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Cao C, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, Huang B, Guo Z, Yu L, Mulloy B, Tajadura-Ortega V, Chai W, Yan J, Liang X. Isolation of Human Milk Difucosyl Nona- and Decasaccharides by Ultrahigh-Temperature Preparative PGC-HPLC and Identification of Novel Difucosylated Heptaose and Octaose Backbones by Negative-Ion ESI-MS n. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6170-6179. [PMID: 38616610 PMCID: PMC11044106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite their many important physiological functions, past work on the diverse sequences of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has been focused mainly on the highly abundant HMOs with a relatively low degree of polymerization (DP) due to the lack of efficient methods for separation/purification and high-sensitivity sequencing of large-sized HMOs with DP ≥ 10. Here we established an ultrahigh-temperature preparative HPLC based on a porous graphitized carbon column at up to 145 °C to overcome the anomeric α/β splitting problem and developed further the negative-ion ESI-CID-MS/MS into multistage MSn using a combined product-ion scanning of singly charged molecular ion and doubly charged fragment ion of the branching Gal and adjacent GlcNAc residues. The separation and sequencing method allows efficient separation of a neutral fraction with DP ≥ 10 into 70 components, among which 17 isomeric difucosylated nona- and decasaccharides were further purified and sequenced. As a result, novel branched difucosyl heptaose and octaose backbones were unambiguously identified in addition to the conventional linear and branched octaose backbones. The novel structures of difucosylated DF-novo-heptaose, DF-novo-LNO I, and DF-novo-LNnO I were corroborated by NMR. The various fucose-containing Lewis epitopes identified on different backbones were confirmed by oligosaccharide microarray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Cao
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yiming Cheng
- Jiangxi
Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Beibei Huang
- Jiangxi
Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Yu
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences
Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial
College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Tajadura-Ortega
- Glycosciences
Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial
College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences
Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial
College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Singh Y, Escopy S, Shadrick M, Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Chemical Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: para-Lacto-N-hexaose and para-Lacto-N-neohexaose. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302288. [PMID: 37639512 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) have emerged as a very active area of research in glycoscience and nutrition. HMO are involved in the early development of infants and may help to prevent certain diseases. The development of chemical methods for obtaining individual HMO aids the global effort dedicated to understanding the roles of these biomolecules. Reported herein is the chemical synthesis of two common core hexasaccharides found in human milk, i. e. para-lacto-N-hexaose (pLNH) and para-lacto-N-neohexaose (pLNnH). After screening multiple leaving groups and temporary protecting group combinations, a 3+3 convergent coupling strategy was found to work best for obtaining these linear glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashapal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Samira Escopy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| | - Melanie Shadrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| | - Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
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3
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Luo RY, Comstock K, Ding C, Wu AH, Lynch KL. Comparison of liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS 2) and multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS 3) for screening toxic natural products. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 30:38-44. [PMID: 37876549 PMCID: PMC10590993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technology for compound screening in clinical toxicology. To evaluate the potential of LC-HR-MS3 in detecting toxic natural products, a spectral library of 85 natural products (79 alkaloids) that contains both MS2 and MS3 mass spectra was constructed and used to identify the natural products. Samples were analyzed using an LC-HR-MS3 method and the generated data were matched to the spectral library to identify the natural products. Methods To test the performance of the LC-HR-MS3 method in different sample matrices, the 85 natural product standards were divided into three groups to separate structural isomers and avoid ion suppression effects caused by co-elution of multiple analytes. The grouped analytes were spiked into drug-free serum and drug-free urine to produce contrived clinical samples. Results The compound identification results of the 85 natural products in urine and serum samples were obtained. The match scores using both MS2 and MS3 mass spectra and those using only MS2 mass spectra were compared at 10 different analyte concentrations. The two types of data analysis provided identical identification results for the majority of the analytes (96% in serum, 92% in urine), whereas, for the remaining analytes, the MS2-MS3 tree data analysis had better performance in identifying them at lower concentrations. Conclusion This study shows that in comparison to LC-HR-MS (MS2), LC-HR-MS3 can increase the performance in identification of a small group of the toxic natural products tested in serum and urine specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Yiqi Luo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alan H.B. Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L. Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Wang H, Zhang M, Huo Y, Cui X, He R, Han B, Wang Z, Song Y, Lv X, Zhang J, Ge W. Comprehensive investigation of milk oligosaccharides in different mammalian species and the effect of breed and lactation period on sheep milk oligosaccharides. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113132. [PMID: 37689897 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MOs) have unique health benefits for newborns, and MOs are important components in mammalian milk. The present study was conducted to provide a comprehensive analysis of MOs in important domestic animals, including goats, cows, camels and sheep. The comparison with human MOs was conducted simultaneously. Furthermore, analysis of the relative abundance of sheep MOs among different breeds (Hu sheep, East Friesen sheep, East Friesen-Hu crossbred sheep) and lactation periods (colostrum, mature milk) was performed. In general, 35, 24 19, 26, and 16 MOs were identified in human, goat, bovine, camel and sheep milk, respectively. The type of sheep MOs was not greatly influenced by the breeds and lactation period. Hu sheep colostrum had the highest abundance of MOs among six sheep milks, followed by East Friesen sheep colostrum, while East Friesen-Hu crossbred sheep mature milk had the lowest abundance of MOs. These findings provide evidence for the potential value of MOs from domestic animal milk for the commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yucui Huo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuxiu Cui
- Xi'an Baiyue Goat Dairy Group Co., Ltd, Yanliang 710089, China
| | - Rui He
- Shaanxi Baiyue Youlishi Dairy Co., Ltd, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Bei Han
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xin Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wupeng Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling 712100, China.
