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Chimhashu T, Green MH, Green JB, Melse-Boonstra A. Use of Theoretical Subjects to Develop a Method for Assessing Equivalence of Dietary Vitamin A in a Mixed Diet. J Nutr 2023; 153:2523-2530. [PMID: 37380059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the vitamin A (VA) equivalency of provitamin A carotenoids from single foods or capsules has been studied using several approaches, there is currently no reliable method to determine VA equivalency for mixed diets. OBJECTIVES To reach the objective of identifying a method to determine the VA equivalency of provitamin A carotenoids in mixed diets, we tested a new approach using preformed VA as proxy for provitamin A. METHODS We studied 6 theoretical subjects who were assigned physiologically plausible values for dietary VA intake, retinol kinetic parameters, plasma retinol pool size, and VA total body stores. Using features in the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software, we specified that subjects ingested a tracer dose of stable isotope-labeled VA on day 0 followed by 0-μg supplemental VA or 200, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 μg VA daily from day 14 to day 28; we assigned VA absorption to be 75%. For each supplement level, we simulated plasma retinol specific activity (SAp) over time and calculated the mean decrease in SAp relative to 0 μg. Group mean data were fitted to a regression equation to calculate predicted VA equivalency at each supplement level on day 28. RESULTS For each subject, higher VA supplement loads resulted in lower SAp, with the magnitude of the decrease differing among subjects. The mean predicted amount of absorbed VA was within 25% of individual subjects' assigned amount for 4 of the 6 subjects, and the mean ratio of predicted to assigned amount of absorbed VA over all supplement loads ranged from 0.60 to 1.50, with an overall mean ratio of 1.0. CONCLUSIONS Results for preformed VA suggest that this protocol may be useful for determining VA equivalency of provitamin A carotenoids in free-living subjects if mixed diets with known provitamin A content were substituted for the VA supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsitsi Chimhashu
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Joanne Balmer Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Sinha S, Loechl CU. Atoms for Nutrition: IAEA's Contribution to Tackling Malnutrition. J Nutr 2023; 153:10-16. [PMID: 36913443 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear techniques, including stable isotope techniques, provide great potential for understanding nutrition and human health with better accuracy and precision compared with other routine techniques. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been at the forefront for more than 25 y to offer guidance and support on the use of nuclear techniques. This article demonstrates how the IAEA has enabled its Member States to contribute to good health and well-being in their countries and to assess progress toward achieving global nutrition and health targets to combat malnutrition in all its forms. Support is provided in several ways including research, capacity building, education, and training as well as the provision of guidance materials. The nuclear techniques help to objectively measure nutritional and health-related outcomes such as body composition, energy expenditure, nutrient uptake, and body stores and assess breastfeeding practices as well as environmental interactions. These techniques are continuously improved to make nutritional assessments more affordable and less invasive with wide use in field settings. New research areas are emerging to assess diet quality with changing food systems and to explore stable isotope-assisted metabolomics to address key questions on nutrient metabolism. Through a deeper understanding of mechanisms, nuclear techniques can contribute to eradicating malnutrition worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Sinha
- Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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Kimura A, Kim YH, Hashizume K, Ito A, Mukai K, Kizaki K, Sato S. Single oral β-cryptoxanthin administration increases its serum concentration and enhances peripheral blood neutrophil function in Holstein cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:829-831. [PMID: 33775992 PMCID: PMC8182316 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) on its serum concentration and peripheral neutrophil functions by the chemiluminescence (CL) response in Holstein cattle. A single oral administration of β-CRX was performed for serum β-CRX concentration (0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and for peak CL response of peripheral neutrophils (0.2 mg/kg BW). The serum β-CRX concentration was peaked on 2 days after, similar to peak CL response on 3 days after β-CRX administration. Therefore, a single oral administration of β-CRX (0.2 mg/kg BW) induces higher serum concentration and concurrently enhances bactericidal ability of peripheral neutrophils in Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hashizume
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- The Institute for Social Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
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Green MH, Ford JL, Green JB. A Compartmental Model Describing the Kinetics of β-Carotene and β-Carotene-Derived Retinol in Healthy Older Adults. J Nutr 2021; 151:434-444. [PMID: 33188397 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Descriptive and quantitative information on β-carotene whole-body kinetics in humans is limited. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to advance the development of a physiologically based, working hypothesis compartmental model describing the metabolism of β-carotene and β-carotene-derived retinol. METHODS We used model-based compartmental analysis (Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software) to analyze previously published data on plasma kinetics of [2H8]β-carotene, [2H4]β-carotene-derived retinol, and [2H8]retinyl acetate-derived retinol in healthy, older US adults (3 female, 2 male; 50-68 y); subjects were studied for 56 d after consuming doses of 11 μmol [2H8]β-carotene and, 3 d later, 9 μmol [2H8]retinyl acetate in oil. RESULTS We developed a complex model for labeled β-carotene and β-carotene-derived retinol, as well as preformed vitamin A, using simulations to augment observed data during model calibration. The model predicts that mean (range) β-carotene absorption (bioavailability) was 9.5% (5.2-14%) and bioefficacy was 7.3% (3.6-14%). Of the absorbed β-carotene, 41% (25-58%) was packaged intact in chylomicrons and the balance was converted to retinol, with 58% (42-75%) transported as retinyl esters in chylomicrons and 0-2% by retinol-binding protein. Most (95%) chylomicron β-carotene was cleared by the liver. Later data revealed differences in the metabolism of retinyl acetate- versus β-carotene-derived retinol; data required that both β-carotene and derived retinol be recycled from extrahepatic tissues (e.g. adipose) in HDL. Of total bioconversion [73% (47-99%)], 82% occurred in the intestine, 17% in the liver, and 0.83% in other tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our model advances knowledge about whole-body β-carotene metabolism in healthy adults, including the kinetics of transport in all lipoprotein species, and suggests hypotheses to be tested in future studies, such as the possibility that retinol derived from hepatic conversion over a long period of time might contribute to plasma retinol homeostasis and total body vitamin A stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lynn Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Balmer Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Haskell MJ. A New Modeling Approach Increases the Accuracy of Estimates of Total Body Vitamin A Stores. J Nutr 2019; 149:1875-1876. [PMID: 31504717 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie J Haskell
