1
|
Othman B, Zeef L, Szestak T, Rchiad Z, Storm J, Askonas C, Satyam R, Madkhali A, Haley M, Wagstaff S, Couper K, Pain A, Craig A. Different PfEMP1-expressing Plasmodium falciparum variants induce divergent endothelial transcriptional responses during co-culture. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295053. [PMID: 38033133 PMCID: PMC10688957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of mortality and morbidity caused by malaria infection and differs from other human malaria species in the degree of accumulation of parasite-infected red blood cells in the microvasculature, known as cytoadherence or sequestration. In P. falciparum, cytoadherence is mediated by a protein called PfEMP1 which, due to its exposure to the host immune system, undergoes antigenic variation resulting in the expression of different PfEMP1 variants on the infected erythrocyte membrane. These PfEMP1s contain various combinations of adhesive domains, which allow for the differential engagement of a repertoire of endothelial receptors on the host microvasculature, with specific receptor usage associated with severe disease. We used a co-culture model of cytoadherence incubating human brain microvascular endothelial cells with erythrocytes infected with two parasite lines expressing different PfEMP1s that demonstrate different binding profiles to vascular endothelium. We determined the transcriptional profile of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) following different incubation periods with infected erythrocytes, identifying different transcriptional profiles of pathways previously found to be involved in the pathology of severe malaria, such as inflammation, apoptosis and barrier integrity, induced by the two PfEMP1 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basim Othman
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tadge Szestak
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, KSA
| | - Janet Storm
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Askonas
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, KSA
| | - Rohit Satyam
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, KSA
| | - Aymen Madkhali
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Haley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wagstaff
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, KSA
| | - Alister Craig
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu T, Chen J, Zhang Q, Hippe K, Hunt C, Le T, Cao R, Tang H. The Development of Machine Learning Methods in discriminating Secretory Proteins of Malaria Parasite. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:807-821. [PMID: 34636289 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211005140625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is one of the major infectious diseases in the world. It is essential to exploit an effective method to predict secretory proteins of malaria parasites to develop effective cures and treatment. Biochemical assays can provide details for accurate identification of the secretory proteins, but these methods are expensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we summarized the machine learning-based identification algorithms and compared the construction strategies between different computational methods. Also, we discussed the use of machine learning to improve the ability of algorithms to identify proteins secreted by malaria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou. China
| | - Jiamao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou. China
| | - Kyle Hippe
- Department of Computer Science, Pacific Lutheran University. United States
| | - Cassandra Hunt
- Department of Computer Science, Pacific Lutheran University. United States
| | - Thu Le
- Department of Computer Science, Pacific Lutheran University. United States
| | - Renzhi Cao
- Department of Computer Science, Pacific Lutheran University. United States
| | - Hua Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parasite protein phosphatases: biological function, virulence, and host immune evasion. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2703-2715. [PMID: 34309709 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are enzymes that dephosphorylate tyrosine and serine/threonine amino acid residues. Although their role in cellular processes has been best characterized in higher eukaryotes, they have also been identified and studied in different pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., parasites) in the last two decades. Whereas some parasite protein phosphatases carry out functions similar to those of their homologs in yeast and mammalian cells, others have unique structural and/or functional characteristics. Thus, the latter unique phosphatases may be instrumental as targets for drug therapy or as markers for diagnosis. It is important to better understand the involvement of protein phosphatases in parasites in relation to their cell cycle, metabolism, virulence, and evasion of the host immune response. The up-to-date information about parasite phosphatases of medical and veterinarian relevance is herein reviewed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pandey R, Gupta P, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Gupta D. A Plasmodium falciparum protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor identified from the ChEMBL-NTD database blocks parasite growth. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1921-1929. [PMID: 33934569 PMCID: PMC8255846 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post‐translational modifications, especially reversible phosphorylation, are among the most common mechanisms that regulate protein function and biological processes in Plasmodium species. Of the Plasmodium phosphatases, phosphatase of regenerating liver (PfPRL) is secreted and is an essential phosphatase. Here, we expressed PfPRL in a heterologous expression system, and then purified and characterized its phosphatase activity. We found that Novartis_003209, a previously identified inhibitor, inhibited the PfPRL phosphatase activity of recombinant PfPRL and blocked in vitro parasite growth in a dose‐dependent manner. Further, in silico docking analysis of Novartis_003209 with all four P. falciparum tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) demonstrated that Novartis_003209 is a Plasmodium PTP inhibitor. Overall, our results identify a scaffold as a potential starting point to design a PTP‐specific inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Pandey
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- Parasite Cell Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dousti M, Manzano-Román R, Rashidi S, Barzegar G, Ahmadpour NB, Mohammadi A, Hatam G. A proteomic glimpse into the effect of antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum proteome towards highlighting possible therapeutic targets. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa071. [PMID: 33202000 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no effective vaccine against malaria; therefore, chemotherapy is to date the only choice to fight against this infectious disease. However, there is growing evidences of drug-resistance mechanisms in malaria treatments. Therefore, the identification of new drug targets is an urgent need for the clinical management of the disease. Proteomic approaches offer the chance of determining the effects of antimalarial drugs on the proteome of Plasmodium parasites. Accordingly, we reviewed the effects of antimalarial drugs on the Plasmodium falciparum proteome pointing out the relevance of several proteins as possible drug targets in malaria treatment. In addition, some of the P. falciparum stage-specific altered proteins and parasite-host interactions might play important roles in pathogenicity, survival, invasion and metabolic pathways and thus serve as potential sources of drug targets. In this review, we have identified several proteins, including thioredoxin reductase, helicases, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium-binding protein, choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, apical membrane antigen 1, glutamate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, heat shock protein 70x, knob-associated histidine-rich protein and erythrocyte membrane protein 1, as promising antimalarial drugs targets. Overall, proteomic approaches are able to partially facilitate finding possible drug targets. However, the integration of other 'omics' and specific pharmaceutical techniques with proteomics may increase the therapeutic properties of the critical proteins identified in the P. falciparum proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Dousti
