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Roberts J, Dugdale-Duwell D, Lillis J, Pinto JM, Willmott A, Yeshurun S, Mor M, Souren T. The efficacy of a home-use metabolic device (Lumen) in response to a short-term low and high carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2185537. [PMID: 36862060 PMCID: PMC9987730 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2185537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on stoichiometric assumptions, and real-time assessment of expired carbon dioxide (%CO2) and flow rate, the Lumen device provides potential for consumers/athletes to monitor metabolic responses to dietary programs outside of laboratory conditions. However, there is a paucity of research exploring device efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate Lumen device response to: i) a high-carbohydrate meal under laboratory conditions, and ii) a short-term low- or high-carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers. METHODS Following institutional ethical approval, 12 healthy volunteers (age: 36 ± 4 yrs; body mass: 72.1 ± 3.6 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.02 m) performed Lumen breath and Douglas bag expired air measures under fasted laboratory conditions and at 30 and 60 min after a high-carbohydrate (2 g·kg-1) meal, along with capilliarized blood glucose assessment. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, with ordinary least squares regression used to assess the model between Lumen expired carbon dioxide percentage (L%CO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). In a separate phase, 27 recreationally active adults (age: 42 ± 2 yrs; body mass: 71.9 ± 1.9 kg; height: 1.72 ± 0.02 m) completed a 7-day low- (~20% of energy intake [EI]; LOW) or high-carbohydrate diet (~60% of EI; HIGH) in a randomized, cross-over design under free-living conditions. L%CO2 and derived Lumen Index (LI) were recorded daily across morning (fasted and post-breakfast) and evening (pre/post meal, pre-bed) periods. Repeated measures ANOVA were employed for main analyses, with Bonferroni post-hoc assessment applied (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Following the carbohydrate test-meal, L%CO2 increased from 4.49 ± 0.05% to 4.80 ± 0.06% by 30 min, remaining elevated at 4.76 ± 0.06% by 60 min post-feeding (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.74). Similarly, RER increased by 18.1% from 0.77 ± 0.03 to 0.91 ± 0.02 by 30 min post-meal (P = 0.002). When considering peak data, regression analysis demonstrated a significant model effect between RER and L%CO2 (F = 5.62, P = 0.03, R2 = 0.20). Following main dietary interventions, no significant interactions (diet × day) were found. However, main diet effects were evident across all time-points assessed, highlighting significant differences for both L%CO2 and LI between LOW and HIGH conditions (P < 0.003). For L%CO2, this was particularly noted under fasted (4.35 ± 0.07 vs. 4.46 ± 0.06%, P = 0.001), pre-evening meal (4.35 ± 0.07 vs. 4.50 ± 0.06%, P < 0.001), and pre-bed time-points (4.51 ± 0.08 vs. 4.61 ± 0.06%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that a portable, home-use metabolic device (Lumen) detected significantly increased expired %CO2 in response to a high-carbohydrate meal, and may be useful in tracking mean weekly changes to acute dietary carbohydrate modifications. Additional research is warranted to further determine the practical and clinical efficacy of the Lumen device in applied compared to laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dirk Dugdale-Duwell
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Joseph Lillis
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge Marques Pinto
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ash Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Tjeu Souren
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,School of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dasgupta K, Mussa J, Brazeau AS, Dahhou M, Sanmartin C, Ross NA, Rahme E. Associations of free sugars from solid and liquid sources with cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:756. [PMID: 37095459 PMCID: PMC10124057 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recommends a 10% total energy (TE%) limit for free sugars (i.e., added sugars and naturally occurring sugars in fruit juice, honey, and syrups) based on evidence linking higher intakes with overweight and dental caries. Evidence for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited. Impacts may differ by sex, age group, and solid vs. liquid sources; liquids may stimulate more adverse CVD profiles (due to their rapid absorption in the body along along with triggering less satiety). We examined associations of consuming total free sugars ≥ 10 TE% with CVD within four sex and age-defined groups. Given roughly equal free sugar intakes from solid and liquid sources, we also evaluated source-specific associations of free sugars ≥ 5 TE% thresholds. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we estimated free sugars from 24-h dietary recall (Canadian Community Health Survey, 2004-2005) in relationship to nonfatal and fatal CVD (Discharge Abstract and Canadian Mortality Databases, 2004-2017; International Disease Classification-10 codes for ischemic heart disease and stroke) through multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for overweight/obesity, health behaviours, dietary factors, and food insecurity. We conducted analyses in separate models for men 55 to 75 years, women 55 to 75 years, men 35 to 55 years, and women 35 to 55 years. We dichotomized total free sugars at 10 TE% and source-specific free sugars at 5 TE%. RESULTS Men 55 to 75 years of age had 34% higher CVD hazards with intakes of free sugars from solid sources ≥ 5 TE% vs. below (adjusted HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.05- 1.70). The other three age and sex-specific groups did not demonstrate conclusive associations with CVD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that from a CVD prevention standpoint in men 55 to 75 years of age, there may be benefits from consuming less than 5 TE% as free sugars from solid sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaberi Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 Boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada.
