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Gomaa W, Saleem A, McGeough E, Ominski K, Chen L, Yang W. Effect of red osier dogwood extract on in vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility, and fermentation characteristics of forage-based diet or grain-based diet. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27991. [PMID: 38524609 PMCID: PMC10957426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This in vitro batch culture study investigated the effects of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract supplementation on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD), and fermentation characteristics in high forage (HF) and high grain (HG) diets with varying media pH level. The experiment was a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) × 4 dose rates of ROD extract (0, 1, 3, and 5% of DM substrate). An additional treatment of monensin was added as a positive control for each pH level. The HF substrate consisted of 400 and 600 g/kg DM barley-based concentrate and barley silage, respectively, while the HG substrate contained 100 and 900 g/kg DM barley silage and barley-based concentrate, respectively. Treatments were incubated for 24 h with GP, DMD and fermentation parameters determined. No interaction was detected between the media pH level and ROD extract dose rate on GP, DMD and most of the fermentation parameters. The GP, DMD, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were greater (P = 0.01) with media pH of 6.5 in both HF and HG diets. The GP were not affected by increasing ROD dose rate, except that GP linearly decreased in the HF (P = 0.04) and HG (P = 0.01) diets at 24 h; the DMD tended to linearly decrease at pH 6.5 (P = 0.06) for both HF and HG diets and at pH 5.8 (P = 0.02) for the HG diet. Adding ROD extract to the HF and HG diets linearly (P = 0.01) increased the acetate molar proportion at high or low media pH and consequently, the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio linearly (P ≤ 0.04) increased. Supplementation of ROD extract to the HF diet linearly (P = 0.04) decreased the molar proportion of propionate at pH 6.5 (interaction between pH and ROD extract; P = 0.05), but had no effect on propionate proportion when added to the HG diet. Moreover, the proportion of branched-chain fatty acids linearly (P = 0.03) decreased with ROD extract supplementation at low pH (interaction, P < 0.05) for HF diet and linearly decreased (P = 0.05) at pH 6.5 for HG diet (interaction, P < 0.05). The NH3-N concentration was not affected by ROD supplementation in the HF diet but it linearly (P = 0.01) decreased with increasing dose rate in the HG diet. Methane concentration tended to linearly (P = 0.06) increase with ROD extract supplementation at high pH for HF diet and linearly increased at pH 5.8 (P = 0.06) and pH 6.5 (P = 0.02) for HG diet. These results indicate that the decreased DMD and increased A:P ratio observed with addition of ROD extract may be beneficial to HG-fed cattle to reduce the risk of rumen acidosis without negatively impacting fiber digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.M.S. Gomaa
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - A.M. Saleem
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - E.J. McGeough
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - K. Ominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - L.Y. Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - W.Z. Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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Liu W, Du S, Sun L, Wang Z, Ge G, Jia Y. Study on Dynamic Fermentation of Oat Silage Assisted by Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:6. [PMID: 38202317 PMCID: PMC10780392 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Based on the low content of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) attachment in oat raw materials, we assumed that the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of oat can be reduced by adding cellulase or xylanase. The concentration of metabolizable sugars will be increased, which will assist the oat's bacterial community in fermentation and obtain a better quality of oat silage. After wilting the oat, it was treated as follows: (1) distributed water (CK); (2) silages inoculated with xylanase (X); and (3) silages inoculated with cellulase (C), ensiling for 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. Cellulase and xylanase treatments both alter the fermentation and nutritional quality of ensiled oat, resulting in lower NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and hemicellulose contents, increased lactic acid and acetic acid contents, and a significant decrease in ensiling environment pH. The bacterial community undergoes significant changes with cellulase and xylanase treatments, with a significant increase in Lactobacillus abundance in the C_14, X_30, C_30, X_60, and C_60 treatment groups, while Weissella abundance gradually decreases with longer ensiling times. Two exogenous fibrolytic enzymes also alter the bacterial diversity of ensiled oat, with different bacterial species and abundances observed in different treatment groups. Ensiled oat treated with cellulase and xylanase experiences significant changes in its own bacterial community, particularly in the abundance of Lactobacillus. These changes result in improved fermentation and nutritional quality of oat, but the higher metabolism levels observed after 60 days of ensiling with cellulase treatment may lead to energy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Shuai Du
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China;
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
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Effect of Fibrolytic Enzymes, Cellulolytic Fungi and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Fermentation Characteristics, Structural Carbohydrate Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Rice Straw Silage. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of fibrolytic enzymes, cellulolytic fungi and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality, structural carbohydrate composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. This experiment followed a completely randomised block design; four treatments were designed: (1) distilled water (control, CON); (2) fibrolytic enzymes (2.0 g/kg fresh weight (FW), E); (3) Trichoderma reesei (4400 U/kg FW, F); (4) Enterococcus faecium Y83 (1 × 106 cfu/g FW, Y83). All additives were diluted with distilled water and sprayed onto the rice straw (20 mL/kg FW). The rice straw was placed into a laboratory silo (10 L) after uniformly mixing and stored at ambient temperature (17–22 °C) ensiling for 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. The fermentation quality in treated silages was improved compared to the CON, as indicated by lower pH, propionic acid, acetic acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) contents. Furthermore, Y83 had the lowest (p < 0.05) pH and highest (p < 0.05) lactic acid content after 60 days of ensiling. Y83 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the neutral detergent fibre content compared with CON, E and F. In addition, E and Y83 had significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility than CON and F. Overall, Y83 can be used as a promising inoculant for improving the fermentation quality of rice straw silage.
