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Lee KH, Yoo JY, Park CJ, Ahn KH. Development of Nano-Sized Copper-Deposited Antimicrobial Air Filters Using a Mixed Melt-Blown Process. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2071. [PMID: 37513082 PMCID: PMC10386529 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Air purification devices, such as air purifiers, provide fresh air by filtering out airborne pollutants, dust, and other harmful substances using various filter systems. While air filters are generally effective in filtering pollutants such as dust, they encounter a challenge when filtering harmful microorganisms such as mites, bacteria, mold, and viruses. These microorganisms, which are present in public transport and public indoor spaces, tend to proliferate on the surface of the filter media, eventually reintroducing themselves into the air or causing unpleasant odors. To address this issue, herein, copper particles were prepared as one masterbatch and deposited on polypropylene (PP) pellets through plasma vacuum deposition to effectively filter dust and microorganisms and prevent their growth on the surface of the filter media. After adding 3-10 wt.% of the masterbatch to conventional PP pellets to fabricate a filter media, the distribution of copper on the surface of the filter media was observed through a scanning electron microscope. To verify the safety and effectiveness of the antimicrobial material, the filter media containing antimicrobial particles was tested using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus through a filter emission test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gup, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Coway Environmental Technology Research Institute, Coway R&D Center, Seoul National University Research Park 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Yoo
- Coway Environmental Technology Research Institute, Coway R&D Center, Seoul National University Research Park 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Jung Park
- Coway Environmental Technology Research Institute, Coway R&D Center, Seoul National University Research Park 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ho Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gup, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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2
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Luceri A, Francese R, Lembo D, Ferraris M, Balagna C. Silver Nanoparticles: Review of Antiviral Properties, Mechanism of Action and Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030629. [PMID: 36985203 PMCID: PMC10056906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New antiviral drugs and new preventive antiviral strategies are a target of intense scientific interest. Thanks to their peculiar properties, nanomaterials play an important role in this field, and, in particular, among metallic materials, silver nanoparticles were demonstrated to be effective against a wide range of viruses, in addition to having a strong antibacterial effect. Although the mechanism of antiviral action is not completely clarified, silver nanoparticles can directly act on viruses, and on their first steps of interaction with the host cell, depending on several factors, such as size, shape, functionalization and concentration. This review provides an overview of the antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles, along with their demonstrated mechanisms of action and factors mainly influencing their properties. In addition, the fields of potential application are analyzed, demonstrating the versatility of silver nanoparticles, which can be involved in several devices and applications, including biomedical applications, considering both human and animal health, environmental applications, such as air filtration and water treatment, and for food and textile industry purposes. For each application, the study level of the device is indicated, if it is either a laboratory study or a commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Luceri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Rachele Francese
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraris
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Balagna
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(011)-090-4325
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3
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Zhang L, Guo Y, Chang X, Yao Z, Wei X, Feng Z, Zhang D, Zhou Q, Wang X, Luo H. In-duct grating-like dielectric barrier discharge system for air disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129075. [PMID: 35650753 PMCID: PMC9072810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the context of spreading Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the combination of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system with air disinfection device is an effective way to reduce transmissible infections. Atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma is an emerging technique for fast pathogen aerosol abatement. In this work, in-duct disinfectors based on grating-like dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas with varied electrode arrangements were established and evaluated. The highest airborne bacterial inactivation efficiency was achieved by 'vertical' structure, namely when aerosol was in direct contact with the discharge region, at a given discharge power. For all reactors, the efficiency was linearly correlated to the discharge power (R2 =0.929-0.994). The effects of environmental factors were examined. Decreased airflow rates boosted the efficiency, which reached 99.8% at the velocity of 0.5 m/s with an aerosol residence time of ~3.6 ms. Increasing humidity (relative humidity (RH)=20-60%) contributed to inactivation efficacy, while high humidity (RH=70%-90%) led to a saturated efficiency, possibly due to the disruption of discharge uniformity. As suggested by the plasma effluent treatment and scavenger experiments, gaseous short-lived chemical species or charged particles were concluded as the major agents accounting for bacterial inactivation. This research provides new hints for air disinfection by DBD plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntao Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuanyu Chang
- Marine Design and Research Institute of China (MARIC), Shanghai, China
| | - Zenghui Yao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Marine Design and Research Institute of China (MARIC), Shanghai, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongheyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Luo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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4
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A Review of Selected Types of Indoor Air Purifiers in Terms of Microbial Air Contamination Reduction. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aims: With the ongoing pandemic and increased interest in measures to improve indoor air quality, various indoor air purifiers have become very popular and are widely used. This review presents the advantages and disadvantages of various types of technologies used in air purifiers in terms of reducing microbial contamination. Methods: A literature search was performed using Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, as well as technical organizations dealing with indoor air-quality to identify research articles and documents within our defined scope of interest. Relevant sections: The available literature data focus mainly on the efficiency of devices based on tests conducted in laboratory conditions with test chambers, which does not reflect the real dimensions and conditions observed in residential areas. According to a wide range of articles on the topic, the actual effectiveness of air purifiers is significantly lower in real conditions than the values declared by the manufacturers in their marketing materials as well as technical specifications. Conclusions: According to current findings, using indoor air purifiers should not be the only measure to improve indoor air-quality; however, these can play a supporting role if their application is preceded by an appropriate technical and environmental analysis considering the real conditions of its use.