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Barzegar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Department of Disease Control, Komijan Treatment and Health Network, Arak University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taunk K, Kalita B, Kale V, Chanukuppa V, Naiya T, Zingde SM, Rapole S. The development and clinical applications of proteomics: an Indian perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:433-451. [PMID: 32576061 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1787157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteomic research has been extensively used to identify potential biomarkers or targets for various diseases. Advances in mass spectrometry along with data analytics have led proteomics to become a powerful tool for exploring the critical molecular players associated with diseases, thereby, playing a significant role in the development of proteomic applications for the clinic. AREAS COVERED This review presents recent advances in the development and clinical applications of proteomics in India toward understanding various diseases including cancer, metabolic diseases, and reproductive diseases. Keywords combined with 'clinical proteomics in India' 'proteomic research in India' and 'mass spectrometry' were used to search PubMed. EXPERT OPINION The past decade has seen a significant increase in research in clinical proteomics in India. This approach has resulted in the development of proteomics-based marker technologies for disease management in the country. The majority of these investigations are still in the discovery phase and efforts have to be made to address the intended clinical use so that the identified potential biomarkers reach the clinic. To move toward this necessity, there is a pressing need to establish some key infrastructure requirements and meaningful collaborations between the clinicians and scientists which will enable more effective solutions to address health issues specific to India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal , Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaikhari Kale
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Tufan Naiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal , Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Surekha M Zingde
- CH3-53, Kendriya Vihar, Sector 11, Kharghar , Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interaction with complement proteins and dendritic cells implicates LCCL domain-containing proteins (CCps) of malaria parasites in immunomodulation. Biochem J 2018; 475:3311-3314. [PMID: 30401681 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of host immune defense is critical for pathogens to invade, establish infection and perpetuate in the host. The complement system is one of the first lines of innate immune defense in humans that destroys pathogens in the blood circulation. Activation of the complement system through direct encounter with pathogens or some other agents leads to osmolysis of pathogens, clearance of soluble immune complexes and recruitment of lymphocytes at the site of activation. Although malaria parasites are not exposed to the complement system owing to their intracellular development for most part of their life cycle in the human host, the extracellular stages must face the complement system of human or mosquito or both. In a recent issue of the Biochemical Journal, Sharma et al. reported that P lasmodium falciparum LCCL domain-containing protein 1 (PfCCp1) inhibited activation of the classical complement pathway and down-regulated effector responses of dendritic cells, which implicate PfCCp1 and related proteins in immunomodulation of the host that likely benefits the parasite. PfCCp1 belongs to a multi-domain protein family that exists as multimeric protein complexes. It needs to be investigated whether PfCCp1 or its multimeric protein complexes have an immunomodulatory effect in vivo and on the mosquito complement system.
Collapse
|
8
|
Farhat S, Florent I, Noel B, Kayal E, Da Silva C, Bigeard E, Alberti A, Labadie K, Corre E, Aury JM, Rombauts S, Wincker P, Guillou L, Porcel BM. Comparative Time-Scale Gene Expression Analysis Highlights the Infection Processes of Two Amoebophrya Strains. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2251. [PMID: 30333799 PMCID: PMC6176090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors that generate, maintain, and constrain host-parasite associations is of major interest to biologists. Although little studied, many extremely virulent micro-eukaryotic parasites infecting microalgae have been reported in the marine plankton. This is the case for Amoebophrya, a diverse and highly widespread group of Syndiniales infecting and potentially controlling dinoflagellate populations. Here, we analyzed the time-scale gene expression of a complete infection cycle of two Amoebophrya strains infecting the same host (the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella acuminata), but diverging by their host range (one infecting a single host, the other infecting more than one species). Over two-thirds of genes showed two-fold differences in expression between at least two sampled stages of the Amoebophrya life cycle. Genes related to carbohydrate metabolism as well as signaling pathways involving proteases and transporters were overexpressed during the free-living stage of the parasitoid. Once inside the host, all genes related to transcription and translation pathways were actively expressed, suggesting the rapid and extensive protein translation needed following host-cell invasion. Finally, genes related to cellular division and components of the flagellum organization were overexpressed during the sporont stage. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the biological basis of the host-parasitoid interaction, we screened proteins involved in host-cell recognition, invasion, and protection against host-defense identified in model apicomplexan parasites. Very few of the genes encoding critical components of the parasitic lifestyle of apicomplexans could be unambiguously identified as highly expressed in Amoebophrya. Genes related to the oxidative stress response were identified as highly expressed in both parasitoid strains. Among them, the correlated expression of superoxide dismutase/ascorbate peroxidase in the specialist parasite was consistent with previous studies on Perkinsus marinus defense. However, this defense process could not be identified in the generalist Amoebophrya strain, suggesting the establishment of different strategies for parasite protection related to host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farhat
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Florent
- Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Microorganisms, National Museum of Natural History, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Noel
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Ehsan Kayal
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Estelle Bigeard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | | | - Erwan Corre
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Betina M Porcel
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biochemical characterization of Plasmodium complement factors binding protein for its role in immune modulation. Biochem J 2018; 475:2877-2891. [PMID: 30049893 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complement system is the first line of human defence against intruding pathogens and is recognized as a potentially useful therapeutic target. Human malaria parasite Plasmodium employs a series of intricate mechanisms that enables it to evade different arms of immune system, including the complement system. Here, we show the expression of a multi-domain Plasmodium Complement Control Protein 1, PfCCp1 at asexual blood stages and its binding affinity with C3b as well as C4b proteins of human complement cascade. Using a biochemical assay, we demonstrate that PfCCp1 binds with complement factors and inhibits complement activation. Active immunization of mice with PfCCp1 followed by challenge with Plasmodium berghei resulted in the loss of biphasic growth of parasites and early death in comparison to the control group. The study also showed a role of PfCCp1 in modulating Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signalling and effector responses on antigen-presenting cells. PfCCp1 binds with dendritic cells that down-regulates the expression of signalling molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby dampening the TLR2-mediated signalling; hence acting as a potent immuno-modulator. In summary, PfCCp1 appears to be an important component of malaria parasite directed immuno-modulating strategies that promote the adaptive fitness of pathogens in the host.
