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Nhara RB, Marume U, Nantapo CWT. Potential of Organic Acids, Essential Oils and Their Blends in Pig Diets as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:762. [PMID: 38473146 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the use of management and feeding strategies to enhance pig productivity while minimizing the use of antibiotic growth promoters has grown. Antibiotic growth promoters have been widely used as feed additives to reduce diet-related stress and improve pig performance. However, increasing concern about the consequences of long-term and increased use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal production has led to a paradigm shift towards the use of natural organic alternatives such as plant essential oils and organic acids in pig nutrition to enhance growth. Antibiotic growth promoters endanger human health by allowing multidrug-resistant genes to be transferred horizontally from non-pathogenic to pathogenic bacteria, as well as directly between animals and humans. Scientific research shows that alternative growth promoters such as essential oils and organic acids appear to improve pigs' ability to prevent pathogenic bacteria from colonizing the intestinal system, stabilizing the gut microflora and promoting eubiosis, as well as improving immunity and antioxidant stability. The purpose of this review was to provide an in-depth review of organic acids and essential oils as growth promoters in pig production, as well as their effects on productivity and meat quality. Organic acids and essential oils in pig diets are a safe way to improve pig performance and welfare while producing antibiotic-free pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai Blessing Nhara
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo P.O. Box 1235, Zimbabwe
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Upenyu Marume
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Carlos Wyson Tawanda Nantapo
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Yoo SB, Song YS, Seo S, Kim BG. Effects of Supplemental Benzoic Acid, Bromelain, Adipic Acid, and Humic Substances on Nitrogen Utilization, Urine pH, Slurry pH, and Manure Odorous Compounds in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:82. [PMID: 38200813 PMCID: PMC10778150 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, bromelain, adipic acid, and humic substance supplementation on nitrogen balance, urinary pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs. Fifteen castrated male pigs with an initial body weight of 37.9 kg (standard deviation = 4.1) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The animals were allocated to a triplicated 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 15 animals, 5 experimental diets, and 2 periods. The basal diet mainly consisted of corn, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. Four experimental diets were prepared by supplementing each additive at a concentration of 10 g/kg at the expense of corn starch to the basal diet. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period, a 24 h collection period for slurry sampling, and a 4-day collection period for feces and urine. The feces and urine collected for 24 h on day 5 were mixed at a ratio of fecal weight and urine weight to obtain slurry samples. The apparent total tract digestibility N in pigs fed the humic substance diet was the least (p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. The daily retained N and N retention as % ingested tended (p < 0.10) to be the lowest in the adipic acid group among the treatments. The urinary pH in pigs fed the adipic acid diet was less (p < 0.05) than that in other groups except the benzoic acid group. The slurry pH tended to differ among the treatment groups (p = 0.074) with the lowest value in the pigs fed the adipic acid diet. The concentrations of indole in slurry (p = 0.084) and isovalerate in feces (p = 0.062) tended to differ among the groups with the lowest values in the pigs fed the humic substance diet. In conclusion, adipic acid supplementation in pig diets can decrease urinary pH and slurry pH. Although benzoic acid and adipic acid have limited effects in reducing odorous compounds, humic substances have the potential to reduce some odorous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bin Yoo
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.B.Y.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Yoon Soo Song
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.B.Y.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Siyoung Seo
- Animal Environmental Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.B.Y.); (Y.S.S.)
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3
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Beckmüller E, Kluess J, Hüther L, Kersten S, Kölln M, Wilke V, Visscher C, Dänicke S, Grümpel-Schlüter A. Effects of dietary-reduced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on N and P balance, retention and nutrient digestibility of contemporary fattening pigs fed ad libitum. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:468-486. [PMID: 38086826 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2288721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in fattening pigs' diets is one possible approach to lower N and P excretion in livestock farming relative to N and P intake. Due to the implementation of the European Nitrates Directive and the consecutive amendments to the German fertiliser legislation since 2017, N- and P-reduced diets for fattening pigs are becoming more and more important and are increasingly used in practice. To investigate the effects of such diets on N and P balance and retention as well as on nutrient digestibility of contemporary fattening pigs, a balance experiment was performed with eight barrows (average live weight = 61.5 ± 2.1 kg) which were surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. The pigs received a control diet meeting nutrient requirements (CON) and an N- and P-reduced diet (NPred) ad libitum (n = 4/diet) in a 3-phased feeding regimen (3 weeks/phase). In the last week of each phase, faeces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 days followed by a 2 × 12 hours collection of ileal digesta. Daily feed intake, live weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio did not differ between CON and NPred. NPred-fed pigs consumed 10.5% (p = 0.006) and excreted 28.3% (p = 0.028) less N than CON-fed pigs. Phosphorus excretion was lowered by 15.1% in NPred-fed pigs (p = 0.012). N and P retention did not differ between CON and NPred, but were elevated in comparison to other studies. N and P efficiency, expressed as nutrient retention divided by nutrient intake, was higher in NPred - than CON-fed pigs (N: 68 vs 60%, P: 54.2 vs 49.3%). Apparent post-ileal digestibility coefficient (DCpost-ileal) and apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (DCtotal) of crude protein were higher in NPred - than CON-fed pigs (p < 0.013), but apparent precaecal digestibility coefficient (DCpc) of crude protein was unaffected by diet. DCpc, DCpost-ileal and DCtotal of P were similar for CON- and NPred-fed pigs. NPred-fed pigs showed an elevated DCpc and DCtotal of organic matter, N-free-extractives and starch compared to CON-fed pigs. DCpc of calcium was also higher in NPred-fed pigs. In conclusion, the results suggest that N- and P-reduced feeding of fattening pigs remains an effective strategy to lower the N and P release into the environment. Furthermore, results indicate that N- and P-reduced feeding leads to a higher N and P efficiency in contemporary fattening pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Beckmüller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mareike Kölln
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover - Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover - Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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Hou D, Li M, Li P, Chen B, Huang W, Guo H, Cao J, Zhao H. Effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, antioxidant status, inflammatory response and resistance to hypoxic stress in juvenile largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265963. [PMID: 38022555 PMCID: PMC10656595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, inflammatory factors, and hypoxic stress in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Diets were supplemented with different doses of SB at 0 (SB0), 0.5 (SB1), 1.0 (SB2) and 2.0 (SB3) g/kg. The hypoxic stress experiment was performed after 56 days of culture. The results showed that compared with the SB0 group, the final body weight, weight gain rate and protein deposition rate of the SB3 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while FCR was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The contents of dry matter, crude lipids, and ash in the SB2 group were significantly higher than those in the SB0 group (P<0.05). The urea level was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the glucose content was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the SB supplement group. Compared with the SB0 group, the SB2 group had significant reductions in the levels of serum triglyceride, cholesterol, elevated-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (P<0.05), and significant reductions in the levels of liver alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde (P<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity of the SB1 group was higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). Compared with the SB0 group, the mRNA expression of TLR22, MyD88, TGF-β1, IL-1β and IL-8 in the SB2 group significantly decreased (P<0.05). The cumulative mortality rate was significantly decreased in the SB2 and SB3 groups in comparison with that in the SB0 group after three hours of hypoxic stress (P<0.05). In a 56-day feeding trial, SB enhanced largemouth bass growth by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and inhibiting TLR22-MyD88 signaling, therefore increasing cumulative mortality from hypoxic stress in largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Peijia Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junming Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu J, Song Y, Xiao Y, Ma L, Hu C, Yang H, Wang X, Lyu W. Metagenomic reconstructions of caecal microbiome in Landes, Roman and Zhedong White geese. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:565-576. [PMID: 37493577 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2239172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