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Intake, digestibility, growth performance and blood profile of rams fed sugarcane bagasse or rice husk treated with Trichoderma viride and effective microorganisms. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Bautil A, Bedford MR, Buyse J, Courtin CM. Reduced-particle size wheat bran and endoxylanase supplementation in broiler feed affect arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation with broiler age differently. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:308-320. [PMID: 36733780 PMCID: PMC9874015 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the caecal microbiota of young broilers are not yet able to ferment the dietary fibre (DF) fraction of the feed to a large extent, increasing the accessibility of DF substrates along the gastrointestinal tract is crucial to benefit from the health stimulating metabolic end-products (e.g. butyric acid) generated upon microbial DF fermentation. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of reduced-particle size wheat bran (RPS-WB) and endoxylanases as feed additives to stimulate arabinoxylan (AX) hydrolysis and fermentation along the hindgut of young broilers. To this end, RPS-WB and endoxylanase supplementation were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial design using a total of 256 male 1-d-old chicks (Ross 308). Broilers were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: a basal wheat-based diet with (1) no feed additives (control, CTRL), (2) an endoxylanase (XYL; Econase XT 25 at 0.10 g/kg diet), (3) 1% wheat bran with an average reduced particle size of 297 μm (RPS-WB) and (4) an endoxylanase and 1% RPS-WB (RPS-WB + XYL). Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times and on d 10 and 28, respectively, 24 and 16 broilers per treatment group were euthanised to analyse AX degradation, short-chain fatty acid production and digesta viscosity in the ileum and caecum. Broilers receiving XYL in their diet showed increased AX solubilisation and fermentation at both d 10 and 28 compared to the CTRL group (P < 0.05). Adding RPS-WB to the diet stimulated wheat AX utilisation by the primary AX degraders in the caecum at 10 d of age compared to the CTRL group, as observed by the high AX digestibility coefficient for the RPS-WB supplemented group at this young age (P < 0.05). At 28 d, RPS-WB supplementation lowered body-weight gains but increased butyric acid concentrations compared to the XYL and CTRL group (P < 0.05). Although no synergistic effect for RPS-WB + XYL broilers was observed for AX hydrolysis and fermentation, these findings suggest that both additives can raise a dual benefit to the broiler as a butyrogenic effect and improved AX fermentation along the ileum and caecum were observed throughout the broiler's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Bautil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Johan Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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Abid K, Jabri J, Yaich H, Malek A, Rekhis J, Kamoun M. Study of the influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme additive on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and nutritional value of brewer's spent grain. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1707-1713. [PMID: 35702302 PMCID: PMC9179131 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the influence of different doses of two exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) additives (liquid (EFE1: 1, 2, and 4 μΙ/g DM (dry matter)) and powder (EFE2: 1, 2, and 4 mg/g DM)) on the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and nutritional value of brewer's spent grain (BSG). The results indicate that EFE1 at low doses does not affect the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and the nutritional value of BSG. The medium dose EFE1 decreases the fiber compound but increases the nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) and soluble dry matter. Also, this dose modified the fermentation of BSG by increasing the amount of gas and its fermentation rate and decreasing the time between the inoculation and start of fermentation. Therefore, it increases the digestibility, metabolizable energy, net energy‐lactation (NEL), total volatile fatty acids, and the microbial crude protein production of BSG. The high dose of EFE1 decreases the fiber compound and increases the nonfiber carbohydrates and soluble dry matter; however, it also decreases the potential of gas production and does not affect the nutritional value of BSG. For EFE2, all the doses do not modify the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and the nutritional value of BSG. These results suggest that the effectiveness of EFE varied, depending on the type of EFE and dose. Increase in the nutritional value of BSG by EFE1 at the medium dose can encourage breeders to use these wastes as feed at low cost in cow nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Abid
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Jihene Jabri
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Hela Yaich
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Atef Malek
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Jamel Rekhis
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Kamoun
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia
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Kholif AE, Hamdon HA, Gouda GA, Kassab AY, Morsy TA, Patra AK. Feeding Date-Palm Leaves Ensiled with Fibrolytic Enzymes or Multi-Species Probiotics to Farafra Ewes: Intake, Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Chemistry, Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091107. [PMID: 35565534 PMCID: PMC9104845 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present experiment evaluated the feeding of date palm leaves (DPL) ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes (ENZ) or multi-species probiotics (MSP) on nutrient utilization and lactational performance of ewes. Fifty multiparous lactating Farafra ewes were used in a completely randomized design for 90 d. The treatments consisted of the control diet with a concentrate feed mixture and date palm leaves (at 60:40, DM basis) ensiled without additive (control) or DPL ensiled with ENZ or MSP replacing control DPL at 50 or 100%. Both ENZ and MSP increased (p < 0.01) DPL and total intakes, digestibility of all nutrients, concentrations of ammonia, total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate in the rumen. Increased milk production, concentrations of fat, lactose and energy in milk, and feed efficiency were observed with MSP and ENZ compared to the control treatment. Moreover, ENZ and MSP increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of total n3, n6 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids and decreased (p < 0.001) the atherogenicity. The differences between ENZ and MSP and between the low and high replacement levels were minor for all measured parameters. Ensiling of DPL with MSP or fibrolytic enzymes is recommended to improve feed efficiency and improve lactational performance of ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (G.A.G.); (T.A.M.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Hatem A. Hamdon
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt; (H.A.H.); (A.Y.K.)
| | - Gouda A. Gouda
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (G.A.G.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Ayman Y. Kassab
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt; (H.A.H.); (A.Y.K.)
| | - Tarek A. Morsy
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (G.A.G.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Amlan K. Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K.B. Sarani, Kolkata 700037, India;
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Effects of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Derived from Trichoderma reesei on Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Degradability of Low-Tannin Whole Plant Faba Bean Silage in Dairy Cows. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei on dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability of whole plant faba bean silage (Snowbird), (2) evaluate the effects of fibrolytic enzyme (FETR) on DM and NDF degradation kinetics of whole plant faba bean silage, and (3) compare the difference between in the vitro approach (DaisyII incubation method) and the in situ assay-biological approach (nylon bag technique) in the determination of degradability of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD). The fibrolytic enzyme from Trichoderma reesei was a mixture of xylanase and cellulase. The whole plant faba bean silage was treated with seven doses of fibrolytic enzyme, with 0 as a control and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 mL of FETR/kg DM of silage. The results obtained from the in situ method show that fibrolytic enzyme cubically (p < 0.05) affected DMD and quadratically (p < 0.01) affected NDFD with increasing level of enzyme application. In vitro DM and NDF degradability were quadratically and cubically (p < 0.01) affected by the increasing dosage of enzyme. Correlation analysis between the in situ assay-biological approach and the In vitro DaisyII approach showed a strong correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.01) on overall DMD and also a satisfactory relationship (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) was found on overall NDFD. The enzyme application showed a great impact on NDF rumen degradation kinetics by decreasing the undegradable fraction and increasing the potential degradable fraction and the effective degradable content of fiber. The washable (W) and potential degradation fraction (D) were linearly (p = 0.05) increased by the enzyme treatments. Therefore, the undegradable fraction was linearly decreased (p = 0.05) with increasing dosage of enzyme. Both bypass (BNDF) and effective degradable NDF (EDNDF) were cubically (p = 0.05) affected by fibrolytic enzyme. In conclusion, the exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei highly impacted rumen degradation characteristics and degradability of whole plant faba bean silage and could be used to improve fibre digestion of whole plant faba silage in dairy cows.
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Partial Replacement of Concentrate with Olive Cake in Different forms in the Diet of Lactating Barki Ewes Affects the Lactational Performance and Feed Utilization. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present experiment aimed to evaluate the inclusion of dried olive cake treated or untreated with fibrolytic enzyme, partially replacing concentrates in the diet of ewes. Forty lactating Barki ewes, weighing 37.1 ± 4.0 kg, were assigned into four treatments (n=10) in a complete randomized design for 9 weeks. Ewes were stratified according to parity (2 ± 1 parity) and previous milk production (615 ± 11 g/d). The control diet consisted of concentrates and corn fodder at 60:40, respectively. For the experimental diets, 30% of the concentrates was replaced with dried olive cake (DOC treatment), olive cake silage (SOC treatment) or olive cake silage treated with fibrolytic enzymes (ESOC treatment). Without affecting intake, DOC, SOC and ESOC diets enhanced (P<0.05) dry matter, organic matter and non-structural carbohydrate digestibility; however, ESOC diets increased (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility. Additionally, DOC, SOC and ESOC diets increased (P<0.05) ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate without affecting ruminal pH and ammonia-N concentration. The ESOC diet increased serum glucose concentration (P=0.019). Both of SOC and ESOC diets increased (P<0.05) daily milk production and energy corrected milk as well as milk fat concentration (P=0.028). All of DOC, SOC and ESOC increased (P<0.05) feed (milk) efficiency compared with the control diet. It is concluded that 30% of concentrates can be replaced with olive cake without negative effects on performance but with better performance when olive cake was ensiled with or without fibrolytic enzymes.