Collapse
|
10
|
Saavedra-Langer R, Marapara J, Valle-Campos A, Durand S, Vásquez-Chasnamote ME, Silva H, Pinedo-Cancino V. IgG subclass responses to excreted-secreted antigens of Plasmodium falciparum in a low-transmission malaria area of the Peruvian Amazon. Malar J 2018; 17:328. [PMID: 30200987 PMCID: PMC6131892 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in Peru is concentrated in the Amazon region, especially in Loreto, and transmission is focused in rural and peri-urban communities. The government has approved a malaria elimination plan with a community approach and seeks to reduce the risk of transmission through preventive interventions, but asymptomatic and low-parasite-density infections are challenges for disease control and elimination. IgG antibodies play a critical role in combating infection through their ability to reduce parasitaemia and clinical symptoms. In particular, IgG subclasses have important roles in controlling malaria disease and may provide new insight into the development of malaria control strategies and understanding of malaria transmission. Through the use of excreted-secreted antigens from Plasmodium falciparum, were evaluated the responses of the four IgG subclasses in symptomatic and asymptomatic malarial infections. Results Higher levels of whole IgG were observed in asymptomatic carriers (P < 0.05). IgG3 and IgG1 were the most prevalent subclasses and did not show differences in their antibody levels in either type of carrier. All symptomatic carriers were positive for IgG4, and the presence of IgG3 and IgG2 were correlated with protection against parasitaemia. IgG2 showed lower prevalence and antibody titers in comparison to other subclasses. Conclusions This is the first study that characterizes the IgG subclass response in the Peruvian Amazon, and these results show that even in populations from regions with low malaria transmission, a certain degree of naturally acquired immunity can develop when the right antibody subclasses are produced. This provides important insight into the potential mechanisms regulating protective immunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2471-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Saavedra-Langer
- Fundación para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Amazonía Baja del Perú, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú.,Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonía Peruana, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Jorge Marapara
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonía Peruana, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Andree Valle-Campos
- Fundación para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Amazonía Baja del Perú, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Salomón Durand
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales "Maxime Kuczynski", Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú
| | - Maria E Vásquez-Chasnamote
- Fundación para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Amazonía Baja del Perú, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú.,Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonía Peruana, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Hermann Silva
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Viviana Pinedo-Cancino
- Fundación para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Amazonía Baja del Perú, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú. .,Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonía Peruana, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pandey RK, Ali M, Ojha R, Bhatt TK, Prajapati VK. Development of multi-epitope driven subunit vaccine in secretory and membrane protein of Plasmodium falciparum to convey protection against malaria infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:4555-4565. [PMID: 29921492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria infection is the severe health concern for a long time. As per the WHO reports, the malarial infection causes huge mortality all around the world and is incomparable with any other infectious diseases. The absence of effective treatment options and increasing drug resistance to the available therapeutics like artemisinin and other derivatives demand an efficient alternative to overcome this death burden. Here, we performed the literature survey and sorted the Plasmodium falciparum secretory and membrane proteins to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine using an adjuvant, B-cell- and T-cell epitopes. Every helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitope was IFN-γ positive and IL-4 non-inducer. The physicochemical properties, allergenicity, and antigenicity of designed vaccine were analyzed for the safety concern. Homology modeling and refinement were performed to obtain the functional tertiary structure of vaccine protein followed by its molecular docking with the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) immune receptor. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to check the interaction and stability of the receptor-ligand complex. Lastly, in silico cloning was performed to generate the restriction clone of designed vaccine for the futuristic expression in a microbial expression system. This way, we designed the multi-epitope subunit vaccine to serve the people living in the global endemic zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Mudassar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Rupal Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vakili B, Nezafat N, Hatam GR, Zare B, Erfani N, Ghasemi Y. Proteome-scale identification of Leishmania infantum for novel vaccine candidates: A hierarchical subtractive approach. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 72:16-25. [PMID: 29291591 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant achievements in medical science. However, vaccine design is still challenging at all stages. The selection of antigenic peptides as vaccine candidates is the first and most important step for vaccine design. Experimental selection of antigenic peptides for the design of vaccines is a time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive procedure. More recently, in the light of computer-aided biotechnology and reverse vaccinology, the precise selection of antigenic peptides and rational vaccine design against many pathogens have developed. In this study, the whole proteome of Leishmania infantum was analyzed using a pipeline of algorithms. From the set of 8045 proteins of L. infantum, sixteen novel antigenic proteins were derived using a hierarchical proteome subtractive analysis. These novel vaccine targets can be utilized as top candidates for designing the new prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis. Significantly, all the sixteen novel vaccine candidates are non-allergen antigenic proteins that have not been used for the design of vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Vakili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bijan Zare
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Erfani
- Institute for Cancer Research (ICR), School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pandey R, Kumar R, Gupta P, Mohmmed A, Tewari R, Malhotra P, Gupta D. High throughput in silico identification and characterization of Plasmodium falciparum PRL phosphatase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3531-3540. [PMID: 29039247 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1392365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Kinases and phosphatases are involved in many essential processes in Plasmodium lifecycle. Among the identified 67 Plasmodium falciparum phosphatases, Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver (PRL) family protein homolog, PfPRL, is an essential parasite tyrosine phosphatase. PfPRL is shown to be prenylated, secreted, and involved in the host invasion process. In the present study, a structure-based high throughput in silico screening of PfPRL binders, using ChEMBL-NTD compounds lead to the identification of nine compounds based on binding energy, Lipinski rule of five, and QED score. The most of the shortlisted compounds are known to inhibit parasite growth at a concentration (EC50) ≤2 μm in in vitro P. falciparum culture assays. MD simulations were carried out on the shortlisted nine potential enzyme-inhibitor complexes to analyze specificity, stability, and to calculate the free binding energies of the complexes. The study identifies PfPRL as one of the potential drug targets for selected ChEMBL-NTD compounds that may be exploited as a scaffold to develop novel antimalarials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Pandey
- a Translational Bioinformatics Group , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067 , India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- a Translational Bioinformatics Group , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067 , India
| | - Priya Gupta
- b Malaria Biology Group , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067 , India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- c Parasite Cell Biology Group , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067 , India
