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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Alshahrani OA, Saghir SAM, Al-Wajeeh AS, Al-Shargi OYA, Taha AE, Mesalam NM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Prebiotics can restrict Salmonella populations in poultry: a review. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1668-1677. [PMID: 33607922 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1883637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics were over the years, the common supplement used for poultry production. There is a global trend to lessen antibiotics' use due to the contamination of consumed meat with antibiotic residues. Also, there is a concern that human treatments might be jeopardized due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Prebiotics are attractive supplements, particularly in poultry production, because of the diversity of their effects, including pH amendments, production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the inhibition of pathogens' growth. The commonly used prebiotics are carbohydrate sources that cannot be easily broken down by chickens. However, they can efficiently be utilized by the intestinal tract's microflora. Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and lactose are non-digestible carbohydrate sources that are typically used in poultry diets as prebiotics. This review covers current applications and prospects for using prebiotics to improve poultry performance and reduce pathogens, particularly Salmonella, in gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omniah A Alshahrani
- Department of Biological Science, Microbiology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A M Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, AlHussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | | | | | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Nora M Mesalam
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, Egypt
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Addeo NF, Randazzo B, Olivotto I, Messina M, Tulli F, Vozzo S, Attia YA, Mahayri TM, Iannaccone F, Asiry KA, Moniello G, Bovera F. Low inclusion levels of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica, Gould, 1837) diet improve the intestinal morphometry, enzymatic activity and caecal short chain fatty acids profile. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:51-59. [PMID: 35753189 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One hundred twenty, 12 weeks old laying Japanese quails (JQ) were equally divided into 4 groups (6 replicates of 5 birds/group). The control group (CON) fed a corn-soybean diet; TML1.4, TML2.8, and TML5.6 groups fed a diet where a Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TML) was included at 1.4, 2.8, and 5.6%, respectively. The trial lasted 54 days. The villi height (VH) and the crypt depth (CD) linearly decreased from the control to the TML5.6 group (P < 0.01) in the duodenum, while an opposite trend was observed for the Ab+ mucous cells count (P < 0.01). The highest VH/CD ratio was found in the TML1.4 group (P < 0.01). In the jejunum a lower VH was observed in the TML1.4 compared to the CON group; the Ab+ mucous cells increased (P < 0.01) according to the increase of the TM inclusion in the diet, while the highest VH/CD ratio (P < 0.01) was recorded in the TML2.8 group. In the duodenum only the L-ANP has been affected by TML (P < 0.001), with a quadratic and linear effect. The L-ANP is affected by the dietary treatment in the jejunum (P < 0.05), where showed a quadratic effect with the highest value in TML2.8. The % of butyric acid is maximized (P < 0.05) with the TML1.4 diet and that of the isobutyrate and valeric acids increased (P < 0.01) from TML1.4 to TML5.6. The use of TML at 1.4% in laying quail diets can be considered as a way to improve the intestinal health of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Messina
- Department of AgriFood, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio, 2, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Department of AgriFood, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio, 2, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Simone Vozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Youssef A Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O., Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tiziana M Mahayri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Iannaccone
- Department of Agro-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via G. Amendola, 165, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Khalid A Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O., Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Giuseppe Moniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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Oguchi Y, Rolle M, Mai D, Tsai-Brown C, Rott KH, Caviedes-Vidal E, Karasov WH. Macronutrient signals for adaptive modulation of intestinal digestive enzymes in two omnivorous Galliformes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 271:111243. [PMID: 35609804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
According to the adaptive modulation hypothesis, digestive enzyme activities are matched to their respective dietary substrate level so that ingested nutrients are not wasted in excreta due to insufficient digestive capacity, and so membrane space or expenditures building/maintaining the intestinal hydrolytic machinery are not wasted when substrate levels are low. We tested predictions in juvenile northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and juvenile and adult domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) by feeding them on diets varying in starch, protein, and lipid composition for 7-9 d (bobwhites) or 15 d (chickens). Birds were euthanized, intestinal tissue harvested, and enzyme activities measured in tissue homogenates from proximal, medial and distal small intestine. We found that (1) α-glucosidase (AG; maltase and sucrase) activities were induced by dietary starch in both juvenile and adult chickens but not in northern bobwhites; (2) aminopeptidase-N (APN) activities were induced by dietary protein in both bobwhites and juvenile but not adult chickens; (3) AG activities were suppressed by an increase in dietary lipid in both bobwhites and juvenile but not adult chickens; and (4) APN activities were not suppressed by high dietary lipid in any birds. We review findings from 35 analogous trials in 16 avian species. 100% of avian omnivores modulate at least one enzyme in response to change in dietary substrate level. AG induction by dietary carbohydrate occurs in more members of Galloanserae than in Neoaves, and all omnivorous members of Neoaves tested so far increase APN activity on high dietary protein, whereas fewer of the Galloanserae do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oguchi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - M Rolle
