1
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Li K, Chatterjee A, Qian C, Lagree K, Wang Y, Becker CA, Freeman MR, Murali R, Yang W, Underhill DM. Profiling phagosome proteins identifies PD-L1 as a fungal-binding receptor. Nature 2024; 630:736-743. [PMID: 38839956 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the process by which myeloid phagocytes bind to and internalize potentially dangerous microorganisms1. During phagocytosis, innate immune receptors and associated signalling proteins are localized to the maturing phagosome compartment, forming an immune information processing hub brimming with microorganism-sensing features2-8. Here we developed proximity labelling of phagosomal contents (PhagoPL) to identify proteins localizing to phagosomes containing model yeast and bacteria. By comparing the protein composition of phagosomes containing evolutionarily and biochemically distinct microorganisms, we unexpectedly identified programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a protein that specifically enriches in phagosomes containing yeast. We found that PD-L1 directly binds to yeast upon processing in phagosomes. By surface display library screening, we identified the ribosomal protein Rpl20b as a fungal protein ligand for PD-L1. Using an auxin-inducible depletion system, we found that detection of Rpl20b by macrophages cross-regulates production of distinct cytokines including interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced by the activation of other innate immune receptors. Thus, this study establishes PhagoPL as a useful approach to quantifying the collection of proteins enriched in phagosomes during host-microorganism interactions, exemplified by identifying PD-L1 as a receptor that binds to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Avradip Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Lagree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Courtney A Becker
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Ren J, Zhang Z, Geng S, Cheng Y, Han H, Fan Z, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang Q, He B. Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Delivery of Nanoparticles Monitored by an Enzyme-Induced Proximity Labeling. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:103. [PMID: 38300384 PMCID: PMC10834923 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Achieving increasingly finely targeted drug delivery to organs, tissues, cells, and even to intracellular biomacromolecules is one of the core goals of nanomedicines. As the delivery destination is refined to cellular and subcellular targets, it is essential to explore the delivery of nanomedicines at the molecular level. However, due to the lack of technical methods, the molecular mechanism of the intracellular delivery of nanomedicines remains unclear to date. Here, we develop an enzyme-induced proximity labeling technology in nanoparticles (nano-EPL) for the real-time monitoring of proteins that interact with intracellular nanomedicines. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles coupled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were fabricated as a model (HRP(+)-PNPs) to evaluate the molecular mechanism of nano delivery in macrophages. By adding the labeling probe biotin-phenol and the catalytic substrate H2O2 at different time points in cellular delivery, nano-EPL technology was validated for the real-time in situ labeling of proteins interacting with nanoparticles. Nano-EPL achieves the dynamic molecular profiling of 740 proteins to map the intracellular delivery of HRP (+)-PNPs in macrophages over time. Based on dynamic clustering analysis of these proteins, we further discovered that different organelles, including endosomes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, are involved in delivery with distinct participation timelines. More importantly, the engagement of these organelles differentially affects the drug delivery efficiency, reflecting the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of nano delivery in cells. In summary, these findings highlight a significant methodological advance toward understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the intracellular delivery of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Huize Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipu Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Qi F, Cao Y, Shen Y, Wang H, Li D, Yang Q, Li Z, Zhang Z. Nasopharyngeal neutrophilic-retention signatures could predict disease progression in early SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29328. [PMID: 38146903 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The nasopharynx is the initial site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and neutrophils play a critical role in preventing viral transmission into the lower airways or lungs during the early phases of infection. However, neutrophil dynamics, functional signatures, and predictive roles in the nasopharynx of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we carried out RNA sequencing of nasopharyngeal swabs from a cohort of COVID-19 patients with mild, moderate, severe outcomes and healthy donors as controls. Over 32.7% of the differentially expressed genes associated with COVID-19 severity were neutrophil-related, including those involved in migration, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, and inflammasome activation. Multicohort single-cell RNA sequencing analysis further confirmed these findings and identified a population of neutrophils expressing Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in the nasopharynx. This population of neutrophils preferentially expressed pro-inflammatory genes relevant to phagosomal maturation as well as local reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production in the nasopharynx of patients with severe outcomes. A four-gene panel defined as a neutrophil signature associated with COVID-19 progression (NSAP) was identified as an early diagnostic predictor of severe COVID-19, which potentially distinguished severe patients from mild cases with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue virus, or hepatitis B virus infection. NSAP is mainly expressed on CXCR4high neutrophils and exhibits a significant association with the cell fraction of this neutrophil population. This study highlights novel potential therapeutic targets or diagnostic tools for predicting patients at a higher risk of severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qi
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics Research and Application, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingyin Cao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunyun Shen
