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Abir MH, Mahamud AGMSU, Tonny SH, Anu MS, Hossain KHS, Protic IA, Khan MSU, Baroi A, Moni A, Uddin MJ. Pharmacological potentials of lycopene against aging and aging-related disorders: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5701-5735. [PMID: 37823149 PMCID: PMC10563689 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and aging-related chronic disorders are one of the principal causes of death worldwide. The prevalence of these disorders is increasing gradually and globally. Considering this unwavering acceleration of the global burden, seeking alternatives to traditional medication to prevent the risk of aging disorders is needed. Among them, lycopene, a carotenoid, is abundant in many fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, grapefruits, and watermelons, and it has a unique chemical structure to be a potent antioxidant compound. This nutraceutical also possesses several anti-aging actions, including combating aging biomarkers and ameliorating several chronic disorders. However, no systematic evaluation has yet been carried out that can comprehensively elucidate the effectiveness of lycopene in halting the course of aging and the emergence of chronic diseases linked to aging. This review, therefore, incorporates previous pre-clinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies on lycopene to understand its potency in treating aging disorders and its role as a mimic of caloric restriction. Lycopene-rich foods are found to prevent or attenuate aging disorders in various research. Based on the evidence, this review suggests the clinical application of lycopene to improve human health and alleviate the prevalence of aging and aging disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedy Hasan Abir
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterDhakaBangladesh
- Faculty of Food Science and TechnologyChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - A. G. M. Sofi Uddin Mahamud
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong‐siGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - Sadia Haque Tonny
- Faculty of AgricultureBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Mithila Saha Anu
- Department of Fisheries Biology and GeneticsFaculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Ismam Ahmed Protic
- Department of Plant PathologyFaculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md Shihab Uddine Khan
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Crop BotanyFaculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Artho Baroi
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Crop BotanyFaculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Akhi Moni
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterDhakaBangladesh
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Otocka-Kmiecik A. Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142842. [PMID: 35889799 PMCID: PMC9318174 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. The aim of this review was to gather evidence on their effect on the modulation of PON1 activity and gene expression. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression. The putative mechanisms of such regulation involve PON1 CpG-rich region methylation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKKII) pathway induction, and upregulation via steroid regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). More detailed and extensive research on the mechanisms of PON1 modulation by carotenoids may lead to the development of new targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Modification of High-Density Lipoprotein Functions by Diet and Other Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245897. [PMID: 34945193 PMCID: PMC8707678 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) functional traits have emerged as relevant elements that may explain HDL antiatherogenic capacity better than HDL cholesterol levels. These properties have been improved in several lifestyle intervention trials. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the results of such trials of the most commonly used dietary modifications (fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidants, alcohol, and calorie restriction) and physical activity. Articles were screened from the Medline database until March 2021, and 118 randomized controlled trials were selected. Results from HDL functions and associated functional components were extracted, including cholesterol efflux capacity, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, HDL antioxidant capacity, HDL oxidation status, paraoxonase-1 activity, HDL anti-inflammatory and endothelial protection capacity, HDL-associated phospholipase A2, HDL-associated serum amyloid A, and HDL-alpha-1-antitrypsin. In mainly short-term clinical trials, the consumption of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly omega-3 in fish), and dietary antioxidants showed benefits to HDL functionality, especially in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. In this regard, antioxidant-rich dietary patterns were able to improve HDL function in both healthy individuals and subjects at high cardiovascular risk. In addition, in randomized trial assays performed mainly in healthy individuals, reverse cholesterol transport with ethanol in moderate quantities enhanced HDL function. Nevertheless, the evidence summarized was of unclear quality and short-term nature and presented heterogeneity in lifestyle modifications, trial designs, and biochemical techniques for the assessment of HDL functions. Such findings should therefore be interpreted with caution. Large-scale, long-term, randomized, controlled trials in different populations and individuals with diverse pathologies are warranted.