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - D Mai
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - C Tsai-Brown
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - K H Rott
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - E Caviedes-Vidal
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Universidad de San Luis, Departamento de Biología, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - W H Karasov
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Ravindran V, Blair R. Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. III. Animal protein sources. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19930020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Ravindran
- Department of Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - R. Blair
- Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2A2, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hou Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 201 Kildee Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Amy Corless
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 201 Kildee Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - J. L. Sell
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 201 Kildee Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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Hamid H, Shi HQ, Ma GY, Fan Y, Li WX, Zhao LH, Zhang JY, Ji C, Ma QG. Influence of acidified drinking water on growth performance and gastrointestinal function of broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3601-3609. [PMID: 29860532 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ban on the use of antibiotic feed additives as growth promoters compelled the researchers for exploring the future utility of other alternatives. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of acidified drinking water on growth performance, gastrointestinal pH, digestive enzymes, intestinal histomorphology, and cecum microbial counting of the broiler chicken. A total of 540 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acre) were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, with 6 replicates of 18 chicks per replicate. Broilers received diets and water as follows: NC (negative control, basal diet, normal water), PC (positive control, basal diet + 8 ppm colistin sulfate + 8 ppm enduracidin, normal water), A1 (basal diet, continuous supply of acidified water during whole experiment period), A2 (basal diet, intermittent acidification of water during 0 to 14 d, 22 to 28 d, and 36 to 42 d), and A3 [basal diet, intermittent acidification of water (24 h/d from 0 to 14 d and from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm on d 15 to 42)]. During the entire period, the acidified groups (A1, A2, and A3) and PC group showed improve on weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio compared to NC group (P < 0.05). The pH in crop, proventriculus and ileum at 43 d declined by 0.04, 1.03, 1.23; 0.55, 0.69, 0.70; and 0.63, 0.74, 1.21 in A1, A2, and A3 group, respectively. There was a significant decline of lipase activity in the PC and acidified groups compared to NC group. The A2 group had higher villus height in jejunum than NC group. The PC and acidified groups reduced (P < 0.05) the total aerobic bacteria count of cecum when contrasted to NC group. Therefore, we conclude that acidified drinking water can improve growth performance, compensate for gastric acidity, and control pathogenic bacteria in broilers and may be considered as a potential alternative to improve production parameters. Discontinuous supply of acidified water had the same or even better influence on broilers compared to continuous supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hamid
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - H Q Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - G Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - W X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - L H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - J Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - C Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Q G Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Moran ET. Gastric digestion of protein through pancreozyme action optimizes intestinal forms for absorption, mucin formation and villus integrity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Kohl KD, Ciminari ME, Chediack JG, Leafloor JO, Karasov WH, McWilliams SR, Caviedes-Vidal E. Modulation of digestive enzyme activities in the avian digestive tract in relation to diet composition and quality. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:339-351. [PMID: 27695931 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In nature, birds are faced with variable food sources that may differ in composition (protein vs. carbohydrates) and quality (highly digestible material vs. indigestible fiber). Studies in passerine birds and some commercial poultry demonstrate that the gastrointestinal tract can respond to varying diet composition and quality by changing morphology and/or activities of digestive enzymes. However, studies in additional avian species are warranted to understand generalities of these trends. We first fed juvenile mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus), and quails (Coturnix coturnix) on either high-carbohydrate or high-protein diets. For the most part, birds fed the high-carbohydrate diet had higher small intestinal and cecal disaccharidase activities (maltase and sucrase). However, only mallards exhibited higher small intestinal aminopeptidase-N (APN) activities when fed the high-protein diet. These results differ from passerine birds, which largely modulate small intestinal proteases, but not disaccharidases. In another trial, we fed Canada geese (Branta canadensis) diets that varied in both their protein and fiber concentrations for approximately 3.5 months. Birds fed the high-fiber diets had significantly longer small intestines and caeca compared to those fed low-fiber diets. Additionally, geese fed the high-fiber diets exhibited lower mass-specific activities of small intestinal sucrase, and higher activities of APN when summed across the small intestine and ceca. Similar to the avian species above, geese fed the high-protein diets did not exhibit flexibility in their small intestinal APN activities. Overall, these experiments demonstrate that responsiveness of the avian digestive tract to diet composition may have phylogenetic or ecological constraints. Studies on other avian taxa are needed to understand these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina.
