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Djouwoug CN, Gounoue RK, Ngueguim FT, NankapTsakem JM, Gouni CD, Kandeda AC, Ngouela S, Lenta BN, Sewald N, Fekam FB, Dimo T. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of hydroethanolic bark extract of Bridelia atroviridis müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) and lc-ms-based phytochemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113424. [PMID: 33010404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is a life-threatening health problem worldwide and treatment remains a major challenge. Natural products from medicinal plants are credible sources for better anti-malarial drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at assessing the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Bridelia atroviridis bark. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phytochemical characterization of Bridelia atroviridis extract was carried out by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The cytotoxicity test on Vero cells was carried out using the resazurin-based assay while the in vitro antiplasmodial activity was determined on Plasmodium falciparum (Dd2 strain, chloroquine resistant) using the SYBR green I-based fluorescence assay. The in vivo assay was performed on Plasmodium berghei-infected rats daily treated for 5 days with distilled water (10 mL/kg) for malaria control, 25 mg/kg of chloroquine sulfate for positive control and 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of B. atroviridis extract for the three test groups. Parasitaemia was daily monitored using 10% giemsa-staining thin blood smears. At the end of the treatment, animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis while organs were removed for biochemical and histopathological analyses. RESULTS The HPLC-MS analysis data of B. atroviridis revealed the presence of bridelionoside D, isomyricitrin, corilagin, myricetin and 5 others compounds not yet identified. Bridelia atroviridis exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with the IC50 evaluated at 8.08 μg/mL and low cytotoxicity with the median cytotoxic concentration (CC50) higher than 100 μg/mL. B. atroviridis extract significantly reduced the parasitemia (p < 0.05) with an effective dose-50 (ED-50) of 89 mg/kg. B. atroviridis also prevented anemia, leukocytosis and liver and kidneys impairment by decrease of transaminases, ALP, creatinine, uric acid, and triglycerides concentrations. As well, B. atroviridis extract decreased some pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) levels and significantly improved the anti-inflammatory status (P < 0.01) of infected animals marked by a decrease of IL-10 concentration. These results were further confirmed by the improved of antioxidant status and the quasi-normal microarchitecture of the liver, kidneys and spleen in test groups. Overall, the hydroethanolic bark extract of Bridelia atroviridis demonstrated antimalarial property and justified its use in traditional medicine to manage malaria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvere Ngouela
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - Bruno Ndjakou Lenta
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, High Teaching Training College, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Nobert Sewald
- Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Fabrice Boyom Fekam
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.
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Oluyemi WM, Samuel BB, Kaehlig H, Zehl M, Parapini S, D'Alessandro S, Taramelli D, Krenn L. Antiplasmodial activity of triterpenes isolated from the methanolic leaf extract of Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112203. [PMID: 31472271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Combretum racemosum showed activity in previous ethnopharmacological investigations of some Combretum species used in malaria treatment in parts of West Africa. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at confirming the antimalarial potential of this plant by an activity-guided isolation of its active principles. MATERIALS AND METHODS A crude methanolic leaf extract of Combretum racemosum and fractions thereof obtained by partition with chloroform and n-butanol were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Repeated chromatographic separations were conducted on the chloroform fraction to isolate bioactive compounds for further tests on antiplasmodial activity. The characterization of the isolated substances was performed by applying NMR- and MS-techniques (ESI-MS, HR-ESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR). RESULTS The chloroform fraction (D10: IC50 = 33.8 ± 1.5 μg/mL and W2: IC50 = 27.8 ± 2.9 μg/mL) exhibited better antiplasmodial activity than the n-butanol fraction (D10: IC50 = 78.1 ± 7.3 μg/mL and W2: IC50 = 78 ± 15 μg/mL) as well as the methanolic raw extract (D10: IC50 = 64.2 ± 2.7 μg/mL and W2: IC50 = 65.8 ± 14.9 μg/mL). Thus, the focus of the phytochemical investigation was laid on the chloroform fraction, which led to the identification of four ursane-type (19α-hydroxyasiatic acid (1), 6β,23-dihydroxytormentic acid (4), madecassic acid (8), nigaichigoside F1 (10)) and four oleanane-type (arjungenin (2), combregenin (5), terminolic acid (7), arjunglucoside I (11)) triterpenes, as well as abscisic acid (9). Compounds 1 and 2, 4 and 5, 7 and 8 as well as 10 and 11 were isolated as isomeric mixtures in fractions CR-A, CR-C, CR-E and CR-H, respectively. All isolated compounds and mixtures exhibited moderate to low activity, with madecassic acid being most active (D10: IC50 = 28 ± 12 μg/mL and W2: IC50 = 17.2 ± 4.3 μg/mL). CONCLUSION This paper reports for the first time antiplasmodial principles from C. racemosum and thereby gives reason to the traditional use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wande M Oluyemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Babatunde B Samuel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario Ricerca sulla Malaria, Italian Malaria Network, Italy.