1. The caecal microbiota in geese play a crucial role in determining the host's health, disease status and behaviour, as evidenced by extensive epidemiological data. The present investigation conducted 10× metagenomic sequencing of caecal content samples obtained from three distinct goose species, namely Landes geese, Roman geese and Zhedong White geese (n = 5), to explore the contribution of the gut microbiome to carbohydrate metabolism.2. In total, 337GB of Illumina data were generated, which identified 1,048,575 complete genes and construction of 331 metagenomic bins, encompassing 78 species from nine phyla. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteria were identified as the dominant phyla while Prevotella, Bacteroides, Streptococcus, and Subdoligranulum were the most abundant genera in the caecum of geese.3. The genes were allocated to 375 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analysis. The most abundant classes in the caecum of geese were confirmed to be glycoside hydrolases (GHs), glycosyl transferases (GTs), as identified through the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) database mapping. Subdoligranulum variabile and Mediterraneibacter glycyrrhizinilyticus were discovered to potentially facilitate carbohydrate digestion in geese.4. Notwithstanding, further investigation and validation are required to establish a connection between these species and CAZymes. Based on binning analysis, Mediterraneibacter glycyrrhizinilyticus and Ruminococcus sp. CAG:177 are potential species in LD geese that contribute to the production of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - L Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Hu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Tsekouras N, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Labronikou G, Athanasakopoulou Z, Christodoulopoulos G, Billinis C, Papatsiros VG. Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridia in the Aetiology of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea: Important Factors for Their Prevention. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051092. [PMID: 37240738 DOI: 10.3390/life13051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to research the involvement of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and C. difficile or C. perfringens type C in the aetiology of neonatal piglet diarrhoea in Greece and to identify preventive factors for them. A total of 78 pooled faecal samples were collected randomly from 234 suckling piglets (1-4 days of age) with diarrhoea from 26 pig farms (3 piglets × 3 litters × 26 farms = 234 piglets = 78 faecal pool samples). The collected samples were initially screened for the presence of E. coli and C. difficile or C. perfringens via cultivation on MacConkey and anaerobic blood agar, respectively. Subsequently, the samples were pooled on ELUTE cards. From samples tested, 69.23% of those in the farms were ETEC F4-positive, 30.77% were ETEC F5-positive, 61.54% ETEC were F6-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F4- and E. coli enterotoxin LT-positive, 19.23% were ETEC F5- and LT-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F6- and LT-positive, while LT was found in 57.69% of those in the farms. C. difficile was involved in many cases and identified as an emerging neonatal diarrhoea etiological agent. Specifically, Toxin A of C. difficile was found in 84.62% and Toxin B in 88.46% of those in the farms. Antibiotic administration to sows in combination with probiotics or acidifiers was revealed to reduce the detection of antigens of ETEC and the enterotoxin LT of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsekouras
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Michiels J, Truffin D, Majdeddin M, Van Poucke M, Van Liefferinge E, Van Noten N, Vandaele M, Van Kerschaver C, Degroote J, Peelman L, Linder P. Gluconic acid improves performance of newly weaned piglets associated with alterations in gut microbiome and fermentation. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:10. [PMID: 37016456 PMCID: PMC10074721 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weaning is a critical phase in the pigs' life and gut health might be compromised. Gluconic acid was shown to be poorly absorbed but readily fermented to butyrate in the gut which in turn can improve gut function. Hence, a total of 144 weaning pigs were fed the experimental diets for 42 days. Three treatments were replicated in 8 pens with 6 piglets each: control; low dietary dose of gluconic acid, 9 g/kg; and high dietary dose of gluconic acid, 18 g/kg. After 21 days, one piglet from each pen was sampled for blood haematology and biochemistry, fore- and hindgut digesta characteristics and microbiota, and distal small intestinal histo-morphological indices and gene expression. RESULTS Feeding gluconic acid enhanced performance in period d 0-14 post-weaning, in particular feed intake was increased (P = 0.028), though the high dose did not show benefits over the low dose. Regarding d 0-42, feed intake was elevated (P = 0.026). At d 21, piglets fed 18 g/kg gluconic acid showed a trend for lower number of total white blood cells (P = 0.060), caused by particularly lower numbers of lymphocytes as compared to control (P = 0.028). Highly reduced plasma urea was found for groups fed gluconic acid, it amounted to 2.6 and 2.6 mmol/L for the 9 and 18 g/kg level, respectively, as compared to 3.8 mmol/L in control (P = 0.003). Feeding gluconic acid promoted the relative abundance of lactic-acid-producing and acid-utilizing bacteria. In distal small intestine, Lactobacillus amylovorus increased substantially from 11.3 to 82.6% for control and gluconic acid 18 g/kg, respectively (P < 0.05). In mid-colon, the butyrate producers Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P > 0.05) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P < 0.05) showed highest abundance in gluconic acid 18 g/kg. Consequently, in caecum and mid-colon, increased relative molar percentage of butyrate were found, e.g., 10.0, 12.9 et 14.7% in caecum for gluconic acid at 0, 9, and 18 g/kg, respectively (P = 0.046). Elevated mRNA anti-inflammatory cytokine and survival signalling levels in distal small intestinal mucosa were found by feeding gluconic acid which might be mediated by butyrate. CONCLUSIONS Gluconic acid may have potential to alleviate the postweaning growth-check in pigs by altering microbiota composition and fermentation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Damien Truffin
- Roquette Frères, 1 rue de La Haute Loge, 62136, Lestrem, France
| | - Maryam Majdeddin
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Van Poucke
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elout Van Liefferinge
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie Van Noten
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Vandaele
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Céline Van Kerschaver
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Peelman
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Linder
- Roquette Frères, 1 rue de La Haute Loge, 62136, Lestrem, France
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Wang L, Wang C, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yin Y. Research progress on anti-stress nutrition strategies in swine. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:342-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Fan W, Sun X, Cui G, Li Q, Xu Y, Wang L, Li X, Hu B, Chi Z. A strategy of co-fermentation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and lignocellulosic feedstocks as swine feed. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:212-226. [PMID: 35658696 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2027337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To meet the sustainable development of the swine feed industry, it is essential to find alternative feed resources and develop new feed processing technologies. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product from the ethanol industry consisting of adequate nutrients for swine and is an excellent choice for the swine farming industry. Here, a strategy of co-fermentation of DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks for production of swine feed was discussed. The potential of the DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks as feedstock for fermented pig feed and the complementary relationship between them were described. In order to facilitate the swine feed research in co-fermentation of DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks, the relevant studies on strain selection, fermentation conditions, targeted metabolism, product nutrition, as well as the growth and health of swine were collected and critically reviewed. This review proposed an approach for the production of easily digestible and highly nutritious swine feed via co-fermentation of DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks, which could provide a guide for cleaner swine farming, relieve stress on the increasing demand of high-value swine feed, and finally support the ever-increasing demand of the pork market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Guannan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qunliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Zhanyou Chi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Fontoura ABP, Sáinz de la Maza-Escolà V, Richards AT, Tate BN, Van Amburgh ME, Grilli E, McFadden JW. Effects of dietary organic acid and pure botanical supplementation on growth performance and circulating measures of metabolic health in Holstein calves challenged by heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2904-2918. [PMID: 36797185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of heat stress environmental conditioning and dietary supplementation with organic acid and pure botanicals (OA/PB) on growth in dairy calves, we enrolled 62 bull (noncastrated) and heifer calves in a study with a completely randomized design. Calves were assigned to 1 of 5 groups (n = 11 to 14/group): (1) thermoneutral conditions (TN-Con), (2) HS conditions (HS-Con), (3) thermoneutral conditions and pair-fed to match nutrient intake with HS-Con (TN-PF), (4) HS with low-dose OA/PB [75 mg/kg of body weight (BW); 25% citric acid, 16.7% sorbic acid, 1.7% thymol, 1.0% vanillin, and 55.6% triglyceride; HS-Low], or (5) HS with high-dose OA/PB (150 mg/kg of BW; HS-High). Supplements were delivered as a twice-daily bolus via the esophagus from wk 1 through 13 of life; all calves, including those on the control treatments, received an equivalent amount of triglyceride used for microencapsulation. Calves were raised in TN conditions from birth until weaning. After weaning, calves (62 ± 2 d; 91 ± 10.9 kg of BW) were transported to a new facility and remained in TN conditions [temperature-humidity index (THI): 60 to 69] for a 7-d covariate period. Thereafter, calves remained in TN or were moved to HS conditions (THI: diurnal change 75 to 83 during night and day, respectively) for 19 d. Clinical assessments were performed thrice daily, BW was recorded weekly, and blood was sampled on d 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, and 19. Upon experiment completion, calves from HS-Con and TN-Con were euthanized, and hot carcass and visceral organ weights were recorded. The mixed model included calf as a random effect; treatment, day, hour (when appropriate) as fixed effects, and the interactions of treatment × day and treatment × hour (when appropriate). Rectal and skin temperatures and respiration rates were greater in HS-Con than in TN-Con. During heat stress exposure, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F) were lower in HS-Con relative to TN-Con. Comparing HS-Con and TN-PF, ADG and G:F were similar. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were elevated in TN-PF compared with HS-Con and TN-Con. Despite tendencies for increased aspartate aminotransferase, HS conditions did not overtly influence liver and inflammation markers. Liver weights were lower in HS-Con relative to TN-Con. During the first week of heat exposure, DMI was greater for HS-Low relative to HS-Con. Supplementation of OA/PB at low and high levels had a similar G:F to HS-Con. We conclude that reductions in DMI accounted for production losses during HS conditioning and that dietary OA/PB supplementation was not able to improve growth performance in heat-stressed calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B P Fontoura
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - V Sáinz de la Maza-Escolà
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - A T Richards
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - B N Tate
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Grilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy; Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia 42124, Italy
| | - J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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11