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Meisinger C, Freuer D, Bub A, Linseisen J. Association between inflammatory markers and serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in the general population: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:81. [PMID: 34332593 PMCID: PMC8325814 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies focused on modulating factors of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity. In some studies the association between pro-inflammatory markers and PON1 activity was examined, but so far no population-based investigations on this issue have been conducted. The present study investigated the relationships between the pro-inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leptin, interleukin (IL)-6, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and paraoxonase and arylesterase, two hydrolytic activities of PON1, in the population-based Bavarian Food Consumption Survey II. Methods Based on 504 participants (217 men, 287 women), the relationship between the pro-inflammatory markers and the outcomes paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were investigated using multivariable linear models. Results Circulating plasma levels of leptin (P-value < 0.0001), hs-CRP (P-value = 0.031) and IL-6 (P-value = 0.045) were significantly non-linearly associated with arylesterase activity. Leptin levels were also significantly associated with paraoxonase activity (P-value = 0.024) independently from confounding factors, including high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. With increasing levels of these inflammatory parameters, arylesterase and paraoxonase activities increased; however, at higher levels (> 75th percentile) the activities reached a plateau or even decreased somewhat. After Bonferroni-Holm correction, only leptin remained non-linearly but significantly associated with arylesterase activity (adjusted overall P-value < 0.0001). Neither age nor sex nor obesity modified the associations. No association was found between TNF-α and paraoxonase or arylesterase activity. Conclusions The present findings suggest that in persons with very high levels of inflammation, PON1 activity may be impaired, a fact that might subsequently be accompanied by a higher risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Whether or not the measurement of PON1 activity in combination with a lipid profile and certain inflammatory markers could improve the prediction of cardiometabolic diseases in middle-aged individuals from the general population should be evaluated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Meisinger
- Chair of Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany. .,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Dennis Freuer
- Chair of Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max-Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Chair of Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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Zhang S, Li L, Chen W, Xu S, Feng X, Zhang L. Natural products: The role and mechanism in low-density lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2945-2967. [PMID: 33368763 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, metabolic, and epigenetic disease, which leads to the life-threatening coronary artery disease. Emerging studies from bench to bedside have demonstrated the pivotal role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This article hereby reviews oxidation mechanism of LDL, and the pro-atherogenic and biomarker role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis. We also review the pharmacological effects of several representative natural products (vitamin E, resveratrol, quercetin, probucol, tanshinone IIA, epigallocatechin gallate, and Lycopene) in protecting against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Clinical and basic research supports the beneficial effects of these natural products in inhibiting LDL oxidation and preventing atherosclerosis, but the data are still controversial. This may be related to factors such as the population and the dosage and time of taking natural products involved in different studies. Understanding the mechanism of LDL oxidation and effect of oxidized LDL help researchers to find novel therapies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenxu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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6
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Xepapadaki E, Zvintzou E, Kalogeropoulou C, Filou S, Kypreos KE. Τhe Antioxidant Function of HDL in Atherosclerosis. Angiology 2019; 71:112-121. [PMID: 31185723 DOI: 10.1177/0003319719854609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multistep process that progresses over a long period of time and displays a broad range of severity. In its final form, it manifests as a lesion of the intimal layer of the arterial wall. There is strong evidence supporting that oxidative stress contributes to coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality and antioxidant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) could have a beneficial role in the prevention and prognosis of the disease. Indeed, certain subspecies of HDL may act as natural antioxidants preventing oxidation of lipids on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and biological membranes. The antioxidant function may be attributed to inhibition of synthesis or neutralization of free radicals and reactive oxygen species by HDL lipids and associated enzymes or transfer of oxidation prone lipids from LDL and biological membranes to HDL for catabolism. A limited number of clinical trials suggest that the increased antioxidant potential of HDL correlates with decreased risk for atherosclerosis. Some nutritional interventions to increase HDL antioxidant activity have been proposed with limited success so far. The limitations in measuring and understanding HDL antioxidant function in vivo are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Xepapadaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio Achaias, TK, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zvintzou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio Achaias, TK, Greece
| | | | - Serafoula Filou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio Achaias, TK, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio Achaias, TK, Greece
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7