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario Ricerca sulla Malaria, Italian Malaria Network, Italy.
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario Ricerca sulla Malaria, Italian Malaria Network, Italy.
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Dinkel KA, Costa ME, Kraft TS, Stieglitz J, Cummings DK, Gurven M, Kaplan H, Trumble BC. Relationship of sanitation, water boiling, and mosquito nets to health biomarkers in a rural subsistence population. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23356. [PMID: 31821682 PMCID: PMC8018599 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Throughout human evolutionary history, parasites and pathogens were a major cause of mortality-modern urban life with public health infrastructure has changed disease exposure. We examine associations between boiling water, using latrines, mosquito net usage, and biomarkers among the Tsimane, a nonindustrial subsistence population with little public health infrastructure. METHODS We conducted cross sectional surveys on water, latrines, and bed nets among 507 heads of households (aged 18-92 years, median age 41 years). Regression models estimated associations between behaviors and health biomarkers (ie, white blood cell count [WBC], hemoglobin, eosinophil count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, wealth, schooling, and distance to the nearby market town. RESULTS Latrine use is associated with 6.5% lower WBC count (β = -679.6, P = .031, SE = 314.1), 17.4% lower eosinophil counts (β = -244.7, P = .023, SE = 107.2), and reduced odds of eosinophilia (adjusted OR = 0.40, P < .019, 95% CI = 0.18-0.86). Boiling water and mosquito net use are not significantly associated with any biomarkers measured. CONCLUSIONS In a subsistence population currently undergoing epidemiological transition, we find that latrine use was associated with several objective measures of health. This suggests that relatively low cost and low maintenance public health interventions may wish to focus on latrine use, as there is unmet need and potential health benefits for those who use latrines. Additionally, while the cost is higher, public health organizations aimed at improving sanitation may be able to use minimally invasive field-collected biomarkers as a diagnostic to objectively test the efficacy of interventions with greater specificity than anthropometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A. Dinkel
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Megan E. Costa
- Sanford School of Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Thomas S. Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, California, Santa Barbara
| | | | - Daniel K. Cummings
- Department of Health Economics and Anthropology, Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, California
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, California, Santa Barbara
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Health Economics and Anthropology, Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, California
| | - Benjamin C. Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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Ramanathan N, Tan E, Loh LJ, Soh BS, Yap WN. Tocotrienol is a cardioprotective agent against ageing-associated cardiovascular disease and its associated morbidities. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:6. [PMID: 29387138 PMCID: PMC5775572 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a nonmodifiable risk factor that is linked to increased likelihood of cardiovascular morbidities. Whilst many pharmacological interventions currently exist to treat many of these disorders such as statins for hypercholesterolemia or beta-blockers for hypertension, the elderly appear to present a greater likelihood of suffering non-related side effects such as increased risk of developing new onset type 2 diabetes (NODM). In some cases, lower efficacy in the elderly have also been reported. Alternative forms of treatment have been sought to address these issues, and there has been a growing interest in looking at herbal remedies or plant-based natural compounds. Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the manifestation of ageing-related cardiovascular disease. Thus, it is natural that a compound that possesses both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities would be considered. This review article examines the potential of tocotrienols, a class of Vitamin E compounds with proven superior antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity compared to tocopherols (the other class of Vitamin E compounds), in ameliorating ageing-related cardiovascular diseases and its associated morbidities. In particular, the potential of tocotrienols in improving inflammaging, dyslipidemia and mitochondrial dysfunction in ageing-related cardiovascular diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardev Ramanathan
- Department of R&D, Davos Life Science Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19, Davos, 138623 Singapore
- Department of R&D, Level 8, Menara KLK 1,Jalan Pju 7/6,Mutiara Damansara, 47810, 47800 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Esther Tan
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Li Jun Loh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Soh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Wei Ney Yap