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Stingelin GM, Scherer RS, Machado AC, Piva A, Grilli E, Penha Filho RC. The use of thymol, carvacrol and sorbic acid in microencapsules to control Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Minnesota and S. Typhimurium in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1046395. [PMID: 36686174 PMCID: PMC9846790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The control of Salmonella spp. in poultry involves different biosecurity actions and lately has been complicated by the emergence of multidrug resistant serovars. The application of organic acids and essential oils has been used with different approaches due to the antibacterial properties as food preservatives. The use of these molecules in animal feed to control enteric pathogens is a major interest within the poultry industry. Methods The use of a blend containing nature-identical compounds of sorbic acid (25%), thymol (9.5%) and carvacrol (2.5%) microencapsulated in a lipid matrix, was investigated in the present work, for the control of three Salmonella serovars (S. ser. Typhimurium, S. ser. Heidelberg and S. ser. Minnesota). Commercial broilers were challenged at 3 or at 33 days of age. Groups SH-1, SM-1 and ST-1, received treatment in the feed, at 2 kg/ton from 1-21 days of age and at 1 kg/ton from 35-42 days of age (last week), while groups SH-2, SM-2 and ST-2, were treated only during the last week receiving 2 kg/ton. Each treated group had an untreated control group, that was challenged at the same moment with the respective serovar (groups PCH, PCM and PCT). The challenge strains were enumerated in liver and cecal contents, weekly after challenge, at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days-of-age. Results and discussion Significant reduction was noticed at 7 and 14 days of age in all groups that received treatment during the initial phase (p < 0.05). Moreover, the body weight was significantly higher at the last experimental day (p < 0.05) in chickens that received treatment at the initial and at the final growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy,DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy,DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael Casarin Penha Filho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil,*Correspondence: Rafael Casarin Penha Filho
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12
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Aliverdi‐Nasab K, Zhandi M, Yousefi AR, Zahedi V, Rafieian‐Naeini HR. The effect of acidifier supplementation on egg production performance and intestinal histology of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:263-271. [PMID: 36520666 PMCID: PMC9857003 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acidifier are substances with antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, performance and health benefits that are frequently employed in feed acidification, especially in poultry diet. Meanwhile, the most important factor for acidifier efficiency is the proportion of different acids in the final product. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of a commercial acidifier on egg production and histology of the small intestine in laying Japanese quail. METHODS One-hundred and sixty female quails at 15 weeks of age were divided into four groups and fed basal diet supplemented with different levels of acidifier (0, 1, 2 and 3 gr acidifier/kg of basal diet) for 8 weeks. Egg production, egg quality attributes and body weight (BW) were measured every 2 weeks. Histology of the small intestine and bacterial population of cecum as well as pH of crop, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum contents were also investigated at the end of the experiment. RESULTS Feed conversion ratio (FCR), yolk height, shell thickness, pH of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum; duodenum, villus width (VW), villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD); jejunum VH, VW and ileum VH to CD ratio (VCR) were linearly improved by the increasing levels of acidifier supplementation (P < 0.05). Duodenum VH increased in a linear and quadratic manner in response to increasing levels of acidifier. Egg weight, yolk diameter, jejunum CD, ileum CD, ileum VW, duodenum CD and jejunum VCR quadratically improved by grading levels of acidifier (P < 0.01). BW, albumen height, Haugh unit, ileum VH and ileum VCR were cubically enhanced (P < 0.05). Acidifier supplementation enhanced egg production, FCR, jejunum, ileum and cecum pH and VH, CD and VW of duodenum and jejunum, compared to the control group (P < 0.05); however, dietary acidifier did not affect egg mass, gizzard pH, ileum VH and bacterial count of the cecum (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, as calculated, the supplementation of 1 and 2.6 g acidifier per kg of diet was associated with beneficial effects on egg production and quality, gastrointestinal tract pH and histology of the small intestine in laying quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Aliverdi‐Nasab
- Department of Animal ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, AlborzKarajIran
| | - Mahdi Zhandi
- Department of Animal ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, AlborzKarajIran
| | - Ali Reza Yousefi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental AnimalsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
| | - Vahid Zahedi
- Department of Animal ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, AlborzKarajIran
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13
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Wang L, Bergstrom J, Hahn J, Young M, Zijlstra R. Acid-binding capacity of feed in swine nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Dahmer PL, Harrison OL, Jones CK. Effects of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate on weanling pig growth performance, fecal consistency, fecal microbiota, and serum immunity. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac145. [PMID: 36425847 PMCID: PMC9682209 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A total of 350 weanling pigs (DNA 400 × 200; initially, 5.67 ± 0.06 kg BW) were used in a 42-day study with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replicate pens per treatment. At weaning, pigs were allotted to pens in a completely randomized design and pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments: 1) negative control (CON; standard nursery diet containing only 150 ppm Zn from trace mineral premix and no acidifier); 2) control diet with 3,000 ppm added zinc from ZnO included in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added zinc from ZnO included in phase 2 (ZnO); 3) control diet with 0.70% formic acid (FA; Amasil NA; BASF, Florham, NJ); 4) control diet with 0.18% glycerol monolaurate (GML; Natural Biologics GML, Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY); and 5) control diet with a 1.0% blend of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate (FORMI; FORMI 3G, ADDCON GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to d 28 and were then fed a common diet from d 28 to d 42. From days 0 to 7, pigs fed ZnO or FORMI had increased (P = 0.03) ADG compared to pigs fed CON, with no difference in feed intake (P > 0.05). Overall, pigs fed GML had reduced (P < 0.0001) ADG compared with those fed the CON, ZnO, or FORMI diets. Fecal DM was evaluated from days 7 to 28 and there was a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04). Pigs fed GML had a lower fecal DM % on day 7, but a higher fecal DM % on days 14 and 21; however, no differences in fecal DM were observed on day 28. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the same randomly selected pig on days 0 and 14 (70 pigs total;14 pigs per treatment) for analysis of fecal microbial populations using 16S rDNA sequencing. Dietary treatment did not significantly impact fecal microbiota at the phyla level, but pigs fed ZnO had an increased relative abundance (P < 0.01) of the family Clostridiaceae. A blood sample was also collected from one pig per pen on days 0 and 14 for analysis of serum IgA, IgG, and TNF-α. There was no evidence that dietary treatment effected IgA, IgG, or TNF-α concentrations. The effect of sampling day was significant (P < 0.05), where circulating IgA and TNF-α was increased and IgG was decreased from days 0 to 14. In summary, there is potential for a blend of formic acid and GML to improve growth performance immediately post-weaning without negatively impacting fecal consistency. Formic acid and GML alone or in combination did not impact fecal microbial populations or serum immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton L Dahmer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Olivia L Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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15
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Casetta J, Gasparino E, Ornaghi MG, da Silva CI, Toma AI, Oliveira GG, Ramos TR, Lala B, Claudino-Silva S. Microencapsulated dietary supplementation coupled with sexual inversion improves the immune and antioxidant response of Nile tilapia larvae under stressful conditions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:474-481. [PMID: 35792348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In tilapia aquaculture, the cultivation of single-sex animals is extremely widespread, as it allows for the standardization of lots, in addition to improving the general performance of the animals. However, it is possible that hormonal inversion interacts with other factors, such as environmental and nutritional management, and modulates the immune response and antioxidant system of animals in a distinct manner. In order to test this hypothesis, an experiment was carried out using Nile tilapia larvae six days after hatching, divided into four experimental groups: NI (non-inverted animals), I (sexual inverted animals), NI + M (non-inverted supplemented with microencapsulated products) and I + M (sexual inverted and supplemented with microencapsulated products; half of which were subjected to transportation-related stress after 28 days of the experiment. At the end, the survival rate was evaluated; the gene expression of heat shock protein (HSP70), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2) via RT-PCR; also evaluated were the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, as well as the total antioxidant capacity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Animals from the I and I + M groups had the highest survival rate (p < 0.001) regardless of transportation stress. The highest expressions of HSP70 were found in the NI group (p < 0.001, with and without transportation). For the IL-1β gene, there was an increase in expression for animals belonging to groups NI and NI + M (no transportation); and NI (p < 0.0001, with transportation). Increased COX 2 expression was observed for all groups after transportation (p < 0.0001). The highest SOD activities were observed in groups I and I + M (without transportation, p = 0.0004), and I (with transportation, p < 0.0001). The transportation decreased the total antioxidant capacity of DPPH in all treatments (p < 0.001). Finally, when evaluating all of the results together, we came to a conclusion that sex inversion improves the immune response and antioxidant profile of animals under stressful conditions when associated with microencapsulated dietary supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaísa Casetta
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gasparino
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Mariana Garcia Ornaghi
- Technical Department, Research and Development, Safeeds Nutrição Animal Ltda, Cascavel, Brazil
| | | | - Anny Izumi Toma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UniCesumar, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Lala
- Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Capitão Poço, Brazil; Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil.