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Ford JL, Green JB, Green MH. Addition of Vitamin A Intake Data during Compartmental Modeling of Retinol Kinetics in Theoretical Humans Leads to Accurate Prediction of Vitamin A Total Body Stores and Kinetic Parameters in Studies of Reasonable Duration. J Nutr 2019; 149:2065-2072. [PMID: 31187866 PMCID: PMC6825818 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mathematical modeling of theoretical data has been used to validate experimental protocols and methods in several fields. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that adding dietary vitamin A intake data as an input during compartmental modeling of retinol kinetics would lead to accurate prediction of vitamin A total body stores (TBS) at 2 specified study lengths and would reduce study duration required to accurately define the system. METHODS We generated reference values for state variables (including TBS and intake) and kinetic parameters for 12 theoretical individuals (4 each of children, younger adults, and older adults) based on modeling plasma retinol tracer data for 365 d. We compared TBS predictions using data to 28 d (children) or 56 d (adults) without and with intake included in the model to reference values for each subject. Then, by truncating data sets from 365 d, we determined the shortest study duration required to accurately define the system without and with inclusion of vitamin A intake. RESULTS Reference values for TBS ranged from 30 to 3023 µmol. Study durations of 28 and 56 d were sufficient to accurately predict TBS for 6 of the 12 subjects without intake; adding intake resulted in accurate predictions of TBS for all individuals. When intake was not included as a modeling input, durations of 35-310 d were required to define the system; inclusion of intake data substantially reduced the time required to 10-42 d. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of vitamin A intake as additional data input when modeling vitamin A kinetics allows investigators to accurately predict TBS and define the vitamin A system in studies of reasonable length (4 wk in children and 8 wk in adults). Because it is generally possible to obtain estimates/measures of intake, including such data increases confidence in model predictions while also making studies more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lynn Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Balmer Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Green MH, Ford JL, Green JB. Inclusion of Vitamin A Intake Data Provides Improved Compartmental Model-Derived Estimates of Vitamin A Total Body Stores and Disposal Rate in Older Adults. J Nutr 2019; 149:1282-1287. [PMID: 31095324 PMCID: PMC6602889 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sampling times and study duration impact estimates of kinetic parameters and variables including total body stores (TBS) and disposal rate (DR) when compartmental analysis is used to analyze vitamin A kinetic data. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that inclusion of dietary intake (DI) of vitamin A as an additional input would improve confidence in predictions of TBS and DR when modeling results appear to indicate that studies are not long enough to accurately define the terminal slope of the plasma retinol isotope response curve. METHODS We reanalyzed previously published data on vitamin A kinetics monitored over 52 d in 7 US and 6 Chinese adults (means: 56 y, BMI 26.6 kg/m2, 38% males), adding an estimate for vitamin A intake [2.8 µmol/d (mean RDA)] as an input during application of the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software. RESULTS Use of a model with 1 extravascular compartment (1 EV), as in the original analysis, resulted in predictions of vitamin A intake that were higher than physiologically reasonable; inclusion of intake data in a model with 2 extravascular compartments (2 EV DI) resulted in more realistic estimates of intake and DR. Specifically, predictions of DR by the 2 EV DI (versus 1 EV) model were 2.10 compared with 12.2 µmol/d (US) and 2.21 compared with 5.13 µmol/d (Chinese). Predictions of both TBS [2056 compared with 783 µmol (US) and 594 compared with 219 µmol (Chinese)] and days of vitamin A stores [981 compared with 64 d (US) and 269 compared with 43 d (Chinese)] were higher using the new approach. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of vitamin A intake as additional data input when modeling vitamin A kinetics can compensate for less-than-optimal study duration, providing more realistic predictions of vitamin A TBS and DR. This approach advances the application of compartmental analysis to the study of vitamin A and, potentially, other nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jennifer Lynn Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Joanne Balmer Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Cao DX, Wang SL, WANG R, Chai ST, Liu SJ, Hao LZ. Changes of β-carotene and retinol levels and BCO1 gene and protein expressions in yak tissues at different nutritional seasons. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/109953/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gannon BM, Valentine AR, Davis CR, Howe JA, Tanumihardjo SA. Duration of Retinol Isotope Dilution Studies with Compartmental Modeling Affects Model Complexity, Kinetic Parameters, and Calculated Vitamin A Stores in US Women. J Nutr 2018; 148:1387-1396. [PMID: 30137477 PMCID: PMC6075605 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinol isotope dilution (RID) indirectly estimates vitamin A (VA) status. Multicompartment modeling of RID data is used to refine study designs and equations to calculate VA stores. Previous studies suggest that VA in slowly turning over pools is not traced if follow-up is not long enough; however, shorter RID studies are being investigated. Few long-term models have been published. Objective We determined the effect of time on mathematical models of VA kinetics, model parameters, and outcomes. Methods In this longitudinal study, women (mean ± SD age: 22 ± 3 y; n = 7) were given 2.0 µmol [14,15]-13C2-retinyl acetate. Blood samples were staggered from 4 h to 152 d; the fraction of dose in serum was modeled with compartmental models. Four model-time categories were created: full models that used all data (median: 137 d; range 97-152 d) and truncated shorter studies of 14, 27, and 52 d (range: 42-62 d). Outcomes included number of compartments to adequately model serum data, kinetic parameters, total traced VA mass, and time-to-dose equilibration. To gain insight into longer follow-up, an additional participant was given 17.5 µmol 13C4-VA, and data were modeled as long as enrichment was above baseline (5 y). Results Longer follow-up times affected kinetic parameters and outcomes. Compared with the 14-d models, long-term full models required an additional compartment for adequate fit (14.3% compared with 100%; P = 0.0056) and had longer [median (quartile 1, quartile 3)] whole-body half-life [15.0 d (10.5, 72.6 d) compared with 135 d (115, 199 d); P = 0.0006], time-to-dose equilibration [3.40 d (3.14, 6.75 d) compared with 18.9 d (11.2, 25.7 d); P < 0.0001], and total traced mass [166 µmol VA (162, 252 µmol VA) compared with 476 µmol VA (290, 752 µmol VA); P = 0.0031]. Conclusions Extended RID sampling alters numerous mathematically modeled, time-dependent outcomes in women. Length of study should be considered when using mathematical models for calculating total-body VA stores or kinetic parameters related to VA turnover. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03248700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI
| | - Ashley R Valentine
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI
| | - Christopher R Davis
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI
| | - Julie A Howe
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI
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Barré T, Perignon M, Gazan R, Vieux F, Micard V, Amiot MJ, Darmon N. Integrating nutrient bioavailability and co-production links when identifying sustainable diets: How low should we reduce meat consumption? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191767. [PMID: 29444098 PMCID: PMC5812584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing the consumption of meat and other animal-based products is widely advocated to improve the sustainability of diets in high-income countries. However, such reduction may impair nutritional adequacy, since the bioavailability of key nutrients is higher when they come from animal- vs plant-based foods. Meat reduction may also affect the balance between foods co-produced within the same animal production system. Objective The objective was to assess the impact of introducing nutrient bioavailability and co-production links considerations on the dietary changes needed − especially regarding meat ‒ to improve diet sustainability. Methods Diet optimization with linear and non-linear programming was used to design, for each gender, three modeled diets departing the least from the mean observed French diet (OBS) while reducing by at least 30% the diet-related environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, acidification): i) in the nutrition-environment (NE) model, the fulfillment of recommended dietary allowances for all nutrients was imposed; ii) in the NE-bioavailability (NEB) model, nutritional adequacy was further ensured by accounting for iron, zinc, protein and provitamin A bioavailability; iii) in the NEB-co-production (NEB-CP) model, two links between co-produced animal foods (milk–beef and blood sausage–pork) were additionally included into the models by proportionally co-constraining their respective quantities. The price and environmental impacts of individual foods were assumed to be constant. Results ‘Fruit and vegetables’ and ‘Starches’ quantities increased in all modeled diets compared to OBS. In parallel, total meat and ruminant meat quantities decreased. Starting from 110g/d women’s OBS diet (168g/d for men), total meat quantity decreased by 78%, 67% and 32% for women (68%, 66% and 62% for men) in NE, NEB and NEB-CP diets, respectively. Starting from 36g/d women’s OBS diet (54g/d for men), ruminant meat quantity dropped severely by 84% and 87% in NE and NEB diets for women (80% and 78% for men), whereas it only decreased by 27% in NEB-CP diets (38% for men). The share of energy and proteins of animal origin was similar for the 3 modeled diets (approximately 1/5 of total energy, and 1/2 of protein) and lower than in OBS diet (approximately 1/3 of total energy, and 2/3 of protein). Conclusions Decreasing meat content was strictly needed to achieve more sustainable diets for French adults, but the reduction was less severe when nutrient bioavailability and co-production links were taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangui Barré