- Department of R&D, Davos Life Science Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19, Davos, 138623 Singapore
- Department of R&D, Level 8, Menara KLK 1,Jalan Pju 7/6,Mutiara Damansara, 47810, 47800 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
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Tholey A, Taylor NL, Heazlewood JL, Bendixen E. We Are Not Alone: The iMOP Initiative and Its Roles in a Biology- and Disease-Driven Human Proteome Project. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:4273-4280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas L. Taylor
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School
of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- School
of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Emøke Bendixen
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Christian AG, Thecla EC, Dick EA, Chile AE, Chimsorom CK, Ckukwu ND, Nwobodo NN. In vivo antiplasmodial activity of Bombax buonopozense root bark aqueous extract in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Olasehinde GI, Ojurongbe O, Adeyeba AO, Fagade OE, Valecha N, Ayanda IO, Ajayi AA, Egwari LO. In vitro studies on the sensitivity pattern of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-malarial drugs and local herbal extracts. Malar J 2014; 13:63. [PMID: 24555525 PMCID: PMC3996087 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resistance of human malaria parasites to anti-malarial compounds has become considerable concern, particularly in view of the shortage of novel classes of anti-malarial drugs. One way to prevent resistance is by using new compounds that are not based on existing synthetic antimicrobial agents. RESULTS Sensitivity of 100 Plasmodium falciparum isolates to chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, artemisinin, Momordica charantia ('Ejirin') Diospyros monbuttensis ('Egun eja') and Morinda lucida ('Oruwo') was determined using the in vitro microtest (Mark III) technique to determine the IC50 of the drugs. All the isolates tested were sensitive to quinine, mefloquine and artesunate. Fifty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to chloroquine, 13% to amodiaquine and 5% to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine. Highest resistance to chloroquine (68.9%) was recorded among isolates from Yewa zone while highest resistance to amodiaquine (30%) was observed in Ijebu zone. Highest resistance to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine was recorded in Yewa and Egba zones, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the responses to artemisinin and mefloquine (P<0.05), artemisinin and quinine (P<0.05) and quinine and mefloquine (P<0.05). A negative correlation was observed between the responses to chloroquine and mefloquine (P>0.05). Highest anti-plasmodial activity was obtained with the ethanolic extract of D. monbuttensis (IC50 = 3.2 nM) while the lowest was obtained from M. lucida (IC50 = 25 nM). CONCLUSIONS Natural products isolated from plants used in traditional medicine, which have potent anti-plasmodial action in vitro, represent potential sources of new anti-malarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace I Olasehinde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Parasitology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega O Adeyeba
- Department of Medical Parasitology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Obasola E Fagade
- Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Isaac O Ayanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adesola A Ajayi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Louis O Egwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Weiss KM, Parker DM. Will you stop bugging me?: Malaria and the evolutionary challenge that won't go away. Evol Anthropol 2013; 22:46-51. [PMID: 23585377 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kassam KA, Karamkhudoeva M, Ruelle M, Baumflek M. Medicinal Plant Use and Health Sovereignty: Findings from the Tajik and Afghan Pamirs. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2010; 38:817-829. [PMID: 21258436 PMCID: PMC3003150 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-010-9356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are indicators of indigenous knowledge in the context of political volatility and sociocultural and ecological change in the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Medicinal plants are the primary health care option in this region of Central Asia. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that medicinal plants contribute to health security and sovereignty in a time of instability. We illustrate the nutritional as well as medicinal significance of plants in the daily lives of villagers. Based on over a decade and half of research related to resilience and livelihood security, we present plant uses in the context of mountain communities. Villagers identified over 58 cultivated and noncultivated plants and described 310 distinct uses within 63 categories of treatment and prevention. Presence of knowledge about medicinal plants is directly connected to their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Munira Karamkhudoeva
- Pamir Biological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Khorog, Republic of Tajikistan