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5
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Wei J, Papanastasiou D, Kosmopoulou M, Smyrnakis A, Hong P, Tursumamat N, Klein JA, Xia C, Tang Y, Zaia J, Costello CE, Lin C. De novo glycan sequencing by electronic excitation dissociation MS 2-guided MS 3 analysis on an Omnitrap-Orbitrap hybrid instrument. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6695-6704. [PMID: 37350811 PMCID: PMC10284134 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive de novo glycan sequencing remains an elusive goal due to the structural diversity and complexity of glycans. Present strategies employing collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD)-based multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) or MS/MS combined with sequential exoglycosidase digestions are inherently low-throughput and difficult to automate. Compared to CID and HCD, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) each generate more cross-ring cleavages informative about linkage positions, but electronic excitation dissociation (EED) exceeds the information content of all other methods and is also applicable to analysis of singly charged precursors. Although EED can provide extensive glycan structural information in a single stage of MS/MS, its performance has largely been limited to FTICR MS, and thus it has not been widely adopted by the glycoscience research community. Here, the effective performance of EED MS/MS was demonstrated on a hybrid Orbitrap-Omnitrap QE-HF instrument, with high sensitivity, fragmentation efficiency, and analysis speed. In addition, a novel EED MS2-guided MS3 approach was developed for detailed glycan structural analysis. Automated topology reconstruction from MS2 and MS3 spectra could be achieved with a modified GlycoDeNovo software. We showed that the topology and linkage configurations of the Man9GlcNAc2 glycan can be accurately determined from first principles based on one EED MS2 and two CID-EED MS3 analyses, without reliance on biological knowledge, a structure database or a spectral library. The presented approach holds great promise for autonomous, comprehensive and de novo glycan sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | | | | | | | - Pengyu Hong
- Department of Computer Science, Brandeis University Waltham MA 02454 USA
| | - Nafisa Tursumamat
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Joshua A Klein
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Yang Tang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
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6
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Asher AT, Mangel L, Ari JB, Gover O, Ahmad WA, Herzlich J, Mandel D, Schwartz B, Lubetzky R. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile across Lactation Stages in Israeli Women-A Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112548. [PMID: 37299512 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) stimulate the growth of gut commensals, prevent the adhesion of enteropathogens and modulate host immunity. The major factors influencing variations in the HMO profile are polymorphisms in the secretor (Se) or Lewis (Le) gene, which affect the activity of the enzymes fucoslytransferase 2 and 3 (FUT2 and FUT3) that lead to the formation of four major fucosylated and non-fucosylated oligosaccharides (OS). This pilot study aimed to determine the HMO profile of Israeli breastfeeding mothers of 16 term and 4 preterm infants, from a single tertiary center in the Tel Aviv area. Fifty-two human milk samples were collected from 20 mothers at three-time points: colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. The concentrations of nine HMOs were assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectra chromatograms. Fifty-five percent of the mothers were secretors and 45% were non-secretors. Infant sex affected HMO levels depending on the maternal secretor status. Secretor mothers to boys had higher levels of FUT2-dependent OS and higher levels of disialyllacto-N-tetraose in the milk of mothers to girls, whereas non-secretor mothers to girls had higher levels of 3'-sialyllactose. In addition, the season at which the human milk samples were obtained affected the levels of some HMOs, resulting in significantly lower levels in the summer. Our findings provide novel information on the irregularity in the HMO profile among Israeli lactating women and identify several factors contributing to this variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Talan Asher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Laurence Mangel
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Julius Ben Ari
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofer Gover
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem. P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Jacky Herzlich
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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7
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Fan Y, Vinjamuri A, Tu D, Lebrilla CB, Donovan SM. Determinants of human milk oligosaccharides profiles of participants in the STRONG kids 2 cohort. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1105668. [PMID: 37057069 PMCID: PMC10086122 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) are indigestible carbohydrates that support infant development by establishing a healthy microbiota, preventing infectious diseases, and promoting immune and cognitive development. Individual HMOS have distinct functions based on their chemical structures. HMO profiles can vary largely among mothers, but the research on factors other than genetic background affecting HMO composition are limited.MethodsIn the present analysis, we examined the relationships between maternal characteristics and the HMO profiles of breastfeeding mothers (n = 392) in the STRONG kids 2 with the following demographic characteristics: average age: 30.8 y, 74.5% White, and 75.5% exclusively breastfeeding. Human milk samples were collected at 6 weeks postpartum and maternal information was obtained from self-reported surveys. Information on dietary intake changes since the participants have been breastfeeding was collected. HMO profiles were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and secretor status was determined by the presence of four secretor markers [2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), LNFP I, LDFT, and TFLNH]. Spearmen correlation test was utilized to determine the relationships between individual HMOS and associations with maternal factors. Between-group differences in HMO relative abundances were examined with Kruskal-Wallis test.ResultsAmong all participants, 71.9% were secretors and 28.1% were non-secretors. The relative abundances of all HMOS differed (p < 0.05) by secretor status, with the exception for 6′-SL and 3′-SL. Positive correlations were observed among HMOS with similar structures, such as the 1,2-fucosylated HMOS. The abundances of selected HMOS were associated with maternal body weight, pregnancy complications, and dietary characteristics. Based on pre-pregnancy BMI, in all mothers, relative abundance of 3′-SL was significantly higher in overweight mothers than obese mothers (p = 0.013). In milk produced by non-secretor mothers, LNPF I + III abundances were greater in overweight than normal weight mothers (p = 0.020). Several HMO abundances were found to be associated with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Variations of HMO abundances were also observed with dietary food intake. In all mothers, egg consumption was positively correlated with LNT + LNnT (R = 0.13; p = 0.012) and cheese intake was positively associated with 2′-FL (R = 0.10; p = 0.046) and S-LNnH II (R = 0.11; p = 0.026) abundances.DiscussionHMO profiles were found to be associated with maternal characteristics and intake. Future research will investigate associations between HMOS and maternal and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Anita Vinjamuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Diane Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Sharon M. Donovan,
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8
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Peng W, Reyes CDG, Gautam S, Yu A, Cho BG, Goli M, Donohoo K, Mondello S, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics and glycoproteomics methods enabling isomeric characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:577-616. [PMID: 34159615 PMCID: PMC8692493 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant and abundant posttranslational modifications in mammalian cells. It mediates a wide range of biofunctions, including cell adhesion, cell communication, immune cell trafficking, and protein stability. Also, aberrant glycosylation has been associated with various diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, immune deficiencies, congenital disorders, and cancers. The alterations in the distributions of glycan and glycopeptide isomers are involved in the development and progression of several human diseases. However, the microheterogeneity of glycosylation brings a great challenge to glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis, including the characterization of isomers. Over several decades, different methods and approaches have been developed to facilitate the characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a powerful tool utilized for glycomic and glycoproteomic isomeric analysis due to its high sensitivity and rich structural information using different fragmentation techniques. However, a comprehensive characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers remains a challenge when utilizing MS alone. Therefore, various separation methods, including liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility, were developed to resolve glycan and glycopeptide isomers before MS. These separation techniques were coupled to MS for a better identification and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Additionally, bioinformatic tools are essential for the automated processing of glycan and glycopeptide isomeric data to facilitate isomeric studies in biological cohorts. Here in this review, we discuss commonly employed MS-based techniques, separation hyphenated MS methods, and software, facilitating the separation, identification, and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Donohoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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9
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Huang C, Hou M, Yan J, Wang H, Wang Y, Cao C, Wang Y, Gao H, Ma X, Zheng Y, Bu D, Chai W, Li Y, Sun S. GIPS-Mix for Accurate Identification of Isomeric Components in Glycan Mixtures Using Intelligent Group-Opting Strategy. Anal Chem 2022; 95:811-819. [PMID: 36547394 PMCID: PMC9850354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of glycan structures is highly desirable as they are intimately linked to their different functions. However, glycan samples generally exist as mixtures with multiple isomeric structures, making assignment of individual glycan components very challenging, even with the aid of multistage mass spectrometry (MSn). Here, we present an approach, GIPS-mix, for assignment of isomeric glycans within a mixture using an intelligent group-opting strategy. Our approach enumerates all possible combinations (groupings) of candidate glycans and opts in the best-matched glycan group(s) based on the similarity between the simulated spectra of each glycan group and the acquired experimental spectra of the mixture. In the case that a single group could not be elected, a tie break is performed by additional MSn scanning using intelligently selected precursors. With 11 standard mixtures and 6 human milk oligosaccharide fractions, we demonstrate the application of GIPS-mix in assignment of individual glycans in mixtures with high accuracy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncui Huang
- Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing100101, China
| | - Meijie Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing100080, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science
for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian116023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing100080, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing100080, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Cuiyan Cao
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science
for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian116023, China
| | - Yaojun Wang
- College
of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Huanyu Gao
- Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing100101, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science
for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian116023, China
| | - Dongbo Bu
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing100080, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences
Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial
College London, LondonW12 0NN, United Kingdom,
| | - Yan Li
- Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing100101, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China,
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing100080, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing100049, China,
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10
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Wang C, Gao X, Gong G, Man L, Wei Q, Lan Y, Yang M, Han J, Jin W, Wei M, Huang L, Wang Z. A versatile strategy for high-resolution separation of reducing glycan mixtures as hydrazones by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Peng W, Kobeissy F, Mondello S, Barsa C, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics: An analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1000179. [PMID: 36408389 PMCID: PMC9671362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect millions of peopleochemistryorldwide and are continuously increasing due to the globe's aging population. Such diseases affect the nervous system and are characterized by a progressive decline in brain function and progressive cognitive impairment, decreasing the quality of life for those with the disease as well as for their families and loved ones. The increased burden of nervous system diseases demands a deeper insight into the biomolecular mechanisms at work during disease development in order to improve clinical diagnosis and drug design. Recently, evidence has related glycosylation to nervous system diseases. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification that mediates many biological functions, and aberrant glycosylation has been associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, the investigation of glycosylation in neurological diseases could provide novel biomarkers and information for disease pathology. During the last decades, many techniques have been developed for facilitation of reliable and efficient glycomic analysis. Among these, mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most powerful tool for glycan analysis due to its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to acquire adequate structural information for glycan identification. Along with MS, a variety of approaches and strategies are employed to enhance the MS-based identification and quantitation of glycans in neurological samples. Here, we review the advanced glycomic tools used in nervous system disease studies, including separation techniques prior to MS, fragmentation techniques in MS, and corresponding strategies. The glycan markers in common clinical nervous system diseases discovered by utilizing such MS-based glycomic tools are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chloe Barsa
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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12
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In silico analysis of the human milk oligosaccharide glycome reveals key enzymes of their biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10846. [PMID: 35760821 PMCID: PMC9237113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) form the third most abundant component of human milk and are known to convey several benefits to the neonate, including protection from viral and bacterial pathogens, training of the immune system, and influencing the gut microbiome. As HMO production during lactation is driven by enzymes that are common to other glycosylation processes, we adapted a model of mucin-type GalNAc-linked glycosylation enzymes to act on free lactose. We identified a subset of 11 enzyme activities that can account for 206 of 226 distinct HMOs isolated from human milk and constructed a biosynthetic reaction network that identifies 5 new core HMO structures. A comparison of monosaccharide compositions demonstrated that the model was able to discriminate between two possible groups of intermediates between major subnetworks, and to assign possible structures to several previously uncharacterised HMOs. The effect of enzyme knockouts is presented, identifying β-1,4-galactosyltransferase and β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase as key enzyme activities involved in the generation of the observed HMO glycosylation patterns. The model also provides a synthesis chassis for the most common HMOs found in lactating mothers.
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13
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Wang J, Chen MS, Wang RS, Hu JQ, Liu S, Wang YYF, Xing XL, Zhang BW, Liu JM, Wang S. Current Advances in Structure-Function Relationships and Dose-Dependent Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6328-6353. [PMID: 35593935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying anti-inflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure-activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure-function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yi-Fei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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14
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Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030581. [PMID: 35159390 PMCID: PMC8834236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how-at a biomolecular level-mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
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15
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Wei M, Huang L, Liu Y, Jin W, Yao X, Rong J, Bai F, Song X, Wang Z. Strategy for Isolation, Preparation, and Structural Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides from Natural Sources. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11644-11653. [PMID: 32709191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides (CSOs), especially their sulfation pattern, has been found to be closely related with many biological pathways and diseases. However, detailed functional analysis such as their interaction with glycan binding proteins (GBPs) has been lagging, presumably due to the unavailability of well-defined, diverse structures. Besides challenging chemical and enzymatic synthesis, this is also due to the challenges in their purification at the isomer level and structural analysis owing to their instability, structural complexity, and low mass spectrometry detection sensitivity. Herein, we first used recycling preparative HPLC to separate and purify shark CS tetrasaccharide component labeled by a bifunctional fluorescent linker 2-amino-N-(2-aminoethyl)benzamide (AEAB) at the isomer level. Then, each isomer was derivatized through a multistage procedure including N-acetylation, carboxyl amidation, permethylation, and desulfation with silylating reagent. Structural analysis of each derivatized isomer was performed with ESI-MSn in positive ion mode. A total of 16 isomers of CSO-AEAB were isolated, with a minimum mass component of 0.007 mg and a maximum mass component of 17.53 mg, of which 10 isomers (>90 μg) were structurally analyzed. This preparation and structure analysis of CSOs lay the foundation for further study of the structure-activity relationship of CSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinbo Yao
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jinqiao Rong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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16
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Li Z, Zhang Q, Ashline D, Zhu Y, Lasanajak Y, Chernova T, Reinhold V, Cummings RD, Wang PG, Ju T, Smith DF, Song X. Amplification and Preparation of Cellular O-Glycomes for Functional Glycomics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10390-10401. [PMID: 32539345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycans play key roles in many cellular processes, and they are often altered in human diseases. A major challenge in studying the role of O-glycans through functional O-glycomics is the absence of a complete repertoire of the glycans that comprise the human O-glycome. Here we describe a cellular O-glycome preparation strategy, Preparative Cellular O-Glycome Reporter/Amplification (pCORA), that introduces 4-N3-Bn-GalNAc(Ac)3 as a novel precursor in large-scale cell cultures to generate usable amounts of O-glycans as a potential O-glycome factory. Cultured human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells take up the precursor, which is extended by cellular glycosyltransferases to produce 4-N3-Bn-α-O-glycans that are secreted into the culture medium. The O-glycan derivatives can be clicked with a fluorescent bifunctional tag that allows multidimensional HPLC purification and production of a tagged glycan library, representing the O-glycome of the corresponding cells. We obtained ∼5% conversion of precursor to O-glycans and purified a tagged O-glycan library of over 100 O-glycan derivatives, many of which were present in >100 nmol amounts and were sequenced by sequential MS fragmentation (MSn). These O-glycans were successfully printed onto epoxy glass slides as an O-glycome shotgun microarray. We used this novel array to explore binding activity of serum IgM in healthy persons and NSCLC patients at different cancer stages. This novel strategy provides access to complex O-glycans in significant quantities and may offer a new route to discovery of potential diagnostic disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - David Ashline
- College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | | | | | | | - Vernon Reinhold
- College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peng G Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10001 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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17
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Song X. Preparation of Complex Glycans From Natural Sources for Functional Study. Front Chem 2020; 8:508. [PMID: 32719769 PMCID: PMC7348041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One major barrier in glycoscience is the lack of diverse and biomedically relevant complex glycans in sufficient quantities for functional study. Complex glycans from natural sources serve as an important source of these glycans and an alternative to challenging chemoenzymatic synthesis. This review discusses preparation of complex glycans from several classes of glycoconjugates using both enzymatic and chemical release approaches. Novel technologies have been developed to advance the large-scale preparation of complex glycans from natural sources. We also highlight recent approaches and methods developed in functional and fluorescent tagging and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) isolation of released glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Zeuner B, Meyer AS. Enzymatic transfucosylation for synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2020; 493:108029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Haab BB, Klamer Z. Advances in Tools to Determine the Glycan-Binding Specificities of Lectins and Antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:224-232. [PMID: 31848260 PMCID: PMC7000120 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r119.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins that bind carbohydrate structures can serve as tools to quantify or localize specific glycans in biological specimens. Such proteins, including lectins and glycan-binding antibodies, are particularly valuable if accurate information is available about the glycans that a protein binds. Glycan arrays have been transformational for uncovering rich information about the nuances and complexities of glycan-binding specificity. A challenge, however, has been the analysis of the data. Because protein-glycan interactions are so complex, simplistic modes of analyzing the data and describing glycan-binding specificities have proven inadequate in many cases. This review surveys the methods for handling high-content data on protein-glycan interactions. We contrast the approaches that have been demonstrated and provide an overview of the resources that are available. We also give an outlook on the promising experimental technologies for generating new insights into protein-glycan interactions, as well as a perspective on the limitations that currently face the field.
