1
|
Qiu Y, Liao K, Zou Y, Huang G. A Bibliometric Analysis on Research Regarding Residential Segregation and Health Based on CiteSpace. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10069. [PMID: 36011701 PMCID: PMC9408714 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considerable scholarly attention has been directed to the adverse health effects caused by residential segregation. We aimed to visualize the state-of-the-art residential segregation and health research to provide a reference for follow-up studies. Employing the CiteSpace software, we uncovered popular themes, research hotspots, and frontiers based on an analysis of 1211 English-language publications, including articles and reviews retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database from 1998 to 2022. The results revealed: (1) The Social Science & Medicine journal has published the most studies. Roland J. Thorpe, Thomas A. LaVeist, Darrell J. Gaskin, David R. Williams, and others are the leading scholars in residential segregation and health research. The University of Michigan, Columbia University, Harvard University, the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, and the University of North Carolina play the most important role in current research. The U.S. is the main publishing country with significant academic influence. (2) Structural racism, COVID-19, mortality, multilevel modelling, and environmental justice are the top five topic clusters. (3) The research frontier of residential segregation and health has significantly shifted from focusing on community, poverty, infant mortality, and social class to residential environmental exposure, structural racism, and health care. We recommend strengthening comparative research on the health-related effects of residential segregation on minority groups in different socio-economic and cultural contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qiu
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kaihuai Liao
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanting Zou
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Gengzhi Huang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turin TC, Rashid R, Ferdous M, Chowdhury N, Naeem I, Rumana N, Rahman A, Rahman N, Lasker M. Perceived Challenges and Unmet Primary Care Access Needs among Bangladeshi Immigrant Women in Canada. J Prim Care Community Health 2021; 11:2150132720952618. [PMID: 32865103 PMCID: PMC7457633 DOI: 10.1177/2150132720952618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding barriers in primary health care access faced by Canadian
immigrants, especially among women, is important for developing mitigation
strategies. The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of
perceived challenges and unmet primary health care access needs of
Bangladeshi immigrant women in Canada. Methods: In this qualitative study, we conducted 7 focus groups among a sample of 42
first-generation immigrant women on their experiences in primary health care
access in their preferred language, Bangla. Descriptive analysis was used
for their socio-demographic characteristics and inductive thematic analysis
was applied to the qualitative data. Results: The hurdles reported included long wait time at emergency service points,
frustration from slow treatment process, economic losses resulting from
absence at work, communication gap between physicians and immigrant
patients, and transportation problem to go to the health care centers. No
access to medical records for walk-in doctors, lack of urgent care, and lack
of knowledge about Canadian health care systems are a few of other barriers
emerged from the focus group discussions. Conclusions: The community perception about lack of primary health care resources is quite
prevalent and is considered as one of the most important barriers by the
grassroots community members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir C Turin
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ruksana Rashid
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mahzabin Ferdous
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nashit Chowdhury
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Iffat Naeem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nahid Rumana
- Sleep Center, Foothils Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Afsana Rahman
- Community-based citizen researcher, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nafiza Rahman
- Community-based citizen researcher, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim Y, Vohra-Gupta S, Margerison CE, Cubbin C. Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Composition Trajectories and Black-White Differences in Preterm Birth among Women in Texas. J Urban Health 2020; 97:37-51. [PMID: 31898203 PMCID: PMC7010896 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-019-00411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The black-white disparity in preterm birth has been well documented in the USA. The racial/ethnic composition of a neighborhood, as a marker of segregation, has been considered as an underlying cause of the racial difference in preterm birth. However, past literature using cross-sectional measures of neighborhood racial/ethnic composition has shown mixed results. Neighborhoods with static racial/ethnic compositions over time may have different social, political, economic, and service environments compared to neighborhoods undergoing changing racial/ethnic compositions, which may affect maternal health. We extend the past work by examining the contribution of neighborhood racial/ethnic composition trajectories over 20 years to