| | - Rita Tewari
- d Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences , Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG2 7UH , UK
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- b Malaria Biology Group , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067 , India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- a Translational Bioinformatics Group , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067 , India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Soni R, Sharma D, Rai P, Sharma B, Bhatt TK. Signaling Strategies of Malaria Parasite for Its Survival, Proliferation, and Infection during Erythrocytic Stage. Front Immunol 2017; 8:349. [PMID: 28400771 PMCID: PMC5368685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of various efforts, malaria persist the most debilitating effect in terms of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the existing drugs are also vulnerable to the emergence of drug resistance. To explore the potential targets for designing the most effective antimalarial therapies, it is required to focus on the facts of biochemical mechanism underlying the process of parasite survival and disease pathogenesis. This review is intended to bring out the existing knowledge about the functions and components of the major signaling pathways such as kinase signaling, calcium signaling, and cyclic nucleotide-based signaling, serving the various aspects of the parasitic asexual stage and highlighted the Toll-like receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling, and molecular events in cytoadhesion, which elicit the host immune response. This discussion will facilitate a look over essential components for parasite survival and disease progression to be implemented in discovery of novel antimalarial drugs and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Praveen Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Comparative proteomic analysis of two pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus genotypes: there is more to the proteome than meets the eye. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
16
|
Reinke AW, Balla KM, Bennett EJ, Troemel ER. Identification of microsporidia host-exposed proteins reveals a repertoire of rapidly evolving proteins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14023. [PMID: 28067236 PMCID: PMC5423893 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens use a variety of secreted and surface proteins to interact with and manipulate their hosts, but a systematic approach for identifying such proteins has been lacking. To identify these ‘host-exposed' proteins, we used spatially restricted enzymatic tagging followed by mass spectrometry analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans infected with two species of Nematocida microsporidia. We identified 82 microsporidia proteins inside of intestinal cells, including several pathogen proteins in the nucleus. These microsporidia proteins are enriched in targeting signals, are rapidly evolving and belong to large Nematocida-specific gene families. We also find that large, species-specific families are common throughout microsporidia species. Our data suggest that the use of a large number of rapidly evolving species-specific proteins represents a common strategy for microsporidia to interact with their hosts. The unbiased method described here for identifying potential pathogen effectors represents a powerful approach to study a broad range of pathogens. Unbiased identification of proteins from pathogens that are exposed to a host can provide insight into host–pathogen interaction. Here, the authors use an enzymatic tagging method and mass spectrometry to identify rapidly evolving Nematocida microsporidia proteins when infecting C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Reinke
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Keir M Balla
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Emily R Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mukherjee S, Bandyopadhyay A. Proteomics in India: the clinical aspect. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:21. [PMID: 27822170 PMCID: PMC5097398 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics has emerged as a highly promising bioanalytical technique in various aspects of applied biological research. In Indian academia, proteomics research has grown remarkably over the last decade. It is being extensively used for both basic as well as translation research in the areas of infectious and immune disorders, reproductive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, eye disorders, human cancers and hematological disorders. Recently, some seminal works on clinical proteomics have been reported from several laboratories across India. This review aims to shed light on the increasing use of proteomics in India in a variety of biological conditions. It also highlights that India has the expertise and infrastructure needed for pursuing proteomics research in the country and to participate in global initiatives. Research in clinical proteomics is gradually picking up pace in India and its future seems very bright.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somaditya Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma D, Soni R, Patel S, Joshi D, Bhatt TK. In-silico studies on DegP protein of Plasmodium falciparum in search of anti-malarials. J Mol Model 2016; 22:201. [PMID: 27491850 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite encouraging progress over the past decade, malaria caused by the Plasmodium parasite continues to pose an enormous disease burden and is one of the major global health problems. The extreme challenge in malaria management is the resistance of parasites to traditional monochemotherapies like chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. No vaccine is yet in sight, and the foregoing effective drugs are also losing ground against the disease due to the resistivity of parasites. New antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action are needed to circumvent existing or emerging drug resistance. DegP protein, secretory in nature has been shown to be involved in regulation of thermo-oxidative stress generated during asexual life cycle of Plasmodium, probably required for survival of parasite in host. Considering the significance of protein, in this study, we have generated a three-dimensional structure of PfDegP followed by validation of the modeled structure using several tools like RAMPAGE, ERRAT, and others. We also performed an in-silico screening of small molecule database against PfDegP using Glide. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation of protein and protein-ligand complex was carried out using GROMACS. This study substantiated potential drug-like molecules and provides the scope for development of novel antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Rajasthan, India, 305801
| | - Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Rajasthan, India, 305801
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Rajasthan, India, 305801
| | - Deepti Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Rajasthan, India, 305801
| | - Tarun Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Rajasthan, India, 305801.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carvalho TG, Morahan B, John von Freyend S, Boeuf P, Grau G, Garcia-Bustos J, Doerig C. The ins and outs of phosphosignalling in Plasmodium: Parasite regulation and host cell manipulation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:2-15. [PMID: 27211241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction and kinomics have been rapidly expanding areas of investigation within the malaria research field. Here, we provide an overview of phosphosignalling pathways that operate in all stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. We review signalling pathways in the parasite itself, in the cells it invades, and in other cells of the vertebrate host with which it interacts. We also discuss the potential of these pathways as novel targets for antimalarial intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gil Carvalho
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Belinda Morahan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simona John von Freyend