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Song X. O-Benzylhydroxylamine (BHA) as a Cleavable Tag for Isolation and Purification of Reducing Glycans. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:388-396. [PMID: 31959063 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319898150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycoscience has been recognized as an important area in biomedical research. Currently, a major obstacle for glycoscience study is the lack of diverse, biomedically relevant, and complex glycans in quantities sufficient for exploring their structural and functional aspects. Complementary to chemoenzymatic synthesis, natural glycans could serve as a great source of biomedically relevant glycans if they are available in sufficient quantities. We have recently developed oxidative release of natural glycans (ORNG) for large-scale release of N-glycans as free reducing glycans. While free reducing glycans can be readily derivatized with ultraviolet or fluorescent tags for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, it is difficult to remove tags for the regeneration of free reducing glycans without affecting the structural integrity of glycans. To address this inconvenience, we explored the use of a cleavable tag, O-benzylhydroxylamine (BHA). Free reducing glycans are easily and efficiently labeled with BHA under mild conditions, enabling UV detection during HPLC purification. Individual glycan-BHA conjugates can then be separated using multidimensional HPLC and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and MS/MS. The BHA tag can then be easily removed by palladium-on-carbon (Pd/C)-catalyzed hydrogenation to efficiently regenerate free reducing glycans with little effect on glycan structures. This procedure provides a simple and straightforward way to tag free reducing glycans for purification at a preparative scale using multidimensional HPLC and subsequently recover purified free reducing glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuyang Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Gao C, Wei M, McKitrick TR, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins. Front Chem 2019; 7:833. [PMID: 31921763 PMCID: PMC6923789 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans and glycan binding proteins (GBPs or lectins) are essential components in almost every aspect of immunology. Investigations of the interactions between glycans and GBPs have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of these fundamental immunological processes. In order to better study the glycan-GBP interactions, microscope glass slide-based glycan microarrays were conceived and proved to be an incredibly useful and successful tool. A variety of methods have been developed to better present the glycans so that they mimic natural presentations. Breakthroughs in chemical biology approaches have also made available glycans with sophisticated structures that were considered practically impossible just a few decade ago. Glycan microarrays provide a wealth of valuable information in immunological studies. They allow for discovery of detailed glycan binding preferences or novel binding epitopes of known endogenous immune receptors, which can potentially lead to the discovery of natural ligands that carry the glycans. Glycan microarrays also serve as a platform to discover new GBPs that are vital to the process of infection and invasion by microorganisms. This review summarizes the construction strategies and the immunological applications of glycan microarrays, particularly focused on those with the most comprehensive sets of glycan structures. We also review new methods and technologies that have evolved. We believe that glycan microarrays will continue to benefit the growing research community with various interests in the field of immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Colston JM, Francois R, Pisanic N, Peñataro Yori P, McCormick BJJ, Olortegui MP, Gazi MA, Svensen E, Ahmed MMM, Mduma E, Liu J, Houpt ER, Klapheke R, Schwarz JW, Atmar RL, Black RE, Kosek MN. Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:151-162. [PMID: 30768135 PMCID: PMC6548901 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) such as fucosyltransferase (FUT)2 and 3 may act as innate host factors that differentially influence susceptibility of individuals and their offspring to pediatric enteric infections. METHODS In 3 community-based birth cohorts, FUT2 and FUT3 statuses were ascertained for mother-child dyads. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction panels tested 3663 diarrheal and 18 148 asymptomatic stool samples for 29 enteropathogens. Cumulative diarrhea and infection incidence were compared by child (n = 520) and mothers' (n = 519) HBGA status and hazard ratios (HRs) derived for all-cause diarrhea and specific enteropathogens. RESULTS Children of secretor (FUT2 positive) mothers had a 38% increased adjusted risk of all-cause diarrhea (HR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.66) and significantly reduced time to first diarrheal episode. Child FUT2 and FUT3 positivity reduced the risk for all-cause diarrhea by 29% (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.93) and 27% (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92), respectively. Strong associations between HBGAs and pathogen-specific infection and diarrhea were observed, particularly for noroviruses, rotaviruses, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli. CONCLUSIONS Histo-blood group antigens affect incidence of all-cause diarrhea and enteric infections at magnitudes comparable to many common disease control interventions. Studies measuring impacts of interventions on childhood enteric disease should account for both child and mothers' HBGA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M Colston
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruthly Francois
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | | | - Md Amran Gazi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Institute, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | | | | | - Robert E Black
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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23
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Mucin O-glycan microarrays. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Guo Q, Reinhold VN. Advancing MSn spatial resolution and documentation for glycosaminoglycans by sulfate-isotope exchange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5033-5045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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History and future of shotgun glycomics. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1-11. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycans in polysaccharides and glycoconjugates of the hydrophilic exterior of all animal cells participate in signal transduction, cellular adhesion, intercellular signaling, and sites for binding of pathogens largely through protein–glycan interactions. Microarrays of defined glycans have been used to study the binding specificities of biologically relevant glycan-binding proteins (GBP), but such arrays are limited by their lack of diversity or relevance to the GBP being investigated. Shotgun glycan microarrays are made up of structurally undefined glycans that were released from natural sources, labeled with bifunctional reagents so that they can be monitored during their purification using multidimensional chromatographic procedures, stored as a tagged glycan library (TGL) and subsequently printed onto microarrays at equal molar concentrations. The shotgun glycan microarray is then interrogated with a biologically relevant GBP and the corresponding glycan ligands can be retrieved from the TGL for detailed structural analysis and further functional analysis. Shotgun glycomics extended the defined glycan microarray to a discovery platform that supports functional glycomic analyses and may provide a useful process for ultimately defining the human glycome.