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianting Yang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyan Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics Research and Application, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Wu JZ, Zeziulia M, Kwon W, Jentsch TJ, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. ClC-7 drives intraphagosomal chloride accumulation to support hydrolase activity and phagosome resolution. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208155. [PMID: 37010469 PMCID: PMC10072274 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradative organelles contain enzymes that function optimally at the acidic pH generated by the V-ATPase. The resulting transmembrane H+ gradient also energizes the secondary transport of several solutes, including Cl-. We report that Cl- influx, driven by the 2Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-7, is necessary for the resolution of phagolysosomes formed by macrophages. Cl- transported via ClC-7 had been proposed to provide the counterions required for electrogenic H+ pumping. However, we found that deletion of ClC-7 had a negligible effect on phagosomal acidification. Instead, luminal Cl- was found to be required for activation of a wide range of phagosomal hydrolases including proteases, nucleases, and glycosidases. These findings argue that the primary role of ClC-7 is the accumulation of (phago)lysosomal Cl- and that the V-ATPases not only optimize the activity of degradative hydrolases by lowering the pH but, importantly, also play an indirect role in their activation by providing the driving force for accumulation of luminal Cl- that stimulates hydrolase activity allosterically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ze Wu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mariia Zeziulia
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
- Graduate Program of the Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Whijin Kwon
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Spencer A. Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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5
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Dueñas ME, Marín-Rubio JL, Peltier-Heap J, Hartlova A, Trost M. Assessing the Phagosome Proteome by Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:361-374. [PMID: 37365479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The process of phagocytosis involves a series of defined steps, including the formation of a new intracellular organelle, i.e., the phagosome, and the maturation of the phagosome by fusion with endosomes and lysosomes to produce an acidic and proteolytic environment in which the pathogens are degraded. Phagosome maturation is associated with significant changes in the proteome of phagosomes due to the acquisition of new proteins or enzymes, post-translational modifications of existing proteins, as well as other biochemical changes that ultimately lead to the degradation or processing of the phagocytosed particle. Phagosomes are highly dynamic organelles formed by the uptake of particles through phagocytic innate immune cells; thus characterization of the phagosomal proteome is essential to understand the mechanisms controlling innate immunity, as well as vesicle trafficking. In this chapter, we describe how novel quantitative proteomics methods, such as using tandem mass tag (TMT) labelling or acquiring label-free data using data-independent acquisition (DIA), can be applied for the characterization of protein composition of phagosomes in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anetta Hartlova
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Sahlgrenska Academy/Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthias Trost
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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6
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Yu K, Zhao X, Xiang Y, Li C. Phenotypic and functional characterization of two coelomocyte subsets in Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108453. [PMID: 36471560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hemocytes of invertebrates are composed of different cell subsets with different morphologies and structures. Different cell subsets have different immune functions, which play an important role in innate immune response against pathogens. However, the understanding of the classification of Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes and the molecular basis of immune function of different cell subsets is very limited. In this study, two coelomocyte subpopulations of A. japonicus were isolated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. They were identified from their morphological and structural characteristics, namely, spherical cells with a size of 10-12 μm spherical in shape and a large number of small granules inside; lymphocyte-like cells with a size of 4-5 μm spherical or oval in shape, and 1-3 filopodia. Functionally, the phagocytic capacity and lysosomal activity in spherical cells were significantly greater than those in lymphocyte-like cells. The results suggest that spherical cells may play a more critical role in the immune responses. Meanwhile, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to further clarify the functional differences between the two cell subsets. The data indicated significantly different gene expression patterns in them. Spherical cells tend to participate in immune defense, whereas lymphocyte-like cells tend to participate in energy metabolism. In addition, lymphocyte-like cells may convert oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis by changing the manner of energy metabolism to quickly adapt to the energy demand of external stimuli. Spherical cells may respond to LPS stimulation through phagocytosis, and their response time is slower than that of lymphocyte-like cells. The expression of genes involved in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and lysosomal and humoral immunity in spherical cells was significantly higher than that in lymphocyte-like cells. These data provide valuable information for understanding the molecular basis of cellular and humoral immunity in A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangrong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yangxi Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Chenghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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7