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Michaličková D, Belović M, Ilić N, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Slanař O, Šobajić S. Comparison of Polyphenol-Enriched Tomato Juice and Standard Tomato Juice for Cardiovascular Benefits in Subjects with Stage 1 Hypertension: a Randomized Controlled Study. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 74:122-127. [PMID: 30661220 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-0714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that tomato consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and hypotensive effects. We compared the effects of polyphenol-enriched and standard tomato juice on parameters of lipid and oxidative status and blood pressure in subjects with stage 1 hypertension. The experimental group (n = 13) was supplemented with 200 g of tomato fruit juice enriched with 1 g of ethanolic extract of whole tomato fruit, while the control group (n = 13) was consuming 200 g tomato fruit juice. Before and after the treatment, blood samples were collected, and blood pressure was measured. Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense: paraoxonase (PON1), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and C reactive protein (CRP) were determined in serum. Prothrombin time (PT) was measured in the whole blood samples. Parameters of lipid status, as well as susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation of LDL particles in vitro were also determined. There was a significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-C only in the control group at the end of the study. No significant differences were observed in the remainder of the assessed parameters along the study. In conclusion, tomato juice may have favorable effects on lipid metabolism, but polyphenol fortification does not constitute additional beneficial cardiovascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Michaličková
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miona Belović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Ilić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ondřej Slanař
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sladjana Šobajić
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad R, Sharopov F, Namiesnik J, Roointan A, Kamle M, Kumar P, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Beneficial effects and potential risks of tomato consumption for human health: An overview. Nutrition 2019; 62:201-208. [PMID: 30925445 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tomato and its derived products have a very interesting nutritional value in addition to prominent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Tomatoes are generally quite safe to eat. However, overall consumption varies from individual to individual. Indeed, either beneficial or harmful effects of plants or their derived products are closely related to quality, including the presence of biologically active compounds. On the other hand, the synthesis and accumulation of these bioactive molecules depends on many other factors, such as environmental conditions. In this sense, this review briefly highlights the relationship between the chemistry of tomato and its derived products and their beneficial or harmful effects on human health, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease or heartburn, allergies, kidney and cardiovascular disorders, prostate cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, lycopenodermia, body aches, arthritis, and urinary problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Razieh Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Jacek Namiesnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Amir Roointan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Khalil A, Kamtchueng Simo O, Ikhlef S, Berrougui H. The role of paraoxonase 1 in regulating high-density lipoprotein functionality during aging. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1254-1262. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological interventions to increase the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have led to disappointing results and have contributed to the emergence of the concept of HDL functionality. The anti-atherogenic activity of HDLs can be explained by their functionality or quality. The capacity of HDLs to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis and to transport cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for elimination is one of their principal anti-atherogenic activities. However, HDLs possess several other attributes that contribute to their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. HDL functionality is regulated by various proteins and lipids making up HDL particles. However, several studies investigated the role of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and suggest a significant role of this protein in the regulation of the functionality of HDLs. Moreover, research on PON1 attracted much interest following several studies indicating that it is involved in cardiovascular protection. However, the mechanisms by which PON1 exerts these effects remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | | | - Souade Ikhlef
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 592, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Ames PRJ, Merashli M, Chis Ster I, D'Andrea G, Iannaccone L, Marottoli V, Margaglione M, Brancaccio V. Survival in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. A single-centre cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2016; 115:1200-8. [PMID: 26864875 DOI: 10.1160/th15-10-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The vascular mortality of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) ranges from 1.4 % to 5.5 %, but its predictors are poorly known. It was the study objective to evaluate the impact of baseline lupus anticoagulant assays, IgG anticardiolipin (aCL), plasma fibrinogen (FNG) and von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelets (PLT) and of genetic polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, of prothrombin G20210A and of paraoxonase-1 Q192R on survival in primary APS (PAPS). Cohort study on 77 thrombotic PAPS and 33 asymptomatic carriers of aPL (PCaPL) seen from 1989 to 2015 and persistently positive for aPL as per annual review. At baseline all participants were tested twice for the ratios of kaolin clotting time (KCTr), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTTr), dilute Russell viper venom time (DRVVTr), IgG aCL, FNG, VWF and once for PLT. All thrombotic PAPS were on warfarin with regular INR monitoring. During follow-up 11 PAPS deceased (D-PAPS) of recurrent thrombosis mostly arterial, despite adequate anticoagulation yielding an overall vascular mortality of 10 %. D-PAPS had the strongest baseline aPTTr and DRVVTr and the highest mean baseline IgG aCL, FNG, VWF and PLT. Cox proportional hazards model identified baseline DRVVTr and FNG as main predictors of mortality with adjusted hazard ratios of 5.75 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.5, 22.4) and of 1.03 (95 %CI: 1.01, 1.04), respectively. In conclusion, plasma DRVVTr and FNG are strongly associated with the risk of vascular death in PAPS; while FNG lowering agents exist further research should be directed at therapeutic strategies able to dampen aPL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R J Ames
