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Combined Effect of Genotype, Housing System, and Calcium on Performance and Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112120. [PMID: 33207546 PMCID: PMC7696842 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hen performance and eggshell quality are affected by a wide range of factors from which genotype. The housing conditions and feed calcium (Ca) level might be considered the most important. Here, we compared the performance and eggshell quality of commercial hybrids (ISA Brown, Bovans Brown) and traditional Czech hybrid (Moravia BSL). Laying hens were housed in enriched cages and on littered pens and fed two different Ca levels (3.00% vs. 3.50%). Contrary to the commercial hybrids, Moravia BSL performed better under the lower feed Ca level in enriched cages. Additionally, the data pointed out the importance of studying the interaction between factors, which might help to decide the best housing system and feed Ca level for a certain hen genotype. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate hen performance and eggshell quality response to genotype, housing system, and feed calcium (Ca) level. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted on 360 laying hens of ISA Brown, Bovans Brown (commercial hybrids), and Moravia BSL (traditional Czech hybrid). Laying hens were kept in enriched cages and on littered floor and fed similar feed mixtures with different Ca content (3.00% vs. 3.50%). In terms of hen performance, ISA Brown had the highest egg production (84.2%) compared to Moravia BSL (74.3%) and Bovans Brown (71.4%). Regarding eggshell quality, Bovans Brown showed the highest values of all eggshell quality parameters. Increasing feed Ca level augmented egg production (p ≤ 0.001) but had no effect on other performance parameters. Except eggshell thickness, all eggshell quality parameters were affected by the three-way interaction of genotype, housing, and Ca. Bovans Brown, which had the strongest eggshells (5089 g/cm2) when housed on a littered floor system and fed 3.00% Ca, while Moravia BSL housed on a littered floor had the weakest eggshells (4236 g/cm2) at 3.50% Ca. The study pointed out the importance of the interactions between studied factors on performance and eggshell quality compared to an individual factor effect.
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Influences of low level of dietary calcium on bone characters in laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7084-7091. [PMID: 33248625 PMCID: PMC7704722 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cage layer fatigue (CLF), which is commonly caused by calcium deficiency in the feed, leads to loss of structural bone and increase of bone fragility. In order to investigate the influence of low-calcium diets on bone quality and strength, histopathology, and egg quality, 72 laying hens were randomly allocated to 2 groups at 22 wk of age and received low calcium and control calcium until 34 wk, respectively. Egg production, feed consumption, BW, and egg quality were measured throughout. Bone mineral density, bone biomechanical properties, and histomorphology of femurs and tibias were assessed after birds were sacrificed in 26, 30, and 34 wk. The results showed that low-calcium (1.5%) diets decreased BW, feed consumption, and egg production. The broken eggs rate increased, and the eggshell strength and thickness were lower in treated birds than those in control birds at 30 wk and 34 wk. Femoral and tibial bone index and bone mineral density were lower, cortical thicknesses were thinner, and bone length were shorter over time when birds are in a low-calcium diet than those in control birds. In biomechanical properties, the values of stiffness, Young's modulus, and breaking strength were lower in both femurs and tibias in low-calcium hens at 30 wk and 34 wk than those in bones of control hens. In histomorphology of bone, the cortex turned thinner and there were more cavities in cortex and cancellous bone; the trabecular bone network was fewer, thinner, less cohesive, and generally fragmented; and trabeculae were less well-connected in low-calcium birds. Some cell nuclei in cancellous bone disappeared, and vacuolation was observed in bone cells. There appeared osteoid in cortex bone and cancellous bone in tibias. It was concluded that low-calcium diets could facilitate the development of osteoporosis characterized by an increase of osteoid and loss of structural bone and decrease the values of bone quality and strength, accompanied with a decrease in egg production and egg qualities, which may elucidate the developing mechanism of CLF.