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16
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Zeng X, Yang Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Li J, Yin Y, Yang H. Dietary butyrate, lauric acid and stearic acid improve gut morphology and epithelial cell turnover in weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:276-282. [PMID: 36263412 PMCID: PMC9556789 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Long S, Wang Q, He T, Ma J, Wang J, Liu S, Wang H, Liu L, Piao X. Maternal Dietary Forsythia suspensa Extract Supplementation Induces Changes in Offspring Antioxidant Status, Inflammatory Responses, Intestinal Development, and Microbial Community of Sows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:926822. [PMID: 35909697 PMCID: PMC9334818 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.926822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aims to investigate the effect of maternal diet supplemented with Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) on the performance, antioxidant status, inflammatory responses, intestinal development, and microbial community of sows. A total of 24 gestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were assigned to 2 treatments with 12 sows per treatment. From d 107 of gestation to d 21 of lactation, sows were supplemented with a basal diet as control (CON) or an FSE diet (basal diet + 100 mg/kg FSE). Compared with CON, sows fed FSE showed lower (P < 0.05) wean-to-estrus interval, body weight loss, and higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain of suckling piglet. Sows fed FSE had reduced (P < 0.05) serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content and enhanced (P < 0.05) catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) contents at farrowing and weaning compared with CON. The suckling piglets of FSE-fed sows had increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1 in the liver, and lower (P < 0.05) serum MDA content on d 0, 7, and 14 of lactation. Sows fed FSE had lower (P < 0.05) serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) contents at farrowing and reduced (P < 0.05) serum IL-6 and IL-8 contents at weaning compared with CON. Piglets from FSE-fed sows had enhanced (P ≤ 0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum, and higher (P < 0.05) protein expression of Occludin in jejunal mucosa compared with CON. Sows fed FSE tended to have higher (P = 0.09) relative abundance of Lactobacillus at genus level in feces at weaning compared with CON. Our results showed maternal diet supplemented with FSE in lactating sows could effectively induce improvement of performance, antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory function, intestinal morphology, barrier function, and microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenfei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Tianjin Zhongsheng Feed Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangshu Piao
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18
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Stas EB, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Gebhardt JT. Evaluation of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients and complete diets commonly used for weanling pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac104. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Some ingredients bind more acid in the stomach than others which can increase gastric pH in weaned pigs causing decreased protein digestion and allow pathogenic micro-organisms to proliferate. Our objective was to measure acid-binding capacity at a pH of 4 (ABC-4) of common nursery ingredients and determine additivity in diets. Ingredient categories included: cereal grains, vegetable proteins, animal proteins and milk, vitamin premixes and minerals, amino acids, and fiber sources. A 0.5-g sample of each ingredient was suspended in 50 mL of distilled deionized water and titrated with 0.1-N hydrochloric acid. Sample ABC-4 was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to lower 1 kg to a pH of 4. Cereal grains were found to have lower ABC-4 compared to other ingredients. Vegetable proteins had higher ABC-4 with more variation than cereal grains. Soybean meal (SBM) had an ABC-4 of 602 ± 28.2 meq. Soy protein concentrate and enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) had higher ABC-4 compared to SBM while fermented soybean meal (FSBM) was lower. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) had the highest ABC-4 among all ingredients with values of 21,863 ± 598.7 and 18,384 ± 769.7 meq, respectively. Following ingredient analysis, a series of diets were analyzed to determine additivity by comparing the differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 value. All diets analyzed had lower ABC-4 than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 increased along with calculated values across diets. The first series of diets were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial consisting of increasing CaCO3 with or without ZnO. There was a ZnO × CaCO3 interaction (P = 0.020) for difference between calculated and analyzed ABC-4. Within the interaction, differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 increased (linear, P < 0.001) as CaCO3 increased in diets without ZnO, but not in diets with ZnO. The second series of diets analyzed consisted of different levels of SBM with either FSBM or ESBM included at 5% of the diet. Differences between calculated and analyzed values were not different between treatments (P = 0.640). In conclusion, perfect ABC-4 additivity in diets was not found due to lower analyzed than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 still increased as calculated values increased. This data suggests diet ABC-4 can be adjusted through selection of ingredients but more feeding trials are needed to determine its impact on pig performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Stas
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
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Ayalew H, Zhang H, Wang J, Wu S, Qiu K, Qi G, Tekeste A, Wassie T, Chanie D. Potential Feed Additives as Antibiotic Alternatives in Broiler Production. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:916473. [PMID: 35782570 PMCID: PMC9247512 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.916473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aimed to describe the current use scenario, alternative feed additives, modes of action and ameliorative effects in broiler production. Alternative feed additives have promising importance in broiler production due to the ban on the use of certain antibiotics. The most used antibiotic alternatives in broiler production are phytogenics, organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics, enzymes, and their derivatives. Antibiotic alternatives have been reported to increase feed intake, stimulate digestion, improve feed efficiency, increase growth performance, and reduce the incidence of diseases by modulating the intestinal microbiota and immune system, inhibiting pathogens, and improving intestinal integrity. Simply, the gut microbiota is the target to raise the health benefits and growth-promoting effects of feed additives on broilers. Therefore, naturally available feed additives are promising antibiotic alternatives for broilers. Then, summarizing the category, mode of action, and ameliorative effects of potential antibiotic alternatives on broiler production may provide more informed decisions for broiler nutritionists, researchers, feed manufacturers, and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Ayalew
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haijun Zhang
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ayalsew Tekeste
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teketay Wassie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Demissie Chanie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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20
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Patience JF, Ramirez A. Invited review: strategic adoption of antibiotic-free pork production: the importance of a holistic approach. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac063. [PMID: 35854972 PMCID: PMC9278845 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the use of antibiotics to enhance growth in the 1950s proved to be one of the most dramatic and influential in the history of animal agriculture. Antibiotics have served animal agriculture, as well as human and animal medicine, well for more than seven decades, but emerging from this tremendous success has been the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, human medicine and animal agriculture are being called upon, through legislation and/or marketplace demands, to reduce or eliminate antibiotics as growth promotants and even as therapeutics. As explained in this review, adoption of antibiotic-free (ABF) pork production would represent a sea change. By identifying key areas requiring attention, the clear message of this review is that success with ABF production, also referred to as "no antibiotics ever," demands a multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. Too frequently, the topic has been approached in a piecemeal fashion by considering only one aspect of production, such as the use of certain feed additives or the adjustment in health management. Based on the literature and on practical experience, a more holistic approach is essential. It will require the modification of diet formulations to not only provide essential nutrients and energy, but to also maximize the effectiveness of normal immunological and physiological capabilities that support good health. It must also include the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives along with functional ingredients that have been shown to improve the utility and architecture of the gastrointestinal tract, to improve the microbiome, and to support the immune system. This holistic approach will require refining animal management strategies, including selection for more robust genetics, greater focus on care during the particularly sensitive perinatal and post-weaning periods, and practices that minimize social and environmental stressors. A clear strategy is needed to reduce pathogen load in the barn, such as greater emphasis on hygiene and biosecurity, adoption of a strategic vaccine program and the universal adoption of all-in-all-out housing. Of course, overall health management of the herd, as well as the details of animal flows, cannot be ignored. These management areas will support the basic biology of the pig in avoiding or, where necessary, overcoming pathogen challenges without the need for antibiotics, or at least with reduced usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ 85737, USA
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Manvatkar PN, Kulkarni RC, Awandkar SP, Chavhan SG, Durge SM, Avhad SR, Channa GR, Kulkarni MB. Performance of broiler chicken on dietary supplementation of protected organic acids blend. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:633-640. [PMID: 35543696 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2076211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. The fatty acid coated organic acids blend was evaluated for its potential as a growth promoter.2. A six-week experiment was conducted following a completely randomised design. One-day old broiler chicks (n=384) were randomly divided into four dietary groups (eight replicates per group). Diet treatments were an unsupplemented basal diet or containing 0.3, 0.6, and 1 g/kg of a coated organic acid blend. Birds were evaluated for growth performance, carcass traits, immune-competence, total viable count, and gut villus height.3. The broiler chickens fed with 1 g/kg organic acids blend showed significantly higher body weight gain with improved feed conversion ratio and lower mortality than those fed the basal diet.4. The carcass traits vis. eviscerated yield, dressing percentage, breast yield and relative weight of giblets, were significantly better in the group fed with 1 g/kg coated organic acids blend with reduction in abdominal fat.5. Significantly higher cell-mediated, humoral immune responses and villi height with higher lymphoid organ weight (bursa and thymus) and a significant decrease in the total viable count were recorded in birds fed 1 g/kg organic acids blend.6. The results indicated that dietary inclusion of coated organic acids blend (1 g/kg) improved growth performance, carcass traits, immunity, and gut health in broiler chicken and reduced total viable count and abdominal fat, indicating its potential role as a promising growth promoter in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandurang Narayan Manvatkar
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Ram Chandrakant Kulkarni
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sudhakar Pralhad Awandkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sambhaji Gulab Chavhan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sharad Moreshwar Durge
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sharad Rambhau Avhad
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Gangaprakah Ramanna Channa
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Mahesh Balwant Kulkarni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
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Muhizi S, Cho S, Palanisamy T, Kim IH. Effect of dietary salicylic acid supplementation on performance and
blood metabolites of sows and their litters. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:707-716. [PMID: 35969704 PMCID: PMC9353358 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Muhizi
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner
Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Thanapal Palanisamy
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: In Ho Kim,
Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116,
Korea. Tel: +82-41-550-3652, E-mail:
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Wang H, Long W, Chadwick D, Zhang X, Zhang S, Piao X, Hou Y. Dietary acidifiers as an alternative to antibiotics for promoting pig growth performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang H, Ding X, Bai S, Zeng Q, Zhang K, Mao X, Chu L, Hou D, Xuan Y, Wang J. Alleviating effect of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid, Enterococcus faecium and essential oil complex on coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101720. [PMID: 35231770 PMCID: PMC8886132 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid, Enterococcus faecium, and essential oil complex (BEC) on coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge in laying hens. A total of 80 Lohmann gray laying hens (35 wk old) were allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of Clostridium perfringens type A (CP) and coccidia challenge (with or without challenge) and 2 BEC levels (0 and 1,000 mg/kg). The total experimental period was 6 wk. The results showed that: the challenge group significantly decreased the laying rate and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of laying hens (PChallenge < 0.01). The BEC + challenge group significantly increased the laying rate and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of laying hens (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly decreased the thickness, strength, and relative weight of eggshell (PChallenge < 0.05). The BCE + challenge group significantly increased the relative weight and strength of the eggshell (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly increased the crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and decreased the villus-to-crypt ratio (V/C) (PChallenge < 0.01). The BEC + challenge group decreased the crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum, and increased the V/C of the duodenum (PBEC < 0.01). The pathological scores of duodenum and jejunum of the challenge group were significantly higher than other groups (PChallenge < 0.01), while the BEC + challenge group had lower pathological scores of jejunum (PBEC < 0.01). The challenge significantly decreased the mRNA expression of Occludin, Mucin-2, Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) (Pchallenge < 0.05); whereas the BEC group significantly increased the expression of Occludin, Mucin-2, and Claudin-1 mRNA (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly increased the level of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the jejunum (PChallenge < 0.05). Taken together, adding BEC to the diet can improved production performance and egg quality of layers, by protecting intestinal health against Clostridium perfringens type A (CP) and coccidia challenge.