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5
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Li X, Liu D, Yao J. Aerosolization of fungal spores in indoor environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153003. [PMID: 35031366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in indoor environments can cause adverse health effects through inhalation and epidermal exposure. The risk of fungal exposure originates from the aerosolization of fungal spores. However, spore aerosolization is still not well understood. This paper provides a review of indoor fungal contamination, especially the aerosolization of fungal spores. We attempted to summarize what is known today and to identify what more information is needed to predict the aerosolization of fungal spores. This paper first reviews fungal contamination in indoor environments and HVAC systems. The detachment of fungal spores from colonies and the spore aerosolization principle are then summarized. Based on the above discussion, prediction methods for spore aerosolization are discussed. This review further clarifies the current situation and future efforts required to accurately predict spore aerosolization. This information is useful for forecasting and controlling the aerosolization of fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jian Yao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
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6
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Shamim JA, Hsu WL, Daiguji H. Review of component designs for post-COVID-19 HVAC systems: Possibilities and challenges. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09001. [PMID: 35224237 PMCID: PMC8863315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The globally occurring recurrent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily caused by the transmission of aerosolized droplets from an infected person to a healthy person in the indoor environment, has led to the urgency of designing new modes of indoor ventilation. To prevent cross-contaminations due to airborne viruses, bacteria, and other pollutants in indoor environments, heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems need to be redesigned with anti-pandemic components. The three vital anti-pandemic components for the post-COVID-19 HVAC systems, as identified by the authors, are: a biological contaminant inactivation unit, a volatile organic compound decomposition unit, and an advanced air filtration unit. The purpose of the current article is to provide an overview of the latest research outcomes toward designing these anti-pandemic components and pointing out the future promises and challenges. In addition, the role of personalized ventilation in minimizing the risk of indoor cross-contamination by employing various air terminal devices is discussed. The authors believe that this article will encourage HVAC designers to develop effective anti-pandemic components to minimize the indoor airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubair A Shamim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Tiwari AK, Mishra A, Pandey G, Gupta MK, Pandey PC. Nanotechnology: A Potential Weapon to Fight against COVID-19. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2022; 39:2100159. [PMID: 35440846 PMCID: PMC9011707 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.202100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 infections have posed an unprecedented global health emergency, with nearly three million deaths to date, and have caused substantial economic loss globally. Hence, an urgent exploration of effective and safe diagnostic/therapeutic approaches for minimizing the threat of this highly pathogenic coronavirus infection is needed. As an alternative to conventional diagnosis and antiviral agents, nanomaterials have a great potential to cope with the current or even future health emergency situation with a wide range of applications. Fundamentally, nanomaterials are physically and chemically tunable and can be employed for the next generation nanomaterial-based detection of viral antigens and host antibodies in body fluids as antiviral agents, nanovaccine, suppressant of cytokine storm, nanocarrier for efficient delivery of antiviral drugs at infection site or inside the host cells, and can also be a significant tool for better understanding of the gut microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 interaction. The applicability of nanomaterial-based therapeutic options to cope with the current and possible future pandemic is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Tiwari
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (BHU)VaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| | - Anupa Mishra
- Department of MicrobiologyDr. R.M.L. Awadh UniversityAyodhyaUttar Pradesh224001India
- Department of MicrobiologySri Raghukul Mahila Vidya PeethCivil Line GondaUttar Pradesh271001India
| | - Govind Pandey
- Department of PaediatricsKing George Medical UniversityLucknowUttar Pradesh226003India
| | - Munesh K. Gupta
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| | - Prem C. Pandey
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (BHU)VaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
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8
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Gupta A, Sharma CP, Thamaraiselvan C, Pisharody L, Powell CD, Arnusch CJ. Low-Voltage Bacterial and Viral Killing Using Laser-Induced Graphene-Coated Non-woven Air Filters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59373-59380. [PMID: 34851621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is uniquely positioned to advance applications in which electrically conductive carbon coatings are required. Recently, the antifouling, antiviral, and antibacterial properties of LIG have been proven in both air and water filtration applications. For example, an unsupported LIG based filter (pore size: ∼0.3 μm) demonstrated exceptional air filtration properties, while its joule heating effects successfully sterilized and removed unwanted biological components in air despite persisting challenges such as pressure drop, energy consumption, and lack of mechanical robustness. Here, we developed a polyimide (PI) non-woven supported LIG air filter with negligible pressure drop changes compared to the non-woven support material and showed that low electrical current density inactivates aerosolized bacteria. A current density of 4.5 mA/cm2 did not cause significant joule heating, and 97.2% bacterial removal was obtained. The low-voltage antibacterial mechanism was elucidated using bacterial inhibition experiments on a titanium surface and on an LIG surface fabricated on dense PI films. Complete sterilization was obtained using current densities of ∼8 mA/cm2 applied for 2 min or ∼ 6 mA/cm2 for 10 min upon the dense PI-LIG surface. Lastly, >98% bacterial removal was observed using a low-resistance LIG-coated non-woven polyimide air filter at 5 V. However, only very low voltages (∼0.3 V) were needed to remove ∼99% Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and 100% of T4 virus when the LIG-coated filters were hybridized with a stainless steel mesh. Our results show that low current density levels at very low voltages are sufficient for substantial bacterial and viral inactivation, and that these principles might be effectively used in a wide number of air filtration applications such as air conditioners or other ventilation systems, which might limit the spread of infectious particles in hospitals, homes, workplaces, and the transportation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Dept. of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Chetan Prakash Sharma
- Dept. of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Chidambaram Thamaraiselvan
- Dept. of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Lakshmi Pisharody
- Dept. of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Camilah D Powell
- Dept. of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Dept. of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute of Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
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9
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Choi YH, Kim MJ, Lee J, Pyun JC, Khang DY. Recyclable, Antibacterial, Isoporous Through-Hole Membrane Air Filters with Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Nanorods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3381. [PMID: 34947729 PMCID: PMC8707457 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reusable, antibacterial, and photocatalytic isoporous through-hole air filtration membranes have been demonstrated based on hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods (NRs). High-temperature (300~375 °C) stability of thermoset-based isoporous through-hole membranes has enabled concurrent control of porosity and seed formation via high-temperature annealing of the membranes. The following hydrothermal growth has led to densely populated ZnO NRs on both the membrane surface and pore sidewall. Thanks to the nanofibrous shape of the grown ZnO NRs on the pore sidewall, the membrane filters have shown a high (>97%) filtration efficiency for PM2.5 with a rather low-pressure (~80 Pa) drop. The membrane filters could easily be cleaned and reused many times by simple spray cleaning with a water/ethanol mixture solution. Further, the grown ZnO NRs have also endowed excellent bactericidal performance for both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative S. enteritidis bacteria. Owing to the wide bandgap semiconductor nature of ZnO NRs, organic decomposition by photocatalytic activity under UV illumination has been successfully demonstrated. The reusable, multifunctional membrane filters can find wide applications in air filtration and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.H.C.); (M.-J.K.); (J.L.); (J.-C.P.)