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Attia YA, Al-Harthi MA, Abo El-Maaty HM. Calcium and Cholecalciferol Levels in Late-Phase Laying Hens: Effects on Productive Traits, Egg Quality, Blood Biochemistry, and Immune Responses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:389. [PMID: 32850998 PMCID: PMC7412964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive traits and immunity in laying hens decrease sharply during the late phase of laying due to aging, which negatively affects the metabolism and hormonal status of the animals. The influence of Ca levels (3.5, 4.0, and 4.5%) and/or cholecalciferol [Vitamin D3 (VD3)] supplementation (800-, 1,000-, and 1,200-IU/kg diet or as total of 3,800, 4,000, and 4,200 IC VD3) on performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, and immunity of brown egg layers was investigated. Three hundred and sixty H&N Brown egg layers (60 weeks old) were allocated at random into nine nutritional treatments of five replications (cages) of eight hens each. The control diet in this experiment contained a 3.5% Ca level with 800 IU VD3. The addition of VD3 at 1,000 and 1,200 IU to 3.5 and 4% Ca diets significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the rate of laying, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control diet on 3.5% and 800 U of VD3. Besides this, the addition of VD3 at 800 and 1,200 IU to 3.5% Ca level diets enhanced the Haugh unit score. Similar results were observed in eggshell quality measurements and tibia ash. Increasing the Ca concentration from 3.5 to 4 and 4.5% and increasing VD3 levels from 800 to 1,000 or 1,200 IU significantly and similarly increased serum total protein and globulin. In addition, VD3 at 1,000 IU increased serum albumin, compared to 800 IU. Increasing Ca level increased IgA, and 4 and 4.5% Ca levels similarly increased IgG and α-2 globulin compared to the 3.5% Ca diet. VD3 addition at 1,200 IU to the 4% Ca diet significantly increased γ-globulin compared to 1,000 IU, but decreased β-globulin. Increasing the Ca level to 4% significantly reduced serum triglycerides, and the very low-density lipoprotein and the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein ratio were both decreased with 4 and 4.5% Ca level diets. Increasing the Ca level caused a stepwise increase in catalase, which was markedly increased with VD3 supplementation at 1,200 IU. Plasma estrogen was increased considerably with VD3 supplementation at 3.5% Ca, but parathyroid hormone levels were not affected. In conclusion, increasing Ca levels in the diet of laying hens to 4% during the late production phase could be a useful tool to improve laying performance, eggshell quality, Haugh unit score, and physiological and immunological status. Besides, VD3 at a 1,000 IU/kg diet to 3.5% Ca improved performance of hens fed 3.5% Ca, showing that the potential impact of VD3 depends on Ca concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Harthi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam M Abo El-Maaty
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Donkó T, Tischler A, Csóka Á, Kovács G, Emri M, Petneházy Ö, Szabó A, Halas V, Tossenberger J, Garamvölgyi R, Bajzik G. Estimation of bone mineral density and breaking strength of laying hens based on scans of computed tomography for body composition analysis. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:365-370. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1471662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Donkó
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - A. Tischler
- Institute of Nutrition and Product Development Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Á. Csóka
- Health Center, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - G. Kovács
- Analytical Minds Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - M. Emri
- Research Department, Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ö. Petneházy
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - A. Szabó
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
- “MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain” Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - V. Halas
- Institute of Nutrition and Product Development Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - J. Tossenberger
- Institute of Nutrition and Product Development Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - R. Garamvölgyi
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - G. Bajzik
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Wu S, Qi G. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic or inorganic manganese on eggshell quality, ultrastructure, and components in laying hens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2184-2193. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Li X, Zhang D, Bryden WL. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an17389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are important nutrients in poultry diet formulations. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of Ca and P in poultry. Recent data are provided in support of the proposition that current poultry diets are formulated in excess for Ca and P. The quantities of Ca and P available for metabolism reflect rates of intestinal absorption, bone accretion and resorption, glomerular filtration, renal tubular reabsorption, and intestinal endogenous losses. Ca and P homeostasis is largely under endocrine control. Parathyroid hormone and the hormonal form of vitamin D3 are the two hormones credited with this role. However, a novel hormonal axis involving Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Klotho has been recently delineated, which, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3, tightly regulates Ca and P homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested that current commercial diets for both broilers and layers contain excess Ca and P, the content of which could be reduced without affecting production or bird welfare. The challenge in reducing Ca and P concentrations in poultry diets is the uncertainty about what concentrations of Ca and P can be fed without compromising bird welfare. This is because there are limited data on the available P and Ca concentrations in poultry feedstuffs determined biologically. This is further complicated by the need for agreement on evaluation systems for evaluation of Ca and P bioavailability. We conclude that direct ileal or pre-caecal digestible Ca and P values are preferred.