| | - Joseph Mussa
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 Boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | | | - Mourad Dahhou
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 Boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | | | - Nancy A Ross
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Elham Rahme
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 Boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
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3
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Mussa J, Brazeau AS, Peters T, Dahhou M, Sanmartin C, Ross N, Rahme E, Dasgupta K. Associations of overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus with free sugars from solid and liquid sources: cross-sectional and nested case-control analyses. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1923. [PMID: 34688275 PMCID: PMC8539824 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened beverages have obesogenic and diabetogenic effects ascribed to free sugars. These include added sugars and naturally occurring sugars in juices. A meta-analysis indicates that some foods with added sugars are associated with lower type 2 diabetes rates. To expand the evidence relevant to free sugars from solid sources, we examined a young to middle-aged population with respect to overweight and gestational diabetes (GDM) outcomes. METHODS We studied female participants (12-50 years old) from the 2004-2005 Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2 (CCHS) with data linked to the hospital Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) until 2017, providing 13 years of follow-up. We estimated free sugars by solid and liquid sources from 24-h dietary recalls as percent total energy intake (TE%), and computed body mass index (BMI). We applied ICD-10 diagnostic codes for deliveries and GDM to DAD. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations between free sugars with overweight at baseline (cross-sectional component) and, in those who delivered, with GDM during follow-up (nested case control component). We compared those with consumption above versus below various thresholds of intake for free sugars, considering solid and liquid sources separately (2.TE%, 5TE%, 10TE% and 15TE% thresholds). RESULTS Among 6305 participants, 2505 (40%) were overweight, defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile below 18 years and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 for adults. Free sugars from solid sources were associated with lower odds of overweight above versus below the 2.5TE% (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] 0.80, 95%CI 0.70-0.92), 5TE% (adjOR 0.89, 95%CI 0.79-0.99), and 10TE% (adjOR 0.86, 95%CI 0.75-0.97) thresholds. Free sugars from liquid sources were associated with greater odds of overweight across the 2.5TE% (adjOR 1.20, 95%CI 1.07-1.36), 10TE% (adjOR 1.17, 95%CI 1.02-1.34), and 15TE% (adjOR 1.43, 95%CI 1.23-1.67) thresholds. There were 113 cases of GDM among the 1842 women who delivered (6.1%). Free sugars from solid sources were associated with lower odds of GDM above versus below the 5TE% threshold (adjOR 0.56, 95%CI 0.36-0.85). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support limiting free sugars from liquid sources, given associations with overweight. We did not identify adverse associations of free sugars from solid sources across any of the thresholds examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mussa
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | | | - Tricia Peters
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mourad Dahhou
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Claudia Sanmartin
- Statistics Canada, Division of Health Analysis, Ottawa, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Ross
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elham Rahme
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Kaberi Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), 5252 boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Office 3E.09, Montreal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada.