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10
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Rhazouani A, Aziz K, Gamrani H, Gebrati L, Uddin MS, Faissal A. Can the application of graphene oxide contribute to the fight against COVID-19? Antiviral activity, diagnosis and prevention. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100062. [PMID: 34870157 PMCID: PMC8491929 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that affects the respiratory system and is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It was first reported in Wuhan, China, on December 31, 2019, and has affected the entire world. This pandemic has caused serious health, economic and social problems. In this situation, the only solution to combat COVID-19 is to accelerate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to mitigate the virus and develop better antiviral methods and excellent diagnostic and prevention techniques. With the development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are being introduced to control COVID-19. Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidized derivative of graphene, is currently used in the medical field to treat certain diseases such as cancer. It is characterized by very important antiviral properties that allow its use in treating certain infectious diseases. The GO antiviral mechanism is discussed by the virus inactivation and/or the host cell receptor or by the physicochemical destruction of viral species. Moreover, the very high surface/volume ratio of GO allows the fixation of biomolecules by simple absorption. This paper summarizes the different studies performed on GO's antiviral activities and discusses GO-based biosensors for virus detection and approaches for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Rhazouani
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
- Team of Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Environment (ENPE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
- National Centre for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Faculty of Technical Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P 511, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Khalid Aziz
- Materials, Catalysis and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Halima Gamrani
- Team of Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Environment (ENPE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Lhoucine Gebrati
- Laboratory of Materials, Processes, Environment and Quality, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 63, 46000, Safi, Morocco
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aziz Faissal
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
- National Centre for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Faculty of Technical Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P 511, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
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11
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Niemiec T, Skowron K, Świderek W, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Gryń G, Fiszdon K, Łozicki A, Zglińska K, Kosieradzka I, Koczoń P. Radiant catalytic ionization improves the microbiological status of rodent facilities without affecting the prooxidative status of mice. Lab Anim 2021; 56:225-234. [PMID: 34565205 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211027740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main microbial contaminants of rooms in which laboratory rodents are housed are bacteria and fungi. Restriction of microbial growth to below threshold levels requires the application of various sophisticated antimicrobial techniques that must be effective and safe for the animals. Some of the most commonly used techniques, including chemical disinfection, ventilation, filtration, sterilization and radiation, are not always sufficiently effective. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modern technique (i.e. radiant catalytic ionization (RCI)) on the microbiological status of an animal care facility, and the health of the mice housed therein. The experiment, conducted over seven days, compared an experimental room with an RCI system permanently turned on with a negative control room. At the completion of the experiment, the number of bacteria in the RCI room air and on its walls was lower than that in the control room (p < 0.01 in both cases). Values of the basic prooxidative parameter, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration, in tissues of mice from the RCI room were within allowed boundaries. Hence, application of an RCI system proved to be an ideal technique to ensure high hygienic standards in animal rooms without any adverse effects on the animals housed therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Niemiec
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Wiesław Świderek
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Gryń
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Fiszdon
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Andrzej Łozicki
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Klara Zglińska
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Iwona Kosieradzka
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Piotr Koczoń
- Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
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12
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Balagna C, Francese R, Perero S, Lembo D, Ferraris M. Nanostructured composite coating endowed with antiviral activity against human respiratory viruses deposited on fibre-based air filters. SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY 2021; 409:126873. [PMID: 33814662 PMCID: PMC8010378 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.126873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The widespread of viral airborne diseases is becoming a critical problem for human health and safety, not only for the common cold and flu, but also considering more serious infection as the current pandemic COVID-19. Even if the current heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems limit the disease transmission by air, the air filters are susceptible to microbial colonization. In addition, viruses spread via droplets (aerosol) produced by direct or indirect contact with infected people. In this context, the necessity of an efficient HVAC system, able to capture and inactivate viruses- and bacteria-rich aerosols, thus preserving a safe indoor air environment and protecting people, is of enormous importance. The aim of this work is the assessment of the antiviral properties of a silver nanoclusters/silica composite coating deposited via co-sputtering technique on glass, on metallic fibre-based air filters as well as on cotton textiles. The selected human respiratory viruses are: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the human rhinovirus (HRV) and the influenza virus type A (FluVA). The coated air filters show that the nanostructured coating develops a strong virucidal activity against RSV and FluVA, but not against the HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balagna
- Dept. of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - R Francese
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - S Perero
- Dept. of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - D Lembo
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - M Ferraris
- Dept. of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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13
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Shirvanimoghaddam K, Akbari MK, Yadav R, Al-Tamimi AK, Naebe M. Fight against COVID-19: The case of antiviral surfaces. APL MATERIALS 2021; 9:031112. [PMID: 33842101 PMCID: PMC8017599 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global public health outbreak in the 21st century so far. Based on World Health Organization reports, the main source of SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmission of droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. Viral particles can remain in the air and on the surfaces for a long time. These droplets are too heavy to float in air and rapidly fall down onto the surfaces. To minimize the risk of the infection, entire surrounding environment should be disinfected or neutralized regularly. Development of the antiviral coating for the surface of objects that are frequently used by the public could be a practical route to prevent the spread of the viral particles and inactivation of the transmission of the viruses. In this short review, the design of the antiviral coating to combat the spread of different viruses has been discussed and the technological attempts for minimizing the coronavirus outbreak have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ram Yadav
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials,
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adil K. Al-Tamimi
- Civil Engineering Department, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials,
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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14
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Pandey A, Nikam AN, Mutalik SP, Fernandes G, Shreya AB, Padya BS, Raychaudhuri R, Kulkarni S, Prassl R, Subramanian S, Korde A, Mutalik S. Architectured Therapeutic and Diagnostic Nanoplatforms for Combating SARS-CoV-2: Role of Inorganic, Organic, and Radioactive Materials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:31-54. [PMID: 33371667 PMCID: PMC7783900 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although extensive research is being done to combat SARS-CoV-2, we are yet far away from a robust conclusion or strategy. With an increased amount of vaccine research, nanotechnology has found its way into vaccine technology. Researchers have explored the use of various nanostructures for delivering the vaccines for enhanced efficacy. Apart from acting as delivery platforms, multiple studies have shown the application of inorganic nanoparticles in suppressing the growth as well as transmission of the virus. The present review gives a detailed description of various inorganic nanomaterials which are being explored for combating SARS-CoV-2 along with their role in suppressing the transmission of the virus either through air or by contact with inanimate surfaces. The review further discusses the use of nanoparticles for development of an antiviral coating that may decrease adhesion of SARS-CoV-2. A separate section has been included describing the role of nanostructures in biosensing and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. The role of nanotechnology in providing an alternative therapeutic platform along with the role of radionuclides in SARS-CoV-2 has been described briefly. Based on ongoing research and commercialization of this nanoplatform for a viral disease, the nanomaterials show the potential in therapy, biosensing, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Pandey
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajinkya N. Nikam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadhana P. Mutalik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gasper Fernandes
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajjappla Basavaraj Shreya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharath Singh Padya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Suresh Subramanian
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aruna Korde
- Radioisotope
Products and Radiation Technology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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15
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Zhou Y, Lai Y, Tong X, Leung MHY, Tong JCK, Ridley IA, Lee PKH. Airborne Bacteria in Outdoor Air and Air of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings at City Scale in Hong Kong across Seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11732-11743. [PMID: 32852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the indoor airborne microbiome have mostly been confined to a single location and time point. Here, we characterized, over the course of a year, the geographic variation, building-function dependence, and dispersal characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne microbiomes (bacterial members only) of eight mechanically ventilated commercial buildings. Based on the Sloan neutral model, airborne microbiomes were randomly dispersed in the respective indoor and outdoor environments and between the two environments during each season. The dominant taxa in the indoor and outdoor environments showed minor variations at each location among seasons. The airborne microbiomes displayed weak seasonality for both indoor and outdoor environments, while a weak geographic variation was found only for the indoor environments. Source tracking results show that outdoor air and occupant skin were major contributors to the indoor airborne microbiomes, but the extent of the contribution from each source varied within and among buildings over the seasons, which suggests variations in local building use. Based on 32 cases of indoor airborne microbiome data, we determined that the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of PM2.5 was not a robust indicator of the sources found indoors. Alternatively, the indoor concentration of carbon dioxide was more closely correlated with the major sources of the indoor airborne microbiome in mechanically ventilated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yonghang Lai
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinzhao Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Marcus H Y Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy C K Tong
- Building Sustainability Group, Arup, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian A Ridley
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Virucidal effect against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 of a silver nanocluster/silica composite sputtered coating. OPEN CERAMICS 2020; 1. [PMCID: PMC7274986 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the new Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the confinement measures slowed down the contagion, but did not completely avoid the disease diffusion for health workers, patients and the remaining population. The individual protection equipment (e.g. facial masks), filters for air conditioning systems and for medical respiratory devices do not possess an intrinsic antimicrobial/virucidal action and they are susceptible to microbial/viral colonization. An efficient antimicrobial/virucidal technology on air filtering media is crucial for maintaining a safe air environment and protecting people, in particular when lockdown is eased. This short communication reports about the virucidal effect, preliminary verified towards Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, of a silver nanocluster/silica composite sputtered coating, directly applicated on a FFP3 mask.