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Chaves AAM, Martins CF, Vasconcelos M, Almeida AM, Freire JPB. In vitro digestibility of four high moisture grains used in liquid pig feeding. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:136. [PMID: 35296954 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the livestock sector is the need to increase sustainability and production efficiency. In pig production, feed is the main production cost. High moisture grains (HMGs) have recently emerged as an interesting alternative to conventional feedstuffs. In this study, the nutritional value for pigs of eight HMGs was determined considering the chemical composition and the in vitro digestibility. We have used four seeds (lupine, barley, wheat, and corn) and two substrates (water and whey). Lupine HMG showed higher values of crude fat (2.12%) and crude protein (8.59%). Within cereal HMGs, corn HMG showed higher DM (34.37%), OM (36.27%), and starch (27.17%) values; wheat HMG stood out for crude protein content (4.23%) and barley for NDF (5.68%). The pH values were low for all HMG, with lupine having the highest value (4.39). Ammoniacal nitrogen had the highest value for wheat HMG (6.10%). When whey was used as substrate, it improved the characteristics of the HMG. Regarding in vitro digestibility, of the four HMGs studied, wheat showed the highest value for DM (89.93%), while lupine showed the highest value for crude protein (96.12%). When considering the substrates, whey showed better results for all in vitro digestibility's parameters (87.48%, 90.95%, and 90.59%, for DM, OM, and crude protein, respectively). Overall, all HMGs showed good conservation of nutritional value and high in vitro digestibility. The use of whey as a substrate was beneficial for HMG quality. Results show that the analyzed HMG can be efficiently used in the framework of swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A M Chaves
- LEAF ‑ LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349‑017, Portugal
| | - C F Martins
- LEAF ‑ LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349‑017, Portugal.,CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Vasconcelos
- LEAF ‑ LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349‑017, Portugal
| | - A M Almeida
- LEAF ‑ LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349‑017, Portugal.
| | - J P B Freire
- LEAF ‑ LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de LisboaTapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349‑017, Portugal
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Goh TW, Hong J, You DH, Han YG, Nam SO, Kim YY. Effects of medium chain triglycerides with organic acids on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:916-926. [PMID: 35240032 PMCID: PMC9066033 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) with organic acids (OA) on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods A total of 120 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 8.00±0.87 kg were assigned in five treatments considering sex and initial BW in 3 replications with 8 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal based basal diet with or without 0.1% or 0.2% MCT and 0.1% OA. The pigs were fed the diets for 5 weeks (phase 1, 0 to 2 weeks; phase 2, 3 to 5 weeks). A total of 15 barrows with an average BW of 12.48±0.37 kg were used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility by total collection method. The BW and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. Blood samples and small intestine samples were collected at the end of each phase, too. Results Supplementing 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA showed greater BW for week 5 and average daily gain (ADG) for overall period than control diet. Supplementing 0.1% MCT increased (p<0.05) ADG and improved (p<0.05) gain:feed ratio for phase 1. Dietary MCT and OA did not affect the fecal score and blood concentration of cortisol, immunoglobulin G, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 in weaning pigs. Pigs fed the diets with 0.1% MCT had greater (p<0.05) villus height of duodenum and ileum for phase 1. Also, pigs fed the diet with 0.1% OA showed greater (p<0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum for phase 2. There was no significant difference in nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of pigs. Conclusion Addition of 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA in weaning pig’s diet improved growth performance partly by enhancing intestinal morphology in weaning pigs.
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DOS SANTOS REBECAC, FREITAS EDNARDOR, NEPOMUCENO RAFAELC, LIMA RAFFAELLAC, MONTEIRO NAYANNAC, DA SILVA CLEANEP, DO NASCIMENTO GERMANOA, WATANABE PEDROH. Calcium anacardate as source of anacardic acid in laying Japanese quail diet. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20190410. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220190410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Dietary Supplementation with Fumaric Acid Improves Growth Performance in Nile Tilapia Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010008. [PMID: 35011114 PMCID: PMC8744612 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic acids have recently been identified as promising replacements for antibiotics in aquafeeds that promote fish growth and feed efficiency. This study evaluated the inclusion of fumaric acid (FA; 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 g/kg) in diets (350 g/kg CP; 3.4 kcal digestible energy/g) of Nile tilapia juveniles. Fish (average weight 1.7 ± 0.1 g) were distributed in three 40 L aquaria per treatment (13 fish/aquaria) in a completely randomized design. Over 35 days, the fish received the experimental diets three times daily to apparent satiety. The maximum weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio were recorded in fish supplemented with 14-15 g/kg FA. After 28 days, Enterobacteriaceae was registered only in the gut of tilapia without FA augmentation. Gram-negative bacteria in the fish gut decreased (p < 0.05) in fish receiving 17 g/kg of dietary FA, increased after this level. The intestinal villi height and width were affected (p < 0.05) by FA levels and feeding time. Thus, inclusion of 15 g/kg of FA was effective in promoting growth, improving intestinal morphometry, and decreasing negative gut bacteria of Nile tilapia juveniles after 35 days.
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Pluske JR, Turpin DL, Sahibzada S, Pineda L, Han Y, Collins A. Impacts of feeding organic acid-based feed additives on diarrhea, performance, and fecal microbiome characteristics of pigs after weaning challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab212. [PMID: 34909602 PMCID: PMC8665213 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post weaning diarrhea (PWD) caused by enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli (ETEC) remains a major problem in the industry, causing decreases in performance and survival of weaned pigs. Traditionally, antimicrobials have been used for its mitigation/control. This study tested the hypothesis that a combination of two organic acid (OA)-based commercial feed additives, Presan FX [an OA, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) and phenolic compound-based product] and Fysal MP (free and buffered OA based on formic acid), would reduce PWD and improve post-weaning performance in pigs challenged with an F4-ETEC. This combination was assessed against a Negative control diet without any feed additives and a diet containing amoxicillin. Combined with a reduction in temperature during the infection period, inoculation with F4-ETEC resulted in 81% of pigs developing diarrhea, but with no differences between treatments (P > 0.05). However, between days 14 to 20 of the study and due to colonization by Salmonella serovars, pigs fed the combination of Presan FX and Fysal MP showed less (P = 0.014) diarrhea commensurate with a lower (P = 0.018) proportion of Salmonella numbers relative to total bacterial numbers. This caused less (P = 0.049) therapeutic antibiotic administrations relative to the diet with amoxicillin during this time. The diversity of bacteria within amoxicillin-treated pigs was lower (P = 0.004) than the diversity in control or Presan FX + Fysal MP-treated pigs (P = 0.01). Pair-wise comparisons showed that amoxicillin-treated pigs had altered (P < 0.001) fecal microbial communities relative to both Presan FX + Fysal MP-treated pigs and control pigs. Amoxicillin-treated pigs were characterized by an increased abundance of bacterial families generally linked to inflammation and dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), whereas Presan FX + Fysal MP-treated pigs had an increased abundance of bacterial families considered beneficial commensals for the GIT. Control pigs were characterized by an increased abundance of Spirochaetaceae associated with healthy piglets, as well as bacterial families associated with reduced feed intake and appetite. The combination of two OA-based feed additives did not reduce the incidence of F4 ETEC-associated diarrhea nor enhance performance. However, the combination markedly reduced diarrhea caused by Salmonella that occurred following the ETEC infection, commensurate with less therapeutic administrations relative to the diet with amoxicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pluske
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Diana L Turpin
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Lane Pineda
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Alison Collins
- Department of Regional NSW, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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Lee J, Kim JW, Hall HN, Nyachoti CM. Effect of dietary organic acids supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut morphology in weaned pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different organic acid (<b>OA</b>) mixtures on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 56 weaned pigs (7.93 ± 1.04 kg body weight) were assigned to four dietary treatments with seven replicates per treatment for a 35-d study conducted over two phases; phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and phase 2 (d 14 to 35). Diets consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal-basal diet without any additive (negative control, <b>NC</b>); 2) NC + formic and propionic acids (<b>TRT1</b>); 3) NC + butyric, formic, and propionic acids (<b>TRT2</b>); and 4) NC + antibiotic (positive control, <b>PC</b>). During the overall period, the gain to feed ratio of pigs fed the PC and TRT1 diets tended to be higher (<i>P</i> = 0.059) than that of the NC diet. However, OA supplementation had no effects on nutrient digestibility. Jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio was higher (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in pigs fed the TRT1 diet than those fed the NC diet. In conclusion, dietary OA supplementation tended to increase overall feed efficiency and improved gut morphology in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Department of Animal Science, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jong Woong Kim
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Department of Animal Science, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heidi N. Hall