the black-white difference in preterm birth. We used natality files (N = 477,652) from birth certificates for all live singleton births to non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women in Texas from 2009 to 2011 linked to the Neighborhood Change Database. We measured neighborhood racial/ethnic trajectories over 20 years. Hierarchical generalized linear models examined relationships between neighborhood racial/ethnic trajectories and preterm birth, overall and by mother's race. Findings showed that overall, living in neighborhoods with a steady high proportion non-Hispanic black was associated with higher odds of preterm birth, compared with neighborhoods with a steady low proportion non-Hispanic black. Furthermore, while black women's odds of preterm birth was relatively unaffected by neighborhood proportions of the Latinx or non-Hispanic white population, white women had the highest odds of preterm birth in neighborhoods characterized by a steady high proportion Latinx or a steady low proportion non-Hispanic white. Black-white differences were the highest in neighborhoods characterized by a steady high proportion white. Findings suggest that white women are most protected from preterm birth when living in neighborhoods with a steady high concentration of whites or in neighborhoods with a steady low concentration of Latinxs, whereas black women experience high rates of preterm birth regardless of proportion white or Latinx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonwoo Kim
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shetal Vohra-Gupta
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Claire E Margerison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Catherine Cubbin
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guruge S, Sidani S, Wang L, Sethi B, Spitzer D, Walton-Roberts M, Hyman I. Understanding Social Network and Support for Older Immigrants in Ontario, Canada: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study. JMIR Aging 2019; 2:e12616. [PMID: 31518267 PMCID: PMC6715096 DOI: 10.2196/12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults are the fastest growing age group worldwide and in Canada. Immigrants represent a significant proportion of older Canadians. Social isolation is common among older adults and has many negative consequences, including limited community and civic participation, increased income insecurity, and increased risk of elder abuse. Additional factors such as the social, cultural, and economic changes that accompany migration, language differences, racism, and ageism heighten older immigrants’ vulnerability to social isolation. Objective This mixed-methods sequential (qualitative-quantitative) study seeks to clarify older immigrants’ social needs, networks, and support and how these shape their capacity, resilience, and independence in aging well in Ontario. Methods Theoretically, our research is informed by an intersectionality perspective and an ecological model, allowing us to critically examine the complexity surrounding multiple dimensions of social identity (eg, gender and immigration) and how these interrelate at the micro (individual and family), meso (community), and macro (societal) levels in diverse geographical settings. Methodologically, the project is guided by a collaborative, community-based, mixed-methods approach to engaging a range of stakeholders in Toronto, Ottawa, Waterloo, and London in generating knowledge. The 4 settings were strategically chosen for their diversity in the level of urbanization, size of community, and the number of immigrants and immigrant-serving organizations. Interviews will be conducted in Arabic, Mandarin, and Spanish with older women, older men, family members, community leaders, and service providers. The study protocol has received ethics approval from the 4 participating universities. Results Quantitative and qualitative data collection is ongoing. The project is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada. Conclusions Comparative analyses of qualitative and quantitative data within and across sites will provide insights about common and unique factors that contribute to the well-being of older immigrants in different regions of Ontario. Given the comprehensive approach to incorporating local knowledge and expert contributions from multilevel stakeholders, the empirical and theoretical findings will be highly relevant to our community partners, help facilitate practice change, and improve the well-being of older men and women in immigrant communities. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12616
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lu Wang
- Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bangladeshi immigrants in Detroit: an exploration of residential mobility and its effects on health. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-018-1004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
6
|