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Parker L, Morrison DJ, Wadley GD, Shaw CS, Betik AC, Roberts‐Thomson K, Kaur G, Keske MA. Prior exercise enhances skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow and mitigates microvascular flow impairments induced by a high‐glucose mixed meal in healthy young men. J Physiol 2020; 599:83-102. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Dale J. Morrison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Glenn D. Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Andrew C. Betik
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Katherine Roberts‐Thomson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Gunveen Kaur
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Michelle A. Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
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Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, Allgrove JE, Moir HJ. Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:295-330. [PMID: 31552570 PMCID: PMC6985064 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) breaks in sitting time might attenuate metabolic markers relevant to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this paper was to systematically review and meta-analyse trials that compared the effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with bouts of PA throughout the day (INT) versus continuous sitting (SIT) on glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (TAG) measures. A second aim was to compare the effects of INT versus continuous exercise (EX) on glucose, insulin and TAG measures. METHODS The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Eligibility criteria consisted of trials comparing INT vs. SIT or INT vs. one bout of EX before or after sitting, in participants aged 18 or above, who were classified as either metabolically healthy or impaired, but not with other major health conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or peripheral arterial disease. RESULTS A total of 42 studies were included in the overall review, whereas a total of 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a standardised mean difference (SMD) of - 0.54 (95% CI - 0.70, - 0.37, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT compared to SIT for glucose. With respect to insulin, there was an SMD of - 0.56 (95% CI - 0.74, - 0.38, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT. For TAG, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.44, - 0.09, p = 0.002) in favour of INT. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with glucose responses (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.09, - 0.01, p = 0.01), and insulin (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.10, - 0.006, p = 0.03), but not TAG (β = 0.02, 95% CI - 0.02, 0.06, p = 0.37). When energy expenditure was matched, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.50, - 0.02, p = 0.03) in favour of INT for glucose, but no statistically significant SMDs for insulin, i.e. 0.35 (95% CI - 0.37, 1.07, p = 0.35), or TAG i.e. 0.08 (95% CI - 0.22, 0.37, p = 0.62). It is worth noting that there was possible publication bias for TAG outcomes when PA breaks were compared with sitting. CONCLUSION The use of PA breaks during sitting moderately attenuated post-prandial glucose, insulin, and TAG, with greater glycaemic attenuation in people with higher BMI. There was a statistically significant small advantage for PA breaks over continuous exercise for attenuating glucose measures when exercise protocols were energy matched, but no statistically significant differences for insulin and TAG. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017080982. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42017080982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk Folkerts
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.,Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith E Allgrove
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
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6
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Laurens C, Simon C, Vernikos J, Gauquelin-Koch G, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. Revisiting the Role of Exercise Countermeasure on the Regulation of Energy Balance During Space Flight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:321. [PMID: 30984019 PMCID: PMC6449861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A body mass loss has been consistently observed in astronauts. This loss is of medical concern since energy deficit can exacerbate some of the deleterious physiological changes observed during space flight including cardiovascular deconditioning, bone density, muscle mass and strength losses, impaired exercise capacity, and immune deficiency among others. These may jeopardize crew health and performance, a healthy return to Earth and mission’s overall success. In the context of planning for planetary exploration, achieving energy balance during long-term space flights becomes a research and operational priority. The regulation of energy balance and its components in current longer duration missions in space must be re-examined and fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding of how energy intake, energy expenditure, and hence energy balance are regulated in space compared to Earth. Data obtained