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17
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Wen Y, Leng J, Shen X, Han G, Sun L, Yu F. Environmental and Health Effects of Ventilation in Subway Stations: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031084. [PMID: 32046319 PMCID: PMC7037944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental health in subway stations, a typical type of urban underground space, is becoming increasingly important. Ventilation is the principal measure for optimizing the complex physical environment in a subway station. This paper narratively reviews the environmental and health effects of subway ventilation and discusses the relevant engineering, environmental, and medical aspects in combination. Ventilation exerts a notable dual effect on environmental health in a subway station. On the one hand, ventilation controls temperature, humidity, and indoor air quality to ensure human comfort and health. On the other hand, ventilation also carries the potential risks of spreading air pollutants or fire smoke through the complex wind environment as well as produces continuous noise. Assessment and management of health risks associated with subway ventilation is essential to attain a healthy subway environment. This, however, requires exposure, threshold data, and thereby necessitates more research into long-term effects, and toxicity as well as epidemiological studies. Additionally, more research is needed to further examine the design and maintenance of ventilation systems. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and aerodynamic characteristics of various pollutants can help formulate ventilation strategies to reduce pollutant concentrations. Moreover, current comprehensive underground space development affords a possibility for creating flexible spaces that optimize ventilation efficiency, acoustic comfort, and space perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wen
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jiawei Leng
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-83790760
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- School of Public Health, Station and Train Health Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Gang Han
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
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18
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Wang C, Hu X, Zhang Z. Airborne disinfection using microwave-based technology: Energy efficient and distinct inactivation mechanism compared with waterborne disinfection. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:105437. [PMID: 32226120 PMCID: PMC7094417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microwave has been extensively applied to inactivate microorganisms in liquids, food, and surfaces. However, energy efficiency is a limiting factor for the environmental application. The utilization pathway and energy efficiency of the microwave in different media have not been investigated. In this study, the inactivation performance, energy utilization, and bactericidal mechanisms for microwave-irradiated airborne and waterborne Escherichia coli were compared. A Beer-Lambert law-based model was also developed and validated to compare the inactivation performance in different phases. Microwave had greater inactivation effect on airborne bacteria than waterborne bacteria. The inactivation rate constant for airborne E. coli (0.29 s-1) was nearly 20 times higher than that of waterborne species (0.014 s-1). Most of the absorbed microwave energy (92.3%) was converted to increase water temperature instead of inactivating the waterborne bacteria, because the microwave photons were easily absorbed by water molecules. By contrast, 45.4% of the absorbed energy could disinfect the airborne bacteria. Finally, the required energies for 1-log inactivation were calculated as 2.3 J and 116.9 J per log-inactivation for airborne and waterborne E. coli, respectively. The airborne and waterborne E. coli samples showed distinct microwave inactivation mechanisms. Waterborne E. coli disinfection was primarily due to thermal effect, while the non-thermal effect was the major mechanism for airborne E. coli inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Xurui Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
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19
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Kwon T, Chandimali N, Lee DH, Son Y, Yoon SB, Lee JR, Lee S, Kim KJ, Lee SY, Kim SY, Jo YJ, Kim M, Park BJ, Lee JK, Jeong DK, Kim JS. Potential Applications of Non-thermal Plasma in Animal Husbandry to Improve Infrastructure. In Vivo 2019; 33:999-1010. [PMID: 31280188 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infrastructure in animal husbandry refers to fundamental facilities and services necessary for better living conditions of animals and its economy to function through better productivity. Mainly, infrastructure can be divided into two categories: hard infrastructure and soft infrastructure. Physical infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, and water supplying systems, belongs to hard infrastructure. Soft infrastructure includes services which are required to maintain economic, health, cultural and social standards of animal husbandry. Therefore, the proper management of infrastructure in animal husbandry is necessary for animal welfare and its economy. Among various technologies to improve the quality of infrastructure, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology is an effectively applicable technology in different stages of animal husbandry. NTP is mainly helpful in maintaining better health conditions of animals in several ways via decontamination from microorganisms present in air, water, food, instruments and surfaces of animal farming systems. Furthermore, NTP is used in the treatment of waste water, vaccine production, wound healing in animals, odor-free ventilation, and packaging of animal food or animal products. This review summarizes the recent studies of NTP which can be related to the infrastructure in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisansala Chandimali
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center,Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Yoon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Rang Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jin Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yong Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jo
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Jin Park
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ki Lee
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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20
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Kaufman JA, Wright JM, Rice G, Connolly N, Bowers K, Anixt J. Ambient ozone and fine particulate matter exposures and autism spectrum disorder in metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:218-227. [PMID: 30684889 PMCID: PMC7232936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies report fairly consistent associations between various air pollution metrics and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with some elevated risks reported for different prenatal and postnatal periods. OBJECTIVES To examine associations between ASD and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations during the prenatal period through the second year of life in a case-control study. METHODS ASD cases (n = 428) diagnosed at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center were frequency matched (15:1) to 6420 controls from Ohio birth records. We assigned daily PM2.5 and ozone estimates for 2005-2012 from US EPA's Fused Air Quality Surface Using Downscaling model to each participant for each day based on the mother's census tract of residence at birth. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) using logistic regression across continuous and categorical exposure window averages (trimesters, first and second postnatal years, and cumulative measure), adjusting for maternal- and birth-related confounders, both air pollutants, and multiple temporal exposure windows. RESULTS We detected elevated aORs for PM2.5 during the 2nd trimester, 1st year of life, and a cumulative period from pregnancy through the 2nd year (aOR ranges across categories: 1.41-1.44, 1.54-1.84, and 1.41-1.52 respectively), and for ozone in the 2nd year of life (aOR range across categories: 1.29-1.42). Per each change in IQR, we observed elevated aORs for ozone in the 3rd trimester, 1st and 2nd years of life, and the cumulative period (aOR range: 1.19-1.27) and for PM2.5 in the 2nd trimester, 1st year of life, and the cumulative period (aOR range: 1.11-1.17). DISCUSSION We saw limited evidence of linear exposure-response relationships for ASD with increasing air pollution, but the elevated aORs detected for PM2.5 in upper exposure categories and per IQR unit increases were similar in magnitude to those reported in previous studies, especially for postnatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kaufman
- Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, hosted by National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - J Michael Wright
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Glenn Rice
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | | | - Katherine Bowers
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Julia Anixt
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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21
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Wang D, Zhu B, He X, Zhu Z, Hutchins G, Xu P, Wang WN. Iron Oxide Nanowire-Based Filter for Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2018; 5:1096-1106. [PMID: 30345060 PMCID: PMC6193566 DOI: 10.1039/c8en00133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are among the most common methods to improve indoor air quality. However, after long-term operation, the HVAC filter can result in a proliferation of bacteria, which may release into the filtered air subsequently. This issue can be addressed by designing antibacterial filters. In this study, we report an iron oxide nanowires-based filter fabricated from commercially available iron mesh through a thermal treatment. At optimal conditions, the filter demonstrated a log inactivation efficiency of > 7 within 10 seconds towards S. epidermidis (Gram-positive), a common bacterial species of indoor bioaerosol. 52 % of bioaerosol cells can be captured by a single filter, which can be further improved to 98.7 % by connecting five filters in-tandem. The capture and inactivation capacity of the reported filter did not degrade over long-term use. The inactivation of bacteria is attributed to the synergic effects of the hydroxyl radicals, electroporation, and Joule heating, which disrupted the cell wall and nucleoid of S. epidermidis, as verified by the model simulations, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The relative humidity plays an important role in the inactivation process. The filter also exhibited a satisfactory inactivation efficiency towards E. coli (Gram-negative). The robust synthesis, low cost, and satisfactory inactivation performance towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria make the filter demonstrated here suitable to be assembled into HVAC filters as an antibacterial layer for efficient control of indoor bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Zan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Grant Hutchins
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | - Wei-Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
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22
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Tanaka Y, Fujino K, Larkins GA, Osawa A, Hayashi Y, Taharaguchi S. Preventing the spread of norovirus-like infections by the airborne route using plasma assisted catalytic technology (PACT). J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1459-1462. [PMID: 29709903 PMCID: PMC6160878 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses are frequently reported, and outbreaks of the highly pathogenic influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome have occurred recently, in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Sterilization using a chemical reactor with plasma assisted catalytic technology (PACT) was investigated. Tests were carried out on the feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccine strain F9, which is a surrogate of airborne pathogen human norovirus. Results showed that the PACT device could inactivate FCV, which passed through the plasma chamber. Sterilization rate may be more than 99.99% (below the detection limit). These results indicate that PACT may be an effective mean to inactivate many viruses, including human norovirus, and potentially other airborne, infectious microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimoto Tanaka
- Laboratory of Microbiology II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kan Fujino
- Laboratory of Microbiology II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Gerald Andrew Larkins
- Faculty of Engineering-Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Atsushi Osawa
- I'm PACT World Ltd., 302 Apartment Kaya, 2-42-5, Den-en Choufu, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-0071, Japan
| | - Yuji Hayashi
- I'm PACT World Ltd., 302 Apartment Kaya, 2-42-5, Den-en Choufu, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-0071, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taharaguchi
- Laboratory of Microbiology II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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23
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Vaze ND, Park S, Brooks AD, Fridman A, Joshi SG. Involvement of multiple stressors induced by non-thermal plasma-charged aerosols during inactivation of airborne bacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171434. [PMID: 28166240 PMCID: PMC5293192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A lab-scale, tunable, single-filament, point-to-point nonthermal dieletric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma device was built to study the mechanisms of inactivation of aerosolized bacterial pathogens. The system inactivates airborne antibiotic-resistant pathogens efficiently. Nebulization mediated pre-optimized (4 log and 7 log) bacterial loads were challenged to plasma-charged aerosols, and lethal and sublethal doses determined using colony assay, and cell viability assay; and the loss of membrane potential and cellular respiration were determined using cell membrane potential assay and XTT assay. Using the strategies of Escherichia coli wildtype, over-expression mutant, deletion mutants, and peroxide and heat stress scavenging, we analyzed activation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat shock protein (hsp) chaperons. Superoxide dismutase deletion mutants (ΔsodA, ΔsodB, ΔsodAΔsodB) and catalase mutants ΔkatG and ΔkatEΔkatG did not show significant difference from wildtype strain, and ΔkatE and ΔahpC was found significantly more susceptible to cell death than wildtype. The oxyR regulon was found to mediate plasma-charged aerosol-induced oxidative stress in bacteria. Hsp deficient E. coli (ΔhtpG, ΔgroEL, ΔclpX, ΔgrpE) showed complete inactivation of cells at ambient temperature, and the treatment at cold temperature (4°C) significantly protected hsp deletion mutants and wildtype cells, and indicate a direct involvement of hsp in plasma-charged aerosol mediated E. coli cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket D. Vaze
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sin Park
- A.J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ari D. Brooks
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander Fridman
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- A.J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suresh G. Joshi
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- A.J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Hoisington A, Maestre JP, Kinney KA, Siegel JA. Characterizing the bacterial communities in retail stores in the United States. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:857-868. [PMID: 26610179 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The microorganisms present in retail environments have not been studied in detail despite the fact that these environments represent a potentially important location for exposure. In this study, HVAC filter dust samples in 13 US retail stores were collected and analyzed via pyrosequencing to characterize the indoor bacterial communities and to explore potential relationships between these communities and building and environmental parameters. Although retail stores contained a diverse bacterial community of 788 unique genera, over half of the nearly 118K sequences were attributed to the Proteobacteria phylum. Streptophyta, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter were the most prevalent genera detected. The recovered indoor airborne microbial community was statistically associated with both human oral and skin microbiota, indicating occupants are important contributors, despite a relatively low occupant density per unit volume in retail stores. Bacteria generally associated with outdoor environments were present in the indoor communities with no obvious association with air exchange rate, even when considering relative abundance. No significant association was observed between the indoor bacterial community recovered and store location, store type, or season. However, predictive functional gene profiling showed significant associations between the indoor community and season. The microbiome recovered from multiple samples collected months apart from the same building varied significantly indicating that caution is warranted when trying to characterize the bacterial community with a single sampling event.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoisington
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - J P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - K A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J A Siegel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Licina D, Bhangar S, Brooks B, Baker R, Firek B, Tang X, Morowitz MJ, Banfield JF, Nazaroff WW. Concentrations and Sources of Airborne Particles in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154991. [PMID: 27175913 PMCID: PMC4866781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have underdeveloped immune systems, making them susceptible to adverse health consequences from air pollutant exposure. Little is known about the sources of indoor airborne particles that contribute to the exposure of premature infants in the NICU environment. In this study, we monitored the spatial and temporal variations of airborne particulate matter concentrations along with other indoor environmental parameters and human occupancy. The experiments were conducted over one year in a private-style NICU. The NICU was served by a central heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system equipped with an economizer and a high-efficiency particle filtration system. The following parameters were measured continuously during weekdays with 1-min resolution: particles larger than 0.3 μm resolved into 6 size groups, CO2 level, dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, and presence or absence of occupants. Altogether, over sixteen periods of a few weeks each, measurements were conducted in rooms occupied with premature infants. In parallel, a second monitoring station was operated in a nearby hallway or at the local nurses' station. The monitoring data suggest a strong link between indoor particle concentrations and human occupancy. Detected particle peaks from occupancy were clearly discernible among larger particles and imperceptible for submicron (0.3-1 μm) particles. The mean indoor particle mass concentrations averaged across the size range 0.3-10 μm during occupied periods was 1.9 μg/m(3), approximately 2.5 times the concentration during unoccupied periods (0.8 μg/m(3)). Contributions of within-room emissions to total PM10 mass in the baby rooms averaged 37-81%. Near-room indoor emissions and outdoor sources contributed 18-59% and 1-5%, respectively. Airborne particle levels in the size range 1-10 μm showed strong dependence on human activities, indicating the importance of indoor-generated particles for infant's exposure to airborne particulate matter in the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Licina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Seema Bhangar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Brooks
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Robyn Baker
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Firek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Morowitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jillian F. Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - William W. Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Pham TD, Lee BK. Novel integrated approach of adsorption and photo-oxidation using Ag-TiO 2/PU for bioaerosol removal under visible light. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2015; 275:357-365. [PMID: 32372878 PMCID: PMC7185811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a novel approach by synthesizing an integrated material, which could act as both adsorbent and photocatalytic material, for bioaerosol purification under visible light conditions. Ag was used as a dopant agent to enhance photocatalytic activity of TiO2, leading to high photocatalytic activity of the doped TiO2 even under visible light. Under visible light, the doped TiO2 photocatalyst could produce oxy radicals, oxidative agents, that participate in oxidation reactions to decompose important organic components of bacteria, leading to death or removal of bacteria from an aerosol. Adsorption property was integrated into the enhanced TiO2 photocatalyst by using polyurethane (PU), a honeycomb structure material, as a substrate for coating process of the doped TiO2. Three materials including pristine PU, TiO2 coating on PU (TiO2/PU), and Ag-doped TiO2 coating on PU (Ag-TiO2/PU) were used to remove Escherichia coli in an aerosol under visible light. Under dark conditions, the removal capacities of E. coli in the aerosol by PU, TiO2/PU, and Ag-TiO2/PU were 1.2 × 105, 2.7 × 105, and 6.2 × 105 (CFU/cm3), respectively. Under visible light irradiation, the removal capacities of E. coli in an aerosol by PU, TiO2/PU, and Ag-TiO2/PU were 1.2 × 105, 2.7 × 105, and 1.8 × 106 (CFU/cm3), respectively. The improvement of the removal capacity by TiO2/PU and Ag-TiO2/PU, versus PU, is due to adsorption alone and the combination of adsorption plus photocatalytic activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Dong Pham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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Emerson JB, Keady PB, Brewer TE, Clements N, Morgan EE, Awerbuch J, Miller SL, Fierer N. Impacts of flood damage on airborne bacteria and fungi in homes after the 2013 Colorado Front Range flood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2675-84. [PMID: 25643125 DOI: 10.1021/es503845j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flood-damaged homes typically have elevated microbial loads, and their occupants have an increased incidence of allergies, asthma, and other respiratory ailments, yet the microbial communities in these homes remain under-studied. Using culture-independent approaches, we characterized bacterial and fungal communities in homes in Boulder, CO, USA 2-3 months after the historic September, 2013 flooding event. We collected passive air samples from basements in 50 homes (36 flood-damaged, 14 non-flooded), and we sequenced the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V4-V5 region) and the fungal ITS1 region from these samples for community analyses. Quantitative PCR was used to estimate the abundances of bacteria and fungi in the passive air samples. Results indicate significant differences in bacterial and fungal community composition between flooded and non-flooded homes. Fungal abundances were estimated to be three times higher in flooded, relative to non-flooded homes, but there were no significant differences in bacterial abundances. Penicillium (fungi) and Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (bacteria) were among the most abundant taxa in flooded homes. Our results suggest that bacterial and fungal communities continue to be affected by flooding, even after relative humidity has returned to baseline levels and remediation has removed any visible evidence of flood damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne B Emerson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder , 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, United States