| | - M Eugenia Ciminari
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Juan G Chediack
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - James O Leafloor
- Canadian Wildlife Service, 150-123 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 4W2, Canada
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Scott R McWilliams
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Enrique Caviedes-Vidal
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Azzam MMM, Dong XY, Zou XT. Effect of dietary threonine on laying performance and intestinal immunity of laying hens fed low-crude-protein diets during the peak production period. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e55-e66. [PMID: 27357366 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Threonine (Thr) may be a limiting amino acid for laying hens fed diets with lowered protein level. An experiment was conducted to examine laying performance, and the intestinal immune function of laying hens provided diets varying in digestible Thr levels. Lohmann Brown laying hens (n = 480), 28 weeks of age, were allocated to six dietary treatments, each of which included five replicates of 16 hens. Dietary crude protein (CP) 16.18% diet was offered as the positive control diet. L-Thr was added to the negative diet (14.16% CP) by 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 g/kg, corresponding 0.44%, 0.43%, 0.49%, 0.57%, 0.66% and 0.74% digestible Thr. At 40 weeks, a reduction in CP level decreased laying performance (p < 0.05). In the low CP, increasing dietary Thr increased (p < 0.05) egg production and egg mass and rose to a plateau between 0.57% and 0.66%. The hens fed 0.66% Thr showed the lowest value (p < 0.05) of feed conversion ratio (FCR). Serum level of uric acid showed the lowest values (p < 0.05) at 0.57-0.66%. In addition, serum-free Thr maximized (p < 0.05) between 0.66% and 0.74%. Digestive trypsin activity decreased (p < 0.05) when hens fed the low-CP diet compared with hens fed CP (16.18%) and hens fed 0.57-0.66%. Expressions of ileal MUC2 mRNA maximized (p < 0.05) at 0.66% Thr. Occludin mRNA increased with increasing Thr level (p < 0.05). sIgA mRNA reached to the maximum level (p < 0.05) at 0.66% and 0.74% Thr. INF-γ mRNA reached to the lowest level (p < 0.05) at 0.65%. Expressions of ileal IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β mRNA decreased with increasing Thr level (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Thr supplementation resulting in optimal laying performance and stimulated the mucosal immune system, suggesting that it is a limiting amino acid in the low-crude-protein diet of laying hens during the peak production period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M M Azzam
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - X Y Dong
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - X T Zou
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Monoterpenes as inhibitors of digestive enzymes and counter-adaptations in a specialist avian herbivore. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:425-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dong XY, Wang YM, Song HH, Zou XT. Effects of in ovo injection of carbohydrate solution on small intestine development in domestic pigeons (Columba livia)1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3742-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Dong
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Y. M. Wang
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - H. H. Song
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - X. T. Zou
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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12
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Zhao F, Hou SS, Zhang HF, Zhang ZY. Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein content on the activities of digestive enzymes in jejunal fluid of Peking ducks. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1690-5. [PMID: 17626815 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.8.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of digestive enzymes activities in the jejunal fluid of Peking ducks to dietary ME and CP content was investigated. In experiment 1, jejunal digesta from 24 cannulated male white Peking ducks of 18 wk of age were collected for 1 h out of every 4 h beginning at 0930 h on d 16, 18, and 20 of the experiment. The activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in jejunal fluid were determined. In experiment 2, 72 male cannulated ducks were randomly sorted into 4 groups. Four treatments consisted of combinations of 3,050 and 2,800 kcal/kg of ME, and 17.50 and 14.40% CP content were available ad libitum. Jejunal digesta samples were collected for 1 h every 4 h from 0930 to 1830 h on d 31, 33, and 35 of the experiment according to the results of experiment 1. The activities of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, sucrase, and maltase in jejunal fluid were determined. In experiment 1, significant differences were found in the average activities of amylase and chymotrypsin among days. The collection time significantly affected the 3 enzyme activities, and average enzyme activities during the day were higher and more stable than during the night. In experiment 2, the effect of dietary ME content on the 6 digestive enzymes activities was not significant. But the dietary protein content significantly changed amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