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Georges Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Soni R, Sharma D, Bhatt TK. Plasmodium falciparum Secretome in Erythrocyte and Beyond. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:194. [PMID: 26925057 PMCID: PMC4759260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of deadly malaria disease. It is an intracellular eukaryote and completes its multi-stage life cycle spanning the two hosts viz, mosquito and human. In order to habituate within host environment, parasite conform several strategies to evade host immune responses such as surface antigen polymorphism or modulation of host immune system and it is mediated by secretion of proteins from parasite to the host erythrocyte and beyond, collectively known as, malaria secretome. In this review, we will discuss about the deployment of parasitic secretory protein in mechanism implicated for immune evasion, protein trafficking, providing virulence, changing permeability and cyto-adherence of infected erythrocyte. We will be covering the possibilities of developing malaria secretome as a drug/vaccine target. This gathered information will be worthwhile in depicting a well-organized picture for host-pathogen interplay during the malaria infection and may also provide some clues for the development of novel anti-malarial therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Antony HA, Pathak V, Ghosh K, Parija SC. Comparison of protein expression pattern between the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant RKL9 and chloroquine-sensitive MRC2 strains. Trop Parasitol 2016; 6:136-140. [PMID: 27722102 PMCID: PMC5048700 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.190831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the protein expression patterns of Plasmodium falciparum extracellular and intracellular proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) from the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) MRC2 strain and chloroquine-resistant (CQR) RKL9 strain. Materials and Methods: Both the extracellular protein (ECP) and intracellular protein (ICP) were extracted and solubilized. The proteins were separated by 2-DE, first based on their charges using isoelectric focusing and then their sizes by electrophoresis. The separated protein spots were detected by silver staining, and further, the protein spot density was analyzed by an image analysis software. RESULTS 2-DE separated the proteins extracted from the CQS and CQR strains based on their differentially expressed protein patterns. EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN ANALYSIS A total of 109 and 77 protein spots were detected by image analysis of ECP extracted from MRC2 and RKL9 strains, respectively. There was a marked reduction in protein expression pattern in the CQR strain when compared with the CQS strain. Interestingly, 50 and 18 protein spots were uniquely expressed in MRC2 and RKL9 strains, respectively. When MRC2 strain-expressed proteins were taken as the control, 12 upregulated and 14 downregulated protein spots were observed in the RKL9 strain-extracted proteins. INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN ANALYSIS ICP extracted from MRC2 and RKL9 strains showed 187 and 199 protein spots by an image analysis software, and a small enhancement of protein expression was measured when comparing the CQR strain with CQS strain. There were 67 and 79 unique protein spots detected in MRC2 and RKL9 strains, respectively. A total of 120 protein spots were similar when MRC2 proteins were taken as the control; among these protein spots, 40 upregulated and 22 downregulated protein spots were detected in RKL9 strain-expressed protein. CONCLUSIONS Both these unique and matched protein spots might be molecularly potent drug targets for chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum. Further identification of these proteins by mass spectrometry/peptide sequencing is essential to clearly understand the mechanism of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiasindh Ashmi Antony
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Vrushali Pathak
- Department of Haematogenetics, National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital Campus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kanjaksha Ghosh
- Surat Raktadan Kendra and Research Centre, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dorin-Semblat D, Demarta-Gatsi C, Hamelin R, Armand F, Carvalho TG, Moniatte M, Doerig C. Malaria Parasite-Infected Erythrocytes Secrete PfCK1, the Plasmodium Homologue of the Pleiotropic Protein Kinase Casein Kinase 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139591. [PMID: 26629826 PMCID: PMC4668060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) is a pleiotropic protein kinase implicated in several fundamental processes of eukaryotic cell biology. Plasmodium falciparum encodes a single CK1 isoform, PfCK1, that is expressed at all stages of the parasite’s life cycle. We have previously shown that the pfck1 gene cannot be disrupted, but that the locus can be modified if no loss-of-function is incurred, suggesting an important role for this kinase in intra-erythrocytic asexual proliferation. Here, we report on the use of parasite lines expressing GFP- or His-tagged PfCK1 from the endogenous locus to investigate (i) the dynamics of PfCK1 localisation during the asexual cycle in red blood cells, and (ii) potential interactors of PfCK1, so as to gain insight into the involvement of the enzyme in specific cellular processes. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals a dynamic localisation of PfCK1, with evidence for a pool of the enzyme being directed to the membrane of the host erythrocyte in the early stages of infection, followed by a predominantly intra-parasite localisation in trophozoites and schizonts and association with micronemes in merozoites. Furthermore, we present strong evidence that a pool of enzymatically active PfCK1 is secreted into the culture supernatant, demonstrating that PfCK1 is an ectokinase. Our interactome experiments and ensuing kinase assays using recombinant PfCK1 to phosphorylate putative interactors in vitro suggest an involvement of PfCK1 in many cellular processes such as mRNA splicing, protein trafficking, ribosomal, and host cell invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Dorin-Semblat
- UMR S1134, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, 6 Rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasites, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Romain Hamelin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Armand
- Proteomics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Gil Carvalho
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | - Marc Moniatte
- Proteomics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Patel S, Joshi D, Soni R, Sharma D, Bhatt TK. Molecular modeling, in silico screening and molecular dynamics of PfPRL-PTP of P. falciparum for identification of potential anti-malarials. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1330-44. [PMID: 26313238 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1078746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Millions of deaths occur every year due to malaria. Growing resistance against existing drugs for treatment of malaria has exaggerated the problem further. There is an intense demand of identifying drug targets in malaria parasite. PfPRL-PTP protein is PRL group of phosphatase, and one of the interesting drug targets being involved in three important pathways of malaria parasite (secretion, phosphorylation, and prenylation). Therefore, in this study, we have modeled three-dimensional structure of PfPRL-PTP followed by validation of 3D structure using RAMPAGE, verify3D, and other structure validation tools. We could identify 12 potential inhibitory compounds using in silico screening of NCI library against PfPRL-PTP with Glide. The molecular dynamics simulation was also performed using GROMACS on PfPRL-PTP model alone and PfPRL-PTP-inhibitor complex. This study of identifying potential drug-like molecules would add up to the process of drug discovery against malaria parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Patel
- a Department of Biotechnology , Central University of Rajasthan , NH-8, Bandarsindri 305801 , Rajasthan , India
| | - Deepti Joshi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Central University of Rajasthan , NH-8, Bandarsindri 305801 , Rajasthan , India
| | - Rani Soni
- a Department of Biotechnology , Central University of Rajasthan , NH-8, Bandarsindri 305801 , Rajasthan , India
| | - Drista Sharma
- a Department of Biotechnology , Central University of Rajasthan , NH-8, Bandarsindri 305801 , Rajasthan , India
| | - Tarun Kumar Bhatt
- a Department of Biotechnology , Central University of Rajasthan , NH-8, Bandarsindri 305801 , Rajasthan , India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Singh SP, Verma V, Mishra BN. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Proteome at Asexual Blood Stages for Screening of Effective Vaccine Candidates: An Immunoinformatics Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4137/iii.s24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease that is currently causing great concerns globally owing to the resistance to antimalarial drugs and lack of an effective vaccine. The present study involves the characterization of extracellular secretory proteins as vaccine candidates derived from proteome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum at asexual blood stages of malaria. Among the screened 32 proteins, 31 were predicted as antigens by the VaxiJen program, and 26 proteins had less than two transmembrane spanning regions predicted using the THMMM program. Moreover, 10 and 5 proteins were predicted to contain secretory signals by SignalP and TargetP, respectively. T-cell epitope prediction using MULTIPRED2 and NetCTL programs revealed that most of the predicted antigens are immunogenic and contain more than 10% supertype and 5% promiscuous epitopes of HLA-A, -B, or -DR. We anticipate that T-cell immune responses against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium are dispersed on a relatively large number of parasite antigens. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, offering new insights, at the proteome level, for the putative screening of effective vaccine candidates against the malaria pathogen. The findings also suggest new ways forward for the modern omics-guided vaccine target discovery using reverse vaccinology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satarudra Prakash Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Vishal Verma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mathema VB, Na-Bangchang K. A brief review on biomarkers and proteomic approach for malaria research. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