- NORT, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, Marseille, France
| | - Marlène Perignon
- MOISA, INRA, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rozenn Gazan
- NORT, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, Marseille, France
- MS-Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Florent Vieux
- MS-Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Micard
- IATE, Montpellier SupAgro, CIRAD, INRA, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicole Darmon
- MOISA, INRA, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Soudy ID, Minet-Quinard R, Mahamat AD, Ngoua HF, Izzedine AA, Tidjani A, Ngo Bum E, Lambert C, Pereira B, Desjeux JF, Sapin V. Vitamin A status in healthy women eating traditionally prepared spirulina (Dihé) in the Chad Lake area. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191887. [PMID: 29377934 PMCID: PMC5788361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chad Lake is a central place in a region with a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. Spirulina, a natural source of β-carotene, is traditionally produced and eaten as “Dihé” around Chad Lake. β-carotene spirulina has been found to have a high conversion factor to retinol. The aim of the study was to assess if the retinol status between healthy women eating spirulina Dihé daily (SPI+) and not (SPI-) in the Chad Lake area was different. Methods This study was observational: 88 healthy women were recruited and selected according to clinical criteria and their willingness to participate. They were divided in two groups according to their Dihé daily consumption: those who eat Dihé (SPI+; n = 35) and those who do not (SPI-; n = 35). After anthropometric and dietary assessments, blood retinol, β-carotene, retinol binding, and inflammatory/nutritional proteins were measured. Results The diet between groups was identical, except for β-carotene consumption, which was higher in SPI+ than in SPI- (10.8 vs. 1.8 mg/day). The serum retinol and β-carotene concentrations were significantly higher in SPI+ than in SPI- at 1.26 ± 0.36 μmol/l versus 1.03 ± 0.31 μmol/l (p = 0.008) and 0.59 ±0.37 μmol/l versus 0.46± 0.31 μmol/l (p = 0.04), respectively. Seventy-seven percent of SPI+ versus 29% of SPI- had an adequate blood retinol value (p = 0.01). Conclusion The results confirm that β-carotene in spirulina is an effective positive modulator of blood retinol status. Dihé is a potential natural source of β-carotene to achieve a proper vitamin A status in healthy women living near Chad Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imar Djibrine Soudy
- Institut National Supérieur des Sciences et Techniques d’Abéché (INSTA-Tchad), Abéché, Tchad
- Institut de Recherche en Élevage pour le Développement (IRED), N’Djamena, Tchad
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alhadj Djidda Mahamat
- Institut National Supérieur des Sciences et Techniques d’Abéché (INSTA-Tchad), Abéché, Tchad
| | | | - Abdelaziz Arada Izzedine
- Institut de Recherche en Élevage pour le Développement (IRED), N’Djamena, Tchad
- Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroun
| | | | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Institut de Recherche en Élevage pour le Développement (IRED), N’Djamena, Tchad
| | - Céline Lambert
- Unité Biostatistiques, DRCI, CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unité Biostatistiques, DRCI, CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Vincent Sapin
- Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Desmarchelier C, Borel P. Overview of carotenoid bioavailability determinants: From dietary factors to host genetic variations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ford JL, Green JB, Lietz G, Oxley A, Green MH. A Simple Plasma Retinol Isotope Ratio Method for Estimating β-Carotene Relative Bioefficacy in Humans: Validation with the Use of Model-Based Compartmental Analysis. J Nutr 2017; 147:1806-1814. [PMID: 28747484 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.252361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Provitamin A carotenoids are an important source of dietary vitamin A for many populations. Thus, accurate and simple methods for estimating carotenoid bioefficacy are needed to evaluate the vitamin A value of test solutions and plant sources. β-Carotene bioefficacy is often estimated from the ratio of the areas under plasma isotope response curves after subjects ingest labeled β-carotene and a labeled retinyl acetate reference dose [isotope reference method (IRM)], but to our knowledge, the method has not yet been evaluated for accuracy.Objectives: Our objectives were to develop and test a physiologically based compartmental model that includes both absorptive and postabsorptive β-carotene bioconversion and to use the model to evaluate the accuracy of the IRM and a simple plasma retinol isotope ratio [(RIR), labeled β-carotene-derived retinol/labeled reference-dose-derived retinol in one plasma sample] for estimating relative bioefficacy.Methods: We used model-based compartmental analysis (Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software) to develop and apply a model that provided known values for β-carotene bioefficacy. Theoretical data for 10 subjects were generated by the model and used to determine bioefficacy by RIR and IRM; predictions were compared with known values. We also applied RIR and IRM to previously published data.Results: Plasma RIR accurately predicted β-carotene relative bioefficacy at 14 d or later. IRM also accurately predicted bioefficacy by 14 d, except that, when there was substantial postabsorptive bioconversion, IRM underestimated bioefficacy. Based on our model, 1-d predictions of relative bioefficacy include absorptive plus a portion of early postabsorptive conversion.Conclusion: The plasma RIR is a simple tracer method that accurately predicts β-carotene relative bioefficacy based on analysis of one blood sample obtained at ≥14 d after co-ingestion of labeled β-carotene and retinyl acetate. The method also provides information about the contributions of absorptive and postabsorptive conversion to total bioefficacy if an additional sample is taken at 1 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lynn Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Joanne Balmer Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Georg Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Oxley
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
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Perignon M, Barré T, Gazan R, Amiot MJ, Darmon N. The bioavailability of iron, zinc, protein and vitamin A is highly variable in French individual diets: Impact on nutrient inadequacy assessment and relation with the animal-to-plant ratio of diets. Food Chem 2016; 238:73-81. [PMID: 28867104 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional adequacy depends on nutrient intakes and bioavailability which strongly varies with the plant- or animal-origin of foods. The aim was to estimate iron, zinc, protein and vitamin A bioavailability from individual diets, and investigate its relation with the animal-to-plant ratio (A/P) of diets. Bioavailability was estimated in 1899 French diets using diet-based algorithms or food-group specific conversion factors. Nutrient inadequacy was estimated based on i) bioavailability calculated in each individual diet and ii) average bioavailability assumed for Western-diets. Mean iron absorption, zinc absorption, protein quality and β-carotene conversion factor were 13%, 30%, 92%, and 17:1, respectively. Bioavailability displayed a high variability between individual diets, poorly explained by their A/P. Using individual bioavailability led to different inadequacy prevalence than with average factors assumed for Western-diets. In this population, the A/P does not seem sufficient to predict nutrient bioavailability and the corresponding recommended intakes. Nutritional adequacy should be assessed using bioavailability accounting for individual diets composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tangui Barré
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France
| | - Rozenn Gazan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France; MS-Nutrition, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Amiot
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France; UMR MOISA, INRA 1110, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Darmon
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, Marseille, France; UMR MOISA, INRA 1110, 34060 Montpellier, France.