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26
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Sun S, Huang C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhou J, Gao F, Yang F, Chen R, Mulloy B, Chai W, Li Y, Bu D. Toward Automated Identification of Glycan Branching Patterns Using Multistage Mass Spectrometry with Intelligent Precursor Selection. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14412-14422. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing 100080, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuncui Huang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing 100080, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaming Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing 100080, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyu Zhou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing 100080, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing 100080, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runsheng Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongbo Bu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Beijing 100080, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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27
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Wang C, Qiang S, Jin W, Song X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Wang Z. Reductive chemical release of N-glycans as 1-amino-alditols and subsequent 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl labeling for MS and LC/MS analysis. J Proteomics 2018; 187:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Hu L, Sankaran B, Laucirica DR, Patil K, Salmen W, Ferreon ACM, Tsoi PS, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ferreon JC, Prasad BVV. Glycan recognition in globally dominant human rotaviruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2631. [PMID: 29980685 PMCID: PMC6035239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) cause life-threatening diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. Recent biochemical and epidemiological studies underscore the importance of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) as both cell attachment and susceptibility factors for the globally dominant P[4], P[6], and P[8] genotypes of human RVs. How these genotypes interact with HBGA is not known. Here, our crystal structures of P[4] and a neonate-specific P[6] VP8*s alone and in complex with H-type I HBGA reveal a unique glycan binding site that is conserved in the globally dominant genotypes and allows for the binding of ABH HBGAs, consistent with their prevalence. Remarkably, the VP8* of P[6] RVs isolated from neonates displays subtle structural changes in this binding site that may restrict its ability to bind branched glycans. This provides a structural basis for the age-restricted tropism of some P[6] RVs as developmentally regulated unbranched glycans are more abundant in the neonatal gut. Human rotaviruses (RV) bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) for attachment, but how different viral genotypes interact with HBGA isn’t known. Here, Hu et al. report crystal structures of a prevalent and a neonate-specific RV in complex with HBGA and provide insights into glycan recognition and age-restricted tropism of RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Laucirica
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Phoebe S Tsoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Josephine C Ferreon
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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29
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Morozov V, Hansman G, Hanisch FG, Schroten H, Kunz C. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700679. [PMID: 29336526 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus-carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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30
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Maleki H, Karanji AK, Majuta S, Maurer MM, Valentine SJ. Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange for Metabolomics Analyses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:230-241. [PMID: 28956290 PMCID: PMC5942887 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) in combination with gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) is evaluated as an analytical method for small-molecule standard and mixture characterization. Experiments show that compound ions exhibit unique HDX reactivities that can be used to distinguish different species. Additionally, it is shown that gas-phase HDX kinetics can be exploited to provide even further distinguishing capabilities by using different partial pressures of reagent gas. The relative HDX reactivity of a wide variety of molecules is discussed in light of the various molecular structures. Additionally, hydrogen accessibility scoring (HAS) and HDX kinetics modeling of candidate (in silico) ion structures is utilized to estimate the relative ion conformer populations giving rise to specific HDX behavior. These data interpretation methods are discussed with a focus on developing predictive tools for HDX behavior. Finally, an example is provided in which ion mobility information is supplemented with HDX reactivity data to aid identification efforts of compounds in a metabolite extract. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Maleki
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ahmad K Karanji
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sandra Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Megan M Maurer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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31
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Thurl S, Munzert M, Boehm G, Matthews C, Stahl B. Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:920-933. [PMID: 29053807 PMCID: PMC5914348 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including protection against infectious diseases. The structures of more than 100 oligosaccharides in human milk have been elucidated so far. Objective The aim of this review was to identify the main factors that affect the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and to determine whether it is possible to calculate representative and reliable mean concentrations. Data Sources A comprehensive literature search on oligosaccharide concentrations in human milk was performed in 6 electronic databases: BIOSIS, Current Contents Search, Embase, Lancet Titles, MEDLINE and PubMed. Study Selection The initial search resulted in 1363 hits. After the elimination of duplicates, the literature was screened. The application of strict inclusion criteria resulted in 21 articles selected. Data Extraction Oligosaccharide concentrations, both mean values and single values, reported in the literature were sorted by gestational age, secretor status of mothers, and defined lactation periods. Results Mean concentrations, including confidence limits, of 33 neutral and acidic oligosaccharides reported could be calculated. Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk show variations that are dependent on both the secretor type of the mother and the lactation period as examined by analyses of variance. In addition, large interlaboratory variations in the data were observed. Conclusions Worldwide interlaboratory quantitative analyses of identical milk samples would be required to identify the most reliable methods of determining concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. The data presented here contribute to the current knowledge about the composition and quantities of oligosaccharides in human milk and may foster greater understanding of the biological functions of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Thurl
- Department of Food Technology, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Manfred Munzert
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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32
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El-Hawiet A, Chen Y, Shams-Ud-Doha K, Kitova EN, St-Pierre Y, Klassen JS. High-Throughput Label- and Immobilization-Free Screening of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Against Lectins. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8713-8722. [PMID: 28749685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The intense interest in the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of breast-feeding on infant health has created a significant need for analytical methods capable of rapidly identifying interactions between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and their protein receptors. Currently, there are no established, high-throughput assays for the screening libraries of free (unmodified) HMOs against lectins. The present work describes a rapid and label- and immobilization-free assay, based on catch-and-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS), capable of simultaneously screening mixtures of free HMOs of known concentration for binding to lectins in vitro. Ligand identification relies on the molecular weights (MWs), ion mobility separation arrival times, and collision-induced dissociation fingerprints of HMO anions released from the target protein in the gas phase. To establish the reliability of the assay, a library of 31 free HMOs, ranging in size from tri- to octasaccharide, was screened against three human galectin (hGal) proteins (a stable mutant of hGal1 (hGal-1), a C-terminal fragment of hGal-3 (hGal-3C) and hGal-7), with known HMO affinities. When implemented using an equimolar concentration library, the CaR-ESI-MS assay identified 100% of ligands with affinities >500 M-1 and ≥93% of all HMO ligands (hGal-1-31 of 31 ligands; hGal-3C-25 of 25; hGal-7-28 of 30); no false positives were detected. The assay also successfully identified the majority of the highest affinity HMO ligands (or isomer sets that contain the highest affinity ligands) in the library for each of the three hGal. Notably, for each lectin, CaR-ESI-MS screening required <1 h to complete and consumed <5 ng of each HMO and <0.5 μg of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Hawiet
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yajie Chen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Km Shams-Ud-Doha
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
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33
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Abstract
Despite mammalian glycans typically having highly complex asymmetrical multiantennary architectures, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has almost exclusively focused on the preparation of simpler symmetrical structures. This deficiency hampers investigations into the biology of glycan-binding proteins, which in turn complicates the biomedical use of this class of biomolecules. Herein, we describe an enzymatic strategy, using a limited number of human glycosyltransferases, to access a collection of 60 asymmetric, multiantennary human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which were used to develop a glycan microarray. Probing the array with several glycan-binding proteins uncovered that not only terminal glycoepitopes but also complex architectures of glycans can influence binding selectivity in unanticipated manners. N- and O-linked glycans express structural elements of HMOs, and thus, the reported synthetic principles will find broad applicability.