in both actual and simulated microgravity thus far suggest that the obligatory exercise countermeasures program, rather than the microgravity per se, may be partly responsible for the chronic weight loss in space. Little is known of the energy intake, expenditure, and balance during the intense extravehicular activities which will become increasingly more frequent and difficult. The study of the impact of exercise on energy balance in space also provides further insights on lifestyle modalities such as intensity and frequency of exercise, metabolism, and the regulation of body weight on Earth, which is currently a topic of animated debate in the field of energy and obesity research. While not dismissing the significance of exercise as a countermeasure during space flight, data now challenge the current exercise countermeasure program promoted and adopted for many years by all the International Space Agencies. An alternative exercise approach that has a minimum impact on total energy expenditure in space, while preventing muscle mass loss and other physiological changes, is needed in order to better understand the in-flight regulation of energy balance and estimate daily energy requirements. A large body of data generated on Earth suggests that alternate approaches, such as high intensity interval training (HIIT), in combination or not with sessions of resistive exercise, might fulfill such needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laurens
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- Carmen INSERM U1060, Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Melson CE, Nepocatych S, Madzima TA. The effects of whey and soy liquid breakfast on appetite response, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake. Nutrition 2018; 61:179-186. [PMID: 30822749 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of animal-based protein (whey; WP) compared with plant-based protein (soy; SP) and carbohydrate (CHO) liquid breakfast on appetite, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake. METHODS Seventeen healthy individuals consumed three isocaloric breakfast smoothies with whey, soy, or carbohydrate (no protein) in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Participants completed an 11-point rating scale of appetite profile (before, 0, 60, 120, and 180 min). Indirect calorimetry was used to determine the thermic effect of a meal (TEM; at 45-60, 105-120, and 165-180 min). An ad libitum lunch was offered at 180 min after breakfast and energy intake was assessed. RESULTS There was a significant difference in hunger (P = 0.033), fullness (P = 0.002), satiety (P = 0.001), desire to eat (P = 0.024), and prospective food consumption (P = 0.021) between the three breakfast meals. Fullness and SP compared with CHO. A higher (P < 0.001) TEM and lower (P < 0.05) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was observed after WP and SP compared with CHO. In addition, a higher (P = 0.022) energy intake at lunch was observed after CHO (769 ± 259 kcal) compared with WP (654 ± 252 kcal) and SP (664 ± 296 kcal), with no difference (P = 0.966) between WP and SP. Consuming SP at breakfast exerts comparable effects to WP on appetite profile, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake, suggesting that SP is a reasonable alternative to WP as a protein supplement source to aid in body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Melson
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
| | - Svetlana Nepocatych
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Takudzwa A Madzima
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Heden T, Liu Y, Sims L, Whaley-Connell AT, Chockalingam A, Dellsperger KC, Kanaley JA. Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:123-9. [PMID: 23505176 PMCID: PMC3484202 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, and insulinemia between a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern in obese women. DESIGN AND METHODS In a counterbalanced order, eight obese women completed two, 12-h conditions in which they consumed 1,500 calories (14% protein, 21% fat, and 65% carbohydrate) either as three 500 calorie liquid meals every 4-h or six 250 calorie liquid meals every 2-h. Blood samples were taken every 30 min and analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase-1 activity, and insulin. RESULTS The TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during the three meal condition (321 ± 129 mg/dl · 12 h) was significantly lower (P = 0.04) compared with the six meal condition (481 ± 155 mg/dl · 12 h). The insulin iAUC during the three meal condition (5,549 ± 1,007 pmol/l · 12 h) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared with the six meal condition (4,230 ± 757 pmol/l(.) 12 h). Meal frequency had no influence on the other biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern differentially alters postprandial TAG and insulin concentrations but has no effect on postprandial cholesterol, oxidative stress, or antioxidant activity in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Heden
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lauren Sims
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Adam T. Whaley-Connell
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Anand Chockalingam
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kevin C. Dellsperger