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Alshawsh MA, Mothana RA, Al-Shamahy HA, Alsllami SF, Lindequist U. Assessment of antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and phytochemical screening of some Yemeni medicinal plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 6:453-6. [PMID: 18955251 PMCID: PMC2781778 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing countries, where malaria is one of the most prevalent diseases, still rely on traditional medicine as a source for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, six selected plants (Acalypha fruticosa, Azadirachta indica, Cissus rotundifolia, Echium rauwalfii, Dendrosicyos socotrana and Boswellia elongata) commonly used in Yemen by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases, were collected from different localities of Yemen, dried and extracted with methanol and water successfully. The antiplasmodial activity of the extracts was evaluated against fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. The selectivity parameters to evaluate the efficacy of these medicinal plants were measured by in vitro micro test (Mark III) according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1996 & WHO 2001 protocols of antimalarial drug tests. Among the investigated 12 extracts, three were found to have significant antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values less than 4 µg/ml, namely the water extracts of A. fruticosa, A. indica and D. socotrana. Six extracts showed moderate activity with IC50 values ranging from 10 to 30 µg/ml and three appeared to be inactive with IC50 values more than 30 µg/ml. In addition, preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic and aqueous extracts indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a-University, Sana'a, Yemen
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Botsaris AS. Plants used traditionally to treat malaria in Brazil: the archives of Flora Medicinal. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:18. [PMID: 17472740 PMCID: PMC1891273 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The archives of Flora Medicinal, an ancient pharmaceutical laboratory that supported ethnomedical research in Brazil for more than 30 years, were searched for plants with antimalarial use. Forty plant species indicated to treat malaria were described by Dr. J. Monteiro da Silva (Flora Medicinal leader) and his co-workers. Eight species, Bathysa cuspidata, Cosmos sulphureus, Cecropia hololeuca, Erisma calcaratum, Gomphrena arborescens, Musa paradisiaca, Ocotea odorifera, and Pradosia lactescens, are related as antimalarial for the first time in ethnobotanical studies. Some species, including Mikania glomerata, Melampodium divaricatum, Galipea multiflora, Aspidosperma polyneuron, and Coutarea hexandra, were reported to have activity in malaria patients under clinical observation. In the information obtained, also, there were many details about the appropriate indication of each plant. For example, some plants are indicated to increase others' potency. There are also plants that are traditionally employed for specific symptoms or conditions that often accompany malaria, such as weakness, renal failure or cerebral malaria. Many plants that have been considered to lack activity against malaria due to absence of in vitro activity against Plasmodium can have other mechanisms of action. Thus researchers should observe ethnomedical information before deciding which kind of screening should be used in the search of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros S Botsaris
- IBPM (Brazilian Institute of Medicinal Plants), Rua Gal Urquiza 128, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22431-040, Brazil.
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Wajcman H, Galactéros F. [Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a protection against malaria and a risk for hemolytic accidents]. C R Biol 2004; 327:711-20. [PMID: 15506519 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyses the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway, which in the RBC leads to the formation of NADPH, essential to prevent the cell from an oxidative stress. Worldwide, more than 400 million people (90% being males) are affected by G6PD deficiency, in regions that are, or have been, endemic for malaria and in populations originating from these regions. RBCs with low G6PD activity offer a hostile environment to parasite growth and thus an advantage to G6PD deficiency carriers. The counterpart of this protective effect is an increased susceptibility to oxidants such as some foods (fava beans), drugs (anti-malarial or sulphonamides), or various chemicals. In the case of G6PD deficiency, the hypothesis of a convergent evolution between parasite, protecting mutation, and cultural traditions (food, skin painting...) has been proposed. Near to 150 different G6PD variants have been described, which are classified into four types, according to their clinical effects. Several variants, such as the G6PD A- or the Mediterranean variant, reach the polymorphism level in endemic regions. The recent determination of the three-dimensional structure of this enzyme allows one to explain now the mechanisms of the disorders in terms of structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Wajcman
- Inserm U468, hôpital Henri-Mondor 51, av. du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France.
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