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Tang W, Kuehn TH, Simcik MF. Effects of Temperature, Humidity and Air Flow on Fungal Growth Rate on Loaded Ventilation Filters. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:525-37. [PMID: 25849091 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1019076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the fungal growth ratio on loaded ventilation filters under various temperature, relative humidity (RH), and air flow conditions in a controlled laboratory setting. A new full-size commercial building ventilation filter was loaded with malt extract nutrients and conidia of Cladosporium sphaerospermum in an ASHRAE Standard 52.2 filter test facility. Small sections cut from this filter were incubated under the following conditions: constant room temperature and a high RH of 97%; sinusoidal temperature (with an amplitude of 10°C, an average of 23°C, and a period of 24 hr) and a mean RH of 97%; room temperature and step changes between 97% and 75% RH, 97% and 43% RH, and 97% and 11% RH every 12 hr. The biomass on the filter sections was measured using both an elution-culture method and by ergosterol assay immediately after loading and every 2 days up to 10 days after loading. Fungal growth was detected earlier using ergosterol content than with the elution-culture method. A student's t-test indicated that Cladosporium sphaerospermum grew better at the constant room temperature condition than at the sinusoidal temperature condition. By part-time exposure to dry environments, the fungal growth was reduced (75% and 43% RH) or even inhibited (11% RH). Additional loaded filters were installed in the wind tunnel at room temperature and an RH greater than 95% under one of two air flow test conditions: continuous air flow or air flow only 9 hr/day with a flow rate of 0.7 m(3)/s (filter media velocity 0.15 m/s). Swab tests and a tease mount method were used to detect fungal growth on the filters at day 0, 5, and 10. Fungal growth was detected for both test conditions, which indicates that when temperature and relative humidity are optimum, controlling the air flow alone cannot prevent fungal growth. In real applications where nutrients are less sufficient than in this laboratory study, fungal growth rate may be reduced under the same operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tang
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
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Hoisington A, Maestre JP, Siegel JA, Kinney KA. Exploring the microbiome of the built environment: A primer on four biological methods available to building professionals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.840524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Hygienic Design and Microbial Control of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems for Food Processing and Packaging Plants. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-012-9060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liang Y, Wu Y, Sun K, Chen Q, Shen F, Zhang J, Yao M, Zhu T, Fang J. Rapid inactivation of biological species in the air using atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3360-8. [PMID: 22385302 DOI: 10.1021/es203770q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, nonthermal plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system was applied to inactivating aerosolized Bacillus subtilis cells and Pseudomonas fluorescens as well as indoor and outdoor bioaerosols. The culturability, viability, and diversity losses of the microorganisms in air samples treated by the plasma for 0.06-0.12 s were studied using culturing, DNA stain as well as polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) methods. In addition, the viable fraction of bacterial aerosols with and without the plasma treatment was also quantified using qPCR coupled with ethidium monoazide (EMA). It was shown that less than 2% of B. subtilis aerosols survived the plasma treatment of 0.12 s, while none of the P. fluorescens aerosols survived. Viability tests, EMA-qPCR results, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that both bacterial species suffered significant viability loss, membrane, and DNA damages. Exposure of environmental bacterial and fungal aerosols to the plasma for 0.06 s also resulted in their significant inactivations, more than 95% for bacteria and 85-98% for fungal species. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that plasma exposure of 0.06 s resulted in culturable bacterial aerosol diversity loss for both environments, especially pronounced for indoor environment. The results here demonstrate that nonthermal plasma exposure could offer a highly efficient air decontamination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Effect of enhanced ultraviolet germicidal irradiation in the heating ventilation and air conditioning system on ventilator-associated pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2011; 31:607-14. [PMID: 21436785 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2011.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that enhanced ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (eUVGI) installed in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) would decrease HVAC and NICU environment microbes, tracheal colonization and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). STUDY DESIGN The study was designed as a prospective interventional pre- and post-single-center study. University-affiliated Regional Perinatal Center NICU. Intubated patients in the NICU were evaluated for colonization, and a high-risk sub-population of infants <30 weeks gestation ventilated for ≥ 14 days was studied for VAP. eUVGI was installed in the NICU's remote HVACs. The HVACs, NICU environment and intubated patients' tracheas were cultured pre- and post-eUVGI for 12 months. The high-risk patients were studied for VAP (positive bacterial tracheal culture, increased ventilator support, worsening chest radiograph and ≥ 7 days of antibiotics). RESULT Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were cultured from all sites. eUVGI significantly decreased HVAC organisms (baseline 500,000 CFU cm(-2); P=0.015) and NICU environmental microbes (P<0.0001). Tracheal microbial loads decreased 45% (P=0.004), and fewer patients became colonized. VAP in the high-risk cohort fell from 74% (n=31) to 39% (n=18), P=0.04. VAP episodes per patient decreased (Control: 1.2 to eUVGI: 0.4; P=0.004), and antibiotic usage was 62% less (P=0.013). CONCLUSION eUVGI decreased HVAC microbial colonization and was associated with reduced NICU environment and tracheal microbial colonization. Significant reductions in VAP and antibiotic use were also associated with eUVGI in this single-center study. Large randomized multicenter trials are needed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The short-term effects of particulate matter (PM) on mortality and morbidity differ by geographic location and season. Several hypotheses have been proposed for this variation, including different exposures with air conditioning (AC) versus open windows. METHODS Bayesian hierarchical modeling was used to explore whether AC prevalence modified day-to-day associations between PM10 and mortality, and between PM2.5 and cardiovascular or respiratory hospitalizations, for those 65 years and older. We considered yearly, summer-only, and winter-only effect estimates and 2 types of AC (central and window units). RESULTS Communities with higher AC prevalence had lower PM effects. Associations were observed for cardiovascular hospitalizations and central AC. Each additional 20% of households with central AC was associated with a 43% decrease in PM2.5 effects on cardiovascular hospitalization. Central AC prevalence explained 17% of between-community variability in PM2.5 effect estimates for cardiovascular hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS Higher AC prevalence was associated with lower health effect estimates for PM.
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Bolashikov Z, Melikov A. Methods for air cleaning and protection of building occupants from airborne pathogens. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2009; 44:1378-1385. [PMID: 32288004 PMCID: PMC7116925 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to draw the attention of the scientific community towards the elevated risks of airborne transmission of diseases and the associated risks of epidemics or pandemics. The complexity of the problem and the need for multidisciplinary research is highlighted. The airborne route of transmission, i.e. the generation of pathogen laden droplets originating in the respiratory tract of an infected individual, the survivability of the pathogens, their dispersal indoors and their transfer to a healthy person are reviewed. The advantages and the drawbacks of air dilution, filtration, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), plasmacluster ions and other technologies for air disinfection and purification from pathogens are analyzed with respect to currently used air distribution principles. The importance of indoor air characteristics, such as temperature, relative humidity and velocity for the efficiency of each method is analyzed, taking into consideration the nature of the pathogens themselves. The applicability of the cleaning methods to the different types of total volume air distribution used at present indoors, i.e. mixing, displacement and underfloor ventilation, as well as advanced air distribution techniques (such as personalized ventilation) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.D. Bolashikov
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +45 4525 4038; fax: +45 4593 2166.