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15
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Green MH, Ford JL, Oxley A, Green JB, Park H, Berry P, Boddy AV, Lietz G. Plasma Retinol Kinetics and β-Carotene Bioefficacy Are Quantified by Model-Based Compartmental Analysis in Healthy Young Adults with Low Vitamin A Stores. J Nutr 2016; 146:2129-2136. [PMID: 27511941 PMCID: PMC5037873 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.233486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Model-based compartmental analysis of data on plasma retinol kinetics after administration of labeled retinol provides unique information about whole-body vitamin A metabolism. If labeled β-carotene is coadministered, its bioefficacy relative to the retinol reference dose can also be estimated. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to model plasma retinol kinetics after administration of labeled preformed vitamin A and provitamin A β-carotene and to determine relative β-carotene bioefficacy. METHODS We used the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software (WinSAAM version 3.0.8; http://www.WinSAAM.org) to analyze previously collected data on plasma [13C10]- and [13C5]retinol kinetics for 14 d after oral administration of 1 mg [13C10]retinyl acetate and 2 mg [13C10]β-carotene in oil to 30 healthy young adults of European ancestry [13 men, 17 women; mean ± SD age: 24.5 ± 4.2 y; mean ± SD body weight: 65.2 ± 10 kg; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 22.5 ± 1.9] with moderate vitamin A intakes. RESULTS A 6-component model provided the best fit to the data, including compartments for initial metabolism of vitamin A, plasma retinol, and extravascular vitamin A storage. The disposal rate was 6.7 ± 3.1 μmol/d, fractional catabolic rate was 6.0% ± 2.3%/d, and vitamin A stores were 123 ± 71 μmol. Relative β-carotene bioefficacy, based on the ratio of the areas under the fraction of dose curves calculated by WinSAAM, averaged 13.5% ± 6.02% (retinol activity equivalents = 7.7:1.0 μg). Interindividual variation in relative β-carotene bioefficacy was high (CV: 44%). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin A kinetics in these young adults were best described by essentially the same model that had been previously developed by using data for older adults with higher vitamin A stores; differences in parameter values reflected differences in vitamin A status. Estimated β-carotene bioefficacy was relatively low but similar to previously reported estimates obtained by graphical methods. This trial was registered at the UK Clinical Research Network as UKCRN 7413.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Jennifer Lynn Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | | | - Joanne Balmer Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | | | - Philip Berry
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alan V Boddy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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16
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Lietz G, Furr HC, Gannon BM, Green MH, Haskell M, Lopez-Teros V, Novotny JA, Palmer AC, Russell RM, Tanumihardjo SA, Van Loo-Bouwman CA. Current Capabilities and Limitations of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applied Mathematical Equations in Determining Whole-Body Vitamin A Status. Food Nutr Bull 2016; 37:S87-S103. [PMID: 27053491 DOI: 10.1177/0379572116630642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol isotope dilution (RID) methodology provides a quantitative estimate of total body vitamin A (VA) stores and is the best method currently available for assessing VA status in adults and children. The methodology has also been used to test the efficacy of VA interventions in a number of low-income countries. Infections, micronutrient deficiencies (eg, iron and zinc), liver disease, physiological age, pregnancy, and lactation are known or hypothesized to influence the accuracy of estimating total body VA stores using the isotope dilution technique. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to review the strengths and limitations of RID methods, to discuss what is known about the impact of various factors on results, and to summarize contributions of model-based compartmental analysis to assessing VA status. METHODS Relevant published literature is reviewed and discussed. RESULTS Various equations and compartmental modeling have been used to estimate the total body VA stores using stable isotopes, including a newer 3-day equation that provides an estimate of total body VA stores in healthy adults. At present, there is insufficient information on absorption of the isotope tracer, and there is a need to further investigate how various factors impact the application of RID techniques in field studies. CONCLUSIONS Isotope dilution methodology can provide useful estimates of total body VA stores in apparently healthy populations under controlled study conditions. However, more research is needed to determine whether the method is suitable for use in settings where there is a high prevalence of infection, iron deficiency, and/or liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lietz
- Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marjorie Haskell
- Program in International and Community Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet A Novotny
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Amanda C Palmer
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tanumihardjo SA, Mokhtar N, Haskell MJ, Brown KH. Assessing the Safety of Vitamin A Delivered Through Large-Scale Intervention Programs: Workshop Report on Setting the Research Agenda. Food Nutr Bull 2016; 37:S63-74. [PMID: 26893060 DOI: 10.1177/0379572116630480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A (VA) deficiency (VAD) is still a concern in many parts of the world, and multiple intervention strategies are being implemented to reduce the prevalence of VAD and associated morbidity and mortality. Because some individuals within a population may be exposed to multiple VA interventions, concerns have been raised about the possible risk of hypervitaminosis A. OBJECTIVES A consultative meeting was held in Vienna, Austria, in March 2014 to (1) review current knowledge concerning the safety and effectiveness of large-scale programs to control VAD, (2) develop a related research agenda, and (3) review current available methods to assess VA status and risk of hypervitaminosis A. METHODS Multiple countries were represented and shared their experiences using a variety of assessment methods, including retinol isotope dilution (RID) techniques. Discussion included next steps to refine assessment methodology, investigate RID limitations under different conditions, and review programmatic approaches to ensure VA adequacy and avoid excessive intakes. RESULTS Fortification programs have resulted in adequate VA status in Guatemala, Zambia, and parts of Cameroon. Dietary patterns in several countries revealed that some people may consume excessive preformed VA from fortified foods. CONCLUSION Additional studies are needed to compare biomarkers of tissue damage to RID methods during hypervitaminosis A and to determine what other biomarkers can be used to assess excessive preformed VA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Najat Mokhtar
- Technical Cooperation Department, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marjorie J Haskell
- Program in International and Community Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Program in International and Community Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA Nutrition Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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19
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Dong C, Ge P, Ren X, Zhao X, Wang J, Fan H, Yin SA. The micronutrient status of children aged 24-60 months living in rural disaster areas one year after the Wenchuan Earthquake. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88444. [PMID: 24533089 PMCID: PMC3922868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In order to evaluate micronutrient status of children aged 24–60 months living in rural disaster areas after one year of the earthquake in Wenchuan. Design After one year of Wenchuan Earthquake, using PPS sampling methods, a total of 270 children from six-randomized townships near seismic center, in each township sample size consisted of 30 to 50 children, were sampled for evaluating Z-score of children's growth status, anemia prevalence, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid status. Final sample consisted of 152 boys and 118 girls, and blood samples were drawn from 206 children. Results The stunting (HAZ<2SD) and wasting (WHZ<2SD) were respectively 14.7% and 0.7%. Prevalence of anemia was 17.3% and percentage of iron deficiency was 45.7%. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiency was 15.4% and 30.3%, respectively. The sum of vitamin D deficiency and marginal deficiency was near 90%. Percentages of Zinc deficiency including marginal and deficiency were 65.5%. Percentages of vitamin B12 marginal and deficiency were 8.6% and 10.6% and the prevalence of marginal deficiency was significantly higher in boys than in girls. Folic acid deficiency was not found in surveyed children using serum folic acid level <16.9 ng/ml. Conclusion In areas affected by Earthquake, preschool children had higher stunting prevalence and a relatively higher prevalence suffered from micronutrient deficiencies, including iron-deficiency anemia, and deficiencies of iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Dong
- Department of Chronic disease, Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- Department of Chronic disease, Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Ren
- Department of Chronic disease, Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Department of Maternal and Child Nutrition, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Nutrition, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqiang Fan
- Department of Chronic disease, Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shi-an Yin
- Department of Maternal and Child Nutrition, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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A review of vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene in various food matrices for human consumption. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:2153-66. [PMID: 24513222 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene (VEB) is defined as the amount of ingested β-carotene in μg that is absorbed and converted into 1 μg retinol (vitamin A) in the human body. The objective of the present review was to discuss the different estimates for VEB in various types of dietary food matrices. Different methods are discussed such as mass balance, dose-response and isotopic labelling. The VEB is currently estimated by the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) as 12:1 in a mixed diet and 2:1 in oil. For humans consuming β-carotene dissolved in oil, a VEB between 2:1 and 4:1 is feasible. A VEB of approximately 4:1 is applicable for biofortified cassava, yellow maize and Golden Rice, which are specially bred for human consumption in developing countries. We propose a range of 9:1-16:1 for VEB in a mixed diet that encompasses the IOM VEB of 12:1 and is realistic for a Western diet under Western conditions. For a 'prudent' (i.e. non-Western) diet including a variety of commonly consumed vegetables, a VEB could range from 9:1 to 28:1 in a mixed diet.