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Effect of Cellulase Enzyme Produced from Penicilliumchrysogenum on the Milk Production, Composition, Amino Acid, and Fatty Acid Profiles of Egyptian Buffaloes Fed a High-Forage Diet. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113066. [PMID: 34827797 PMCID: PMC8614441 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes can improve nutrient digestibility of feeds high in fibrous content offered to Egyptian lactating buffaloes. The proposed cellulase exclusively produced in-farm using Penicillium Chrysogenum showed higher activity in previous in vitro studies. That is why it was chosen to get tested against a well-known commercial source of cellulase enzyme from the Egyptian markets for its efficiency in increasing milk productivity and composition. Profiles of amino acids and fatty acids were also recorded. The initial results highlighted a superiority of the produced enzyme (FENZ) against the commercial source (CENZ). It was also clear that FENZ can preserve higher proportions of fatty acids in the milk, primarily conjugated linoleic acid. Based on the idea rationale, our conclusion is to promote setting a small cellulase production unit in each farm in Egypt to decrease the cost of feeding by using agricultural and agro-industrial waste during the cellulase production and feeding process. Abstract The experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplementing a cellulase enzymes cocktail to lactating buffaloes’ diet, on the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production performance and composition. Twenty-four lactating Egyptian buffaloes were assigned into one of the following treatments: CON—control consisted of a total mixed ration, CENZ—the total mixed ration supplemented by a commercial source of cellulase enzyme, FENZ—the total mixed ration supplemented with cellulase enzyme cocktail produced in-farm. Supplementing the diet with the in-farm source of cellulase (FENZ) had a significantly higher impact on crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber digestibility. However, FENZ tended to increase the EE digestibility compared to CENZ. FENZ showed significantly higher nutrient digestibility percentages compared to other groups. Supplementing the diet with cellulase enzymes (CON vs. ENZ) significantly increased the daily milk yield and the fat correct milk yield; both yields were significantly higher with FENZ than all groups. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid concentration were significantly higher with cellulase enzymes supplementation (CON vs. ENZ) and the conjugated linoleic acid concentration. Supplementing fungal cellulase enzyme produced on a farm-scale has improved milk productivity, fat yield, and milk fat unsaturated fatty acids profile in lactating buffaloes.
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Vittorazzi PC, Marques JA, Takiya CS, Chesini RG, Bugoni M, da Silva GG, Nunes AT, Silva TBP, Dias MSS, Grigoletto NTS, Cortinhas CS, Acedo TS, Renno FP. Increasing doses of carbohydrases: Effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and performance of mid-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12508-12519. [PMID: 34600703 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrient intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, and productivity of mid-lactating cows. Experiment 1 was designed to test increasing doses [0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 g/kg of dry matter (DM)] of a combination of 2 enzyme products with xylanase and β-glucanase activities (Ronozyme Wx and Ronozyme VP, respectively; DSM Nutritional Products) on rumen fermentation and total apparent digestibility. Enzyme combinations had a ratio of endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase to endo-1,4-β-xylanase of 8:2 (wt/wt). For experiment 1, 8 rumen cannulated lactating cows were used into a double 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 14 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Despite no differences in feed intake, carbohydrases linearly increased neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Treatments marginally affected rumen fermentation, where a linear trend for lower rumen pH and a linear trend for greater isobutyrate concentration were observed with increasing enzyme dose. A trend for lower rumen NH3-N concentration was observed for cows receiving carbohydrases in comparison with control group. When comparing all enzyme treatments against control group, cows fed enzymes tended to produce more 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), produced more milk fat, and had greater blood glucose concentration. Experiment 2 evaluated 3 doses (0, 0.5, or 0.75 g/kg of DM) of the same combination of enzyme products on performance of cows (n = 36) in a complete randomized block (n = 12) design. Cows received treatments for 9 wk. No interaction effects between treatments and time were observed for all variables assessed in this study. In agreement with experiment 1, no differences were detected for feed intake, but cows fed the enzyme products tended to produce more 3.5% FCM and milk fat compared with control. In addition, cows fed enzymes exhibited greater efficiency of FCM production (FCM ÷ DM intake) compared with control. No differences were detected for intake and productivity when comparing the 2 doses of carbohydrases. In summary, the enzyme products tested in this study may improve feed efficiency due to greater milk fat concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César Vittorazzi
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Julia A Marques
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Caio S Takiya
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Rodrigo G Chesini
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Milena Bugoni
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Guilherme G da Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Alanne T Nunes
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Tássia B P Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Mauro S S Dias
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Nathalia T S Grigoletto
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | | | | | - Francisco P Renno
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900.
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Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in the food industry. Their use as a supplement to the raw material for animal feed is a current research topic. Although there are several studies on the application of enzyme additives in the animal feed industry, it is necessary to search for new enzymes, as well as to utilize bioinformatics tools for the design of specific enzymes that work in certain environmental conditions and substrates. This will allow the improvement of the productive parameters in animals, reducing costs and making the processes more efficient. Technological needs have considered these catalysts as essential in many industrial sectors and research is constantly being carried out to optimize their use in those processes. This review describes the enzymes used in animal nutrition, their mode of action, their production and new sources of production as well as studies on different animal models to evaluate their effect on the productive performance intended for the production of animal feed.
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Trejo-López M, Ayala-Martínez M, Zepeda-Bastida A, Franco-Fernández M, Soto-Simental S. Using spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate to supplemented goats to increase fresh cheese yields. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Gu S, Liu C, Zhang W, Qu M, Li Y, Zang Y, Xiong X, Pan K, Zhao X. Characteristics of a recombinant Fusarium verticillioides cutinase and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:382-388. [PMID: 33434547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study heterologously expressed a cutinase from Fusarium verticillioides by Pichia pastoris and investigated its properties and effects on the hydrolysis of rice straw. The optimal pH and temperature for F. verticillioides cutinase were 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. F. verticillioides cutinase had poor thermal stability and could be inhibited by some metal ions, inhibitors, and detergents (5 mM), including Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, sodium dodecyl sulfate, EDTA, and Tween-20. F. verticillioides cutinase could tolerate 15% methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide but was significantly repressed by 15% ethanol and acetone with 48% and 63% residual activity, respectively. F. verticillioides cutinase could degrade the cuticle of rice straw with palmitic acid and stearic acid as the main products. However, the dissolving sugars released from the rice straw treated with F. verticillioides cutinase were significantly reduced by 29.2 μg/mL compared with the control (107.9 μg/mL). Similarly, the reducing sugars produced from the cellulase hydrolysis of rice straw pretreated with F. verticillioides cutinase were reduced by 63.5 μg/mL relative to the control (253.6 μg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy results showed that numerous tuberculate or warty protrusions were present nearly everywhere on the surface of rice straw treated with F. verticillioides cutinase, and some protrusions even covered and blocked the stomata of the rice straw surface. Current limited data indicate that F. verticillioides cutinase might not be an appropriate choice for improving the utilization of agricultural straws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Gu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Yitian Zang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiaowen Xiong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
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Mahrous AA, El-Tahan AAH, Hafez YH, El-Shora MA, Olafadehan OA, Hamdon H. Effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves on productive performance of growing lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:72. [PMID: 33400015 PMCID: PMC7785545 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen 4-month-old lambs, with a mean live weight (LW) of 19.47 ± 0.20 kg, were used to evaluate the nutritive value of date palm leaves (DPL) ensiled with different additives in a completely randomized design. Lambs were stratified into three groups of 6 lambs each and fed a control diet comprising 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 40% DPL silage (T1). In other treatments, the DPL silage (DPLS) of the control treatment was replaced with EM1 additive-treated DPLS (T2) or El-Mofeed additive-treated DPLS (T3). Apparent digestibility, total digestible nutrient, digestible crude protein, dry matter intake, daily weight gain (DWG), price of DWG, daily profit, and economics of feed efficiency were higher (P < 0.05) for the additives-treated DPLS relative to the control, with T2 enhancing these parameters compared with T3. With exception of ruminal pH, which was reduced, concentrations of ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased 4 h post feeding. However, ruminal NH3-N and total VFA were greater (P < 0.05) for the additives-treated DPLS, with T2 producing higher values than T3. Ruminal pH and feed cost/kg LW gain were lower for T2 relative to other treatments. Blood constituents were within the normal ranges for lambs, though slightly altered by treatments. Whereas serum total protein, albumin, and globulin were affected (P < 0.05) in this rank order, T1 < T3 < T2, other serum parameters were not affected. Relative feed cost and relative daily profit were lower and higher respectively for T2 than for T3. It is concluded that additives-treated DPLS is nutritionally superior to untreated DPLS as a roughage source in total mixed rations fed to growing lambs. However, for improved performance of the lambs and economic benefits, EM1-treated DPLS is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mahrous
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A A H El-Tahan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Y H Hafez
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - M A El-Shora
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - O A Olafadehan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Nigeria
| | - H Hamdon
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt.