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35
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Stanley NJ, Kuehn TH, Kim SW, Raynor PC, Anantharaman S, Ramakrishnan MA, Goyal SM. Background culturable bacteria aerosol in two large public buildings using HVAC filters as long term, passive, high-volume air samplers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:474-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b719316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Poirot JL, Gangneux JP, Fischer A, Malbernard M, Challier S, Laudinet N, Bergeron V. Evaluation of a new mobile system for protecting immune-suppressed patients against airborne contamination. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:460-6. [PMID: 17765558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive aspergillosis is one of the most lethal airborne dangers for immune-suppressed subjects. Providing patient protection from such airborne threats requires costly and high-maintenance facilities. We herein evaluate a new self-contained mobile unit as an alternative for creating a patient protective environment. METHODS Airborne contamination levels were monitored for different simulated scenarios and under actual clinical conditions. Functional tests were used to challenge the unit under adverse conditions, and a preliminary clinical study with patients and staff present was performed at 2 different French hospitals. RESULTS Functional tests demonstrated that the unit can rapidly decontaminate air in the protected zone created by the unit and in the surrounding room. In addition, the protected zone is not sensitive to large disturbances that occur in the room. The clinical study included 4 patients with 150 accumulated days of testing. The protected zone created by the unit systematically provided an environment with undetectable airborne fungal levels (ie, <1 CFU/m(3)) regardless of the levels in the room or corridor (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS These tests show that the unit can be used to create a mobile protective environment for immune-suppressed patients in a standard hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Poirot
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
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Wilson SC, Palmatier RN, Andriychuk LA, Martin JM, Jumper CA, Holder HW, Straus DC. Mold contamination and air handling units. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2007; 4:483-91. [PMID: 17487721 DOI: 10.1080/15459620701389909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted on selected locations in air handling units (AHUs) to (a) identify common mold species found on these locations, (b) determine whether some locations (and subsets) featured mold growth sites more frequently than others, (c) ascertain whether the operating condition of AHUs is related to mold contamination, and (d) provide a basis for a microbial sampling protocol for AHUs. A total of 566 tape lifts and 570 swab samples were collected from the blower wheel fan blades, insulation, cooling coil fins, and ductwork from 25 AHUs. All AHU conditions were numerically rated using a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) survey. Results showed that Cladosporium sp. fungi were commonly recovered in terms of growth sites and deposited spores, and they were found mainly in the blower wheel fan blades, the ductwork, and the cooling coil fins. Subsections of the fan blades, insulation, and cooling coil fins showed no preferred area for mold growth sites. Other organisms such as Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Paecilomyces sp. were recovered from the cooling coil fins and insulation. Because of the widespread prevalence of Cladosporium sp., there was no relationship between mold growth and operating condition. However, the presence of different species of molds in locations other than the blower wheel blades may indicate that the AHU condition is not optimal. A suggested microbial sampling protocol including interpretations of sample results is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Wilson
- Center for Indoor Air Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
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McLellan E, Fenton P. The problem with Penicillium. J Hosp Infect 2007; 66:87-8. [PMID: 17428578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Farnsworth JE, Goyal SM, Kim SW, Kuehn TH, Raynor PC, Ramakrishnan MA, Anantharaman S, Tang W. Development of a method for bacteria and virus recovery from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 8:1006-13. [PMID: 17240906 DOI: 10.1039/b606132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work presented here is to study the effectiveness of building air handling units (AHUs) in serving as high volume sampling devices for airborne bacteria and viruses. An HVAC test facility constructed according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999 was used for the controlled loading of HVAC filter media with aerosolized bacteria and virus. Nonpathogenic Bacillus subtilis var. niger was chosen as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis. Three animal viruses; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), avian pneumovirus (APV), and fowlpox virus were chosen as surrogates for three human viruses; SARS coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and smallpox virus; respectively. These bacteria and viruses were nebulized in separate tests and injected into the test duct of the test facility upstream of a MERV 14 filter. SKC Biosamplers upstream and downstream of the test filter served as reference samplers. The collection efficiency of the filter media was calculated to be 96.5 +/- 1.5% for B. subtilis, however no collection efficiency was measured for the viruses as no live virus was ever recovered from the downstream samplers. Filter samples were cut from the test filter and eluted by hand-shaking. An extraction efficiency of 105 +/- 19% was calculated for B. subtilis. The viruses were extracted at much lower efficiencies (0.7-20%). Our results indicate that the airborne concentration of spore-forming bacteria in building AHUs may be determined by analyzing the material collected on HVAC filter media, however culture-based analytical techniques are impractical for virus recovery. Molecular-based identification techniques such as PCR could be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Farnsworth
- Engineering Department, TSI Incorporated, 500 Cardigan Road, Saint Paul, MN 55126-3903, USA
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Hitchcock PJ, Mair M, Inglesby TV, Gross J, Henderson DA, O'Toole T, Ahern-Seronde J, Bahnfleth WP, Brennan T, Burroughs HEB, Davidson C, Delp W, Ensor DS, Gomory R, Olsiewski P, Samet JM, Smith WM, Streifel AJ, White RH, Woods JE. Improving Performance of HVAC Systems to Reduce Exposure to Aerosolized Infectious Agents in Buildings; Recommendations to Reduce Risks Posed by Biological Attacks. Biosecur Bioterror 2006; 4:41-54. [PMID: 16545023 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2006.4.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of biological attacks is a growing strategic threat. Covert aerosol attacks inside a building are of particular concern. In the summer of 2005, the Center for Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center convened a Working Group to determine what steps could be taken to reduce the risk of exposure of building occupants after an aerosol release of a biological weapon. The Working Group was composed of subject matter experts in air filtration, building ventilation and pressurization, air conditioning and air distribution, biosecurity, building design and operation, building decontamination and restoration, economics, medicine, public health, and public policy. The group focused on functions of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in commercial or public buildings that could reduce the risk of exposure to deleterious aerosols following biological attacks. The Working Group's recommendations for building owners are based on the use of currently available, off-the-shelf technologies. These recommendations are modest in expense and could be implemented immediately. It is also the Working Group's judgment that the commitment and stewardship of a lead government agency is essential to secure the necessary financial and human resources and to plan and build a comprehensive, effective program to reduce exposure to aerosolized infectious agents in buildings.
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Hitchcock PJ, Mair M, Inglesby TV, Gross J, Henderson DA, O'Toole T, Ahern-Seronde J, Bahnfleth WP, Brennan T, Burroughs HEB, Davidson C, Delp W, Ensor DS, Gomory R, Olsiewski P, Samet JM, Smith WM, Streifel AJ, White RH, Woods JE. Improving Performance of HVAC Systems to Reduce Exposure to Aerosolized Infectious Agents in Buildings; Recommendations to Reduce Risks Posed by Biological Attacks. Biosecur Bioterror 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2006.4.ft-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yao M, Mainelis G, An HR. Inactivation of microorganisms using electrostatic fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:3338-44. [PMID: 15926587 DOI: 10.1021/es048808x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated whether electrostatic fields can be used to inactivate surface-borne and airborne microorganisms. Vegetative cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis var. niger were deposited on filters and subjected to electrostatic fields of different strengths and polarities for controlled time periods. In addition, P. fluorescens bacteria, which represent sensitive species, were aerosolized and exposed to electrostatic fields of up to +/- 10 kV/cm. The results have shown that more than 90% of the P. fluorescens cells deposited on the surface of nonconductive filters are inactivated when fields of 15 kV/cm are applied for 30 min or longer. Similar effects were observed when P. fluorescens were exposed to fields of 5 and 10 kV/cm for 2 h. In contrast, the culturability of B. subtilisvar. niger cells exposed under the same conditions did not substantially decrease. Exposure of airborne P. fluorescens to +/- 10 kV/cm for 30 s also did not result in a significant reduction of culturability. This research has shown that specific combinations of electrostatic field strength and exposure time can be used to effectively inactivate certain bacterial cells deposited on nonconductive surfaces. For the investigated conditions, the treatment was not effective for bacteria in the airborne state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Yao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8551, USA
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