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21
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Beta-carotene–vitamin A equivalence in Chinese adults assessed by an isotope dilution technique – CORRIGENDUM. Br J Nutr 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Shete V, Quadro L. Mammalian metabolism of β-carotene: gaps in knowledge. Nutrients 2013; 5:4849-68. [PMID: 24288025 PMCID: PMC3875911 DOI: 10.3390/nu5124849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
β-carotene is the most abundant provitamin A carotenoid in human diet and tissues. It exerts a number of beneficial functions in mammals, including humans, owing to its ability to generate vitamin A as well as to emerging crucial signaling functions of its metabolites. Even though β-carotene is generally considered a safer form of vitamin A due to its highly regulated intestinal absorption, detrimental effects have also been ascribed to its intake, at least under specific circumstances. A better understanding of the metabolism of β-carotene is still needed to unequivocally discriminate the conditions under which it may exert beneficial or detrimental effects on human health and thus to enable the formulation of dietary recommendations adequate for different groups of individuals and populations worldwide. Here we provide a general overview of the metabolism of this vitamin A precursor in mammals with the aim of identifying the gaps in knowledge that call for immediate attention. We highlight the main questions that remain to be answered in regards to the cleavage, uptake, extracellular and intracellular transport of β-carotene as well as the interactions between the metabolism of β-carotene and that of other macronutrients such as lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Shete
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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23
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Parameter identifiability and Extended Multiple Studies Analysis of a compartmental model for human vitamin A kinetics: fixing fractional transfer coefficients for the initial steps in the absorptive process. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the existing compartmental models of human vitamin A metabolism, parameters related to the absorption of the isotopic oral dose have not been well identified. We hypothesised that fixing some poorly identified parameters related to vitamin A absorption would improve parameter identifiability and add statistical certainty to such models. In the present study, data for serum vitamin A kinetics in nine subjects given [2H8]retinyl acetate orally and a model with absorption fixed at 75 % were used to test this hypothesis. In addition to absorption efficiency, we fixed two other fractional transfer coefficients: one representing the initial processing of the ingested dose and the other representing the direct secretion of retinol bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP) from enterocytes into the plasma. The Windows version of Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software (WinSAAM) was used to fit serum tracer data v. time for each subject. Then, a population model was generated by WinSAAM's Extended Multiple Studies Analysis. All the parameters had fractional standard deviations < 0·5, and none of the pairs of parameters had a correlation coefficient >0·8 (accepted criteria for well-identified parameters). Similar to the values predicted by the original model, total traced mass for retinol was 1160 (sd 468) μmol, and the time for retinol to appear in the plasma bound to RBP was 31·3 (sd 4·4) h. In conclusion, we suggest that this approach holds promise for advancing compartmental modelling of vitamin A kinetics in humans when the dose must be administered orally.
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Yakabe T, Miyashita T, Yoshida K, Inakuma T. [Potency of carotenoids found in vegetables and fruits]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:256-61. [PMID: 23665556 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haskell MJ. The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion--evidence in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1193S-203S. [PMID: 23053560 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene is an important dietary source of vitamin A for humans. However, the bioavailability and vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene are highly variable and can be affected by food- and diet-related factors, including the food matrix, food-processing techniques, size of the dose of β-carotene, and the amounts of dietary fat, fiber, vitamin A, and other carotenoids in the diet as well as by characteristics of the target population, such as vitamin A status, nutrient deficiencies, gut integrity, and genetic polymorphisms associated with β-carotene metabolism. The absorption of β-carotene from plant sources ranges from 5% to 65% in humans. Vitamin A equivalency ratios for β-carotene to vitamin A from plant sources range from 3.8:1 to 28:1, by weight. Vitamin A equivalency ratios for β-carotene from biofortified Golden Rice or biofortified maize are 3.8:1 and 6.5:1, respectively, and are lower than ratios for vegetables that have more complex food matrices (10:1 to 28:1). The vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene is likely to be context-specific and dependent on specific food- and diet-related factors and the health, nutritional, and genetic characteristics of human populations. Although the vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene is highly variable, the provision of vegetable and fruit sources of β-carotene has significantly increased vitamin A status in women and children in community settings in developing countries; these results support the inclusion of dietary interventions with plant sources of β-carotene as a strategy for increasing vitamin A status in populations at risk of deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie J Haskell
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Dietary β-carotene is the most important precursor of vitamin A. However, the determination of the efficiency of in vivo conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A requires sensitive and safe techniques. It presents the following challenges: 1) circulating β-carotene concentration cannot be altered by eating a meal containing ≤6 mg β-carotene; 2) because retinol concentrations are homeostatically controlled, the conversion of β-carotene into vitamin A cannot be estimated accurately in well-nourished humans by assessing changes in serum retinol after supplementation with β-carotene. In the past half-century, techniques using radioisotopes of β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene supplements, measurement of postprandial chylomicron fractions after consumption of a β-carotene dose, and finally, stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of β-carotene in humans have been developed. The reported values for β-carotene to vitamin A conversion showed a wide variation from 2 μg β-carotene to 1 μg retinol (for synthetic pure β-carotene in oil) and 28 μg β-carotene to 1 μg retinol (for β-carotene from vegetables). In recent years, a stable isotope reference method (IRM) was developed that used labeled synthetic β-carotene. The IRM method provided evidence that the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A is likely dose dependent. With the development of intrinsically labeled plant foods harvested from a hydroponic system with heavy water, vitamin A activity of stable isotope-labeled biosynthetic β-carotene from various foods consumed by humans was studied. The efficacy of plant foods rich in β-carotene, such as natural (spinach, carrots, spirulina), hybrid (high-β-carotene yellow maize), and bioengineered (Golden Rice) foods, to provide vitamin A has shown promising results. The results from these studies will be of practical importance in recommendations for the use of pure β-carotene and foods rich in β-carotene in providing vitamin A and ultimately in preventing either overconsumption or poor intake of vitamin A by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Tang
- Carotenoids and Health Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Tang G, Hu Y, Yin SA, Wang Y, Dallal GE, Grusak MA, Russell RM. β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:658-64. [PMID: 22854406 PMCID: PMC3417220 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golden Rice (GR) has been genetically engineered to be rich in β-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the vitamin A value of β-carotene in GR and in spinach with that of pure β-carotene in oil when consumed by children. DESIGN Children (n = 68; age 6-8 y) were randomly assigned to consume GR or spinach (both grown in a nutrient solution containing 23 atom% ²H₂O) or [²H₈]β-carotene in an oil capsule. The GR and spinach β-carotene were enriched with deuterium (²H) with the highest abundance molecular mass (M) at M(β-C)+²H₁₀. [¹³C₁₀]Retinyl acetate in an oil capsule was administered as a reference dose. Serum samples collected from subjects were analyzed by using gas chromatography electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the enrichments of labeled retinol: M(retinol)+4 (from [²H₈]β-carotene in oil), M(retinol)+5 (from GR or spinach [²H₁₀]β-carotene), and M(retinol)+10 (from [¹³C₁₀]retinyl acetate). RESULTS Using the response to the dose of [¹³C₁₀]retinyl acetate (0.5 mg) as a reference, our results (with the use of AUC of molar enrichment at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the labeled doses) showed that the conversions of pure β-carotene (0.5 mg), GR β-carotene (0.6 mg), and spinach β-carotene (1.4 mg) to retinol were 2.0, 2.3, and 7.5 to 1 by weight, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The β-carotene in GR is as effective as pure β-carotene in oil and better than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children. A bowl of ~100 to 150 g cooked GR (50 g dry weight) can provide ~60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamin A for 6-8-y-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Tang