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34
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Shams-Ud-Doha K, Kitova EN, Kitov PI, St-Pierre Y, Klassen JS. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Specificities of Human Galectins. Comparison of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Glycan Microarray Screening Results. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4914-4921. [PMID: 28345865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The affinities of thirty-two free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for four human galectin proteins, a stable mutant of hGal1 (hGal-1), a C-terminal fragment of hGal-3 (hGal-3C), hGal-7, and an N-terminal fragment of hGal-9 (hGal-9N), were measured using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The binding data show that each of the four galectins recognize the majority of the HMOs tested (hGal-1 binds thirty-two HMOs, hGal-3C binds twenty-six, hGal-7 binds thirty-one, and hGal-9N binds twenty-six). Twenty-five of the HMOs tested bind all four galectins, with affinities ranging from 103 to 105 M-1. The reliability of the ESI-MS assay for quantifying the affinities of HMOs for lectins was established from the agreement found between the ESI-MS data and affinities of a small number of HMOs for hGal-1, hGal-3C, and hGal-7 measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Comparison of the relative affinities (of 14 HMOs) measured by ESI-MS with the reported specificities of hGal-1, hGal-3, hGal-7, and hGal-9 for these same HMOs established using the shotgun human milk glycan microarray (HM-SGM-v2) showed fair-to-poor correlation, with evidence of false positives and false negatives in the microarray data. The results of this study suggest that HMO specificities of lectins established using microarrays may not accurately reflect their true HMO-binding properties and that the use of "in solution" assays such as ESI-MS and ITC is to be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Km Shams-Ud-Doha
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Pavel I Kitov
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Québec Canada H7 V 1B7
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G2
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35
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Huang C, Liu Y, Wu H, Sun D, Li Y. Characterization of IgG glycosylation in rheumatoid arthritis patients by MALDI-TOF-MS n and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3731-3739. [PMID: 28397166 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on the combination of multistage mass spectrometry (MSn) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed for the analysis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. It has been recently suggested that IgG glycosylation defect may be involved in RA immunopathogenesis. Complete characterization of glycans, including both qualitative and quantitative analysis, requires a combination of different techniques, and accurate, robust, sensitive, and high-throughput methodologies are important for analysis of clinical samples. In the present study, N-glycosylation of IgG in RA patients and in healthy people was characterized through identification of the released glycans using multistage matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MSn), and quantitation by CE. Assignment of the IgG N-glycan structures was made through branching pattern analysis by MSn with high-throughput. Further accurate quantitation indicated that galactosylation and sialylation of IgG N-glycans in RA cases were significantly lower than in healthy subjects. The results indicate that CE coupled with MSn can identify abnormal glycosylation of IgG in RA patients compared with healthy people, and that the present work is useful for RA mechanism studies and RA diagnosis. Graphical Abstract Qualitative and quantitative analysis of IgG glycosylation in rheumatoid arthritis patients by MALDI-TOF-MSn and capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncui Huang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yaming Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,GuangDong Bio-Healtech Advanced Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Dehui Sun
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaunitz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Regional Center for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Oncological Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
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37
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Li T, Huang M, Liu L, Wang S, Moremen KW, Boons GJ. Divergent Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Asymmetrical-Core-Fucosylated and Core-Unmodified N-Glycans. Chemistry 2016; 22:18742-18746. [PMID: 27798819 PMCID: PMC5442444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A divergent chemoenzymaytic approach for the preparation of core-fucosylated and core-unmodified asymmetrical N-glycans from a common advances precursor is described. An undecasaccharide was synthesized by sequential chemical glycosylations of an orthogonally protected core fucosylated hexasaccharide that is common to all mammalian core fucosylated N-glycans. Antennae-selective enzymatic extension of the undecasaccharide using a panel of glycosyl transferases afforded core fucosylated asymmetrical triantennary N-glycan isomers, which are potential biomarkers for breast cancer. A unique aspect of our approach is that a fucosidase (FucA1) has been identified that selectively can cleave a core-fucoside without affecting the fucoside of a sialyl LewisX epitope to give easy access to core-unmodified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehai Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Reatini BS, Ensink E, Liau B, Sinha JY, Powers TW, Partyka K, Bern M, Brand RE, Rudd PM, Kletter D, Drake R, Haab BB. Characterizing Protein Glycosylation through On-Chip Glycan Modification and Probing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11584-11592. [PMID: 27809484 PMCID: PMC5290727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans are critical to protein biology and are useful as disease biomarkers. Many studies of glycans rely on clinical specimens, but the low amount of sample available for some specimens limits the experimental options. Here we present a method to obtain information about protein glycosylation using a minimal amount of protein. We treat proteins that were captured or directly spotted in small microarrays (2.2 mm × 2.2 mm) with exoglycosidases to successively expose underlying features, and then we probe the native or exposed features using a panel of lectins or glycan-binding reagents. We developed an algorithm to interpret the data and provide predictions about the glycan motifs that are present in the sample. We demonstrated the efficacy of the method to characterize differences between glycoproteins in their sialic acid linkages and N-linked glycan branching, and we validated the assignments by comparing results from mass spectrometry and chromatography. The amount of protein used on-chip was about 11 ng. The method also proved effective for analyzing the glycosylation of a cancer biomarker in human plasma, MUC5AC, using only 20 μL of the plasma. A glycan on MUC5AC that is associated with cancer had mostly 2,3-linked sialic acid, whereas other glycans on MUC5AC had a 2,6 linkage of sialic acid. The on-chip glycan modification and probing (on-chip GMAP) method provides a platform for analyzing protein glycosylation in clinical specimens and could complement the existing toolkit for studying glycosylation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot Ensink
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Brian Liau
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Thomas W. Powers
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Katie Partyka
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | - Randall E. Brand
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Brian B. Haab
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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39
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Ashline DJ, Zhang H, Reinhold VN. Isomeric complexity of glycosylation documented by MS n. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:439-451. [PMID: 27826629 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Re-analysis of two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, has shown multiple isomeric structures exposed by sequential mass spectrometry, MS n . Several released glycan compositions were re-evaluated, which indicated variations in polylactosamine and fucosylation structures. Probable isomer numbers, when considering both stereo and structural entities, are significant and the varying types are mentioned. The structural isomers of linkage position are most frequently considered, while stereo isomers are usually assumed from biosynthetic data. Evaluation of any new sample should be cautious and merits careful attention to empirical data. While isomers are usually considered a chromatographic problem (e.g., LCMS, IMMS) and most frequently considered a separations problem, such results will always be challenged by identification and documentation. MSn data provide a direct spatial solution that includes spectral data for characterization (mass and abundance) supported by a universal library match feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ashline
