Irina Alieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Igor Kireev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter W. Gunning
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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