- Anpario plc, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Charles M. Nyachoti
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Department of Animal Science, Winnipeg, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Bostami AR, Khan MRI, Rabbi AZ, Siddiqui MN, Islam MT. Boosting animal performance, immune index and antioxidant status in post-weaned bull calves through dietary augmentation of selective traditional medicinal plants. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100197. [PMID: 34522822 PMCID: PMC8426563 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal plants (TMP) are considered valuable alternatives to hazardous synthetic chemical utilized as animal growth promoters. This study aimed to evaluate effects of dietary supplementation of seed and leaf powder (75:25) of three Bangladeshi TMP viz. Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Terminalia bellirica Gaertn. Roxb., and Terminalia chebula Retz. on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, hematological indices, immune index and antioxidant status in post-weaned bull calves. Dietary treatments: TMP1 (basal diet = green grass + concentrate), TMP2 (basal diet + 0.5% mixture of seed and leaf (75:25) of E. officinalis Gaertn.), TMP3 (basal diet + 0.5% mixture of seed and leaf (75:25) of T. bellirica Gaertn. Roxb.), and TMP4 (basal diet + 0.5% mixture of seed and leaf (75:25) of T. chebula Retz.). Supplementation of TMP significantly (p < 0.10) improved weight gain without affecting digestibility. Hematological indices did not change much by treatment of TMP except for enhancement of monocyte (p < 0.10) and platelet percentage (p < 0.05). A reduction in IGF, enhancement (p < 0.05) of lymphocyte proliferation, and IgG were recorded in TMP2, TMP3 and TMP4 compared to TMP1. Decreasing (p < 0.05) trend of interleukins-1 and 6, and an elevation of TNF-α and antioxidant status were recorded in the TMP2, TMP3, and TMP4 in comparison to TMP1. An elevated level of total antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase activities were found in calves treated with TMP2, TMP3, and TMP4 (p < 0.05) relative to TMP1. Taken together, our results indicate that supplementation of feed with Bangladeshi TMP promoted growth and some health indices like immune-advocating efficacy of post-weaned bull calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.B.M. Rubayet Bostami
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - M. Rokibul Islam Khan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - A.K.M. Zilani Rabbi
- Agricultural Training and Management Development Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Nurealam Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - M. Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
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Keto L, Tsitko I, Perttilä S, Särkijärvi S, Immonen N, Kytölä K, Alakomi HL, Hyytiäinen-Pabst T, Saarela M, Rinne M. Effect of silage juice feeding on pig production performance, meat quality and gut microbiome. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wensley MR, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Gebhardt JT, DeRouchey JM, McKilligan D. Maintaining continuity of nutrient intake after weaning. II. Review of post-weaning strategies. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab022. [PMID: 34841202 PMCID: PMC8611789 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low feed consumption during the first 3 d post-weaning disrupts nutrient intake and
results in what is commonly known as a post-weaning growth check. While most pigs recover
from this initial reduction in feed intake (FI), some pigs fail to successfully make this
transition leading to morbidity and mortality. In this review, our objective is to
describe the different post-weaning strategies that can be used to minimize nutrient
intake disruption and improve FI in the immediate post-weaning period. Providing weanling
pigs with an environment that encourages them to search out and consume feed is important.
This includes appropriate barn temperatures, resource availability, and nursery placement
strategies. Research is needed to better understand the ideal environmental temperatures
to encourage pen exploration and reduce time to initial FI. Likewise, mat and gruel
feeding are commonly practiced throughout the industry to increase feed accessibility;
however, limited research data is available to validate protocols or benefits. Nursery
placement strategies include sorting light weight pigs into uniform body weight groups and
average or heavy weight pigs into variable body weight groups to provide benefit to light
pigs while reducing initial aggression in heavy pigs. Furthermore, water enrichment with
nutrient dense products have been shown to improve growth performance and reduce morbidity
and mortality in the early post-weaning period. Because young pigs are sensitive to
palatability, diet form and complexity should also be considered. Weanling pigs prefer
diets manufactured with coarse ground corn (700 μm) compared to fine ground corn.
Additionally, weanling pigs are more attracted to large diameter pellets (12 mm) compared
with small pellets. Despite these preferences, impacts on growth are relatively small.
Feeding complex diets with high levels of lactose, animal protein products, or other
palatable ingredients is another strategy shown to improve growth performance during the
first week post-weaning; however, the initial benefits quickly diminished as pigs become
older. Other strategies that warrant further investigation include the effect of crumble
diets on feed preference and the concept of perinatal or social interaction flavor
learning. In summary, strategic post-weaning nutrition and management practices must focus
on maintaining continuity of nutrient intake in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in
the immediate post-weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madie R Wensley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Lingbeek MM, Borewicz K, Febery E, Han Y, Doelman J, van Kuijk SJA. Short-chain fatty acid administration via water acidifier improves feed efficiency and modulates fecal microbiota in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6408630. [PMID: 34679178 PMCID: PMC8599185 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a water acidifier containing free and buffered short-chain fatty acids (SCFA-WA) on growth performance and microbiota of weaned piglets. In total, 192 male piglets, approximately 4 wk of age, were allocated to 24 pens (12 per treatment) with 8 piglets per pen. The piglets received either regular drinking water (negative control) or drinking water with the acidifier supplied at 2 L/1,000 L. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly on pen level. During the first 2 wk, daily visual assessment and scoring of the feces was conducted. Fecal samples of three piglets per pen were collected on days 14 and 42 for high-throughput sequencing analysis of the microbiota. Piglets offered SCFA-WA had significantly improved feed efficiency in the third week (P = 0.025) and over the whole study period (days 0 to 42, P = 0.042) compared with piglets in the negative control group, with a strong tendency observed during the first feeding phase (days 0 to 21, P = 0.055). Furthermore, the water acidifier group had a higher water intake than piglets provided with control water during the second feeding phase (days 21 to 42, P = 0.028) and over the whole study period (days 0 to 42, P = 0.043). There was no significant difference in body weight, average daily gain, or average daily feed intake (days 0 to 21, 21 to 42, 0 to 42). Furthermore, there was no overall significant difference in fecal scoring between the treatments. In terms of the fecal microbiota response, piglets offered the water acidifier showed a significantly higher relative abundance (RA) of genus Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and a lower RA of genus Streptococcus compared to the control. Furthermore, the redundancy analysis showed a positive association between improved feed efficiency and daily weight gain and RA of Butyricicoccus and Faecalibacterium. In conclusion, consumption of the water acidifier containing free and buffered SCFA modulated the microbiota and improved feed efficiency in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy M Lingbeek
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Febery
- Drayton Animal Health Ltd, Alcester Road, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire CV37 9RQ, UK
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - John Doelman
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Xiang XD, Deng ZC, Wang YW, Sun H, Wang L, Han YM, Wu YY, Liu JG, Sun LH. Organic Acids Improve Growth Performance with Potential Regulation of Redox Homeostasis, Immunity, and Microflora in Intestines of Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111665. [PMID: 34829536 PMCID: PMC8615128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of organic acids on piglet growth performance and health status. A total of 360 weanling pigs (5.3 ± 0.6 kg) were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups with 12 replicates of 10 pigs/pen. Piglets were fed the same basal diet and given either water (control) or water plus 2.0 L/Ton organic acid (OA) blends, such as OA1 or OA2, respectively, for 7 weeks. Compared to the control, OA1 and OA2 improved growth performance and/or reduced the piglets' diarrhea rate during the various periods and improved small intestinal morphology at days 14 and/or 49. OA1 and OA2 also increased serum CAT and SOD activities and/or T-AOC and, as expected, decreased MDA concentration. Moreover, at day 14 and/or day 49, OA1 and OA2 increased the jejunal mRNA levels of host defense peptides (PBD1, PBD2, NPG1, and NPG3) and tight junction genes (claudin-1) and decreased that of cytokines (IL-1β and IL-2). Additionally, the two acidifiers regulated the abundance of several cecum bacterial genera, including Blautia, Bulleidia, Coprococcus, Dorea, Eubacterium, Subdoligranulum, and YRC2. In conclusion, both of the organic acid blends improved piglet growth performance and health status, potentially by regulating intestinal redox homeostasis, immunity, and microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Dong Xiang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-D.X.); (Z.-C.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Zhang-Chao Deng
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-D.X.); (Z.-C.D.); (H.S.)
| | - You-Wei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China;
| | - Hua Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-D.X.); (Z.-C.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (J.-G.L.); (L.-H.S.)
| | - Yan-Ming Han
- Trouw Nutrition, 773811 Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (Y.-M.H.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Trouw Nutrition, 773811 Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (Y.-M.H.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jian-Gao Liu
- Guangzhou Liuhe Feed Company Limited, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610110, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (J.-G.L.); (L.-H.S.)
| | - Lv-Hui Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-D.X.); (Z.-C.D.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (J.-G.L.); (L.-H.S.)