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Long C, Venema K. Pretreatment of Rapeseed Meal Increases Its Recalcitrant Fiber Fermentation and Alters the Microbial Community in an in vitro Model of Swine Large Intestine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588264. [PMID: 33329463 PMCID: PMC7711092 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of current study was to investigate in an in vitro study how enzymatic and chemical pretreated rapeseed meal (RSM) influences the fiber fermentation and microbial community in the swine large intestine. RSM was processed enzymatically by a cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or chemically by an alkaline (ALK) treatment. 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was performed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition, whereas short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (ion-chromatography) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) composition (using monoclonal antibodies; mAbs) were used to assess fiber degradation. The results showed that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 changed microbial community composition, increased the predicted abundance of microbial fiber-degrading enzymes and pathways, and increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFA production. The increased microbial genera positively correlated with SCFA production. Monoclonal antibody analyses showed that the cell wall polysaccharide structures of RSM shifted after ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 treatment. The degradation of NSP during the fermentation period was dynamic, and not continuous based on the epitope recognition by mAbs. This study provides the first detailed analysis of changes in the swine intestinal microbiota due to RSM modified by ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2, which altered the microbial community structure, shifted the predicted functional metagenomic profile and subsequently increased total SCFA production. Our findings that ALK, CELL, PECT1, and PECT2 increased fiber degradability in RSM could help guide feed additive strategies to improve efficiency and productivity in swine industry. The current study gave insight into how enzymatic treatment of feed can alter microbial communities, which provides good opportunity to develop novel carbohydrase treatments, particularly in swine feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Kaur M, Chadha P, Kaur S, Kaur A, Kaur R. Schizophyllum commune induced oxidative stress and immunosuppressive activity in Spodoptera litura. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:139. [PMID: 32471364 PMCID: PMC7260734 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the last few decades, considerable attention has been paid to fungal endophytes as biocontrol agents, however little is known about their mode of action. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of an endophytic fungus Schizophyllum commune by analyzing activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes as well as morphology of haemocytes using Spodoptera litura as a model. Results Ethyl acetate extract of S. commune was fed to the larvae of S. litura using the artificial diet having 276.54 μg/ml (LC50 of fungus) concentration for different time durations. Exposed groups revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the activities of various enzymes viz. Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione-S-Transferase. Furthermore, haemocytes showed various deformities like breakage in the cell membrane, cytoplasmic leakage and appearance of strumae in the treated larvae. A drastic reduction in the percentage of normal haemocytes was recorded in the treated groups with respect to control. Conclusion The study provides important information regarding the oxidative stress causing and immunosuppressant potential of S. commune against S. litura and its considerable potential for incorporation in pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Sanehdeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjeet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajvir Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Ribeiro GO, Gruninger RJ, Jones DR, Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ, Wang Y, Abbott DW, Tsang A, McAllister TA. Effect of ammonia fiber expansion-treated wheat straw and a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on rumen microbiota and fermentation parameters, total tract digestibility, and performance of lambs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa116. [PMID: 32369600 PMCID: PMC7199887 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)-treated wheat straw pellets and a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on the rumen microbiome, rumen fermentation parameters, total tract diet digestibility, and performance of lambs. Eight rumen cannulated wethers and 60 lambs (n = 15 per diet, 8 rams and 7 ewes) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design digestibility study and a complete randomized growth performance study, respectively. Four treatment diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure with AFEX wheat straw (0% or 30% AFEX straw pellets on a dietary DM basis replacing alfalfa hay pellets) and fibrolytic enzyme (with or without XYL10C, a β-1,4-xylanase, from Aspergillus niger) as main factors. Enzyme was applied at 100 mg/kg of diet DM, 22 h before feeding. Rumen bacteria diversity Pielou evenness decreased (P = 0.05) with AFEX compared with the control diet and increased (P < 0.01) with enzyme. Enzyme increased (P ≤ 0.02) the relative abundancies of Prevotellaceae UCG-004, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Saccharofermentans, and uncultured Kiritimatiellaeota. Total protozoa counts were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in the rumen of lambs fed AFEX compared with control, with enzyme reducing (P ≤ 0.05) protozoa counts for both diets. Digestibility of DM did not differ (P > 0.10) among diets, but digestibility of CP was reduced (P = 0.001), and digestibility of NDF and ADF increased (P < 0.05) as AFEX replaced alfalfa. Compared with control, AFEX promoted greater DMI (P = 0.003) and improved ADG up to 42 d on feed (P = 0.03), but not (P = 0.51) over the full ~94-d experiment. Consequently, overall G:F was reduced (P = 0.04) for AFEX when compared with control (0.188 vs. 0.199), but days on feed were lower (P = 0.04) for AFEX (97 vs. 91 d). Enzyme improved DMI of AFEX up to day 70 (P = 0.01), but did not affect DMI of the control diet. Enzyme addition improved ADG of lambs fed both diets in the first 28 d (P = 0.02), but not over the entire feeding period (P ≥ 10). As a result, G:F was improved with enzyme for the first 28 d (P = 0.04), but not overall (P = 0.45). This study shows that AFEX-treated wheat straw can replace alfalfa hay with no loss in lamb growth performance. Additionally, the enzyme XYL10C altered the rumen microbiome and improved G:F in the first month of the feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Robert J Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Darryl R Jones
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Wen Zhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
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SHAKYA JYOTI, BALHARA AK, DAHIYA SS, LAILER PC, SINGH INDERJEET. Improved dairy production through enzyme supplementation. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i10.94995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rumen ecosystem has the ability to transform low grade nutrients to high quality products owing to the numerous micro-flora colonies it harbours which produce different types of degrading enzymes. It has been assumed that normal rumen flora is able to digest only a small portion of the cellulosic biomass enteric rumen. This provides numerous opportunities for improving digestion via enhancing digestibility through degradation pathways in rumen. The modern animal nutrition science has utilized this knowledge to commercially harness enzymes for improving nutrient availability for production enhancement. Broadly categorized as fibrolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic, these enzymes act synergistically with the naturally available enzymes in rumen. Enzyme supplementations improve the digestibility of fibre and increase nutrient absorption and energy availability for production activities across physiological status of the animal. This review summaries response of large lactating ruminants to the external enzyme (in vivo) supplementation in terms of actual milk production, milk composition, body weights, dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients, as well as to assess the economic benefit in terms of additional expenses incurred and benefit derived with increase in milk production.