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Fassbinder-Orth CA, Karasov WH. Effects of Feed Restriction and Realimentation on Digestive and Immune Function in the Leghorn Chick. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1449-56. [PMID: 16903477 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.8.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How regulatory changes of digestive and immune functions of the gut influence each other has not been sufficiently studied. We tested for simultaneous changes in the digestive physiology and mucosal immune function of the guts of White Leghorn cockerel chicks undergoing food restriction and realimentation. Chicks were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control = fed ad libitum 7 to 17 d of age; restricted = feed restricted d 12 to 17 (at 2 restriction levels: 54 and 34% ad libitum); refed = feed restricted d 7 to 13 and then fed ad libitum d 14 to 17. Refed chicks exhibited 1 d of hyperphagy and an increase in apparent digestive efficiency following restriction (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Total small intestine mass and duodenal maltase activity differed among the groups in the order refed > control > restricted, as expected (ANOVA, P < 0.05 for both measures). In contrast, there were no significant treatment effects on our measures of gut immune structure and function, including bursa mass, spleen mass, and total IgA content of intestinal flush samples measured with standard ELISA techniques. The results of this study indicated that, during feed restriction and realimentation, some features of gut immune function are maintained unchanged in the face of regulatory changes that influence digestive functions.
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14
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Chotinsky D, Toncheva E, Profirov Y. Development of disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2001; 42:389-93. [PMID: 11469561 DOI: 10.1080/00071660120055386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1. The changes in disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of broiler chickens were investigated in isolated enterocytes on d 18 of embryonic development and d 1, 7, 21, 35 and 56 after hatching. 2. The specific activities of maltase, lactase and trehalase were greatest on d 18 of embryonic development. After hatching, maltase specific activity gradually decreased until d 18. 3. After d 7 postnatally only traces of lactase and trehalase activity were found in the enterocytes. 4. Significant sucrase activity was found on d 18 of embryonic development and the activity of this enzyme increased 2-fold after hatch and remained generally constant up to d 35, after which the enzyme specific activity declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chotinsky
- Department of Nutrition, Physiology and Biochemistry, Poultry Research Institute, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria
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15
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Levey DJ, Place AR, Rey PJ, Martínez Del Rio C. An experimental test of dietary enzyme modulation in pine warblers Dendroica pinus. Physiol Biochem Zool 1999; 72:576-87. [PMID: 10521325 DOI: 10.1086/316689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of gut function is important in an ecological and evolutionary context because it likely determines what food items an animal can and cannot eat. We examined how diet affects activity of digestive enzymes in an omnivorous bird, the pine warbler (Dendroica pinus). Pine warblers were fed insect-based, fruit-based, and seed-based diets for approximately 54 d. We then measured activity of amylase, maltase, sucrase, aminopeptidase-N, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B, pancreatic lipase, and carboxyl ester lipase. We predicted that carbohydrase activities would be highest in birds fed the diet highest in carbohydrates (fruit based), protease activities would be highest in those fed the diet highest in protein (insect based), and lipase activities would be highest in those fed the diets highest in lipid (insect based and seed based). Also, we predicted that pine warblers would exhibit greater dietary modulation of enzyme activity than reported for a less omnivorous congener, the yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata). All predictions were upheld, supporting the hypothesis that pine warblers modulate the activity of digestive enzymes in proportion to demand from substrates in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Levey
- Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 118525, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525.