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Wiese M, Hui Y, Holck J, Sejberg JJP, Daures C, Maas E, Kot W, Borné JM, Khakimov B, Thymann T, Nielsen DS. High throughput in vitro characterization of pectins for pig(let) nutrition. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:69. [PMID: 34627409 PMCID: PMC8501679 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fiber-rich feed components possess prebiotic potential to enhance pig health and are considered a potential solution to the high prevalence of post-weaning diarrhea in pig production under the phased suspension of antibiotics and zinc oxide use. METHODS We screened the gut microbiota modulatory properties of pectin substrates prepared from sugar beet within the freshly weaned piglet gut microbiome using an in vitro colon model, the CoMiniGut. We focused on testing a variety (13) of sugar beet-derived pectin substrates with defined structures, as well as known prebiotics such as inulin, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS), to gain insights on the structure-function related properties of specific substrates on the weaner gut microbial composition as well as shortchain fatty acid production (SCFA). RESULTS Sugar beet-derived pectin and rhamnogalacturonan-I selectively increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, specifically Prevotella copri, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides acidificiens, and an unclassified Bacteroides member. The degree of esterification impacted the relative abundance of these species and the SCFA production during the in vitro fermentations. Modified arabinans derived from sugar beet promoted the growth of Blautia, P. copri, Lachnospiraceae members and Limosilactobacillus mucosae and amongst all oligosaccharides tested yielded the highest amount of total SCFA produced after 24 h of fermentation. Sugar beet-derived substrates yielded higher total SCFA concentrations (especially acetic and propionic acid) relative to the known prebiotics inulin, FOS and GOS. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the molecular structures of pectin, that can be prepared form just one plant source (sugar beet) can selectively stimulate different GM members, highlighting the potential of utilizing pectin substrates as targeted GM modulatory ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- CP Kelco ApS, Lille Skensved, Denmark.
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Microbiology and Systems Biology Department, TNO, Utrechtsweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Celia Daures
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Evy Maas
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Emili Vinolya R, Balakrishnan U, Yasir B, Chandrasekar S. Effect of dietary supplementation of acidifiers and essential oils on growth performance and intestinal health of broiler. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Effects of Organic acid Blend on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Faeces of Young Pigs. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of a feeding diet containing a dry organic acid blend (lactic acid—ammonium formate—ammonium propionate—citrate—sorbate) in young pigs on their: performance, the apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in their faeces. A total of 12 crossbred pigs (Slovakian White × Landrace) with an initial live weight of 12.78 ± 1.86 kg were divided into two dietary treatments. The experimental period lasted 28 days. Pigs were fed a control diet (control group) or a diet supplemented with a dry organic acid (OA) blend, 0.6 g per 100 g feed (experimental group). Compared with the control group, the average daily gain (ADG) was improved (P < 0.05) by OA blend over the period of the investigation (0—28 days). For the apparent total tract digestibility determination, ash which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid was used as a marker. The apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and total ash was improved (P < 0.05) by the OA blend in the experiment. Compared with the control group, the concentration of the total volatile fatty acid in the faeces increased (P < 0.05) in pigs supplemented with the OA blend. The concentration of butyric acid in the faeces tended to be higher (P < 0.01) in pigs supplemented with the OA blend compared with the control group. In conclusion, the addition of 0.6 g per 100 g feed had a positive effect on: growth performance, total tract digestibility of crude protein and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the faeces of young pigs.
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Limbach JR, Espinosa CD, Perez-Calvo E, Stein HH. Effect of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood characteristics, and indicators of intestinal health in weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6279783. [PMID: 34019637 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that reducing crude protein (CP) in starter diets for pigs reduces post-weaning diarrhea and improves intestinal health. In total, 180 weanling pigs were allotted to 3 diets containing 22, 19, or 16% CP. Fecal scores were visually assessed every other day. Blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on days 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27, and 1 pig per pen was euthanized on day 12. Results indicated that reducing dietary CP reduced (P < 0.01) overall average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, final body weight, and fecal scores of pigs. Pigs fed the 16% CP diet had reduced (P < 0.01) serum albumin compared with pigs fed other diets. Blood urea nitrogen, haptoglobin, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 concentrations in serum were greatest (P < 0.01) on day 13, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) on day 6. Villus height in the jejunum increased (P < 0.05) and crypt depth in the ileum was reduced (P < 0.01) if the 19% CP diet was fed to pigs compared with the 22% CP diet. A reduction (P < 0.05) in mRNA abundance of interferon-γ, chemokine ligand 10, occludin, trefoil factor-2, trefoil factor-3, and mucin 2 was observed when pigs were fed diets with 16% CP. In conclusion, reducing CP in diets for weanling pigs reduces fecal score and expression of genes associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Limbach
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Estefania Perez-Calvo
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Village-Neuf, F-68128, France
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Li C, Chen J, Zhao M, Liu M, Yue Z, Liu L, Li F. Effect of sodium butyrate on slaughter performance, serum indexes and intestinal barrier of rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:156-166. [PMID: 34096104 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium butyrate on slaughter performance, serum indexes and the intestinal barrier in rabbits. Six hundred healthy weaned rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (5 replicates per group, 40 rabbits per replicate): control (fed a basal diet), sodium butyrate (fed a basal diet containing 0.5% sodium butyrate) and antibiotic (fed a basal diet containing 0.004% antibiotic). The trial lasted 35 days, including 7 days of pretesting and 28 days of formal testing. The results showed that dietary sodium butyrate supplementation increased the full-bore weight, the half-bore weight and the half-bore rate of rabbits. Meanwhile, the content of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum was increased in rabbits fed the sodium butyrate diet. According to the intestinal barrier, after adding sodium butyrate to feed, the tight junction function of the rabbit intestine is enhanced, and the intestinal microbial composition is also improved. To sum up, after sodium butyrate was added to feed instead of antibiotics, slaughter performance was significantly enhanced, serum indexes were improved, and intestinal barrier function was also enhanced. Therefore, sodium butyrate can be added to feed as an additive and can replace antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhengkai Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fuchang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Kristoffersen S, Gjefsen T, Svihus B, Kjos NP. The effect of reduced feed pH, phytase addition and their interaction on mineral utilization in pigs. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Long S, He T, Kim SW, Shang Q, Kiros T, Mahfuz SU, Wang C, Piao X. Live Yeast or Live Yeast Combined with Zinc Oxide Enhanced Growth Performance, Antioxidative Capacity, Immunoglobulins and Gut Health in Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061626. [PMID: 34072877 PMCID: PMC8228624 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary LY or LY combined with ZnO supplementation on performance and gut health in nursery pigs. 192 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (weaned on d 32 of the age with 9.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were allocated into four treatments with eight replicate pens, six piglets per pen. The treatments included a basal diet as control (CTR), an antibiotic plus ZnO diet (CTC-ZnO, basal diet + 75 mg/kg of chlortetracycline + ZnO (2000 mg/kg from d 1 to 14, 160 mg/kg from d 15 to 28)), a LY diet (LY, basal diet + 2 g/kg LY), and a LY plus ZnO diet (LY-ZnO, basal diet + 1 g/kg LY + ZnO). The results showed that pigs fed LY or LY-ZnO had increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, serum IgA, IgG, superoxide dismutase, fecal butyric acid, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, as well as decreased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate compared with CTR. In conclusion, pigs fed diets with LY or LY combined with ZnO had similar improvement to the use of antibiotics and ZnO in performance, antioxidant status, immunoglobulins, and gut health in nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenfei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (T.H.); (Q.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Tengfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (T.H.); (Q.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Qinghui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (T.H.); (Q.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Tadele Kiros
- Phileo by Lesaffre, 137 Rue Gabriel Péri, 59700 Marcq en Baroeul, France;
| | - Shad Uddin Mahfuz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (T.H.); (Q.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (T.H.); (Q.S.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3588; Fax: +86-10-6273-3688
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Rathnayake D, Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Baek KS, Yang CJ. Time for a Paradigm Shift in Animal Nutrition Metabolic Pathway: Dietary Inclusion of Organic Acids on the Production Parameters, Nutrient Digestibility, and Meat Quality Traits of Swine and Broilers. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060476. [PMID: 34073875 PMCID: PMC8225189 DOI: 10.3390/life11060476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the application of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) causes accelerated adverse effects on the animal diet, the scientific community has taken progressive steps to enhance sustainable animal productivity without using AGP in animal nutrition. Organic acids (OAs) are non-antibiotic feed additives and a promising feeding strategy in the swine and broiler industry. Mechanistically, OAs improve productivity through multiple and diverse pathways in: (a) reduction of pathogenic bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) by reducing the gut pH; (b) boosting the digestibility of nutrients by facilitating digestive enzyme secretion and increasing feed retention time in the gut system; and (c) having a positive impact and preventing meat quality deterioration without leaving any chemical residues. Recent studies have reported the effectiveness of using encapsulated OAs and synergistic mechanisms of OAs combinations in swine and broiler productivity. On the other hand, the synergistic mechanisms of OAs and the optimal combination of OAs in the animal diet are not completely understood, and further intensive scientific explorations are needed. Moreover, the ultimate production parameters are not similar owing to the type of OAs, concentration level, growth phase, health status of animals, hygienic standards, and environmental factors. Thus, those factors need to be considered before implementing OAs in feeding practices. In conclusion, the current review evaluates the basics of OAs, mode of action, novel strategies to enhance utilization, influence on growth performances, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality traits of swine and broilers and their potential concerns regarding utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanushka Rathnayake
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (D.R.); (H.S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Hong Seok Mun
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (D.R.); (H.S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 PLUS), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Muhammad Ammar Dilawar
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (D.R.); (H.S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 PLUS), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Kwang Soo Baek
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 PLUS), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Chul Ju Yang
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (D.R.); (H.S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 PLUS), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3235
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The Optimal Valine to Lysine Ratio for Performance Parameters in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051255. [PMID: 33925439 PMCID: PMC8144975 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal production has an impact on environmental issues, like global warming. Reducing the protein level in animal feed has the potential to decrease fecal and urinary nitrogen excretion and consequently reduces the environmental nitrogen load. The usage of crystalline L-valine is a potential solution to maintain growth performance of piglets when feeding low protein diets. Aim of this study was to determine the optimal valine requirement in weaned piglets. Therefore, 200 weaned piglets were allotted to five feeding groups and received diets with consecutive increasing amounts of L-valine. The supplementation of L-valine to a valine-deficient basal diet led to an increase in growth and feed intake of weaned piglets. Supplementary valine has the potential to decrease the amount of excess dietary nitrogen, namely through meeting valine requirements via supplementary valine instead of increasing dietary crude protein content. Abstract The optimal digestible (d) Valine (Val) to d Lysine (Lys) ratio (dVal:dLys) in weaned piglets was determined using two different regression models. A total of 200 piglets were allotted to five feeding groups and fed a corn-soybean meal based basal diet supplemented with consecutive increasing amounts of crystalline L-valine in order to reach dVal:dLys of 0.59, 0.63, 0.67, 0.71, 0.75 in the pre-starter (0–13 days) and 0.57, 0.62, 0.66, 0.70, 0.75 in the starter phase (13–43 days). In the starter phase and during the whole period, supplementing the basal diet with L-valine resulted in an improvement in body weight gain and feed intake. An exponential asymptotic (EA) and a curvilinear-plateau (CLP) regression model were fit to feed intake and body weight gain data. The estimated dVal:dLys for body weight gain was found to be 0.68 (EA, 95% of maximum response) and 0.67 (CLP) in the starter phase and 0.65 (EA, 95% of maximum response and CLP) in the total trial period. It is concluded that the supplementation of a valine-deficient basal diet for weaned piglets with L-valine improves the piglet’s weight gain and feed intake and that a dVal:dLys of 0.68 is recommended to optimize body weight gain.