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Ran T, Saleem AM, Shen Y, Ribeiro GO, Beauchemin KA, Tsang A, Yang W, McAllister TA. Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3578-3587. [PMID: 31251799 PMCID: PMC6667264 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolism study was conducted using 8 ruminal cannulated beef heifers to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) selected specifically for forage-fed ruminants on ruminal pH, fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with 2 treatments and 2 periods. The 2 treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw, and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The enzyme was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU·kg-1 DM 24 h before feeding. Each period comprised 2 wk of diet adaptation and 1 wk of sampling and data collection. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were unaffected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean, minimum, maximum, and duration pH <5.8, did not differ between treatments. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, and acetate-to-propionate ratio were also not affected by RFE. However, ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.06) and endoglucanase activity (P < 0.08) in ruminal fluid tended to be higher with RFE. Nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. These results indicate that XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet, despite the fact that it was specifically selected for this trait in laboratory assays. However, the increased ruminal NH3-N concentration suggests it potentially increased ruminal proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ran
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Atef M Saleem
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Yizhao Shen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomic, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Saleem AM, Ribeiro GO, Sanderson H, Alipour D, Brand T, Hünerberg M, Yang WZ, Santos LV, McAllister TA. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and ammonia fiber expansion on the fermentation of wheat straw in an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC)1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3535-3549. [PMID: 31260526 PMCID: PMC6667240 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of treatment of wheat straw using ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (Viscozyme) on fiber digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and microbial populations in an artificial rumen system [Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)]. Four treatments were assigned to 16 vessels (4 per treatment) in 2 RUSITEC apparatuses in a randomized block design. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial using untreated or AFEX-treated wheat straw with or without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes [0 or 500 μg of protein/g straw dry matter (DM)]. Fibrolytic enzymes were applied to straw, prior to sealing in nylon bags. The concentrate mixture was provided in a separate bag within each fermentation vessel. The RUSITECs were adapted for 8 d and disappearance of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) was measured after 48 h of incubation. Ammonia fiber expansion increased (P < 0.01) the disappearance of wheat straw DM (69.6 vs. 38.3%), NDF (65.6 vs. 36.8%), ADF (61.4 vs. 36.0%), and CP (68.3 vs. 24.0%). Total dietary DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF disappearance was also increased (P ≤ 0.05) by enzymes. Total microbial protein production was greater (P < 0.01) for AFEX-treated (72.9 mg/d) than untreated straw (63.1 mg/d). Total gas and methane (CH4) production (P < 0.01) were also greater for AFEX-treated wheat straw than untreated straw, with a tendency for total gas to increase (P = 0.06) with enzymes. Ammonia fiber expansion increased (P < 0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and the molar proportion of propionate, while it decreased (P < 0.01) acetate and the acetate-to-propionate ratio. The AFEX-treated straw had lower relative quantities of fungi, methanogens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P < 0.01) and fewer protozoa (P < 0.01) compared to untreated straw. The pH of fermenters fed AFEX-treated straw was lower (P < 0.01) than those fed untreated straw. Both AFEX (P < 0.01) and enzymes (P = 0.02) decreased xylanase activity. There was an enzyme × straw interaction (P = 0.02) for endoglucanase activity. Enzymes increased endoglucanase activity of AFEX-treated wheat straw, but had no effect on untreated straw. The addition of enzymes lowered the relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, but increased F. succinogenes. These results indicate that AFEX increased the ruminal disappearance of wheat straw and improved fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the RUSITEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef M Saleem
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Haley Sanderson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Daryoush Alipour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-AliSina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Tassilo Brand
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hünerberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenzhu Z Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Laize V Santos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Science, State University of Southwestern of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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22
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Chen W, Zhang S, Li Y, Wu H, Meng Q, Zhou Z. Steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse as a potential beef cattle feedstock: effects of different pretreatment conditions1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2414-2423. [PMID: 30982892 PMCID: PMC6541826 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulosic biomass produced by sugar production, is rarely utilized directly due to economic concerns. However, pretreatment of this biomass could make it suitable as a feedstock for the beef cattle industry. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of different steam explosion conditions on bagasse digestibility using in vitro fermentation techniques, scanning electron microscopy, and detailed chemical analyses. In vitro incubation of an untreated sample and samples pretreated at 6 different pressures ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 MPa at intervals of 0.2 MPa for 5 min was conducted out for 96 h. Results showed that increasing the pressure in the steam explosion pretreatment induced degradation of the hemicellulose and increased soluble sugar content, especially for arabinose (L; P < 0.01) and xylose contents (Q; P < 0.01). In vitro incubation showed that compared with untreated bagasse, gas production and degradation rate of the bagasse improved linearly (L; P < 0.01) after all treatments. The lag time disappeared with steam pressure above 1.0 MPa and the maximum gas production was obtained under pretreatment at 1.4 MPa for 5 min. Furthermore, pretreatment of bagasse by steam explosion enhanced (Q: P < 0.01) quadratically estimated energy values and OM digestibility. Thus, the current results demonstrate that sugarcane bagasse may be effectively used as a potential beef cattle feedstock after steam explosion pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Sallam SMA, Kholif AE, Amin KA, El-Din ANMN, Attia MFA, Matloup OH, Anele UY. Effects of microbial feed additives on feed utilization and growth performance in growing Barki lambs fed diet based on peanut hay. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:447-454. [PMID: 31134850 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1616554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of supplementing diet of growing lambs with microbial feed additive mixture (direct-fed microbial; DFM) based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria and exogenous enzymes on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization, ruminal fermentation, blood chemistry and growth performance were studied. The study was a completely randomized design with 12 growing Barki lambs divided into two groups of six lambs per treatment. Lambs were offered a control diet of peanut hay and concentrates (1:1 dry matter (DM) basis) or the control diet supplemented with DFM at 0.5 g/day (Bactozyme treatment) for 16 weeks. There was no effect on feed efficiency but Bactozyme lambs had increased (p = 0.009) feed intake, average daily gain (p = 0.042) and final body weight (p = 0.047). Bactozyme treatment had greater neutral detergent fiber (p = 0.020) and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.034) digestibility compared with the control treatment. Metabolism experiment showed that the feed additive mixture increased (p<0.05) N intake and N retention. Bactozyme treatment had greater blood total protein (p = 0.027), and globulin (p = 0.025) concentrations compared with the control treatment. It is concluded that supplementing growing Barki lambs with DFM at 0.5 g daily enhanced final body weight gain and fiber digestion without affecting feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy M A Sallam
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khalid A Amin
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Adel N M Nour El-Din
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa F A Attia
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama H Matloup
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Uchenna Y Anele
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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24