- Paul Richard Julian Ames, 3 Malden Road, Leeds, LS6 4QT, UK, E-mail:
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11
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Association between alcohol consumption and serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities: a cross-sectional study within the Bavarian population. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:730-6. [PMID: 26769660 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High alcohol consumption is an important risk factor for chronic disease and liver degeneration. Paraoxonase (PON1) and arylesterase (AE) are functions of the enzyme paraoxonase, which is synthesised by the liver. Paraoxonase circulates in plasma bound to HDL and hydrolyses lipid peroxides, protecting lipoproteins against oxidative modification. It has been shown that excessive alcohol consumption leads to a reduction of serum PON1 and AE activities; however, studies investigating the association with low and moderate alcohol consumption are scarce. We investigated the cross-sectional association between alcohol consumption and serum activities of PON1 and AE using data from the population-based Bavarian Food Consumption Survey II survey. PON1 and AE activities were quantified in serum samples of 566 male and female study participants (aged 18-80 years), and dietary intake including alcohol consumption was estimated from three 24-h dietary recalls. The association between alcohol consumption and PON1 and AE activities was analysed using linear regression, adjusted for age, sex and socio-economic status. There was no strong association between alcohol consumption and enzymatic activities of PON1 and AE in the Bavarian population. PON1 activity was seen to be lowest in non-drinkers (0 g/d) and highest in people who consumed 15·1-30 g of alcohol/d. AE activity increased across alcohol consumption categories, with a mean maximum difference of 14 U/ml (P for linear trend 0·04). These associations were attenuated after adjustment for blood concentrations of HDL. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that alcohol consumption is related to important alterations in PON1 and AE activities.
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12
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Lou-Bonafonte JM, Gabás-Rivera C, Navarro MA, Osada J. PON1 and Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2015; 7:4068-92. [PMID: 26024295 PMCID: PMC4488773 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet has been proven to be highly effective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been implicated in the development of those conditions, especially atherosclerosis. The present work describes a systematic review of current evidence supporting the influence of Mediterranean diet and its constituents on this enzyme. Despite the differential response of some genetic polymorphisms, the Mediterranean diet has been shown to exert a protective action on this enzyme. Extra virgin olive oil, the main source of fat, has been particularly effective in increasing PON1 activity, an action that could be due to low saturated fatty acid intake, oleic acid enrichment of phospholipids present in high-density lipoproteins that favor the activity, and increasing hepatic PON1 mRNA and protein expressions induced by minor components present in this oil. Other Mediterranean diet constituents, such as nuts, fruits and vegetables, have been effective in modulating the activity of the enzyme, pomegranate and its compounds being the best characterized items. Ongoing research on compounds isolated from all these natural products, mainly phenolic compounds and carotenoids, indicates that some of them are particularly effective, and this may enhance the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of potentiating PON1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Lou-Bonafonte
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22002, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.
| | - Clara Gabás-Rivera
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.
| | - María A Navarro
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.
| | - Jesús Osada
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.
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Dadachanji R, Shaikh N, Khavale S, Patil A, Shah N, Mukherjee S. PON1 polymorphisms are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility, related traits, and PON1 activity in Indian women with the syndrome. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:207-16. [PMID: 25956367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms (L55M and Q192R) with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility and its related traits in Indian women. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Academic research institute, infertility, and endocrinology clinics. PATIENT(S) Controls (n = 326), women with PCOS (n = 482). INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Genotypic and allelic frequency distribution, genotype-phenotype association, different PON1 activities (lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase). RESULT(S) The genotypic and allelic frequency distributions of the L55M polymorphism were significantly different between lean controls and lean women with PCOS, and this polymorphism reduced the risk of PCOS development in lean but not in obese Indian women. Furthermore, this polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased 2-hour glucose, apolipoprotein B, free and bioavailable T, and free androgen index concurrent with increased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and FSH levels only in lean women with PCOS. However, Q192R polymorphism showed comparable genotypic frequency distribution between controls and women with PCOS. PON1 lactonase and arylesterase activities were significantly decreased in women with PCOS compared with controls. PON1 polymorphisms were shown to influence its activities. CONCLUSION(S) Our study showed that L55M, but not Q192R, polymorphism is significantly associated with reduced PCOS susceptibility only in lean women and also impacts glucose metabolism, lipid parameters, and hyperandrogenemia in them. Our study therefore suggests the possibility of differential genetic pathophysiology of PCOS between lean and obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dadachanji
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Nuzhat Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Sushma Khavale
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Anushree Patil
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Nalini Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Srabani Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India.