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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9
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Meal Frequency Differentially Alters Postprandial Triacylglycerol and Insulin Concentrations in Obese Women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Effects of food form on food intake and postprandial appetite sensations, glucose and endocrine responses, and energy expenditure in resistance trained v. sedentary older adults. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1107-16. [PMID: 21492495 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Limited research has suggested that the food form of nutritional supplements (FFNS) and resistance training (RT) influence ingestive behaviour and energy balance in older adults. The effects of the FFNS and RT on acute appetitive, endocrine and metabolic responses are not adequately documented. The present study assessed the effects of the FFNS and RT on postprandial appetite sensations (hunger and fullness), endocrine responses (plasma insulin, cholecystokinin, ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)), metabolism (glucose, energy expenditure and RER) and food intake (satiation) in older adults. On separate days, eighteen sedentary (Sed) and sixteen RT healthy adults (age 62-84 years) consumed 12·5 % of their energy need as an isoenergetic- and macronutrient-matched solid or beverage. Postprandial responses were assessed over 4 h. No RT × FFNS interactions were observed for any parameter. Fasting cholecystokinin was higher in the RT v. Sed group (P < 0·05). RT did not influence fullness, but fullness was higher following the solid v. beverage intake (P < 0·01). Neither RT nor FFNS influenced hunger. Glucose and insulin were higher after the solid v. beverage intake (P < 0·01). Ghrelin, GLP-1 and energy expenditure were not different between the RT and FFNS groups. Postprandial cholecystokinin was higher in the RT v. Sed group (P < 0·01) and for solid v. beverage (P < 0·05). RER was lower for solid v. beverage (P < 0·001). Neither RT nor FFNS independently or interactively influenced food intake 2 h after post-nutritional supplements. In conclusion, RT had little influence on ingestive behaviour. The appetitive and endocrine responses suggested the solid-promoted satiety; however, the FFNS did not alter subsequent food intake.
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11
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Abstract
Este trabalho discute o papel dos alimentos líquidos e sólidos na ingestão alimentar, fundamentando-se em uma revisão crítica sobre o assunto. Utilizaram-se os principais bancos de dados nacionais e internacionais em saúde, entre eles, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Lilacs, SciELO. A busca bibliográfica compreendeu o período de 1980 a 2008. Os resultados atuais das pesquisas indicam que o estado físico do alimento pode influenciar o consumo alimentar, tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo, e que os alimentos líquidos exercem um menor poder sacietógeno, em comparação aos sólidos. Os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesse fraco controle do apetite pelos líquidos são: falta de mastigação, fase cefálica da ingestão menos pronunciada, esvaziamento gástrico mais rápido e fatores cognitivos. Conclui-se que o uso de alimentos líquidos, em especial bebidas energéticas, deve ser moderado tanto na prevenção como no tratamento da obesidade.
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Rijkelijkhuizen JM, Girman CJ, Mari A, Alssema M, Rhodes T, Nijpels G, Kostense PJ, Stein PP, Eekhoff EM, Heine RJ, Dekker JM. Classical and model-based estimates of beta-cell function during a mixed meal vs. an OGTT in a population-based cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83:280-8. [PMID: 19097663 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study compared classical and model-based beta-cell responses during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a meal tolerance test (MTT) in a population-based cohort. Individuals with normal glucose metabolism (NGM, n=161), impaired glucose metabolism (IGM, n=19) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM, n=20) underwent a 75 g-OGTT and an MTT (75 g carbohydrates, 50 g fat, 24 g proteins). Classical estimates of beta-cell function (insulinogenic index and the ratio of areas under insulin and glucose curves) were calculated. Mathematical modelling was used to determine beta-cell glucose sensitivity, rate sensitivity and potentiation. Insulin sensitivity was characterized by three surrogate estimates. Both classical and model-based estimates of beta-cell function were higher during MTT than during OGTT (P<0.05). Regarding the model-based parameters, especially beta-cell sensitivity was increased following MTT as compared with OGTT (P<0.05). Both during OGTT and MTT, across most parameters describing beta-cell function, the largest reduction in beta-cell response occurred between IGM and DM, while the largest reduction in insulin sensitivity occurred between NGM and IGM. We conclude that beta-cell response is stronger after a mixed meal than after an OGTT with equal carbohydrate quantity, both for classical and model-based parameters. The higher response was mostly explained by higher beta-cell sensitivity during the meal.