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Corsetti G, Romano C, Pasini E, Testa C, Dioguardi FS. Qualitative Nitrogen Malnutrition Damages Gut and Alters Microbiome in Adult Mice. A Preliminary Histopathological Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041089. [PMID: 33810512 PMCID: PMC8066208 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino-acids (AAs) are the exclusive source of nitrogen for cells. AAs result from the breakdown of food proteins and are absorbed by mucosa of the small intestine that act as a barrier to harmful materials. The quality of food proteins may differ, since it reflects content in Essential-AAs (EAAs) and digestibility but, until now, attention was paid mainly to the interaction between indigested proteins as a whole and microbiota. The link between microbiome and quality of proteins has been poorly studied, although these metabolic interactions are becoming more significant in different illnesses. We studied the effects of a special diet containing unbalanced EAAs/Non-EAAs ratio, providing excess of Non-EAAs, on the histopathology of gut epithelium and on the microbiome in adult mice, as model of qualitative malnutrition. Excess in Non-EAAs have unfavorable quick effect on body weight, gut cells, and microbiome, promoting weakening of the intestinal barrier. Re-feeding these animals with standard diet partially reversed the body alterations. The results prove that an unbalanced EAAs/Non-EAAs ratio is primarily responsible for microbiome modifications, not vice-versa. Therefore, treating microbiota independently by treating co-existing qualitative malnutrition does not make sense. This study also provides a reproducible model of sarcopenia-wasting cachexia like the human protein malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25023 Brescia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +39-030-3717486
| | - Claudia Romano
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25023 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS-Lumezzane, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy;
| | - Cristian Testa
- Functional Point, Clinical and Virology Laboratory, 25121 Bergamo, Italy;
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Dahmer PL, Jones CK. Evaluating dietary acidifiers as alternatives for conventional feed-based antibiotics in nursery pig diets. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab040. [PMID: 34085026 PMCID: PMC8163041 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 360 weanling pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 9.7 ± 0.23 kg BW) were used in a 21-d experiment with 6 pigs/pen, 10 replicate pens/treatment, and 2 separate nursery rooms, each with 30 pens. Pigs were weighed and allotted to pens based on BW in a completely randomized block design to one of six treatment diets: 1) Negative control (no organic acids or antibiotics) and the control with 2) 0.25% acidifier A; 3) 0.3% acidifier B; 4) 0.5% acidifier C); 5) 50 g/ton carbadox; and 6) 400 g/ton chlortetracycline (CTC). Upon weaning, a common diet with no antibiotics or additives was fed for 21 d (Phases 1 and 2; days −21 to 0), followed by a 21-d experimental period (Phase 3; days 0 to 21) where treatment diets were fed. Pigs and feeders were individually weighed on a weekly basis to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F). Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v 9.4, SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect, and room as a random effect. Dietary treatment had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on ADG, ADFI, and G:F each week and for the overall experimental period (days 0 to 21). Specifically, from days 0 to 7, pigs fed CTC had increased (P = 0.001) ADG compared with those fed acidifier B, acidifier C, and carbadox, whereas pigs fed the negative control and acidifier A diets were intermediate. Additionally, pigs fed the CTC diet had improved (P = 0.0002) ADFI when compared with all other treatments. From days 7 to 14 and days 14 to 21, pigs fed the carbadox diet had decreased (P < 0.0001) ADG compared with all other treatments. During the overall period (days 0 to 21), pigs fed diets containing carbadox had reduced ADG and ADFI (P < 0.0001), whereas pigs fed CTC had improved (P < 0.0001) ADG compared with all other treatments. Additionally, blood parameters, fecal consistency, and fecal microbial populations were analyzed on a subset of pigs (n = 5 pigs/treatment). Dietary treatment significantly affected (P < 0.05) concentrations of protein, globulin, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase in the blood. Treatment also significantly impacted (P = 0.0005) fecal score but did not affect (P = 0.59) fecal microbial growth from days 0 to 21. In summary, CTC continues to be a valuable additive to improve performance in the nursery. Further investigation surrounding the efficacy of dietary acidifiers as antibiotic alternatives is warranted given inconclusive evidence in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton L Dahmer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Zheng L, Duarte ME, Sevarolli Loftus A, Kim SW. Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628258. [PMID: 33644153 PMCID: PMC7906973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of nursery pig management is making a smooth weaning transition to minimize weaning associated depressed growth and diseases. Weaning causes morphological and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs, where most of the nutrients are being digested and absorbed. While various stressors induce post-weaning growth depression, the abrupt change from milk to solid feed is one of the most apparent challenges to pigs. Feeding functional feed additives may be viable solutions to promote the growth of nursery pigs by enhancing nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, immune status, and by restoring intestinal balance. The aim of this review was to provide available scientific information on the roles of functional feed additives in enhancing intestinal health and growth during nursery phase. Among many potential functional feed additives, the palatability of the ingredient and the optimum supplemental level are varied, and these should be considered when applying into nursery pig diets. Considering different stressors pigs deal with in the post-weaning period, research on nutritional intervention using a single feed additive or a combination of different additives that can enhance feed intake, increase weight gain, and reduce mortality and morbidity are needed to provide viable solutions for pig producers. Further research in relation to the feed palatability, supplemental level, as well as interactions between different ingredients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020402. [PMID: 33562533 PMCID: PMC7914898 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet's gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.
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Trevisi P, Luise D, Correa F, Bosi P. Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33546450 PMCID: PMC7913656 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.L.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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Kumar A, Toghyani M, Kheravii SK, Pineda L, Han Y, Swick RA, Wu SB. Potential of blended organic acids to improve performance and health of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:440-449. [PMID: 34258432 PMCID: PMC8245907 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids (OA) and their blends have been shown to positively affect performance and health of broilers. However, the data in the literature are not consistent. This study examined the potential of blended short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on performance, health and welfare of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis (NE). The additives used were: A) a blend of SCFA, MCFA, and a phenolic compound (SMP); B) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA (SMF); C) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA (SHM). A total of 1,404 Ross 308 one-day-old male parental chicks were randomly distributed into 78-floor pens with 13 replicates of 18 birds each. Six treatments were the following: T1, unchallenged control (UCC); T2, challenged control (CHC); T3, challenged group plus zinc bacitracin (BAC); T4, challenged group plus additive SMP; T5, challenged group plus additive SMF; T6, challenged group plus additive SHM. Challenged birds were gavaged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens EHE-NE18 on d 14. Post NE challenge and cumulatively, BWG, FCR, and nutrient digestibility of birds were compromised (P < 0.05) by NE challenge indicating a successful induction of sub-clinical NE. Additive SHM had higher BWG compared to CHC and BAC groups (P = 0.001; d 10 to 24) but not different from SMP and SMF groups (P > 0.05). All the 3 additive groups had lower FCR compared to CHC (P = 0.001; d 0 to 35), and exhibited similar jejunal lesions (d 16) compared to BAC and apparent ileal protein digestibility (d 21) compared to UCC and BAC groups (P > 0.05). Birds in additive SHM group had a higher concentration of serum IgA compared to all groups (P = 0.001) except additive SMF (P > 0.05; d 21). All the additive groups had lower footpad dermatitis and hock burns compared to CHC (P < 0.05). The findings suggest the potential of blended OA as alternatives to BAC to protect broilers from NE indicated by improved FCR, immunity, digestibility, and bird welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Lane Pineda
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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