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Corless AB, Sell JL. The effects of delayed access to feed and water on the physical and functional development of the digestive system of young turkeys. Poult Sci 1999; 78:1158-69. [PMID: 10472842 PMCID: PMC7107150 DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.8.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted with turkeys to determine the influence of delayed access to feed and water on the development of the digestive system. In all experiments, poults were randomly assigned to three placement times, 6, 30, and 54 h posthatch. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were terminated when poults were 10, 28, and 14 d old, respectively. In Experiment 1, six poults per treatment were sampled on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10. In Experiment 2, 12 poults per treatment were sampled on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 28. The objective of Experiment 3 was to determine the effect of delayed placement on dietary MEn. Delaying access to feed and water for 54 h adversely affected BW through 10, 28, and 14 d of age in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < or = 0.01). Delayed access to feed and water for 54 h decreased the absolute weights of the small intestine and pancreas and reduced lengths of the small intestine through 5 d posthatch (P < or = 0.05). The relative weights of the small intestine and proventriculus were reduced by delayed access to nourishment through 4 d posthatch. Poults placed on feed at 54 h posthatch had decreased pancreatic amylase activity (P < or = 0.05) at 3 and 4 d, and trypsin activities were depressed at 3 d posthatch (P < or = 0.05). In Experiment 3, dietary MEn value determined at 4 d of age with poults placed 54 h posthatch was less (P < or = 0.07) than the MEn value obtained with poults placed at 6 h posthatch. A 54-h delay in access to feed and water generally delayed development of the digestive system, impaired nutrient utilization, and reduced BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Corless
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3150, USA
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Aletor VA. Nutritional studies in the rat fed a lima bean (Phaseolus Lunatus) haemagglutinin extract. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1987.tb00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ozols A, Sheshukova T. Effects of di- and monosaccharides on the proximo-distal gradient of carbohydrase activity of chick small intestine. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 74:761-4. [PMID: 6132720 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Santidrian S, Lasheras B, Cenarruzabeitia MN, Bolufer J, Larralde J. Intestinal absorption of D-galactose and L-leucine and intestinal disaccharidase activities in growing chickens fed different raw legume diets. Poult Sci 1981; 60:887-90. [PMID: 7301750 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0600887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant (P less than .01) impairment in the rate of growth, along with a significant (P less than .01) inhibition in the rate of in vivo intestinal absorption of D-galactose and L-leucine, and in the in vitro intestinal absorption of D-galactose, was found in growing chickens fed ad libitum over a 60-day period, diets containing the raw legumes Vicia faba, Glycine soja, Vicia ervilia, and Phaseolus vulgaris as the main source of protein. Furthermore, a significant (P less than .01) reduction in the intestinal disaccharidase activity was found in the legume-fed chickens. The possible nature of these effects was discussed.
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Stevenson MH, Jackson N. The nutritional value of dried skim milk in broiler diets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 1981; 32:79-86. [PMID: 7230742 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2740320112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Hietanen E. Interspecific variation in the levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and disaccharidases. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1973; 46:359-69. [PMID: 4147901 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(73)90426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Biviano AB, Martínez del Rio C, Phillips DL. Ontogenesis of intestine morphology and intestinal disaccharidases in chickens (Gallus gallus) fed contrasting purified diets. J Comp Physiol B 1994; 163:508-18. [PMID: 8071466 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of growing posthatching Cornish x Rock cross chickens were fed with either a carbohydrate-containing (52.5%) or a carbohydrate-free diet. At 36 days after hatching some of the chicks in each group were shifted to the opposite diet. Chickens fed on a carbohydrate-containing diet grew faster and achieved higher asymptotic masses than chickens fed on a carbohydrate-free diet. Chickens fed on a carbohydrate-free diet had longer intestines and larger intestinal areas than chickens of the same mass fed on a carbohydrate-containing diet. In both groups sucrase and maltase activity (standardized by either intestinal area or mass) increased from day 1 to approximately day 17. After day 17, chickens fed on a carbohydrate-containing diet exhibited 1.8 and 1.9 times higher sucrase and maltase activities per unit intestinal area, respectively, than chickens fed on a carbohydrate-free diet. Analysis of covariance was used to estimate the contribution of sucrase and the sucrase-independent maltases to maltase activity, and to estimate the effect of diet on the sucrase-independent maltases. Sucrase contributed 80% and 75% of the maltase activity in carbohydrate and carbohydrate-free fed chickens, respectively. Chickens shifted from a carbohydrate-free to a carbohydrate diet converged in gross intestinal morphology and intestinal sucrase and maltase levels with carbohydrate-fed chickens within 8 days. Chickens shifted from carbohydrate to carbohydrate-free diets, in contrast, did not show appreciable changes in intestinal length and after 8 days had not reduced levels of sucrase and maltase to those of chickens fed on the carbohydrate-free diet. A comparison of integrated maltase intestinal activity with published data on glucose uptake showed that the ratio of maltose hydrolysis to glucose uptake seemed to be about 7 and to remain relatively invariant during ontogeny. Because so little is known about the interaction between hydrolysis and uptake in vivo, it is difficult to determine if this relatively high ratio represents excess hydrolytic capacity or if it is needed to provide high lumenal glucose concentrations that maximize uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Biviano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1003
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