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13
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Mourão DM, Monteiro JBR, Hermsdorff HHM, Teixeira MCL. Alimentos modificados e suas implicações no metabolismo energético. REV NUTR 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732005000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito de duas dietas, modificadas no perfil de seus carboidratos, no metabolismo energético de homens com peso normal e com sobrepeso. MÉTODOS: Três formulações convencionais e suas formulações correspondentes diet, compuseram as dietas isoenergéticas padrão e a dieta modificada, respectivamente. Utilizou-se a calorimetria indireta, para obtenção dos dados referentes ao metabolismo energético. A amostra foi de 13 homens em cada grupo. RESULTADOS: O grupo com sobrepeso apresentou um gasto energético superior e uma termogênese inferior (p<0,01) ao grupo com eutróficos, independentemente da dieta. Verificou-se um quociente respiratório de repouso, gasto energético de repouso, termogênese, e oxidação de carboidratos, superior (p<0,05), após o uso de dieta modificada, independentemente do grupo. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que uma dieta isoenergética, com maior quantidade de carboidratos complexos, tende a elevar o quociente respiratório, promovendo, assim, um aumento da termogênese e do gasto energético.
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14
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Koutsari C, Sidossis LS. Effect of isoenergetic low- and high-carbohydrate diets on substrate kinetics and oxidation in healthy men. Br J Nutr 2003; 90:413-8. [PMID: 12908902 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of diet composition on post-absorptive (15 h fast) fatty acid and glucose metabolism was investigated in five healthy men after 2 weeks on a low-carbohydrate (Low-CHO) diet (30 % energy intake from carbohydrates, 55 % from fat, 15 % from protein) and after 2 weeks on a high-carbohydrate (High-CHO) diet (energy intake 75, 10 and 15 % from carbohydrates, fat and protein respectively). The diets were isoenergetic and comprised real foods. Stable-isotope tracer methodology and indirect calorimetry were employed to measure glucose and fatty acid kinetics and oxidation. The relative contribution of carbohydrate to the total energy expenditure was significantly higher after the High-CHO diet. After the High-CHO diet, total and plasma fatty oxidation (2.4 (SE 0.7) and 2.1 (SE 0.4) micromol/kg per min respectively) were significantly lower than after the Low-CHO diet (4.8 (SE 0.5) and 4.6 (SE 0.8) micromol/kg per min for total and plasma fatty oxidation respectively). The rate of appearance (Ra) of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma and the arterial NEFA concentration were both significantly lower following the High-CHO than the Low-CHO diet. However, even after the High-CHO diet, NEFA Ra was threefold higher than plasma fatty acid oxidation. Thus, the decrease in fatty acid oxidation after consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet for 2 weeks in healthy men is unlikely to result from decreased fatty acid delivery to the tissues. Glucose Ra and arterial plasma glucose concentration were similar after the two diets. After the High-CHO diet, arterial lactate concentration was higher and total carbohydrate oxidation rate well exceeded glucose Ra in plasma. Therefore, alterations in intracellular mechanisms may limit fatty acid oxidation after high-carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Koutsari
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Diabetes, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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15
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Vloet LC, Mehagnoul-Schipper DJ, Hoefnagels WH, Jansen RW. The influence of low-, normal-, and high-carbohydrate meals on blood pressure in elderly patients with postprandial hypotension. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M744-8. [PMID: 11723147 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.12.m744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is a common and serious disorder of blood pressure (BP) regulation in elderly people. It has been suggested that primarily the carbohydrate (CH) content of a meal induces the BP decrease. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the CH content of meals and postprandial BP responses in elderly patients diagnosed with PPH. METHODS Twelve geriatric patients (aged 75 to 91 years; 6 men) who were previously diagnosed with PPH received standardized liquid meals with low- (25 g), normal- (65 g), and high- (125 g) CH content in random order on three separate days. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP, and heart rate were measured every 5 minutes from 20 minutes before until 75 minutes after each meal. Postprandial symptoms were recorded every 15 minutes. RESULTS The maximum decrease in SBP was significantly smaller after the low-CH meal (-28 +/- 5 mm Hg) than after the normal- (-39 +/- 7 mm Hg) and high-CH meals (-40 +/- 5 mm Hg) (p <.050 between groups). In addition, the duration of PPH was significantly shorter (p <.010), and postprandial symptoms were less frequent and less severe after the low-CH meal. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the CH amount in meals induces significantly smaller decreases in SBP, shorter duration of PPH, and reduction of PPH-related symptoms. Therefore, limiting the CH content of an elderly patient's meal can be a clinically effective nonpharmacological treatment for PPH in elderly patients and can reduce the risk of developing symptomatic PPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Vloet