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Vellasco CR, Gomes PC, Donzele JL, Rostagno HS, Calderano AA, Mello HHDC, Pastore SM. NÍVEIS DE CÁLCIO E RELAÇÃO CÁLCIO: FÓSFORO EM RAÇÕES PARA POEDEIRAS LEVES DE 24 A 40 SEMANAS DE IDADE. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i226916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivou-se determinar a exigência nutricional de cálcio e a melhor relação cálcio:fósforo em rações para poedeiras leves de 24 a 40 semanas de idade. Foram utilizadas 324 aves Hy-Line W-36, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo três níveis de cálcio (3,9; 4,2 e 4,5 %) e três relações cálcio/fósforo (9,3; 10,53 e 12,12/1), totalizando nove tratamentos, seis repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo, a qualidade do ovo, as características ósseas, o balanço de cálcio e fósforo e a mortalidade. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis de cálcio e as relações cálcio/fósforo para nenhuma das variáveis, porém os níveis de cálcio promoveram efeito (P<0,05) sobre o peso e porcentagem da casca, cálcio na casca, ovos perdidos, consumo de cálcio e fósforo, cálcio e fósforo na excreta, cálcio e fósforo retido. A relação cálcio/fósforo influenciou significativamente (P<0,05) o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, consumo de cálcio e fósforo, fósforo na excreta e fósforo retido. Rações contendo 4,5% de cálcio e relação cálcio:fósforo de 12,12:1, correspondendo ao consumo de cálcio de 3,71 g/ave/dia e de fósforo de 306 mg/ave/dia, garantem desempenho satisfatório em rações para poedeiras leves no período de 24 a 40 semanas.
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Saunders-Blades J, Korver D. Effect of hen age and maternal vitamin D source on performance, hatchability, bone mineral density, and progeny in vitro early innate immune function. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1233-46. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Neijat M, House J, Guenter W, Kebreab E. Calcium and phosphorus dynamics in commercial laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cage systems. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2383-96. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Pizzolante CC, Kakimoto SK, Saldanha ESPB, Laganá C, Souza HBA, Moraes JE. Limestone and oyster shell for brown layers in their second egg production cycle. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2011000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pelicia K, Mourao JLM, Garcia EA, Pinheiro VMC, Berto DA, Molino AB, Faitarone ABG, Vercese F, Santos GC, Silva AP. Effects of dietary calcium levels and limestone particicle size on the performance, tibia and blood of laying hens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2011000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Pelicia
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Brazil
| | - JLM Mourao
- Universidade do Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
| | | | - VMC Pinheiro
- Universidade do Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
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Pelicia K, Garcia E, Móri C, Faitarone ABG, Silva AP, Molino AB, Vercese F, Berto DA. Calcium levels and limestone particle size in the diet of commercial layers at the end of the first production cycle. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2009000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Pelicia
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano
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Effects of Dietary Isoflavone and Casein Phosphopeptide on Hatching Egg Production and Eggshell Quality in Aged Egg-Type Breeder Hens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2006.48.5.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pizzolante CC, Garcia EA, Laganá C, Saldanha ESPB, Deodato AP, Faitarone ABG, Scherer MR, Batista L. Effect of the calcium level and limestone particle size on the performance of semi-heavy layers in the second cycle of egg production. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2006000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hunton P. Research on eggshell structure and quality: an historical overview. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2005000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Hunton
- World's Poultry Science Association
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Sohail S, Bryant M, Voitle R, Roland D. Influence of Calsporin on Commercial Leghorns. J APPL POULTRY RES 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/11.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) on hen performance in an environmentally controlled house. In Experiment 1, 21-wk-old Hy-Line W36 hens (n = 1,248) were randomly assigned to 13 dietary treatments (0.1 to 0.7% NPP, at graded increments of 0.05%) for 17 wk. In Experiment 2, 45-wk-old Hy-Line W36 hens (n = 960) were randomly allocated to eight diets in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Two levels of Ca (3 and 4%) and four levels of NPP (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%) were fed for 8 wk. Feed consumption (FC), egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), egg specific gravity (ESG), bone density (BD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone breaking strength (BBS), BW and mortality were evaluated to determine performance. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that FC, EP, and BW increased as NPP was increased from 0.1 to 0.7% (77 to 588 mg/hen/d). During Week 12, a sharp decrease in FC and EP was observed in hens fed the most deficient level of 0.1% NPP. Egg weight and ESG decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary NPP was increased from 0.1 to 0.7%. However, after 14 wk, ESG decreased (P < 0.05) in hens fed 0.1% NPP. Bone breaking strength was higher (P < 0.05) in hens fed 0.3 to 0.4% NPP, indicating maximum bone quality. Mortality was higher (P < 0.05) in hens fed 0.01% NPP, followed by hens fed 0.15% NPP. In Experiment 2, a pronounced adverse effect of P deficiency was observed on FC and EP within 2 wk compared with 12 wk in Experiment 1. Reduction of NPP to 0.1% reduced BD, BMC, BBS and increased hen mortality (P < 0.05). Reducing dietary Ca from 4 to 3% decreased ESG (P < 0.05). A wide variation in response time to P deficiency indicated that P requirement varied for different performance criteria with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sohail
- Department of Poultry Science and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, 36849, USA
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Sohail SS, Bryant MM, Rao SK, Roland DA. Influence of cage density and prior dietary phosphorus level on phosphorus requirement of commercial leghorns. Poult Sci 2001; 80:769-75. [PMID: 11441844 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.6.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine whether cage density and prior dietary nonphytate P (NPP) level affect hens' P requirements. In Experiment 1, hens were housed at three cage densities (300, 400, and 600 cm2 or 46.5, 62.0, and 93.0 inches2/hen) and fed four levels of NPP (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, and 0.40%) for 6 wk to determine the effect of cage density on the P requirement. Egg production (EP), feed consumption (FC), egg weight (EW), and egg specific gravity (ESG) were measured to evaluate performance. Cage density influenced EP within Week 1 (P < 0.01), and during Weeks 5 and 6, there was a cage density x NPP-level interaction (P < 0.05). At 300 cm2, EP was more severely affected by 0.15 and 0.25% NPP than at 400 and 600 cm2. A linear decrease (P < 0.001) in FC was observed because of decreased NPP. Hens at 300 cm2 consumed 4 g less feed/hen per d than hens at 400 cm2. A linear decrease in EW was observed as the NPP level decreased (P < 0.01) from 0.25 to 0.15%, and there was no effect of cage density. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the effect of prior dietary P levels on time required to create a P deficiency. Hens fed 0.4% NPP were divided into two groups and fed 0.25 and 0.4% NPP for 4 wk. At the end of 4 wk, hens fed 0.25% NPP were further divided into three groups and were fed diets containing 0.09, 0.25, and 0.30% NPP for an additional 6 wk. Hens fed 0.4% NPP were divided into three groups and fed diets containing 0.09, 0.4, and 0.45% NPP. Reduction of NPP from 0.4 and 0.25% to 0.09% reduced EP by 8.5 and 6.8%, respectively, within 3 wk. Prior NPP levels had no influence on time required to create a P deficiency in terms of EP. Reduction of NPP from 0.4 and 0.25% to 0.09% reduced (P < 0.05) FC. A decline in FC occurred 2 wk earlier in hens previously fed 0.4% than those fed 0.25% NPP. This result indicates that hens fed 0.4% NPP became P deficient more quickly than hens fed 0.25%. We concluded that cage density and prior NPP level affect the hen P requirements or time required to create a P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sohail
- Department of Poultry Science and Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station, Auburn University, 36849, USA
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Junqueira OM, Lemos MG, Araújo LF, Mucke D, Araújo CSS, Andreotti MO, Cancherini LC, Barbosa MJB. Uso de Fosfato Bicálcico Granulado Sobre o Desempenho e Mineralização Óssea de Frangos de Corte. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2001000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar os efeitos do tamanho da partícula do fosfato bicálcico (fina ou granulada) e dos níveis de fósforo total sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e sobre os teores de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio dos ossos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 com 3 níveis de fósforo total (0,5%; 0,6% e 0,7%) e duas granulometrias de fosfato bicálcico (fina e granulada). Foram utilizados 300 pintos de corte com um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, alojados em baterias metálicas em 6 tratamentos com 5 repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 30 gaiolas dispostas em 6 baterias de 5 andares cada. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso do fosfato granulado resultou em melhor desempenho dos animais. Aves alimentadas com o nível de 0,5% de fósforo total apresentaram o pior desempenho, sendo que o nível de 0,6% proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves. As diferentes granulometrias do fosfato, não diferiram estatisticamente quanto a percentagem de matéria mineral, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos.