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Vitamin B6 supplementation improves oxidative stress and enhances serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:351598. [PMID: 25431786 PMCID: PMC4241311 DOI: 10.1155/2014/351598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin B6 (Vit B6) on oxidant and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control + Vit B6 group (C + Vit B6), diabetes (D), and diabetes + Vit B6 group (D + Vit B6). Vit B6 (4 mg/kg body weight) was administered in drinking water for 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Vitamin B6 reduced serum total cholesterol level in the C + Vit B6 (P < 0.01) and D + Vit B6 (P < 0.05) groups. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde levels were reduced in the C + Vit B6 and D + Vit B6 groups. Whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher in the D group (P < 0.05). GSH-Px and SOD activities were increased in C + Vit B6 group while these parameters decreased in the D + Vit B6 group. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were decreased in the D group while they were increased in C + Vit B6 and D + Vit B6 groups. The results of present study suggest that vitamin B6 supplementation might be a promising adjunctive agent for improving oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances and for preventing diabetic complications including atherogenesis.
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Burton-Freeman BM, Sesso HD. Whole food versus supplement: comparing the clinical evidence of tomato intake and lycopene supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:457-85. [PMID: 25469376 PMCID: PMC4188219 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. A link between diet and CVD is well established, with dietary modification a foundational component of CVD prevention and management. With the discovery of bioactive components beyond the essential nutrients of foods, a new era of nutritional, medical, botanical, physiologic, and analytical sciences has unfolded. The ability to identify, isolate, purify, and deliver single components has expanded the dietary supplement business and health opportunity for consumers. Lycopene is an example of a food component that has attracted attention from scientists as well as food, agriculture, and dietary supplement industries. A major question, however, is whether delivering lycopene through a supplement source is as effective as or more effective than consuming lycopene through whole food sources, specifically the tomato, which is the richest source of lycopene in the Western diet. In this review, we examined clinical trials comparing the efficacy of lycopene supplements with tomato products on intermediate CVD risk factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism. Overall, the present review highlights the need for more targeted research; however, at present, the available clinical research supports consuming tomato-based foods as a first-line approach to cardiovascular health. With the exception of blood pressure management where lycopene supplementation was favored, tomato intake provided more favorable results on cardiovascular risk endpoints than did lycopene supplementation. Indeed, future research that is well designed, clinically focused, mechanistically revealing, and relevant to human intake will undoubtedly add to the growing body of knowledge unveiling the promise of tomatoes and/or lycopene supplementation as an integral component of a heart-healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt M. Burton-Freeman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Andersen CJ, Fernandez ML. Dietary approaches to improving atheroprotective HDL functions. Food Funct 2014; 4:1304-13. [PMID: 23921436 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are known to protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition to facilitating reverse cholesterol transport to remove excess lipids from the body - including atherosclerotic plaques - HDL exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and antithrombotic activities. Together, these properties contribute to the overall atheroprotective nature of HDL. However, similar to many other physiological pathways, these HDL parameters are known to become dysregulated in conditions of metabolic disease. Further, research suggests these alternative HDL properties may be regulated independently of blood HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and must therefore be considered when designing HDL-targeted therapies. To date, a number of dietary strategies have been investigated to assess the effect of dietary components on functional properties of HDL beyond HDL-C. This review will highlight the bioactive nutrients, functional foods, and dietary programs known to modulate HDL function as a means of reducing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Andersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road Ext., Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
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17