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Zhang Y, Shen W, Ding J, Gao X, Wu X, Zhu J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Head Kidney of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected Hypoxia-tolerant and Normal Large Yellow Croaker. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1039-1054. [PMID: 36129638 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most economically important marine fish on the southeast coast of China and much of its yield is usually lost by hypoxia. To address this problem and lay a foundation for culturing a new strain of large yellow croaker with hypoxia tolerance, our research group screened a hypoxia-tolerant population of L. crocea. Surprisingly, we also found that hypoxia-tolerant population exhibited higher survival when infected with pathogens compared to the normal population during the farming operation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the higher survival rate of the hypoxia-tolerant population and enrich the head kidney immune mechanism of L. crocea infected with pathogens, we compared and analyzed the head kidney transcriptome of the hypoxia-tolerant and normal individuals under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. We obtained 159.68 GB high-quality reads, of which more than 87.61% were successfully localized to the reference genome of L. crocea. KEGG analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in the signaling pathways involving immunity, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and metabolism. Among these, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Nod-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and OXPHOS pathways were enriched in both groups after infection compared to before, and were enriched in infected tolerant individuals compared to normal individuals. In addition, we found that the expression of hif1α and its downstream genes were higher in the hypoxia-sensitive group of fish than in the normal group. In conclusion, our results showed some signaling pathways and hub genes, which may participate in A. hydrophila defense in the head kidney of two populations, and may contribute to the higher survival rate in the hypoxia-tolerant population. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the defense mechanism within the head kidney of L. crocea under A. hydrophila infection, and suggest a preliminary hypothesis for why hypoxia-tolerant individuals may exhibit a higher survival rates after infection. Our study provides scientific evidence for the breeding of a new hypoxia-tolerant strain of L. crocea for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Bilkei‐Gorzo O, Heunis T, Marín‐Rubio JL, Cianfanelli FR, Raymond BBA, Inns J, Fabrikova D, Peltier J, Oakley F, Schmid R, Härtlova A, Trost M. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115 regulates phagosome maturation and host response to bacterial infection. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108970. [PMID: 36281581 PMCID: PMC9713710 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key process in innate immunity and homeostasis. After particle uptake, newly formed phagosomes mature by acquisition of endolysosomal enzymes. Macrophage activation by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) increases microbicidal activity, but delays phagosomal maturation by an unknown mechanism. Using quantitative proteomics, we show that phagosomal proteins harbour high levels of typical and atypical ubiquitin chain types. Moreover, phagosomal ubiquitylation of vesicle trafficking proteins is substantially enhanced upon IFN-γ activation of macrophages, suggesting a role in regulating phagosomal functions. We identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115, which is enriched on phagosomes of IFN-γ activated macrophages, as an important regulator of phagosomal maturation. Loss of RNF115 protein or ligase activity enhanced phagosomal maturation and increased cytokine responses to bacterial infection, suggesting that both innate immune signalling from the phagosome and phagolysosomal trafficking are controlled through ubiquitylation. RNF115 knock-out mice show less tissue damage in response to S. aureus infection, indicating a role of RNF115 in inflammatory responses in vivo. In conclusion, RNF115 and phagosomal ubiquitylation are important regulators of innate immune functions during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Bilkei‐Gorzo
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Inns
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Daniela Fabrikova
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Julien Peltier
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK,Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK,Newcastle Fibrosis Research GroupNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK,Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK,Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK,Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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9
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Mulvey CM, Breckels LM, Crook OM, Sanders DJ, Ribeiro ALR, Geladaki A, Christoforou A, Britovšek NK, Hurrell T, Deery MJ, Gatto L, Smith AM, Lilley KS. Spatiotemporal proteomic profiling of the pro-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in the THP-1 human leukaemia cell line. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5773. [PMID: 34599159 PMCID: PMC8486773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein localisation and translocation between intracellular compartments underlie almost all physiological processes. The hyperLOPIT proteomics platform combines mass spectrometry with state-of-the-art machine learning to map the subcellular location of thousands of proteins simultaneously. We combine global proteome analysis with hyperLOPIT in a fully Bayesian framework to elucidate spatiotemporal proteomic changes during a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. We report a highly dynamic proteome in terms of both protein abundance and subcellular localisation, with alterations in the interferon response, endo-lysosomal system, plasma membrane reorganisation and cell migration. Proteins not previously associated with an LPS response were found to relocalise upon stimulation, the functional consequences of which are still unclear. By quantifying proteome-wide uncertainty through Bayesian modelling, a necessary role for protein relocalisation and the importance of taking a holistic overview of the LPS-driven immune response has been revealed. The data are showcased as an interactive application freely available for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Mulvey
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Lisa M Breckels
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Oliver M Crook
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute for Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - David J Sanders
- Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andre L R Ribeiro
- Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Aikaterini Geladaki