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Bar A, Vax E, Striem S. Effects of age at onset of production, light regime and dietary calcium on performance, eggshell traits, duodenal calbindin and cholecalciferol metabolism. Br Poult Sci 1998; 39:282-90. [PMID: 9649885 DOI: 10.1080/00071669889268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Rate of production and shell thickness (ST) decreased, while body weight (BW), egg weight (EW) and percentage breakage increased progressively with age. Shell weight (SW) increased until 8 to 13 months of age and then decreased. 2. Early onset of production resulted in lower BW and EW at the onset of production, and lower pooled averages of BW, EW, SW and ST, as compared with late or medial onset of production. In 4 out of 5 trials, early onset did not result in the production of more eggs during the laying period. 3. Early onset of production is associated with physiological Ca deficiency as indicated by increases in kidney-1-hydroxylase and duodenal calbindin in early layers as compared with late layers. Early layers exhibited a more severe reduction in shell quality as the result of Ca deficiency as compared with late layers. 4. Feeding pullets with a prelaying diet containing 3.9% Ca did not affect unequivocally the performance or shell quality during the whole productive period, whether the birds started to lay early or late. The dietary treatment did not cause renal damage, as indicated by morphological examination and by plasma calcium and uric acid concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bar
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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21
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Gordon RW, Roland DA. The Influence of Dietary Calcium and Protein on Third Cycle Hens Under Heat Stress. J APPL POULTRY RES 1996. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/5.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Roland DA, Bryant MM, Rabon HW, Self J. Influence of calcium and environmental temperature on performance of first-cycle (phase 1) commercial leghorns. Poult Sci 1996; 75:62-8. [PMID: 8650114 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0750062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine whether optimizing profits, as well as eggshell and skeletal strength, by manipulation of dietary Ca level has any influence on either egg weight, egg production or feed consumption during the first 12 wk of production (Weeks 20 to 32, Phase 1). Hens were housed at two environmental temperatures (15.6 to 23.3 and 21.1 to 28.9 C) and fed six diets from 20 to 32 wk of age containing 2.5 to 5.0% Ca with increments of 0.5% and with ME levels ranging from 2,719 to 2,950 kcal/kg, respectively. Egg specific gravity, egg production, egg weight, and feed consumption were determined at weekly or biweekly intervals. At 32 wk of age, plasma Ca, bone density, and bone breaking strength were determined. Results indicated that environmental temperature had no influence on egg production but hens housed at the lower environmental temperature had an increase in egg weight, egg specific gravity, and feed consumption. Increasing dietary Ca level increased egg production, egg specific gravity, feed consumption, ionic plasma Ca, bone density, and bone breaking strength and had no adverse effect on egg weight. It was concluded that Hy-Line W-36 hens could be fed diets containing as much as 5% Ca with no adverse effect on egg production, egg weight, or feed consumption and that Hy-Line W-36 hens (Phase 1) under conditions described should be fed diets containing a minimum of 4.25% Ca (3.4 to 3.6 g per hen per d) to 4.5% Ca (3.6 to 3.8 g per hen per d). Calcium intake should range from 3.0 g per hen per d at 21 wk of age to 4.2 g per hen per d at 32 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Roland
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5416, USA
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Grizzle J, Iheanacho M, Saxton A, Broaden J. Nutritional and environmental factors involved in egg shell quality of laying hens. Br Poult Sci 1992; 33:781-94. [PMID: 1327425 DOI: 10.1080/00071669208417520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of lighting regime, dietary calcium source and sodium bicarbonate on production variables and egg shell quality of White Leghorn hens. In both experiments, hens were assigned to one of three lighting programmes that provided evening, morning or intermittent (midnight) lighting supplements in addition to natural daylight. Experimental diets used in the first study were formulated to contain (1) ground oyster shell flour, (2) limestone flour, or (3) and (4) the same +2/3 of the calcium source as hen-size oyster shell grit. The same 4 diets plus those containing hen-size limestone or hen-size limestone and oyster shells were used in experiment II. Additionally, diets in the first experiment contained either 0 or 10 g/kg sodium bicarbonate. 2. Hen-day egg production and food consumption were not affected by any of the experimental treatments. Hens fed on oyster shell diets or exposed to intermittent lighting regimes laid eggs of the highest specific gravity. Shell quality, as measured by specific gravity, was not affected by the addition of dietary sodium bicarbonate. 3. As expected, elevated temperatures (greater than 32 degrees C) significantly reduced egg shell quality. However, this effect was variable particularly in experiment II which used younger hens. 4. The shell quality of eggs from hens exposed to intermittent lighting in experiment II was significantly higher in each of the 4 sampling periods: morning (08.00-12.00), afternoon (12.00-16.00), evening (16.00-20.00) and night (20.00-08.00). 5. It is suggested that midnight lighting programmes provide a means of supporting egg shell quality of older laying hens during the summer months without a significant reduction in egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grizzle
- Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
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Frost TJ, Roland DA. The influence of various calcium and phosphorus levels on tibia strength and eggshell quality of pullets during peak production. Poult Sci 1991; 70:963-9. [PMID: 1876571 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0700963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One thousand and eighty DeKalb XL pullets were randomly allocated to nine treatments and arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial to determine the effects of three levels of dietary calcium (2.75, 3.75, and 4.25%) and three levels of dietary available phosphorus (.30, .40, and .50%) on eggshell quality and tibia weight, tibia breaking strength, tibia ash, and bone mineral content of pullets during peak production. Feed consumption increased as dietary calcium or phosphorus increased. Increasing dietary calcium caused a significant linear increase in egg specific gravity, but dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on egg specific gravity. Calcium and phosphorus levels did not significantly affect egg production, body weight, plasma chloride, or phosphorus. Ionized calcium increased significantly as dietary calcium increased. Tibia breaking strength, tibia weight, tibia ash, and bone mineral content increased significantly with increasing dietary calcium. Dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on these parameters. However, when 2.75% calcium was fed, reducing dietary phosphorus significantly decreased tibia weight, tibia ash, and bone mineral content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Frost
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
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Härtel H. Evaluation of the dietary interaction of calcium and phosphorus in the high producing laying hen. Br Poult Sci 1990; 31:473-94. [PMID: 2245345 DOI: 10.1080/00071669008417280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. In a 6 x 7 factorial experiment using 2688 22-week-old laying hens of the Lohmann-SL strain kept in cages (4 birds/cage), diets containing six calcium (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 g calcium/kg) and seven phosphorus concentrations (3.2, 4.2, 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.2, 16.2 g total phosphorus/kg (Pt)) were combined orthogonally. The resulting 42 treatments were replicated 8 times so that a replicate consisted of a double cage of 2 x 4 hens. The experiment lasted 40 weeks (10 x 28 days). 2. The experimental diets, based on maize and soyabean meals contained 11.5 MJ metabolisable energy/kg and 175 g/kg protein. Different dietary calcium and phosphorus contents were obtained by substituting oat hulls with limestone and dicalcium phosphate. 3. Mortality, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, food intake and food conversion efficiency were determined as well as the breaking strength, thickness of shells and the percentage of eggs with defective shells. 4. All responses measured were significantly influenced by the variance sources (calcium, phosphorus, interaction). Most of the production traits responded asymptotically to increasing dietary phosphorus concentration, the greatest increases or decreases generally being seen between 3.2 and 5.2 g Pt/kg. Further but weaker increases were seen between 5.2 and 8.2 or 16.2 g Pt/kg. 5. Increases in dietary calcium content always resulted in curvilinear responses. In all cases optimal effects were obtained with diets containing 25 g calcium/kg and the worst values at 45 g calcium/kg. The interaction between calcium and phosphorus was recognised by strong performance depressions and a high mortality at combinations of the lowest phosphorus concentration (3.2 g/kg) with high calcium contents (35 to 45 g/kg). These were largely offset by increasing dietary phosphorus. Thus, between 7.2 and 16.2 g Pt/kg and 25 and 45 g Ca/kg a plateau was formed where only small differences in egg production were observed. 6. From the three egg shell characteristics measured, breaking strength and shell thickness responded differently to the percentage of eggs with defective shells. While breaking strength and shell thickness were respectively negatively and positively influenced by increasing dietary phosphorus and calcium contents, both elements affected the proportion of eggs with defective shells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Härtel
- Institut für Tierhaltung und Tierzüchtung, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
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