- Carotenoids & Health Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Lietz G, Oxley A, Leung W, Hesketh J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms upstream from the β-carotene 15,15'-monoxygenase gene influence provitamin A conversion efficiency in female volunteers. J Nutr 2012; 142:161S-5S. [PMID: 22113863 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.140756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene, the most abundant provitamin A carotenoid in the diet, is converted to retinal by β-carotene 15,15'-monoxygenase (BCMO1). However, β-carotene absorption and conversion into retinal is extremely variable among individuals, with proportions of low responders to dietary β-carotene as high as 45%. Recently, 2 common nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the BCMO1 coding region (R267S; rs12934922 and A379V; rs7501331) revealed reduced catalytic activity, confirming that genetic variations contribute to the low responder phenotype. Because 4 SNPs 5' upstream from the BCMO1 gene were recently shown to affect circulating carotenoid concentrations, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of these SNPs on β-carotene conversion efficiency. Three of the 4 polymorphisms (rs6420424, rs11645428, and rs6564851) reduced the catalytic activity of BCMO1 in female volunteers by 59, 51, and 48%, respectively. The TG-rich lipoprotein fraction retinyl palmitate:β-carotene ratio was negatively correlated with the G allele of rs11645428 (r = -0.44; P = 0.018), whereas it was positively correlated with the G allele of rs6420424 (r = 0.53; P = 0.004) and the T allele of rs6564851 (r = 0.41; P = 0.028). Furthermore, large inter-ethnic variations in frequency of affected alleles were detected, with frequencies varying from 43 to 84% (rs6420424), 52 to 100% (rs11645428), and 19 to 67% (rs6564851). In summary, a range of SNPs can influence the effectiveness of using plant-based provitamin A carotenoids to increase vitamin A status in at-risk population groups and this effect may vary depending on ethnic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Lobo GP, Amengual J, Palczewski G, Babino D, von Lintig J. Mammalian carotenoid-oxygenases: key players for carotenoid function and homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1821:78-87. [PMID: 21569862 PMCID: PMC3162997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humans depend on a dietary intake of lipids to maintain optimal health. Among various classes of dietary lipids, the physiological importance of carotenoids is still controversially discussed. On one hand, it is well established that carotenoids, such as β,β-carotene, are a major source for vitamin A that plays critical roles for vision and many aspects of cell physiology. On the other hand, large clinical trials have failed to show clear health benefits of carotenoids supplementation and even suggest adverse health effects in individuals at risk of disease. In recent years, key molecular players for carotenoid metabolism have been identified, including an evolutionarily well conserved family of carotenoid-oxygenases. Studies in knockout mouse models for these enzymes revealed that carotenoid metabolism is a highly regulated process and that this regulation already takes place at the level of intestinal absorption. These studies also provided evidence that β,β-carotene conversion can influence retinoid-dependent processes in the mouse embryo and in adult tissues. Moreover, these analyses provide an explanation for adverse health effects of carotenoids by showing that a pathological accumulation of these compounds can induce oxidative stress in mitochondria and cell signaling pathways related to disease. Advancing knowledge about carotenoid metabolism will contribute to a better understanding of the biochemical and physiological roles of these important micronutrients in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P. Lobo
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Grzegorz Palczewski
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Darwin Babino
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Puiggròs F, Solà R, Bladé C, Salvadó MJ, Arola L. Nutritional biomarkers and foodomic methodologies for qualitative and quantitative analysis of bioactive ingredients in dietary intervention studies. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7399-414. [PMID: 21917262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional dietary assessment methods, such as 24-h recalls, weighted food diaries and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are highly subjective and impair the assessment of successfully accomplished dietary interventions. Foodomic technologies offer promising methodologies for gathering scientific evidence from clinical trials with sensitive methods (e.g., GC-MS, LC-MS, CE, NMR) to detect and quantify markers of nutrient exposure or subtle changes in dietary patterns. This review provides a summary of recently developed foodomic methodologies for the detection of suggested biomarkers, including the food specificity for each suggested biomarker and a brief description of the key aspects of 24-h recalls that may affect marker detection and stability, such as mixed nutrients and cooking processes. The primary aim of this review is to contribute to the assessment of the metabolic effects of active ingredients and foods using cutting-edge methods to improve approaches to future nutritional programs tailored for health maintenance and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Puiggròs
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Madden J, Williams CM, Calder PC, Lietz G, Miles EA, Cordell H, Mathers JC, Minihane AM. The Impact of Common Gene Variants on the Response of Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk to Increased Fish Oil Fatty Acids Intakes. Annu Rev Nutr 2011; 31:203-34. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-010411-095239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Madden
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Christine M. Williams
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Cordell
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Muzhingi T, Gadaga TH, Siwela AH, Grusak MA, Russell RM, Tang G. Yellow maize with high β-carotene is an effective source of vitamin A in healthy Zimbabwean men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:510-9. [PMID: 21715509 PMCID: PMC3142725 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.006486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioconversion efficiency of yellow maize β-carotene to retinol in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the vitamin A value of yellow maize β-carotene in humans. DESIGN High β-carotene-containing yellow maize was grown in a hydroponic medium with 23 atom% (2)H(2)O during grain development. Yellow maize β-carotene showed the highest abundance of enrichment as [(2)H(9)]β-carotene. Eight healthy Zimbabwean men volunteered for the study. On day 1 after a fasting blood draw, subjects consumed 300 g yellow maize porridge containing 1.2 mg β-carotene, 20 g butter, and a 0.5-g corn oil capsule. On day 8, fasting blood was drawn, and subjects consumed 1 mg [(13)C(10)]retinyl acetate in a 0.5-g corn oil capsule and 300 g white maize porridge with 20 g butter. Thirty-six blood samples were collected from each subject over 36 d. Concentrations and enrichments of retinol and β-carotene in labeled doses and serum were determined with the use of HPLC, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) of retinol from 1.2 mg yellow maize β-carotene was 72.9 nmol · d, and the AUC of retinol from 1 mg retinyl acetate (13)C(10) was 161.1 nmol · d. The conversion factor of yellow maize β-carotene to retinol by weight was 3.2 ± 1.5 to 1. CONCLUSION In 8 healthy Zimbabwean men, 300 g cooked yellow maize containing 1.2 mg β-carotene that was consumed with 20.5 g fat showed the same vitamin A activity as 0.38 mg retinol and provided 40-50% of the adult vitamin A Recommended Dietary Allowance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00636038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Muzhingi
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Grune T, Lietz G, Palou A, Ross AC, Stahl W, Tang G, Thurnham D, Yin SA, Biesalski HK. Beta-carotene is an important vitamin A source for humans. J Nutr 2010; 140:2268S-2285S. [PMID: 20980645 PMCID: PMC3139236 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.119024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experts in the field of carotenoids met at the Hohenheim consensus conference in July 2009 to elucidate the current status of β-carotene research and to summarize the current knowledge with respect to the chemical properties, physiological function, and intake of β-carotene. The experts discussed 17 questions and reached an agreement formulated in a consensus answer in each case. These consensus answers are based on published valid data, which were carefully reviewed by the individual experts and are justified here by background statements. Ascertaining the impact of β-carotene on the total dietary intake of vitamin A is complicated, because the efficiency of conversion of β-carotene to retinol is not a single ratio and different conversion factors have been used in various surveys and following governmental recommendations within different countries. However, a role of β-carotene in fulfilling the recommended intake for vitamin A is apparent from a variety of studies. Thus, besides elucidating the various functions, distribution, and uptake of β-carotene, the consensus conference placed special emphasis on the provitamin A function of β-carotene and the role of β-carotene in the realization of the required/recommended total vitamin A intake in both developed and developing countries. There was consensus that β-carotene is a safe source of vitamin A and that the provitamin A function of β-carotene contributes to vitamin A intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Grune
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70593, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andreu Palou
- Universidad de las Islas Baleares and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de Mallorca 07112, Spain
| | - A. Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40001, Germany
| | - Guangweng Tang
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - David Thurnham
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT51 4LA, Co. Londonderry, UK
| | - Shi-an Yin
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Bejing, 100050 China
| | - Hans K. Biesalski
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70593, Germany
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von Lintig J. Colors with functions: elucidating the biochemical and molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 2010; 30:35-56. [PMID: 20415581 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids affect a rich variety of physiological functions in nature and are beneficial for human health, serving as antioxidants in lipophilic environments and blue light filters in the macula of human retina. These dietary compounds also serve as precursors of a unique set of apo-carotenoid cleavage products, including retinoids. Although knowledge about retinoid biology has tremendously increased, the metabolism of retinoids' parent precursors remains poorly understood. Recently, molecular players in carotenoid metabolism have been identified and biochemically characterized. Moreover, mutations in their corresponding genes impair carotenoid metabolism and induce various pathologies in animal models. Polymorphisms in these genes alter carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis in humans as well. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the molecular/biochemical basis of carotenoid metabolism and particularly the physiological role of carotenoids in retinoid-dependent physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA.