26
|
Pandey R, Mohmmed A, Pierrot C, Khalife J, Malhotra P, Gupta D. Genome wide in silico analysis of Plasmodium falciparum phosphatome. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1024. [PMID: 25425018 PMCID: PMC4256932 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic cellular machineries are intricately regulated by several molecular mechanisms involving transcriptional control, post-translational control and post-translational modifications of proteins (PTMs). Reversible protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process, which involves kinases as well as phosphatases, represents an important regulatory mechanism for diverse pathways and systems in all organisms including human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Earlier analysis on P. falciparum protein-phosphatome revealed presence of 34 phosphatases in Plasmodium genome. Recently, we re-analysed P. falciparum phosphatome aimed at identifying parasite specific phosphatases. RESULTS Plasmodium database (PlasmoDB 9.2) search, combined with PFAM and CDD searches, revealed 67 candidate phosphatases in P. falciparum. While this number is far less than the number of phosphatases present in Homo sapiens, it is almost the same as in other Plasmodium species. These Plasmodium phosphatase proteins were classified into 13 super families based on NCBI CDD search. Analysis of proteins expression profiles of the 67 phosphatases revealed that 44 phosphatases are expressed in both schizont as well as gametocytes stages. Fourteen phosphatases are common in schizont, ring and trophozoite stages, four phosphatases are restricted to gametocytes, whereas another three restricted to schizont stage. The phylogenetic trees for each of the known phosphatase super families reveal a considerable phylogenetic closeness amongst apicomplexan organisms and a considerable phylogenetic distance with other eukaryotic model organisms included in the study. The GO assignments and predicted interaction partners of the parasite phosphatases indicate its important role in diverse cellular processes. CONCLUSION In the study presented here, we reviewed the P. falciparum phosphatome to show presence of 67 candidate phosphatases in P. falciparum genomes/proteomes. Intriguingly, amongst these phosphatases, we could identify six Plasmodium specific phosphatases and 33 putative phosphatases that do not have human orthologs, thereby suggesting that these phosphatases have the potential to be explored as novel antimalarial drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jamal Khalife
- Structural and Computational Biology group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sharma S, Jadli M, Singh A, Arora K, Malhotra P. A secretory multifunctional serine protease, DegP of Plasmodium falciparum, plays an important role in thermo-oxidative stress, parasite growth and development. FEBS J 2014; 281:1679-99. [PMID: 24494818 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmodium falciparum heat shock proteins and proteases are known for their indispensable roles in parasite virulence and survival in the host cell. They neutralize various host-derived stress responses that are deleterious for parasite growth and invasion. We report identification and functional characterization of the first DegP from an apicomplexan (P. falciparum). To determine the molecular identity and functions of the parasite-encoded DegP, we complemented the Escherichia coli degP null mutant with a putative PfdegP gene, and the results showed that PfDegP complements the growth defect of the temperature sensitive DegP-deficient mutant and imparts resistance to non-permissive temperatures and oxidative stress. Molecular interaction studies showed that PfDegP exists as a complex with parasite-encoded heat shock protein 70, iron superoxide dismutase and enolase. DegP expression is significantly induced in parasite culture upon heat shock/oxidative stress. Our data suggest that the PfDegP protein may play a role in the growth and development of P. falciparum through its ability to confer protection against thermal/oxidative stress. Antibody against DegP showed anti-plasmodial activity against blood-stage parasites in vitro, suggesting that PfDegP and its associated complex may be a potential focus for new anti-malarial therapies. STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT ●PfDegP physically interacts with PfHsp70 and PfEno by anti-bait co-immunoprecipitation (View interaction) ●PfDegP physically interacts with PfEno, PfSod, PfOat, PfHsp70, PfLDH and PfGpi by anti-bait co-immunoprecipitation (View interaction) ●PfHsp-70 and PfDegP co-localize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction) ●PfDegP physically interacts with PfOat, PfHsp70, PfEno, PfSod, PfGpi and PfLDH by surface plasmon resonance (View interaction) ●PfEno and PfDegP co-localize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction) ●PfDegP and PfHsp70 co-localize by co-sedimentation through density gradient (View interaction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Malaria proteomics: insights into the parasite-host interactions in the pathogenic space. J Proteomics 2013; 97:107-25. [PMID: 24140976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is improving malaria research by providing global information on relevant protein sets from the parasite and the host in connection with its cellular structures and specific functions. In the last decade, reports have described biologically significant elements in the proteome of Plasmodium, which are selectively targeted and quantified, allowing for sensitive and high-throughput comparisons. The identification of molecules by which the parasite and the host react during the malaria infection is crucial to the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Hence, proteomics is playing a major role by defining the elements within the pathogenic space between both organisms that change across the parasite life cycle in association with the host transformation and response. Proteomics has identified post-translational modifications in the parasite and the host that are discussed in terms of functional interactions in malaria parasitism. Furthermore, the contribution of proteomics to the investigation of immunogens for potential vaccine candidates is summarized. The malaria-specific technological advances in proteomics are particularly suited now for identifying host-parasite interactions that could lead to promising targets for therapy, diagnosis or prevention. In this review, we examine the knowledge gained on the biology, pathogenesis, immunity and diagnosis of Plasmodium infection from recent proteomic studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abdi AI, Carvalho TG, Wilkes JM, Doerig C. A secreted Plasmodium falciparum kinase reveals a signature motif for classification of tyrosine kinase-like kinases. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2533-2547. [PMID: 24045796 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thorough bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses of Plasmodium falciparum tyrosine kinase-like kinase (TKL) sequences revealed a clear evolutionary relationship of PF3D7_1121300 (thereafter called PfTKL2) to the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)/receptor-like kinase (RLK)/Pelle protein family. We identified a novel conserved motif that is unique to this family, as well as an insertion whose length allows distribution of its members into two distinct subfamilies, in a way that matches exactly the dichotomy between 'Tube/Tube-like kinases' (TTLKs) and 'Pelle-like kinases' (PLKs) distinguished previously on the basis of features in accessory domains. The PfTKL2 protein is expressed ubiquitously in asexual blood stages and in gametocytes, and the recombinant enzyme displays kinase activity in vitro. The protein is exported to the host erythrocyte; furthermore, in accordance with data from a previous study of the extracellular proteome of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes, we show that PfTKL2 is secreted into the culture medium. Considering the functions of other members of the RLK/Pelle family in immunity, and its secretion to the extracellular medium, we speculate that PfTKL2 functions may include an immunomodulatory role promoting parasite survival in the human host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman I Abdi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.,INSERM U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Teresa G Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Wilkes