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | | | - Nina Kočevar Britovšek
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
- Lek d.d., Kolodvorska 27, Mengeš, 1234, Slovenia
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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10
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Nijen Twilhaar MK, Czentner L, van Nostrum CF, Storm G, den Haan JMM. Mimicking Pathogens to Augment the Potency of Liposomal Cancer Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:954. [PMID: 34202919 PMCID: PMC8308965 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have emerged as interesting vehicles in cancer vaccination strategies as their composition enables the inclusion of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic antigens and adjuvants. In addition, liposomes can be decorated with targeting moieties to further resemble pathogenic particles that allow for better engagement with the immune system. However, so far liposomal cancer vaccines have not yet reached their full potential in the clinic. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical studies on liposomal cancer vaccines. We describe the basic ingredients for liposomal cancer vaccines, tumor antigens, and adjuvants, and how their combined inclusion together with targeting moieties potentially derived from pathogens can enhance vaccine immunogenicity. We discuss newly identified antigen-presenting cells in humans and mice that pose as promising targets for cancer vaccines. The lessons learned from these preclinical studies can be applied to enhance the efficacy of liposomal cancer vaccination in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten K. Nijen Twilhaar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Lucas Czentner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.C.); (C.F.v.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.C.); (C.F.v.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.C.); (C.F.v.N.); (G.S.)
- Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Joke M. M. den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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11
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, van der Maas L, Meiring HD, Pennings JLA, van Eden W, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. Proteomic analysis of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in response to an inactivated IBV + NDV poultry vaccine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12666. [PMID: 34135356 PMCID: PMC8209092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivated poultry vaccines are subject to routine potency testing for batch release, requiring large numbers of animals. The replacement of in vivo tests for cell-based alternatives can be facilitated by the identification of biomarkers for vaccine-induced immune responses. In this study, chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with an inactivated vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus, as well as inactivated infectious bronchitis virus only, and lipopolysaccharides as positive control, or left unstimulated for comparison with the stimulated samples. Next, the cells were lysed and subjected to proteomic analysis. Stimulation with the vaccine resulted in 66 differentially expressed proteins associated with mRNA translation, immune responses, lipid metabolism and the proteasome. For the eight most significantly upregulated proteins, mRNA expression levels were assessed. Markers that showed increased expression at both mRNA and protein levels included PLIN2 and PSMB1. Stimulation with infectious bronchitis virus only resulted in 25 differentially expressed proteins, which were mostly proteins containing Src homology 2 domains. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharides resulted in 118 differentially expressed proteins associated with dendritic cell maturation and antimicrobial activity. This study provides leads to a better understanding of the activation of dendritic cells by an inactivated poultry vaccine, and identified PLIN2 and PSMB1 as potential biomarkers for cell-based potency testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Levin-Konigsberg R, Mantegazza AR. A guide to measuring phagosomal dynamics. FEBS J 2020; 288:1412-1433. [PMID: 32757358 PMCID: PMC7984381 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism for immunity and homeostasis, performed by a subset of cells known as phagocytes. Upon target engulfment, de novo formation of specialized compartments termed phagosomes takes place. Phagosomes then undergo a series of fusion and fission events as they interact with the endolysosomal system and other organelles, in a dynamic process known as phagosome maturation. Because phagocytes play a key role in tissue patrolling and immune surveillance, phagosome maturation is associated with signaling pathways that link phagocytosis to antigen presentation and the development of adaptive immune responses. In addition, and depending on the nature of the cargo, phagosome integrity may be compromised, triggering additional cellular mechanisms including inflammation and autophagy. Upon completion of maturation, phagosomes enter a recently described phase: phagosome resolution, where catabolites from degraded cargo are metabolized, phagosomes are resorbed, and vesicles of phagosomal origin are recycled. Finally, phagocytes return to homeostasis and become ready for a new round of phagocytosis. Altogether, phagosome maturation and resolution encompass a series of dynamic events and organelle crosstalk that can be measured by biochemical, imaging, photoluminescence, cytometric, and immune‐based assays that will be described in this guide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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LRRK2 regulation of immune-pathways and inflammatory disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1581-1595. [PMID: 31769472 PMCID: PMC6925522 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease but are also found in immune-related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis and leprosy. LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells and has been functionally linked to pathways pertinent to immune cell function, such as cytokine release, autophagy and phagocytosis. Here, we examine the current understanding of the role of LRRK2 kinase activity in pathway regulation in immune cells, drawing upon data from multiple diseases associated with LRRK2 to highlight the pleiotropic effects of LRRK2 in different cell types. We discuss the role of the bona fide LRRK2 substrate, Rab GTPases, in LRRK2 pathway regulation as well as downstream events in the autophagy and inflammatory pathways.