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Adesogan AT, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Oyebade A, Paula EM, Pech-Cervantes AA, Romero JJ, Ferraretto LF, Vyas D. Symposium review: Technologies for improving fiber utilization. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5726-5755. [PMID: 30928262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The forage lignocellulosic complex is one of the greatest limitations to utilization of the nutrients and energy in fiber. Consequently, several technologies have been developed to increase forage fiber utilization by dairy cows. Physical or mechanical processing techniques reduce forage particle size and gut fill and thereby increase intake. Such techniques increase the surface area for microbial colonization and may increase fiber utilization. Genetic technologies such as brown midrib mutants (BMR) with less lignin have been among the most repeatable and practical strategies to increase fiber utilization. Newer BMR corn hybrids are better yielding than the early hybrids and recent brachytic dwarf BMR sorghum hybrids avoid lodging problems of early hybrids. Several alkalis have been effective at increasing fiber digestibility. Among these, ammoniation has the added benefit of increasing the nitrogen concentration of the forage. However, few of these have been widely adopted due to the cost and the caustic nature of the chemicals. Urea treatment is more benign but requires sufficient urease and moisture for efficacy. Ammonia-fiber expansion technology uses high temperature, moisture, and pressure to degrade lignocellulose to a greater extent than ammoniation alone, but it occurs in reactors and is therefore not currently usable on farms. Biological technologies for increasing fiber utilization such as application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, live yeasts, and yeast culture have had equivocal effects on forage fiber digestion in individual studies, but recent meta-analyses indicate that their overall effects are positive. Nonhydrolytic expansin-like proteins act in synergy with fibrolytic enzymes to increase fiber digestion beyond that achieved by the enzyme alone due to their ability to expand cellulose microfibrils allowing greater enzyme penetration of the cell wall matrix. White-rot fungi are perhaps the biological agents with the greatest potential for lignocellulose deconstruction, but they require aerobic conditions and several strains degrade easily digestible carbohydrates. Less ruminant nutrition research has been conducted on brown rot fungi that deconstruct lignocellulose by generating highly destructive hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. More research is needed to increase the repeatability, efficacy, cost effectiveness, and on-farm applicability of technologies for increasing fiber utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - K G Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Oyebade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E M Paula
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A A Pech-Cervantes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J J Romero
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Program, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono 04469
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Abid K, Jabri J, Beckers Y, Yaich H, Malek A, Rekhis J, Kamoun M. Influence of adding fibrolytic enzymes on the ruminal fermentation of date palm by-products. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31807609 PMCID: PMC6852871 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-1-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to assess the influence of four doses (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg (g dry matter) - 1 of commercial fibrolytic enzymes (MAXFIBER-I ® , SHAUMANN GmbH, Wahlstedt, Germany) on in vitro fermentation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) by-products: date kernels, wasted dates, floral stems, and palm fronds. Rumen contents were obtained from two non-lactating Holstein cows. Enzyme supplementation to by-products was carried out 12 h prior to incubation. Compared to the control, the enzymatic supplementation quadratically increased the extent but not the gas production rate of date kernel fermentation. Indeed, the potential gas production increased notably by 14.8 % with the lowest enzymes dose following recorded gas production after 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation. The estimated organic-matter digestibility, metabolisable energy, and total volatile fatty acids in the incubation fluid tended to be increased with the lowest dose by 7.8 %, 8.4 %, and 13.9 % respectively. For the wasted dates, this feed additive tended to linearly increase the gas production rate of fermentation with the highest dose. On the other hand, this supplementation had no effect on the ruminal fermentation of the floral stems and palm fronds. The exogenous fibrolytic enzymes were more effective on fibrous but not on lignified date palm by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Abid
- Food and Animal Nutrition Service, National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia.,Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Jabri
- Food and Animal Nutrition Service, National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Yves Beckers
- Laboratories Precision Livestock and Nutrition, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hela Yaich
- Food and Animal Nutrition Service, National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Atef Malek
- Food and Animal Nutrition Service, National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Rekhis
- Food and Animal Nutrition Service, National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Kamoun
- Food and Animal Nutrition Service, National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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26
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Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on milk production efficiency and nutrient utilization in early lactating buffaloes fed diets with two proportions of oat silage to concentrate ratios. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Ribeiro GO, Badhan A, Huang J, Beauchemin KA, Yang W, Wang Y, Tsang A, McAllister TA. New recombinant fibrolytic enzymes for improved in vitro ruminal fiber degradability of barley straw1. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3928-3942. [PMID: 30053012 PMCID: PMC6127823 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a high-throughput in vitro microassay, in vitro batch culture, and the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC) to screen recombinant fibrolytic enzymes for their ability to increase the ruminal fiber degradability of barley straw. Eleven different recombinant enzymes in combination with a crude mixture of rumen enzymes (50% recombinant enzyme:50% crude mixture of rumen enzymes) were compared with the crude mixture of rumen enzymes alone. In the microassay, all treatments were applied at 15 mg of protein load per gram barley straw glucan. Based on the microassay results, 1 recombinant endoglucanase [EGL7A, from the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 7], 2 recombinant xylanases (XYL10A and XYL10C, from GH10), and a recombinant enzyme mixture were selected and compared with a crude mixture of fibrolytic enzymes from Aspergillus aculeatus for their ability to hydrolyze barley straw. For batch culture, enzymes were applied to barley straw at 2 dosages (100 and 500 µg of protein/g of substrate DM). All enzymes increased (P < 0.05) DM disappearance and total VFA production, but the mixture of recombinant enzymes was not superior to the use of a single recombinant enzyme. Based on positive results (P < 0.05) for total DM disappearance and VFA production in batch culture, 3 enzymes (EGL7A, XYL10A, and XYL10C) were selected and applied to barley straw at 500 µg of protein per gram for further assessment in RUSITECs fed a concentrate:barley straw diet (300:700 g/kg DM). In RUSITECs, the recombinant enzyme XYL10A increased (P < 0.05) barley straw DM, NDF, and ADF disappearance, whereas EGL7A and XYL10C had no effect. The enzymes selected based on the high-throughput in vitro microassay consistently increased barley straw degradation in ruminal batch culture, but not in the semicontinuous culture RUSITEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Ajay Badhan
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jiangli Huang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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28
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Bedford MR. The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:486-493. [PMID: 29877713 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1484074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated. 2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical. 3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes. 4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed. 5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two 'activities' should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations. 6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)'s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets. 7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.
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Effects of the inclusion of Moringa oleifera seed on rumen fermentation and methane production in a beef cattle diet using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Animal 2018; 13:283-291. [PMID: 29954468 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera seeds are currently being used as a livestock feed across tropical regions of the world due to its availability and palatability. However, limited knowledge exists on the effects of the raw seeds on ruminant metabolism. As such, the rumen stimulation technique was used to evaluate the effects of substituting increasing concentrations of ground Moringa seeds (0, 100, 200 and 400 g/kg concentrate dry matter (DM)) in the diet on rumen fermentation and methane production. Two identical, Rusitec apparatuses, each with eight fermenters were used with the first 8 days used for adaptation and days 9 to 16 used for measurements. Fermenters were fed a total mixed ration with Urochloa brizantha as the forage. Disappearance of DM, CP, NDF and ADF linearly decreased (P<0.01) with increasing concentrations of Moringa seeds in the diet. Total volatile fatty acid production and the acetate to propionate ratio were also linearly decreased (P<0.01). However, only the 400 g/kg (concentrate DM basis) treatment differed (P<0.01) from the control. Methane production (%), total microbial incorporation of 15N and total production of microbial N linearly decreased (P<0.01) as the inclusion of Moringa seeds increased. Though the inclusion of Moringa seeds in the diet decreased CH4 production, this arose from an unfavourable decrease in diet digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters.