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Lietz G, Lange J, Rimbach G. Molecular and dietary regulation of β,β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase 1 (BCMO1). Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 502:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Helden YGJ, Godschalk RWL, Swarts HJM, Hollman PCH, van Schooten FJ, Keijer J. Beta-carotene affects gene expression in lungs of male and female Bcmo1 (-/-) mice in opposite directions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:489-504. [PMID: 20820853 PMCID: PMC3021199 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms triggered by high dietary beta-carotene (BC) intake in lung are largely unknown. We performed microarray gene expression analysis on lung tissue of BC supplemented beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase 1 knockout (Bcmo1−/−) mice, which are—like humans—able to accumulate BC. Our main observation was that the genes were regulated in an opposite direction in male and female Bcmo1−/− mice by BC. The steroid biosynthetic pathway was overrepresented in BC-supplemented male Bcmo1−/− mice. Testosterone levels were higher after BC supplementation only in Bcmo1−/− mice, which had, unlike wild-type (Bcmo1+/+) mice, large variations. We hypothesize that BC possibly affects hormone synthesis or metabolism. Since sex hormones influence lung cancer risk, these data might contribute to an explanation for the previously found increased lung cancer risk after BC supplementation (ATBC and CARET studies). Moreover, effects of BC may depend on the presence of frequent human BCMO1 polymorphisms, since these effects were not found in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G J van Helden
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Vitamin A equivalency and apparent absorption of beta-carotene in ileostomy subjects using a dual-isotope dilution technique. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:1836-43. [PMID: 20132586 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to quantify the vitamin A equivalency of beta-carotene in two diets using a dual-isotope dilution technique and the apparent beta-carotene absorption as measured by the oral-faecal balance technique. Seventeen healthy adults with an ileostomy completed the 4-week diet-controlled, cross-over intervention study. Each subject followed both diets for 2 weeks: a diet containing vegetables low in beta-carotene content with supplemental beta-carotene in salad dressing oil ('oil diet'; mean beta-carotene intake 3.1 mg/d) and a diet containing vegetables and fruits high in beta-carotene content ('mixed diet'; mean beta-carotene intake 7.6 mg/d). Daily each subject consumed a mean of 190 microg [13C10]beta-carotene and 195 microg [13C10]retinyl palmitate in oil capsules. The vitamin A equivalency of beta-carotene was calculated as the dose-corrected ratio of [13C5]retinol to [13C10]retinol in serum. Apparent absorption of beta-carotene was determined with oral-faecal balance. Isotopic data quantified a vitamin A equivalency of [13C10]beta-carotene in oil of 3.6:1 (95 % CI 2.8, 4.6) regardless of dietary matrices differences. The apparent absorption of (labelled and dietary) beta-carotene from the 'oil diet' (30 %) was 1.9-fold higher than from the 'mixed diet' (16 %). This extrinsic labelling technique can measure precisely the vitamin A equivalency of beta-carotene in oil capsules, but it does not represent the effect of different dietary matrices.
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beta-Carotene conversion products and their effects on adipose tissue. GENES AND NUTRITION 2009; 4:179-87. [PMID: 19557453 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological data suggest that beta-carotene may be protective against metabolic diseases in which adipose tissue plays a key role. Adipose tissue constitutes the major beta-carotene storage tissue and its functions have been shown to be modulated in response to beta-carotene breakdown products, especially retinal produced after cleavage by beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCMO1), and retinoic acid arising from oxidation of retinal. However, the possibility exists that beta-carotene in its intact form can also affect adipocyte function. Development of a knock out model and identification of a loss-of-function mutation have pointed out BCMO1 as being probably the sole enzyme responsible for provitamin A conversion into retinal in mammals. The utilisation of BCMO1(-/-)mice should provide insights on beta-carotene effect on its own in the future. In humans, intervention studies have highlighted the huge interindividual variation of beta-carotene conversion efficiency, possibly due to genetic polymorphisms, which might impact on response to beta-carotene. This brief review discusses the processes involved in beta-carotene conversion and the effect of cleavage products on body fat and adipose tissue function.
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Leung WC, Hessel S, Méplan C, Flint J, Oberhauser V, Tourniaire F, Hesketh JE, Lintig J, Lietz G. Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding β‐carotene 15,15′‐monoxygenase alter β‐carotene metabolism in female volunteers. FASEB J 2008; 23:1041-53. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. C. Leung
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - S. Hessel
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Institute of Biology I, Animal Physiology and NeurobiologyFreiburgGermany
| | - C. Méplan
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Institute of Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle University Newcastle upon TyneUK
| | - J. Flint
- Institute of Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle University Newcastle upon TyneUK
| | - V. Oberhauser
- Institute of Biology I, Animal Physiology and NeurobiologyFreiburgGermany
| | - F. Tourniaire
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural DevelopmentNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - J. E. Hesketh
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Institute of Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle University Newcastle upon TyneUK
| | - J. Lintig
- Institute of Biology I, Animal Physiology and NeurobiologyFreiburgGermany
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - G. Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research CentreNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural DevelopmentNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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Vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene in healthy adults: limitation of the extrinsic dual-isotope dilution technique to measure matrix effect. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1837-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508131762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Data on the vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene in food are inconsistent. We quantified the vitamin A equivalency (μg) of β-carotene in two diets using the dual-isotope dilution technique and the oral–faecal balance technique. A diet-controlled, cross-over intervention study was conducted in twenty-four healthy adults. Each subject followed two diets for 3 weeks each: a diet containing vegetables low in β-carotene with supplemental β-carotene in salad dressing oil (‘oil diet’) and a diet containing vegetables and fruits high in β-carotene (‘mixed diet’). During all 6 weeks, each subject daily consumed a mean of 55 (sd 0·5) μg [13C10]β-carotene and 55 (sd 0·5) μg [13C10]retinyl palmitate in oil capsules. The vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene was calculated as the dose-corrected ratio of [13C5]retinol to [13C10]retinol in serum and from apparent absorption by oral–faecal balance. Isotopic data quantified a vitamin A equivalency of [13C10]β-carotene in oil of 3·4 μg (95 % CI 2·8, 3·9), thus the bio-efficacy of the β-carotene in oil was 28 % in the presence of both diets. However, data from oral–faecal balance estimated vitamin A equivalency as 6:1 μg (95 % CI 4, 7) for β-carotene in the ‘oil diet’. β-Carotene in the ‘oil diet’ had 2·9-fold higher vitamin A equivalency than β-carotene in the ‘mixed diet’. In conclusion, this extrinsic labelling technique cannot measure effects of mixed vegetables and fruits matrices, but can measure precisely the vitamin A equivalency of the β-carotene in oil capsules.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li L, Qin J, Lai W, Fu Y, Suter PM, Russell RM, Grusak MA, Tang G, Yin S. Vitamin A equivalence of spirulina beta-carotene in Chinese adults as assessed by using a stable-isotope reference method. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:1730-7. [PMID: 18541562 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina is a high-protein food supplement that contains carotenoids. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the vitamin A equivalence of spirulina beta-carotene in humans. DESIGN Spirulina was grown in a 23 atom% (2)H(2)O cultural solution. Spirulina beta-carotene showed the greatest enrichment as [(2)H(10)]trans beta-carotene. Ten healthy Chinese men with a mean (+/-SD) serum retinol concentration of 1.7 +/- 0.3 micromol/L and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 23 +/- 3 consumed 5.8 micromol [(13)C(10)]retinyl acetate in oil as a reference dose with a breakfast containing 13 g fat. One week later, each subject consumed 7.9 mumol trans beta-carotene in spirulina with a breakfast containing 22 g fat. All subjects followed diets low in carotenoid and vitamin A. Forty blood samples were collected from each subject over a span of 56 d. Concentrations and enrichments of retinol and beta-carotene in serum samples were determined by using HPLC and a mass spectrometer. RESULTS Compared with the serum response to [(13)C(10)]retinyl acetate dose, the mean conversion factor of spirulina beta-carotene to retinol was 4.5 +/- 1.6 (range: 2.3-6.9) by weight. It was estimated that 80% of the conversion occurred within the first 24 h after spirulina administration. CONCLUSION In a group of well-nourished, normal-weight Chinese men following low-vitamin A diets, 4.5 mg spirulina beta-carotene consumed with 22 g fat has the same vitamin A activity as does 1 mg retinyl acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China