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14
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Secretome Analysis of Mouse Dendritic Cells Interacting with a Probiotic Strain of Lactobacillus gasseri. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020555. [PMID: 32093322 PMCID: PMC7071482 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics play a key role in the modulation of the gut immune system in health and disease and their action is mediated by molecules exposed on the microorganism surface or secreted probiotic-derived factors. In particular, Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809, a probiotic microorganism isolated from human feces, has the potential to modulate various immune responses. The dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the main players in orchestrating the immune response, and their contact with intestinal microbiota is crucial for the development and homeostasis of gut immunity. To gain a perspective on the molecular mechanisms involved in the maturation process of DCs and investigate factors that could modulate these processes, a differential proteomic analysis was performed on the secretome of immature DCs, mature DCs (mDCs, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), and immature DCs challenged with L. gasseri OLL2809 before treatment with LPS (LGmDCs). The maturation process of DCs was associated to profound changes in the protein secretome and probiotic pre-treatment led to a dramatic modulation of several secreted proteins of mDC, not only classical immune mediators (i.e., cytokines, complement factors, T cell Receptor ligands) but also proteins involved in the contractile and desmosome machineries. The latter data highlight a novel mechanism by which L. gasseri can modulate the maturation process of DCs, reinforcing the concept of a protective anti-inflammatory role ascribed to this probiotic strain.
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15
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Imai J, Ohashi S, Sakai T. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation-Dependent Processing in Cross-Presentation and Its Potential for Dendritic Cell Vaccinations: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020153. [PMID: 32070016 PMCID: PMC7076524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While the success of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination largely depends on cross-presentation (CP) efficiency, the precise molecular mechanism of CP is not yet characterized. Recent research revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), which was first identified as part of the protein quality control system in the ER, plays a pivotal role in the processing of extracellular proteins in CP. The discovery of ERAD-dependent processing strongly suggests that the properties of extracellular antigens are one of the keys to effective DC vaccination, in addition to DC subsets and the maturation of these cells. In this review, we address recent advances in CP, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of the ERAD-dependent processing of extracellular proteins. As ERAD itself and the ERAD-dependent processing in CP share cellular machinery, enhancing the recognition of extracellular proteins, such as the ERAD substrate, by ex vivo methods may serve to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-352-1180
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16
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Imai J, Otani M, Sakai T. Distinct Subcellular Compartments of Dendritic Cells Used for Cross-Presentation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225606. [PMID: 31717517 PMCID: PMC6888166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous protein-derived peptides on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to prime naïve CD8+ T cells. This DC specific ability, called cross-presentation (CP), is important for the activation of cell-mediated immunity and the induction of self-tolerance. Recent research revealed that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), which was first identified as a part of the unfolded protein response—a quality control system in the ER—plays a pivotal role in the processing of exogenous proteins in CP. Moreover, DCs express a variety of immuno-modulatory molecules and cytokines to regulate T cell activation in response to the environment. Although both CP and immuno-modulation are indispensable, contrasting ER conditions are required for their correct activity. Since ERAD substrates are unfolded proteins, their accumulation may result in ER stress, impaired cell homeostasis, and eventually apoptosis. In contrast, activation of the unfolded protein response should be inhibited for DCs to express immuno-modulatory molecules and cytokines. Here, we review recent advances on antigen CP, focusing on intracellular transport routes for exogenous antigens and distinctive subcellular compartments involved in ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-352-1180
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17
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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