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Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L. Effect of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress: an exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Med Food 2013; 16:361-74. [PMID: 23631493 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a potentially useful compound for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Studies on the effects of lycopene on oxidative stress offer insights into its mechanism of action and provide evidence-based rationale for its supplementation. In this analysis, randomized controlled trials of the effects of oral lycopene supplementation on any valid outcomes of oxidative stress were identified and pooled through a search of international journal databases and reference lists of relevant publications. Two reviewers extracted data from each of the identified studies. Only studies of sufficient quality were included. Twelve parallel trials and one crossover trial were included in the systematic review, and six trials provided data for quantitative meta-analysis. Our results indicate that lycopene supplementation significantly decreases the DNA tail length, as determined using comet assays, with a mean difference (MD) of -6.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) -10.74, -1.90] (P=.006) between the lycopene intervention groups and the control groups. Lycopene supplementation does not significantly prolong the lag time of low-density lipoprotein (MD 3.76 [95% CI -2.48, 10.01]; P=.24). Lycopene possibly alleviates oxidative stress; however, biomarker research for oxidative stress needs be more consistent with the outcomes in lycopene intervention trials for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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19
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Abstract
Tomatoes and tomato products are one of the most familiar vegetables in the American diet. Quantitatively, they are the most consumed nonstarchy vegetable and are the most significant source of dietary lycopene; a powerful antioxidant that has greater bioavailability after cooking and processing (eg, canning). A large body of research supports an inverse relationship between consuming tomatoes and tomato products and risk of certain cancers, while emerging research is exploring the protective relationship between tomato intake and a host of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, ultraviolet light—induced skin damage, and cognitive dysfunction. Initial studies of tomato consumption and disease risk reduction focused on lycopene and antioxidant activity. More recent hypotheses recognize the advantages of the whole tomato; and hence, research on the role of tomato products in health and disease risk reduction extends beyond antioxidant function to include other protective mechanisms such as antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions. Increasing daily vegetable intake in the American diet offers the potential to yield significant health benefits. In addition to the specific benefits of tomato consumption, encouraging greater tomato and tomato product consumption may help increase overall vegetable intake because of their wide availability, well-established acceptability, cost-effectiveness, and convenience of multiple forms. Leveraging emerging science about tomatoes and tomato products may be one simple and effective strategy to help individuals increase vegetable intake, leading to improved overall eating patterns, and ultimately, better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Burton-Freeman
- National Center for Food Safety & Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Summit-Argo, IL
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20
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Stephens JW, Bain SC, Humphries SE. Gene–environment interaction and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:229-38. [PMID: 18490019 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Growth hormone improves lipoprotein concentration and arylesterase activity in mice with an atherogenic lipid profile induced by lactalbumin. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:518-26. [PMID: 18590589 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508025014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of growth hormone (GH) on arylesterase (AE), one of the activities of paraoxonase, has never been studied. The aims of the present study in mice were: (a) to compare the effect of age and sex on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels after consumption of lactalbumin- v. chow-based diets and (b) to study the effect of GH administration, age and sex on serum AE activity, lipid and lipoprotein and body fat levels in mice fed a lactalbumin diet. Seventy-two mice were divided into three age- and sex-matched experimental groups: (1) control chow (CC), (2) non-GH lactalbumin (NGL) and (3) GH-treated lactalbumin (GL) mice. Lactalbumin increased total cholesterol, (LDL+VLDL)-cholesterol and TAG and diminished HDL-cholesterol in all animals (P<0.05). In comparison with their NGL counterparts, old GL males presented lower total cholesterol (15%) and (LDL+VLDL)-cholesterol (17%) levels (P<0.05), whereas values of the same parameters were higher in adult GL males (P<0.05) (22 and 23%, respectively). Adult GL females displayed higher serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations (26%) (P<0.05) than adult NGL females. AE activity was lower in old GL females (78%) and old GL males (20%) (P<0.05), but higher in adult GL males (100%) (P<0.01). GH, that was inversely related to food intake, decreased abdominal and gonadal fat in all mice (P<0.05). To conclude, lactalbumin induced an atherogenic lipoprotein profile in NGL mice that was reverted by GH, preferentially in old males, suggesting that GH therapy will be more effective in aged men. The present results suggest that AE activity was age-, sex- and body fat level-dependent and that it diminished as a consequence of improved antioxidant status.