- INSERM U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,INSERM U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Philipp S, Jakoby T, Tholey A, Janssen O, Leippe M, Gelhaus C. Cationic detergents enable the separation of membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes by 2D gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1120-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Philipp
- Department of Zoophysiology; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Thomas Jakoby
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research,; Institute for Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research,; Institute for Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology,; Institute for Immunology; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Department of Zoophysiology; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Department of Zoophysiology; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cao S, Guo X, Zhou Z, Sha J. Comparative proteomic analysis of proteins involved in oocyte meiotic maturation in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:413-22. [PMID: 22508577 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
After birth, oocytes stay at the diplotene stage in prophase of meiosis I. Meiosis resumes about 1 day before ovulation, and arrests in metaphase II (MII) after ovulation. The mature, MII oocytes are then ready for fertilization and to provide materials for early embryonic development. Proteomic characterization of oocytes can help identify proteins that are important for female meiotic maturation and early embryonic development. In this study, we compared the proteomic profiles between the germinal vesicle and MII mouse oocytes by two-dimensional electrophoresis; 95 differentially expressed protein spots corresponding to 63 proteins were identified. Many of these proteins are known to be essential for oocyte meiosis and early embryonic development, such as adenylosuccinate synthetase, nucleoplasmin-2, and protein-arginine deiminase type-6. Of the 12 proteins that were identified and are highly expressed in oocytes, a novel protein, E330034G19Rik, was found to be oocyte-specific. According to analysis by bioinformatics, it may regulate chromosome segregation during meiosis or cleavage. An in-depth study of these proteins will help us better understand the mechanisms of oocyte meiotic maturation, fertilization, and early embryogenesis. It will also help us understand the mechanisms of diseases that stem from abnormal oocyte maturation, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovary failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Toxoplasma and Plasmodium protein kinases: roles in invasion and host cell remodelling. Int J Parasitol 2011; 42:21-32. [PMID: 22154850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some apicomplexan parasites have evolved distinct protein kinase families to modulate host cell structure and function. Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein kinases and pseudokinases are involved in virulence and modulation of host cell signalling. The proteome of Plasmodium falciparum contains a family of putative kinases called FIKKs, some of which are exported to the host red blood cell and might play a role in erythrocyte remodelling. In this review we will discuss kinases known to be critical for host cell invasion, intracellular growth and egress, focusing on (i) calcium-dependent protein kinases and (ii) the secreted kinases that are unique to Toxoplasma (rhoptry protein kinases and pseudokinases) and Plasmodium (FIKKs).
Collapse
|
33
|
Serum proteome analysis of vivax malaria: An insight into the disease pathogenesis and host immune response. J Proteomics 2011; 75:3063-80. [PMID: 22086083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Vivax malaria is the most widely distributed human malaria resulting in 80-300 million clinical cases every year. It causes severe infection and mortality but is generally regarded as a benign disease and has not been investigated in detail. The present study aimed to perform human serum proteome analysis in a malaria endemic area in India to identify potential serum biomarkers for vivax malaria and understand host response. The proteomic analysis was performed on 16 age and gender matched subjects (vivax patients and control) in duplicate. Protein extraction protocols were optimized for large coverage of the serum proteome and to obtain high-resolution data. Identification of 67 differentially expressed and statistically significant (Student's t-test; p<0.05) protein spots was established by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Many of the identified proteins such as apolipoprotein A and E, serum amyloid A and P, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and hemopexin are interesting from a diagnostic point of view and could further be studied as potential serum biomarkers. The differentially expressed serum proteins in vivax malaria identified in this study were subjected to functional pathway analysis using multiple software, including Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional annotation tool for better understanding of the biological context of the identified proteins, their involvement in various physiological pathways and association with disease pathogenesis. Functional pathway analysis of the differentially expressed proteins suggested the modulation of multiple vital physiological pathways, including acute phase response signaling, complement and coagulation cascades, hemostasis and vitamin D metabolism pathway due to this parasitic infection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics: The clinical link.
Collapse
|
34
|
Mu J, Seydel KB, Bates A, Su XZ. Recent Progress in Functional Genomic Research in Plasmodium falciparum. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:279-86. [PMID: 21119892 PMCID: PMC2930667 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791233081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the completion and near completion of many malaria parasite genome-sequencing projects, efforts are now being directed to a better understanding of gene functions and to the discovery of vaccine and drug targets. Inter- and intraspecies comparisons of the parasite genomes will provide invaluable insights into parasite evolution, virulence, drug resistance, and immune invasion. Genome-wide searches for loci under various selection pressures may lead to discovery of genes conferring drug resistance or encoding for protective antigens. In addition, the Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence provides the basis for the development of various microarrays to monitor gene expression and to detect nucleotide substitution and deletion/amplification. Genome-wide profiling of the parasite proteome, chromatin modification, and nucleosome position also depend on availability of the parasite genome. In this brief review, we will highlight some recent advances and studies in characterizing gene function and related phenotype in P. falciparum that were made possible by the genome sequence, particularly the development of a genome-wide diversity map and various high-throughput genotyping methods for genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Friedrich BM, Murray JL, Li G, Sheng J, Hodge TW, Rubin DH, O'Brien WA, Ferguson MR. A functional role for ADAM10 in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication. Retrovirology 2011; 8:32. [PMID: 21569301 PMCID: PMC3118345 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene trap insertional mutagenesis was used as a high-throughput approach to discover cellular genes participating in viral infection by screening libraries of cells selected for survival from lytic infection with a variety of viruses. Cells harboring a disrupted ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10) allele survived reovirus infection, and subsequently ADAM10 was shown by RNA interference to be important for replication of HIV-1. RESULTS Silencing ADAM10 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) 48 hours before infection significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and in CD4⁺ cell lines. In agreement, ADAM10 over-expression significantly increased HIV-1 replication. ADAM10 down-regulation did not inhibit viral reverse transcription, indicating that viral entry and uncoating are also independent of ADAM10 expression. Integration of HIV-1 cDNA was reduced in ADAM10 down-regulated cells; however, concomitant 2-LTR circle formation was not detected, suggesting that HIV-1 does not enter the nucleus. Further, ADAM10 silencing inhibited downstream reporter gene expression and viral protein translation. Interestingly, we found that while the metalloprotease domain of ADAM10 is not required for HIV-1 replication, ADAM15 and γ-secretase (which proteolytically release the extracellular and intracellular domains of ADAM10 from the plasma membrane, respectively) do support productive infection. CONCLUSIONS We propose that ADAM10 facilitates replication at the level of nuclear trafficking. Collectively, our data support a model whereby ADAM10 is cleaved by ADAM15 and γ-secretase and that the ADAM10 intracellular domain directly facilitates HIV-1 nuclear trafficking. Thus, ADAM10 represents a novel cellular target class for development of antiretroviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Friedrich