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Cifelli CJ, Green JB, Wang Z, Yin S, Russell RM, Tang G, Green MH. Kinetic analysis shows that vitamin A disposal rate in humans is positively correlated with vitamin A stores. J Nutr 2008; 138:971-7. [PMID: 18424609 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.5.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) kinetics, storage, and disposal rate were determined in well-nourished Chinese and U.S. adults using model-based compartmental analysis. [(2)H(8)]Retinyl acetate (8.9 micromol) was orally administered to U.S. (n = 12; 59 +/- 9 y; mean +/- SD) and Chinese adults (n = 14; 54 +/- 4 y) and serum tracer and VA concentrations were measured from 3 h to 56 d. Using the Windows version of the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software, we determined that the average time from dosing until appearance of labeled retinol in serum was greater in U.S. subjects (40.6 +/- 8.47 h) than in Chinese subjects (32.2 +/- 5.84 h; P < 0.01). Model-predicted total traced mass (898 +/- 637 vs. 237 +/- 109 micromol), disposal rate (14.7 +/- 5.87 vs. 5.58 +/- 2.04 micromol/d), and system residence time (58.9 +/- 28.7 vs. 42.9 +/- 14.6 d) were greater in U.S. than in Chinese subjects (P < 0.05). The model-predicted VA mass and VA mass estimated by deuterated retinol dilution at 3 and 24 d did not differ. VA disposal rate was positively correlated with VA traced mass in Chinese (R(2) = 0.556), U.S. (R(2) = 0.579), and all subjects (R(2) = 0.808). Additionally, VA disposal rate was significantly correlated with serum retinol pool size (R(2) = 0.227) and retinol concentration (R(2) = 0.330) in all subjects. Our results support the hypothesis that VA stores are the principle determinant of VA disposal rate in healthy, well-nourished adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Cifelli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Long-term strict raw food diet is associated with favourable plasma beta-carotene and low plasma lycopene concentrations in Germans. Br J Nutr 2007; 99:1293-300. [PMID: 18028575 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507868486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dietary carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Raw food diets are predominantly plant-based diets that are practised with the intention of preventing chronic diseases by virtue of their high content of beneficial nutritive substances such as carotenoids. However, the benefit of a long-term adherence to these diets is controversial since little is known about their adequacy. Therefore, we investigated vitamin A and carotenoid status and related food sources in raw food diet adherents in Germany. Dietary vitamin A, carotenoid intake, plasma retinol and plasma carotenoids were determined in 198 (ninety-two male and 106 female) strict raw food diet adherents in a cross-sectional study. Raw food diet adherents consumed on average 95 weight% of their total food intake as raw food (approximately 1800 g/d), mainly fruits. Raw food diet adherents had an intake of 1301 retinol activity equivalents/d and 16.7 mg/d carotenoids. Plasma vitamin A status was normal in 82% of the subjects (> or = 1.05 micromol/l) and 63% had beta-carotene concentrations associated with chronic disease prevention (> or = 0.88 micromol/l). In 77% of subjects the lycopene status was below the reference values for average healthy populations (< 0.45 micromol/l). Fat contained in fruits, vegetables and nuts and oil consumption was a significant dietary determinant of plasma carotenoid concentrations (beta-carotene r 0.284; P < 0.05; lycopene r 0.168; P = 0.024). Long-term raw food diet adherents showed normal vitamin A status and achieve favourable plasma beta-carotene concentrations as recommended for chronic disease prevention, but showed low plasma lycopene levels. Plasma carotenoids in raw food adherents are predicted mainly by fat intake.
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Furr HC, Green MH, Haskell M, Mokhtar N, Nestel P, Newton S, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Tang G, Tanumihardjo S, Wasantwisut E. Stable isotope dilution techniques for assessing vitamin A status and bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids in humans. Public Health Nutr 2007; 8:596-607. [PMID: 16236189 DOI: 10.1079/phn2004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVitamin A deficiency is a major global public health problem. Among the variety of techniques that are available for assessing human vitamin A status, evaluating the provitamin A nutritional values of foodstuffs and estimating human vitamin A requirements, isotope dilution provides the most accurate estimates. Although the relative expense of isotope dilution restricts its applications, it has an important function as the standard of reference for other techniques. Mathematical modelling plays an indispensable role in the interpretation of isotope dilution data. This review summarises recent applications of stable isotope methodology to determine human vitamin A status, estimate human vitamin A requirements, and calculate the bioconversion and bioefficacy of food carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Furr
- Craft Technologies, 4344 Frank Price Church Road, Wilson, NC 27893, USA.
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Yuan JM, Gao YT, Ong CN, Ross RK, Yu MC. Prediagnostic level of serum retinol in relation to reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:482-90. [PMID: 16595784 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol and its derivatives (retinoids), which have antioxidant activity and promote cell differentiation, may protect against the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by controlling hepatocellular differentiation and reducing inflammatory responses. METHODS We examined prospectively the relationship between prediagnostic serum concentrations of retinol, alpha-carotene; beta-carotene; beta-cryptoxanthin; lutein; lycopene; zeaxanthin; alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols; and selenium and the risk of developing HCC among 213 patients with HCC and 1087 matched control subjects from a cohort of 18,244 men in Shanghai, China, who were monitored from 1986 through 2001. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for men by quartile of serum concentrations of micronutrients were estimated by using logistic regression with adjustment for cigarette smoking status, alcohol intake, self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hepatitis or liver cirrhosis at recruitment, and seropositivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Men with high prediagnostic serum retinol levels had a lower risk of HCC than men in the lowest quartile (Q2 versus Q1, OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.61; Q3 versus Q1, OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.50; and Q4 versus Q1, OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.26; Ptrend < .001). A statistically significant interaction was observed between retinol and HBsAg seropositivity on HCC risk; HBsAg-positive men in the lowest tertile of retinol had a greater than 70-fold higher risk (OR = 72.7, 95% CI = 31.6 to 167.4) of HCC than HBsAg-negative men in the highest tertile of retinol (Pinteraction = .018). No independent effect of serum levels of alpha-carotene; beta-carotene; beta-cryptoxanthin; lutein; lycopene; zeaxanthin; alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols; or selenium on HCC risk were observed. CONCLUSION High prediagnostic serum level of retinol is associated with a decreased risk of HCC in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Novotny JA, Kurilich AC, Britz SJ, Clevidence BA. Plasma appearance of labeled beta-carotene, lutein, and retinol in humans after consumption of isotopically labeled kale. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1896-903. [PMID: 15897604 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400504-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of carotenoids from kale was investigated by labeling nutrients in kale with 13C, feeding the kale to seven adult volunteers, and analyzing serial plasma samples for labeled lutein, beta-carotene, and retinol. Ingested doses of labeled carotenoids were 34 micromol for beta-carotene and 33 micromol for lutein. Peak plasma concentrations, areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs), and percentages of dose recovered at peak plasma concentrations were calculated. Average peak plasma concentrations were 0.38, 0.068, and 0.079 microM for [13C]lutein, [13C]beta-carotene, and [13C]retinol, respectively. Average AUC values (over 28 days) were 42.8, 13.6, 13.2 microM h for [13C]lutein, [13C]beta-carotene, and [13C]retinol, respectively. Percentages of dose recovered at peak plasma concentrations were 3.6, 0.7, and 0.7% for [13C]lutein, [13C]beta-carotene, and [13C]retinol, respectively. A positive relationship was observed between baseline plasma retinol levels and [13C]retinol plasma response. It is possible that this relationship was mediated either through some aspect of beta-carotene absorption or via the common pathways of metabolism for postdose and endogenous retinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Novotny
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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