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Devaraj S, Mathur S, Basu A, Aung HH, Vasu VT, Meyers S, Jialal I. A Dose-Response Study on the Effects of Purified Lycopene Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27:267-73. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dalgård C, Christiansen L, Jonung T, Mackness MI, de Maat MPM, Hørder M. No influence of increased intake of orange and blackcurrant juices and dietary amounts of vitamin E on paraoxonase-1 activity in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:354-63. [PMID: 17712585 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-007-0675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidative enzyme associated with HDL and its serum activity is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. The interindividual variation in PON1 activity is partly determined by genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the PON1 gene, but also by dietary factors like the antioxidants. AIM OF THE STUDY We examined the effect of antioxidant-rich orange and blackcurrant juices and vitamin E supplement on PON1 activity in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Furthermore, we studied whether genetic polymorphisms in the PON1 gene predicted the change in PON1 activity. METHODS The study was designed as a cross-over trial with 48 participants who received two of the four possible treatments: (1) 250 ml orange juice and 250 ml blackcurrant juice; (2) 15 mg vitamin E; (3) 250 ml orange juice and 250 ml blackcurrant juice and 15 mg vitamin E; or (4) control/placebo (energy-equivalent sugar-containing beverage). The treatments were given for 28 days, separated by a 4-week wash-out period. RESULTS The PON1 activity was not affected by juice or vitamin E supplement neither was there evidence of synergetic effects. However, a statistically significant interaction was observed between treatment and PON1 genotype, such that PON1 activity increased after juice alone in patients carrying the PON1 L55-allele. Results need to be interpreted with care since the study population was relatively small. CONCLUSION Consumption of orange and blackcurrant juice and vitamin E supplement does not affect the activity of PON1 in patients with peripheral arterial disease. However, a gene-diet interaction may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dalgård
- Institute of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 17, 2nd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Nus M, Frances F, Librelotto J, Canales A, Corella D, Sánchez-Montero JM, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Arylesterase activity and antioxidant status depend on PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms in subjects with increased risk of cardiovascular disease consuming walnut-enriched meat. J Nutr 2007; 137:1783-8. [PMID: 17585031 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.7.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human paraoxonase (PON1) exists in 2 major polymorphic forms and has been shown to protect LDL and HDL against oxidation. The aim of this study was to assess the differences between subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), taking into account the effects of PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms on 1) basal serum arylesterase activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), and oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL) concentrations; 2) the relations between arylesterase activity and lipid variables; and 3) the effect of walnut-enriched meat (WM) consumption on arylesterase activity and lipid variables. Twenty-three Caucasians at increased risk of CVD were randomly assigned to diet order groups in a crossover, nonblinded, placebo-controlled trial, consisting of two 5-wk experimental periods [WM and control meat (CM)]. Significant PON1-L55M x PON1-Q192R interactions affected basal serum HDL-C (P = 0.019), LDL-C (P = 0.028) and TC (P = 0.022) and tended to affect arylesterase activity (P = 0.083). Basal arylesterase activity was positively correlated with basal HDL-C (r = 0.53; P < 0.05) and TC (r = 0.43; P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with LPO (r = -0.70; P < 0.01) and the ox-LDL:LDL ratio (r = -0.63; P < 0.01). WM decreased arylesterase activity in PON1-55M carriers (P = 0.012) but not in PON1-L55 individuals, and decreased LPO concentrations in PON1-192R carriers (P = 0.031) but not in PON1-Q192 subjects. To conclude, serum TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations and arylesterase activity depend on the interaction of PON1-L55M and PON1-Q192R polymorphisms. However, the PON1-Q192R polymorphism is more closely related to antioxidant status. Both polymorphisms modulate the effect of WM consumption on CVD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Nus
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
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Frederiksen H, Rasmussen SE, Schrøder M, Bysted A, Jakobsen J, Frandsen H, Ravn-Haren G, Mortensen A. Dietary supplementation with an extract of lycopene-rich tomatoes does not reduce atherosclerosis in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:6-10. [PMID: 17217554 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507210153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes are rich in lycopene and other carotenoids which have shown beneficial effects on CVD in epidemiological and intervention studies. In the present study the effect of an extract of lycopene-rich tomatoes, Lyc-O-Mato®on atherosclerosis was studied in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits. The rabbits were fed a control diet, a control diet supplemented with the tomato extract or a control diet supplemented with a mixture of plant oils for 16 weeks. Lycopene was detected only in plasma of rabbits receiving tomato extract. The tomato extract had no effect on cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels measured in total plasma, lipoprotein fractions and on aortic atherosclerosis evaluated biochemically and by microscopy. Oxidation of lipids in unfractionated plasma also was unaffected by the intake of tomato extract. In conclusion, the tomato extract increased plasma levels of lycopene in rabbits, but had no effect on hypercholesterolaemia, oxidation of plasma lipids or aortic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Frederiksen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bygade, Soborg, Denmark.