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Kholif A, Kassab A, Azzaz H, Matloup O, Hamdon H, Olafadehan O, Morsy T. Essential oils blend with a newly developed enzyme cocktail works synergistically to enhance feed utilization and milk production of Farafra ewes in the subtropics. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Song S, Chen G, Guo C, Rao K, Gao Y, Peng Z, Zhang Z, Bai X, Wang Y, Wang B, Chen Z, Fu X, Zhu W. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation to diets with different NFC/NDF ratios on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in Chinese domesticated black goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not work synergistically with exogenous enzymes to enhance feed utilization, ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of Nubian goats. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Gallardo I, Bárcena R, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Cobos M, Carreón L, Ortega ME. Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes onin vitroandin saccodegradation of forages for ruminants. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Cobos
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México
| | - Lorenzo Carreón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tecamachalco, México
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SUJANI S, PIYASENA T, SERESINHE T, PATHIRANA I, GAJAWEERA C. Supplementation of rice straw (Oryza sativa) with exogenous fibrolyticenzymes improves in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Oss DB, Ribeiro GO, Marcondes MI, Yang W, Beauchemin KA, Forster RJ, McAllister TA. Synergism of Cattle and Bison Inoculum on Ruminal Fermentation and Select Bacterial Communities in an Artificial Rumen (Rusitec) Fed a Barley Straw Based Diet. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2032. [PMID: 28018336 PMCID: PMC5156676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of increasing the proportion of bison relative to cattle inoculum on fermentation and microbial populations within an artificial rumen (Rusitec). The experiment was a completely randomized design with a factorial treatment structure (proportion cattle:bison inoculum; 0:100, 33:67, 67:33, and 100:0) replicated in two Rusitec apparatuses (n = 8 fermenters). The experiment was 15 d with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Fermenters were fed a diet of 70:30 barley straw:concentrate (DM basis). True digestibility of DM was determined after 48 h of incubation from d 13 to 15, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured on d 9–12. Protozoa counts were determined at d 9, 11, 13, and 15 and particle-associated bacteria (PAB) from d 13 to 15. Select bacterial populations in the PAB were measured using RT-qPCR. Fermenter was considered the experimental unit and day of sampling as a repeated measure. Increasing the proportion of bison inoculum resulted in a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on straw, concentrate and total true DM disappearance and on straw and total neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) disappearance, with greater disappearances observed with mixed inoculum. There were no effect of source or proportion of inoculum on ADF disappearance (P > 0.05). Increasing bison inoculum linearly increased (P < 0.05) concentrate aNDF disappearance, total and concentrate N disappearance as well as total daily VFA and acetate production. A positive quadratic response (P < 0.05) was observed for daily NH3-N, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate production, as well as the acetate:propionate ratio. Increasing the proportion of bison inoculum linearly increased (P < 0.05) total protozoa numbers. No effects were observed on pH, total gas and methane production, microbial N synthesis, or copies of 16S rRNA associated with total bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium or Prevotella bryantii. Increasing bison inoculum had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on Fibrobacter succinogenes, and tended to linearly (P < 0.10) increase Ruminococcus flavefaciens and decrease (P < 0.05) Ruminococcus albus copy numbers. In conclusion, bison inoculum increased the degradation of feed protein and fiber. A mixture of cattle and bison rumen inoculum acted synergistically, increasing the DM and aNDF disappearance of barley straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B Oss
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Ministério da EducaçãoBrasília, Brazil
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Ministério da EducaçãoBrasília, Brazil; Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Marcos I Marcondes
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, Brazil
| | - WenZhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J Forster
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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36
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Griffith CL, Ribeiro GO, Oba M, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA. Fermentation of Ammonia Fiber Expansion Treated and Untreated Barley Straw in a Rumen Simulation Technique Using Rumen Inoculum from Cattle with Slow versus Fast Rate of Fiber Disappearance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1839. [PMID: 27899919 PMCID: PMC5110516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rumen inoculum from heifers with fast vs. slow rate of in situ fiber digestion on the fermentation of complex versus easily digested fiber sources in the forms of untreated and Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) treated barley straw, respectively, using an artificial rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). In situ fiber digestion was measured in a previous study by incubating untreated barley straw in the rumen of 16 heifers fed a diet consisting of 700 g/kg barley straw and 300 g/kg concentrate. The two heifers with fastest rate of digestion (Fast ≥ 4.18% h-1) and the two heifers with the slowest rate of digestion (Slow ≤ 3.17% h-1) were chosen as inoculum donors for this study. Two Rusitec apparatuses each equipped with eight fermenters were used in a completely randomized block design with two blocks (apparatus) and four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (Fast or Slow rumen inoculum and untreated or AFEX treated straw). Fast rumen inoculum and AFEX straw both increased (P < 0.05) disappearance of dry matter (DMD), organic matter, true DMD, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen (N) with an interactive effect between the two (P < 0.05). Fast rumen inoculum increased (P > 0.05) methane production per gram of digested material for both untreated and AFEX straw, and reduced (interaction, P < 0.05) acetate: propionate ratio for untreated straw. Greater relative populations of Ruminococcus albus (P < 0.05) and increased microbial N production (P = 0.045) were observed in Fast rumen inoculum. AFEX straw in Fast inoculum had greater total bacterial populations than Slow, but for untreated straw this result was reversed (interaction, P = 0.013). These findings indicate that differences in microbial populations in rumen fluid contribute to differences in the capacity of rumen inoculum to digest fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace L Griffith
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, LethbridgeAB, Canada; Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, LethbridgeAB, Canada; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of BrazilBrasília, Brazil
| | - Masahito Oba
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB, Canada
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB, Canada
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Silva T, Takiya C, Vendramini T, Jesus EFD, Zanferari F, Rennó F. Effects of dietary fibrolytic enzymes on chewing time, ruminal fermentation, and performance of mid-lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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M. Abd El A, S.A. Khatt M, M. El-Zaia H, H. Matloup O, Hassan A, M. Abdou M, S. Khalel M, H. Yacout M. Effect of Cellulase and Tannase Enzymes Supplemention on the Productive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes Fed Diets Contain Date Palm Fronds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2016.307.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gado HM, Kholif AE, Salem AZM, Elghandour MMM, Olafadehan OA, Martinez MA, Al-Momani AQ. Fertility, mortality, milk output, and body thermoregulation of growing Hy-Plus rabbits fed on diets supplemented with multi-enzymes preparation. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1375-80. [PMID: 27316445 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertility status, milk output, mortality, and body thermoregulation of rabbit does as affected by different levels of multi-enzyme extracts (EZ) in their diets. A total of 120 Hy-Plus rabbit does were divided into four comparable experimental groups (n = 30 does per group). Animals of each group were divided in six pens (five animals per pen), and each pen was used as an experimental unit. The first group was kept untreated and fed a commercial diet alone without enzyme extracts (EZ0), while the other groups were fed the same diet but supplemented with 1 (EZ1), 3 (EZ3), and 5 (EZ5) kg/ton of enzyme extracts, respectively. Feeding EZ additive increased (P < 0.05) conception and kindling rates, litter size and weight at birth, and litter size and bunny weight at weaning, with decreasing (P < 0.05) abortion rate. Moreover, total milk yield increased (P < 0.05) with increasing level of enzyme supplementation. Pre-weaning mortality decreased (P < 0.05) with EZ inclusion. Signs of vitality (rectal temperature, skin temperature, earlobe temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate) were improved with EZ inclusion. For all results, 5 kg EZ/ton of feed was more effective than 1 and 3 kg EZ/ton feed. It can be concluded that supplementation of EZ in rabbit diet decreased mortality rate and enhanced fertility status and milk output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Gado
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México, México.