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Hailong Zhang
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Vernon N Reinhold
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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40
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Dotz V, Wuhrer M. Histo-blood group glycans in the context of personalized medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1596-607. [PMID: 26748235 PMCID: PMC7117023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of histo-blood group antigens including ABO and Lewis are oligosaccharide structures which may be conjugated to lipids or proteins. They are known to be important recognition motifs not only in the context of blood transfusions, but also in infection and cancer development. SCOPE OF REVIEW Current knowledge on the molecular background and the implication of histo-blood group glycans in the prevention and therapy of infectious and non-communicable diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, is presented. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Glycan-based histo-blood groups are associated with intestinal microbiota composition, the risk of various diseases as well as therapeutic success of, e.g., vaccination. Their potential as prebiotic or anti-microbial agents, as disease biomarkers and vaccine targets should be further investigated in future studies. For this, recent and future technological advancements will be of particular importance, especially with regard to the unambiguous structural characterization of the glycan portion in combination with information on the protein and lipid carriers of histo-blood group-active glycans in large cohorts. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Histo-blood group glycans have a unique linking position in the complex network of genes, oncodevelopmental biological processes, and disease mechanisms. Thus, they are highly promising targets for novel approaches in the field of personalized medicine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Dotz
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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41
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Song X, Ju H, Lasanajak Y, Kudelka MR, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Oxidative release of natural glycans for functional glycomics. Nat Methods 2016; 13:528-34. [PMID: 27135973 PMCID: PMC4887297 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have essential roles in biology and the etiology of many diseases. A major hurdle in studying glycans through functional glycomics is the lack of methods to release glycans from diverse types of biological samples. Here we describe an oxidative strategy using household bleach to release all types of free reducing N-glycans and O-glycan-acids from glycoproteins, and glycan nitriles from glycosphingolipids. Released glycans are directly useful in glycomic analyses and can be derivatized fluorescently for functional glycomics. This chemical method overcomes the limitations in glycan generation and promotes archiving and characterization of human and animal glycomes and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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42
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Noll AJ, Gourdine JP, Yu Y, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Galectins are human milk glycan receptors. Glycobiology 2016; 26:655-69. [PMID: 26747425 PMCID: PMC4847615 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological recognition of human milk glycans (HMGs) is poorly understood. Because HMGs are rich in galactose we explored whether they might interact with human galectins, which bind galactose-containing glycans and are highly expressed in epithelial cells and other cell types. We screened a number of human galectins for their binding to HMGs on a shotgun glycan microarray consisting of 247 HMGs derived from human milk, as well as to a defined HMG microarray. Recombinant human galectins (hGal)-1, -3, -4, -7, -8 and -9 bound selectively to glycans, with each galectin recognizing a relatively unique binding motif; by contrast hGal-2 did not recognize HMGs, but did bind to the human blood group A Type 2 determinants on other microarrays. Unlike other galectins, hGal-7 preferentially bound to glycans expressing a terminal Type 1 (Galβ1-3GlcNAc) sequence, a motif that had eluded detection on non-HMG glycan microarrays. Interactions with HMGs were confirmed in a solution setting by isothermal titration microcalorimetry and hapten inhibition experiments. These results demonstrate that galectins selectively bind to HMGs and suggest the possibility that galectin-HMG interactions may play a role in infant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Noll
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ying Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Noll AJ, Yu Y, Lasanajak Y, Duska-McEwen G, Buck RH, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Human DC-SIGN binds specific human milk glycans. Biochem J 2016; 473:1343-53. [PMID: 26976925 PMCID: PMC4875834 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human milk glycans (HMGs) are prebiotics, pathogen receptor decoys and regulators of host physiology and immune responses. Mechanistically, human lectins (glycan-binding proteins, hGBP) expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) are of major interest, as these cells directly contact HMGs. To explore such interactions, we screened many C-type lectins and sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) expressed by DCs for glycan binding on microarrays presenting over 200 HMGs. Unexpectedly, DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) showed robust binding to many HMGs, whereas other C-type lectins failed to bind, and Siglec-5 and Siglec-9 showed weak binding to a few glycans. By contrast, most hGBP bound to multiple glycans on other microarrays lacking HMGs. An α-linked fucose residue was characteristic of HMGs bound by DC-SIGN. Binding of DC-SIGN to the simple HMGs 2'-fucosyl-lactose (2'-FL) and 3-fucosyl-lactose (3-FL) was confirmed by flow cytometry to beads conjugated with 2'-FL or 3-FL, as well as the ability of the free glycans to inhibit DC-SIGN binding. 2'-FL had an IC50 of ∼1 mM for DC-SIGN, which is within the physiological concentration of 2'-FL in human milk. These results demonstrate that DC-SIGN among the many hGBP expressed by DCs binds to α-fucosylated HMGs, and suggest that such interactions may be important in influencing immune responses in the developing infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Noll
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A. Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | - Ying Yu
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | | | - Rachael H Buck
- Abbott Nutrition, Global Discovery R&D, Columbus, OH 43215, U.S.A
| | - David F Smith
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A
| | - Richard D Cummings
- The Glycomics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A.
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44
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Ramani S, Hu L, Venkataram Prasad B, Estes MK. Diversity in Rotavirus-Host Glycan Interactions: A "Sweet" Spectrum. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:263-273. [PMID: 28090561 PMCID: PMC5042371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction with cellular glycans is a critical initial step in the pathogenesis of many infectious agents. Technological advances in glycobiology have expanded the repertoire of studies delineating host glycan-pathogen interactions. For rotavirus, the VP8* domain of the outer capsid spike protein VP4 is known to interact with cellular glycans. Sialic acid was considered the key cellular attachment factor for rotaviruses for decades. Although this is true for many rotavirus strains causing infections in animals, glycan array screens show that many human rotavirus strains bind nonsialylated glycoconjugates, called histo-blood group antigens, in a strain-specific manner. The expression of histo-blood group antigens is determined genetically and is regulated developmentally. Variations in glycan binding between different rotavirus strains are biologically relevant and provide new insights into multiple aspects of virus pathogenesis such as interspecies transmission, host range restriction, and tissue tropism. The genetics of glycan expression may affect susceptibility to different rotavirus strains and vaccine viruses, and impact the efficacy of rotavirus vaccination in different populations. A multidisciplinary approach to understanding rotavirus-host glycan interactions provides molecular insights into the interaction between microbial pathogens and glycans, and opens up new avenues to translate findings from the bench to the human population.