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Basu A, Imrhan V. Tomatoes versus lycopene in oxidative stress and carcinogenesis: conclusions from clinical trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:295-303. [PMID: 16929242 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the effects of tomato product supplementation, containing lycopene, on biomarkers of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in human clinical trials. RESULTS Supplementation of tomato products, containing lycopene, has been shown to lower biomarkers of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in healthy and type II diabetic patients, and prostate cancer patients, respectively. Processed tomato products like tomato juice, tomato paste, tomato puree, tomato ketchup and tomato oleoresin have been shown to provide bioavailable sources of lycopene, with consequent increases in plasma lycopene levels versus baseline. Dietary fats enhance this process and should be consumed together with food sources of lycopene. The mechanisms of action involve protection of plasma lipoproteins, lymphocyte DNA and serum proteins against oxidative damage, and anticarcinogenic effects, including reduction of prostate-specific antigen, upregulation of connexin expression and overall decrease in prostate tumor aggressiveness. There is limited in vivo data on the health benefits of lycopene alone. Most of the clinical trials with tomato products suggest a synergistic action of lycopene with other nutrients, in lowering biomarkers of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of processed tomato products, containing lycopene, is of significant health benefit and can be attributed to a combination of naturally occurring nutrients in tomatoes. Lycopene, the main tomato carotenoid, contributes to this effect, but its role per se remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basu
- Medical Pathology, UCDavis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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27
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Carlson CS, Heagerty PJ, Hatsukami TS, Richter RJ, Ranchalis J, Lewis J, Bacus TJ, McKinstry LA, Schellenberg GD, Rieder M, Nickerson D, Furlong CE, Chait A, Jarvik GP. TagSNP analyses of the PON gene cluster: effects on PON1 activity, LDL oxidative susceptibility, and vascular disease. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1014-24. [PMID: 16474172 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500517-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity is consistently predictive of vascular disease, although the genotype at four functional PON1 polymorphisms is not. To address this inconsistency, we investigated the role of all common PON1 genetic variability, as measured by tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs), in predicting PON1 activity for phenylacetate hydrolysis, LDL susceptibility to oxidation ex vivo, plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and carotid artery disease (CAAD) status. The biological goal was to establish whether additional common genetic variation beyond consideration of the four known functional SNPs improves prediction of these phenotypes. PON2 and PON3 tagSNPs were secondarily evaluated. Expanded analysis of an additional 26 tagSNPs found evidence of previously undescribed common PON1 polymorphisms that affect PON1 activity independently of the four known functional SNPs. PON1 activity was not significantly correlated with LDL oxidative susceptibility, but genotypes at the PON1(-108) promoter polymorphism and several other PON1 SNPs were. Neither PON1 activity nor PON1 genotype was significantly correlated with plasma Hcy levels. This study revealed previously undetected common functional PON1 polymorphisms that explain 4% of PON1 activity and a high rate of recombination in PON1, but the sum of the common PON1 locus variation does not explain the relationship between PON1 activity and CAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Carlson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, The University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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van Himbergen TM, van Tits LJH, Hectors MPC, de Graaf J, Roest M, Stalenhoef AFH. Paraoxonase-1 and linoleic acid oxidation in familial hypercholesterolemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:787-93. [PMID: 15963464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme that can inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. The role of PON1 in vivo still remains to be clarified. We investigated the effect of PON1 genotype (-107C > T and 192Q > R), concentration, paraoxonase activity, and arylesterase activity on the early phase of lipid peroxidation in plasma samples of 110 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. The degree of lipid oxidation was assessed by quantitation of oxidized-linoleic acid (the most abundant fatty acid present in LDL) using high performance liquid chromatography. We found a significant inverse correlation between paraoxonase activity and the oxidized-linoleic acid concentration (r = -0.22, P = 0.03), independent of baseline linoleic acid levels. These findings support an anti-oxidative role for PON1 in patients with FH, and thus may give insight into the functioning of PON1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M van Himbergen
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Clinical Chemistry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. T.M.van
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