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Beverages are contributing an increased proportion of energy to the diet. Because they elicit a weak compensatory dietary response, they may increase risk of positive energy balance. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document the differential effects of matched liquid and solid carbohydrate loads on diet and body weight. DESIGN In a cross-over design, seven males and eight females consumed dietary carbohydrate loads of 1880 kJ/day as a liquid (soda) or solid (jelly beans) during two 4 week periods separated by a 4 week washout. Subjects were permitted to consume the loads however they chose. In addition to baseline measurements, diet records were obtained on random days throughout the study, body composition was measured weekly, physical activity was assessed before and after treatments and hunger was assessed during washout and midway through each treatment. RESULTS Free-feeding energy intake during the solid period was significantly lower than intake prior to this period. Dietary energy compensation was precise (118%). No decrease in free-feeding energy intake occurred during the liquid period. Total daily energy intake increased by an amount equal to the load resulting in dietary compensation of -17%. Consequently, body weight and BMI increased significantly only during the liquid period. Physical activity and hunger were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that liquid carbohydrate promotes positive energy balance, whereas a comparable solid carbohydrate elicits precise dietary compensation. Increased consumption of energy-yielding fluids may promote positive energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P DiMeglio
- Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1264, USA
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17
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Peracchi M, Santangelo A, Conte D, Fraquelli M, Tagliabue R, Gebbia C, Porrini M. The physical state of a meal affects hormone release and postprandial thermogenesis. Br J Nutr 2000; 83:623-8. [PMID: 10911770 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that food consistency may influence postprandial physiological responses. Recently we found that homogenization of a vegetable-rich meal significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate and was more satiating than the same meal in solid-liquid form. In this present study we investigated whether homogenization also influences endocrine and metabolic responses to the meal. Eight healthy men, aged 21-28 (mean 24.5) years, were given the meal (cooked vegetables 250 g, cheese 35 g, croutons 50 g and olive oil 25 g, with water 300 ml; total energy 2.6 MJ) in both solid-liquid (SM) and homogenized (HM) form, in random order, at 1-week intervals. Variables assayed were plasma glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels for 2 h and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for 5 h. Plasma glucose pattern was similar after both meals. However, HM induced significantly greater insulin, GIP and DIT responses than SM. Mean integrated areas under the curves (AUC) were 1.7 (SEM 0.38) v. 1.2 (SEM 0.33) U/l per 120 min (P = 0.005) for insulin, 19.9 (SEM 2.44) v. 16 (SEM 1.92) nmol/l per 120 min (P = 0.042) for GIP, and 237.7 (SEM 16.32) v. 126.4 (SEM 23.48) kJ/300 min (P = 0.0029) for DIT respectively. Differences between GIP-AUC after HM and SM correlated significantly with differences between insulin-AUC after HM and SM (r2 0.62, P = 0.021). These findings demonstrate that homogenization of a meal results in a coordinated series of changes of physiological gastroentero-pancreatic functions and confirm that the physical state of the meal plays an important role in modulating endocrine and metabolic responses to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peracchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore-IRCCS, Italy.
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Samman S. Nutrition and therapeutics. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998; 9:599-601. [PMID: 10075478 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199812000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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