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Key Words
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycans
- HBGA, histo-blood group antigen
- HIE, human intestinal enteroid
- Histo-Blood Group Antigens
- LNT, lacto-N-tetraose
- LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose
- LacNAc, N-acetyllactosamine
- Le, Lewis
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Neu5Ac, N-acetylneuraminic acid
- Neu5Gc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid
- RBC, red blood cell
- Rotavirus
- Sia
- Sia, sialic acid
- VP, viral protein
- VP8*
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sasirekha Ramani, PhD, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030. fax: (713) 798-3586.Department of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas 77030
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B.V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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45
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Agravat SB, Song X, Rojsajjakul T, Cummings RD, Smith DF. Computational approaches to define a human milk metaglycome. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:1471-8. [PMID: 26803164 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The goal of deciphering the human glycome has been hindered by the lack of high-throughput sequencing methods for glycans. Although mass spectrometry (MS) is a key technology in glycan sequencing, MS alone provides limited information about the identification of monosaccharide constituents, their anomericity and their linkages. These features of individual, purified glycans can be partly identified using well-defined glycan-binding proteins, such as lectins and antibodies that recognize specific determinants within glycan structures. RESULTS We present a novel computational approach to automate the sequencing of glycans using metadata-assisted glycan sequencing, which combines MS analyses with glycan structural information from glycan microarray technology. Success in this approach was aided by the generation of a 'virtual glycome' to represent all potential glycan structures that might exist within a metaglycomes based on a set of biosynthetic assumptions using known structural information. We exploited this approach to deduce the structures of soluble glycans within the human milk glycome by matching predicted structures based on experimental data against the virtual glycome. This represents the first meta-glycome to be defined using this method and we provide a publically available web-based application to aid in sequencing milk glycans. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION http://glycomeseq.emory.edu CONTACT sagravat@bidmc.harvard.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay B Agravat
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teerapat Rojsajjakul
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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46
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Saumonneau A, Champion E, Peltier-Pain P, Molnar-Gabor D, Hendrickx J, Tran V, Hederos M, Dekany G, Tellier C. Design of an α-l-transfucosidase for the synthesis of fucosylated HMOs. Glycobiology 2015; 26:261-9. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Mickum ML, Rojsajjakul T, Yu Y, Cummings RD. Schistosoma mansoni α1,3-fucosyltransferase-F generates the Lewis X antigen. Glycobiology 2015; 26:270-85. [PMID: 26582608 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence suggests that the Schistosoma mansoni genome contains six genes that encode α1,3-fucosyltransferases (smFuTs). To date, the activities and specificities of these putative fucosyltransferases are unknown. As Schistosoma express a variety of fucosylated glycans, including the Lewis X antigen Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ-R, it is likely that this family of genes encode enzymes that are partly responsible for the generation of those structures. Here, we report the molecular cloning of fucosyltransferase-F (smFuT-F) from S. mansoni, as a soluble, green fluorescent protein fusion protein and its acceptor specificity. The gene smFuT-F was expressed in HEK freestyle cells, purified by affinity chromatography, and analyzed toward a broad panel of glycan acceptors. The enzyme product of smFuT-F effectively utilizes a type II chain acceptor Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R, but notably not the LDN sequence GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-R, to generate Lewis X type-glycans, and smFuT-F transcripts are present in all intramammalian life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Mickum
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teerapat Rojsajjakul
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Hu L, Ramani S, Czako R, Sankaran B, Yu Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Estes MK, Venkataram Prasad BV. Structural basis of glycan specificity in neonate-specific bovine-human reassortant rotavirus. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8346. [PMID: 26420502 PMCID: PMC4589887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-dependent variation of glycan recognition during initial cell attachment of viruses is a critical determinant of host specificity, tissue-tropism and zoonosis. Rotaviruses (RVs), which cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in infants and children, display significant genotype-dependent variations in glycan recognition resulting from sequence alterations in the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4. The structural basis of this genotype-dependent glycan specificity, particularly in human RVs, remains poorly understood. Here, from crystallographic studies, we show how genotypic variations configure a novel binding site in the VP8* of a neonate-specific bovine-human reassortant to uniquely recognize either type I or type II precursor glycans, and to restrict type II glycan binding in the bovine counterpart. Such a distinct glycan-binding site that allows differential recognition of the precursor glycans, which are developmentally regulated in the neonate gut and abundant in bovine and human milk provides a basis for age-restricted tropism and zoonotic transmission of G10P[11] rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rita Czako
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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49
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Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Glycan microarrays of fluorescently-tagged natural glycans. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:465-73. [PMID: 25877830 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the challenges facing research in 'functional glycomics' and the novel technologies that are being developed to advance the field. The structural complexity of glycans and glycoconjugates makes studies of both their structures and recognition difficult. However, these intricate structures can be captured from their natural sources, isolated and fluorescently-tagged for detailed structural analysis and for presentation on glycan microarrays for functional recognition by glycan-binding proteins. These advances in glycan preparation and manipulation enable the streamlining of functional glycomics studies and will help to propel the field forward in studying natural, biologically relevant glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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50
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Palma AS, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, McCleary BV, Yu G, Huang Q, Guidolin LS, Ciocchini AE, Torosantucci A, Wang D, Carvalho AL, Fontes CMGA, Mulloy B, Childs RA, Feizi T, Chai W. Unravelling glucan recognition systems by glycome microarrays using the designer approach and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:974-88. [PMID: 25670804 PMCID: PMC4390274 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucans are polymers of d-glucose with differing linkages in linear or branched sequences. They are constituents of microbial and plant cell-walls and involved in important bio-recognition processes, including immunomodulation, anticancer activities, pathogen virulence, and plant cell-wall biodegradation. Translational possibilities for these activities in medicine and biotechnology are considerable. High-throughput micro-methods are needed to screen proteins for recognition of specific glucan sequences as a lead to structure–function studies and their exploitation. We describe construction of a “glucome” microarray, the first sequence-defined glycome-scale microarray, using a “designer” approach from targeted ligand-bearing glucans in conjunction with a novel high-sensitivity mass spectrometric sequencing method, as a screening tool to assign glucan recognition motifs. The glucome microarray comprises 153 oligosaccharide probes with high purity, representing major sequences in glucans. Negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation was used for complete linkage analysis of gluco-oligosaccharides in linear “homo” and “hetero” and branched sequences. The system is validated using antibodies and carbohydrate-binding modules known to target α- or β-glucans in different biological contexts, extending knowledge on their specificities, and applied to reveal new information on glucan recognition by two signaling molecules of the immune system against pathogens: Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN. The sequencing of the glucan oligosaccharides by the MS method and their interrogation on the microarrays provides detailed information on linkage, sequence and chain length requirements of glucan-recognizing proteins, and are a sensitive means of revealing unsuspected sequences in the polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S Palma
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; §UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon;
| | - Yan Liu
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Yibing Zhang
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Guangli Yu
- ‖Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China
| | - Qilin Huang
- **Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Leticia S Guidolin
- ‡‡Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres E Ciocchini
- ‡‡Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Torosantucci
- §§Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Denong Wang
- ¶¶Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, SRI International Biosciences Division, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- §UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- ‖‖CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Childs
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ten Feizi
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- From the ‡Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;
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