| | - Mona M M Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México, México
| | | | - Maricela A Martinez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad Km 1 Ex-Hda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, 43600, Tulancingo, Mexico
| | - Ahmed Q Al-Momani
- Department of Animal Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash University, Jerash, 26150, Jordan
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He LW, Meng QX, Li DY, Wang F, Ren LP. Effect of Steam Explosion onIn VitroGas Production Kinetics and Rumen Fermentation Profiles of Three Common Straws. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Kung
- Department of Animal & Food Science; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
| | - Martin R. Stokes
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Maine; Orono Maine
| | - C. J. Lin
- The Mennel Milling Co.; Roanoke Virginia
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Wang L, Xue B. Effects of Cellulase Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility, Energy Utilization and Methane Emission by Boer Crossbred Goats. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:204-10. [PMID: 26732445 PMCID: PMC4698700 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of supplementing exogenous cellulase on nutrient and energy utilization. Twelve desexed Boer crossbred goats were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design with 23-d periods. Dietary treatments were basal diet (control, no cellulase), basal diet plus 2 g unitary cellulase/kg of total mixed ration dry matter (DM), and basal diet plus 2 g compound cellulase/kg of total mixed ration DM. Three stages of feeding trials were used corresponding to the three treatments, each comprised 23 d, with the first 14 d as the preliminary period and the following 9 d as formal trial period for metabolism trial. Total collection of feces and urine were conducted from the 4th d of the formal trial, and gas exchange measures were determined in indirect respiratory chambers in the last 3 d of the formal trial. Results showed that cellulase addition had no effect (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility. Dietary supplementation of cellulase did not affect (p>0.05) N intake and retention in goats. Gross energy (GE) intake, fecal energy and urinary energy excretion, heat production were not affected (p>0.05) by the cellulase supplementation. Total methane emission (g/d), CH4 emission as a proportion of live weight or feed intake (DM, organic matter [OM], digestible DM or digestible OM), or CH4 energy output (CH4-E) as a proportion of energy intake (GE, digestible energy, or metabolizable energy), were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. There was a significant (p<0.001) relationship between CH4 and live weight (y = 0.645x+0.2, R2 = 0.54), CH4 and DM intake (y = 16.7x+1.4, R2 = 0.51), CH4 and OM intake (y = 18.8x+1.3, R2 = 0.51) and CH4-E and GE intake. Results from this study revealed that dietary supplementation of cellulase may have no effect on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, energy metabolism, and methane emission in goat.
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Salem AZ, Elghandour MM, Kholif AE, Odongo NE, Jiménez FJ, Montes-de-Oca R, Domínguez IA, Dibarrat JA. The Effect of Feeding Horses a High Fiber Diet With or Without Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes Supplementation on Nutrient Digestion, Blood Chemistry, Fecal Coliform Count, and In Vitro Fecal Fermentation. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kouazounde JB, Gbenou JD, He M, Jardim T, Jin L, Wang Y, Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA. Effects of essential oils from African basil on fermentation ofAndropogon gayanusgrass in the Artificial Rumen (RUSITEC). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kouazounde, J. B., Gbenou, J. D., He, M., Jardim, T., Jin, L., Wang, Y., Beauchemin, K. A. and McAllister, T. A. 2015. Effects of essential oils from African basil on fermentation of Andropogon gayanus grass in the Artificial Rumen (RUSITEC). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 425–431. Essential oils (EO) from African basil (Ocimum gratissimum) have shown the potential to modify rumen microbial fermentation and reduce ruminal methane production from grass forages in in vitro batch cultures. However, it is not known whether the effects of EO on rumen microbial fermentation attenuate over time. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of African basil EO at 0 (control), 100, 200 and 400 mg L−1incubation medium on microbial fermentation and methane production in the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC) using Andropogon gayanus grass as a substrate. African basil EO quadratically affected (P<0.05) methane production gas production and the pH of fermenter liquid. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was linearly decreased (P<0.05) by African basil EO along with a shift in VFA profile towards less propionate and more acetate and butyrate. African basil EO quadratically altered (P<0.05) apparent dry matter, neutral detergent fiber digestibility,15N incorporation into total microbial protein and the total production of microbial protein. This study confirms that EO from African basil quadratically affected methane emissions arising from the ruminal fermentation of A. gayanus grass mainly by reducing overall digestibility of the forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques B. Kouazounde
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, ISBA Champ de Foire, 01 BP 918, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Joachim D. Gbenou
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, ISBA Champ de Foire, 01 BP 918, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Maolong He
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Túlio Jardim
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Long Jin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Karen A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Anvenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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Togtokhbayar N, Cerrillo MA, Rodríguez GB, Elghandour MMMY, Salem AZM, Urankhaich C, Jigjidpurev S, Odongo NE, Kholif AE. Effect of exogenous xylanase on rumenin vitrogas production and degradability of wheat straw. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:765-71. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - María A. Cerrillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango; Durango México
| | | | - Mona M. M. Y. Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department; National Research Centre; 33 Bohouth st. Dokki Giza Egypt
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Romero J, Zarate M, Arriola K, Gonzalez C, Silva-Sanchez C, Staples C, Adesogan A. Screening exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations for improved in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2555-67. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Effect of fibrolytic enzymes added to a Andropogon gayanus grass silage-concentrate diet on rumen fermentation in batch cultures and the artificial rumen (Rusitec). Animal 2015; 9:1153-62. [PMID: 25697879 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro batch cultures were used to screen four fibrolytic enzyme mixtures at two dosages added to a 60 : 40 silage : concentrate diet containing the C(4) tropical grass Andropogon gayanus grass ensiled at two maturities - vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stage (FS). Based on these studies, one enzyme mixture was selected to treat the same diets and evaluate its impact on fermentation using an artificial rumen (Rusitec). In vitro batch cultures were conducted as a completely randomized design with two runs, four replicates per run and 12 treatments in a factorial arrangement (four enzyme mixtures×three doses). Enzyme additives (E1, E2, E3 and E4) were commercial products and contained a range of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase activities. Enzymes were added to the complete diet 2 h before incubation at 0, 2 and 4 μl/g of dry matter (DM). Gas production (GP) was measured after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Disappearance of DM (DMD), NDF (NDFD) and ADF (ADFD) were determined after 24 and 48 h. For all four enzyme mixtures, a dosage effect (P>0.05) DM, N, NDF or ADF disappearance after 48 h of incubation nor daily ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids or CH(4) production. However, enzyme application increased (P<0.05) microbial N production in feed particle-associated (loosely-associated) and silage feed particle-bound (firmly associated) fractions. With A. gayanus silage diets, degradation may not be limited by microbial colonization, but rather by the ability of fibrolytic enzymes to degrade plant cell walls within this recalcitrant forage.
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Meale SJ, Ding S, He ML, Dugan MER, Ribeiro GO, Alazzeh AY, Holo H, Harstad OM, McAllister TA, Chaves AV. Effect ofPropionibacterium freudenreichiion ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Meale, S. J., Ding, S., He, M. L., Dugan, M. E. R., Ribeiro Jr. G. O., Alazzeh, A. Y., Holo, H., Harstad, O. M., McAllister, T. A. and Chaves, A. V. 2014. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii on ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 685–695. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (strain T54; PB) and flaxseed oil (FO) in a total mixed ration on ruminal fermentation, CH4production and fatty acid biohydrogenation in two artificial rumens (RUSITEC). The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 12 d of sample collection with four replicate fermenters per treatment. Treatments were: (1) CON; (2) PB; (3) FO (60 g kg−1DM with autoclaved PB); (4) FOPB (60 g kg−1DM with PB). Disappearance of DM (g kg−1DM) and gas production (mL g−1DM) were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). Inclusion of FOPB increased (P=0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (mmol d−1), compared with CON and PB. The acetate:propionate ratio was reduced (P<0.001) in all treatments, compared with CON. Methane production (mL g−1DM or mL g−1DMD) was lowest (P<0.001) with PB (27.1%); however, FO (14.3%) and FOPB (19.3%) also reduced CH4compared with CON. Fatty acid profiles for PB were similar (P>0.05) to CON for most fatty acids. Concentrations of 18:3n-3 were greater (P<0.001) in FO and FOPB in both digesta and effluent, compared with CON. Propionibacterium freudenreichii had very little effect on ruminal biohydrogenation, but reduced CH4production under the current conditions as a result of increasing propionate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - S. Ding
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - M. L. He
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - M. E. R. Dugan
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - G. O. Ribeiro
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A. Y. Alazzeh
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - H. Holo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- TINE SA, Oslo, Norway
| | - O. M. Harstad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - A. V. Chaves
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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