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - James L Murray
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jinsong Sheng
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas W Hodge
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
| | - Donald H Rubin
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Research Medicine, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - William A O'Brien
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Zirus, Inc., 1384 Buford Business Boulevard, Suite 700, Buford, GA, 30518, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Monique R Ferguson
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Roobsoong W, Roytrakul S, Sattabongkot J, Li J, Udomsangpetch R, Cui L. Determination of the Plasmodium vivax schizont stage proteome. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1701-10. [PMID: 21515433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the genome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax sequenced, it is important to determine the proteomes of the parasite in order to assist efforts in antigen and drug target discovery. Since a method for continuous culture of P. vivax parasite is not available, we tried to study the proteome of the erythrocytic stages using fresh parasite isolates from patients. In schizont-enriched samples, 316 proteins were confidently identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Almost 50% of the identified proteins were hypothetical, while other major categories include proteins with binding function, protein fate, protein synthesis, metabolism and cellular transport. To identify proteins that are recognized by host humoral immunity, parasite proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and screened by Western blot using an immune serum from a P. vivax patient. Mass spectrometry analysis of protein spots recognized by the serum identified four potential antigens including PV24. The recombinant protein PV24 was recognized by antibodies from vivax malaria patients even during the convalescent period, indicating that PV24 could elicit long-lasting antibody responses in P. vivax patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dessens JT, Saeed S, Tremp AZ, Carter V. Malaria crystalloids: specialized structures for parasite transmission? Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:106-10. [PMID: 21237711 PMCID: PMC3133641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites possess many unique subcellular structures and organelles that are essential for the successful completion of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium in the vertebrate host and mosquito vector. Among these are the crystalloids: transient structures whose presence is restricted to the mosquito-specific ookinete and young oocyst stages of the parasite. Nearly five decades after they were first described, the crystalloids are back in the spotlight, with recent discoveries pointing to an important role in protein trafficking and sporozoite transmission that could be exploited as new targets for control of malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes T Dessens
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Olesen CH, Brahimi K, Vandahl B, Lousada-Dietrich S, Jogdand PS, Vestergaard LS, Dodoo D, Højrup P, Christiansen M, Larsen SO, Singh S, Theisen M. Distinct patterns of blood-stage parasite antigens detected by plasma IgG subclasses from individuals with different level of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum infections. Malar J 2010; 9:296. [PMID: 20977761 PMCID: PMC2988035 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In endemic regions naturally acquired immunity against Plasmodium falciparum develops as a function of age and exposure to parasite infections and is known to be mediated by IgG. The targets of protective antibodies remain to be fully defined. Several immunoepidemiological studies have indicated an association of cytophilic anti-parasite IgG with protection against malaria. It has been hypothesized that the initial antibody responses against parasite antigens upon first few Plasmodium falciparum infections is dominated by non-protective IgG2/IgG4 and IgM antibodies, which then gradually develop into protective response dominated by cytophilic IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies. Methods Naturally occurring IgG antibodies against P. falciparum blood-stage antigens were analysed from plasma samples collected from four groups of individuals differing in age and level of exposure to P. falciparum infections. Western Blot profiling of blood-stage parasite antigens displaying reactivity with individual plasma samples in terms of their subclass specificities was conducted. Parasite antigens detected by IgG were grouped based on their apparent molecular sizes resolved by SDS-PAGE as high molecular weight (≥ 70 kDa) or low molecular weight (< 70 kDa). The number of discernable low molecular weight parasite antigens detected by different IgG subclass antibodies from each plasma sample was recorded. Using Wilcoxons rank sum test these reactivities were compared amongst groups of individuals with different levels of exposure to P. falciparum infections. Results IgG4 and IgM antibodies in plasma samples from all groups detected very few parasite antigens. IgG2 antibodies from all groups detected a common pattern of high molecular weight parasite antigens. Cytophilic IgG subclasses in plasma samples from individuals with higher levels of exposure to P. falciparum infections distinctly detected higher numbers of low molecular weight parasite antigens. Conclusions In the present study, there was no evidence for switching of antibody responses from non-cytophilic to cytophilic subclasses against blood-stage parasite antigens as a likely mechanism for induction of protective immunity against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Holm Olesen
- Department of Immunology, Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abdi A, Eschenlauer S, Reininger L, Doerig C. SAM domain-dependent activity of PfTKL3, an essential tyrosine kinase-like kinase of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3355-69. [PMID: 20582613 PMCID: PMC2933843 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, several protein kinases inhibitors have reached the market for cancer chemotherapy. The kinomes of pathogens represent potentially attractive targets in infectious diseases. The functions of the majority of protein kinases of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasitic protist responsible for the most virulent form of human malaria, remain unknown. Here we present a thorough characterisation of PfTKL3 (PF13_0258), an enzyme that belongs to the tyrosine kinase-like kinase (TKL) group. We demonstrate by reverse genetics that PfTKL3 is essential for asexual parasite proliferation in human erythrocytes. PfTKL3 is expressed in both asexual and gametocytes stages, and in the latter the protein co-localises with cytoskeleton microtubules. Recombinant PfTKL3 displays in vitro autophosphorylation activity and is able to phosphorylate exogenous substrates, and both activities are dramatically dependent on the presence of an N-terminal "sterile alpha-motif" domain. This study identifies PfTKL3 as a validated drug target amenable to high-throughput screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman Abdi
- Inserm U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA UK
| | - Sylvain Eschenlauer
- Inserm U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA UK
| | - Luc Reininger
- Inserm U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA UK
- Inserm-EPFL Joint Laboratory, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GHI-SV-EPFL, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Doerig
- Inserm U609, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA UK
- Inserm-EPFL Joint Laboratory, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GHI-SV-EPFL, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chung DWD, Ponts N, Cervantes S, Le Roch KG. Post-translational modifications in Plasmodium: more than you think! Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 168:123-34. [PMID: 19666057 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate that transcription in Plasmodium may be hard-wired and rigid, deviating from the classical model of transcriptional gene regulation. Thus, it is important that other regulatory pathways be investigated as a comprehensive effort to curb the deadly malarial parasite. Research in post-translational modifications in Plasmodium is an emerging field that may provide new venues for drug discovery and potential new insights into how parasitic protozoans regulate their life cycle. Here, we discuss the recent findings of post-translational modifications in Plasmodium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Won Doug Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|