Kane JB, Teitler JO, Reichman NE. Ethnic enclaves and birth outcomes of immigrants from India in a diverse U.S. state. Soc Sci Med 2018; 209:67-75. [PMID: 29800770 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sociological theory suggests that ethnic enclaves promote immigrant health. Existing studies of ethnic enclaves and immigrant birth outcomes have generally focused on blacks and Hispanics, while few have focused on immigrants from India - the second largest immigrant group in the U.S., after Mexicans. Paradoxically, this group generally exhibits worse birth outcomes than non-Hispanic whites, despite their high levels of education. This study investigates associations between residence in South Central Asian ethnic enclaves and both birth outcomes and prenatal behaviors of immigrant mothers from India, using population-level birth record data from the state of New Jersey in the U.S. (1999-2012; n = 64,375). Results indicate that residence in a South Central Asian enclave is associated with less prenatal smoking and earlier prenatal care, but not with birthweight- or gestational-age related outcomes, among immigrant mothers from India. These findings are consistent with theory suggesting that social support, social capital, and social norms transmitted through the social networks present in ethnic enclaves foster health-promoting behaviors. Notably, the prenatal behaviors of non-Hispanic white mothers were not associated to a large degree with living in South Central Asian enclaves, which is also consistent with theory and bolsters our confidence that the observed associations for immigrant mothers from India are not spurious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Kane
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, 4171 Social Sciences Plaza A, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Julien O Teitler
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nancy E Reichman
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chakraborty B, Widener MJ, Mirzaei Salehabadi S, Northridge ME, Kum SS, Jin Z, Kunzel C, Palmer HD, Metcalf SS. Estimating peer density effects on oral health for community-based older adults. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:166. [PMID: 29284462 PMCID: PMC5746985 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of a long-standing line of research regarding how peer density affects health, researchers have sought to understand the multifaceted ways that the density of contemporaries living and interacting in proximity to one another influence social networks and knowledge diffusion, and subsequently health and well-being. This study examined peer density effects on oral health for racial/ethnic minority older adults living in northern Manhattan and the Bronx, New York, NY. METHODS Peer age-group density was estimated by smoothing US Census data with 4 kernel bandwidths ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 mile. Logistic regression models were developed using these spatial measures and data from the ElderSmile oral and general health screening program that serves predominantly racial/ethnic minority older adults at community centers in northern Manhattan and the Bronx. The oral health outcomes modeled as dependent variables were ordinal dentition status and binary self-rated oral health. After construction of kernel density surfaces and multiple imputation of missing data, logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the effects of peer density and other sociodemographic characteristics on the oral health outcomes of dentition status and self-rated oral health. RESULTS Overall, higher peer density was associated with better oral health for older adults when estimated using smaller bandwidths (0.25 and 0.50 mile). That is, statistically significant relationships (p < 0.01) between peer density and improved dentition status were found when peer density was measured assuming a more local social network. As with dentition status, a positive significant association was found between peer density and fair or better self-rated oral health when peer density was measured assuming a more local social network. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence that the oral health of community-based older adults is affected by peer density in an urban environment. To the extent that peer density signifies the potential for social interaction and support, the positive significant effects of peer density on improved oral health point to the importance of place in promoting social interaction as a component of healthy aging. Proximity to peers and their knowledge of local resources may facilitate utilization of community-based oral health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibhas Chakraborty
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-National University of Singapore (Duke-NUS) Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Michael J. Widener
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1S8 Canada
| | - Sedigheh Mirzaei Salehabadi
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-National University of Singapore (Duke-NUS) Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Mary E. Northridge
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010 USA
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Geography, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA
| | - Susan S. Kum
- Department of Geography, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA
| | - Zhu Jin
- Department of Geography, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA
| | - Carol Kunzel
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Section of Population Oral Health, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Harvey D. Palmer
- Department of Political Science, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Sara S. Metcalf
- Department of Geography, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang N, Beauregard JL, Kramer MR, Bécares L. Neighbourhood Ethnic Density Effects on Behavioural and Cognitive Problems Among Young Racial/Ethnic Minority Children in the US and England: A Cross-National Comparison. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2017; 36:761-804. [PMID: 29151660 PMCID: PMC5663795 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-017-9445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies on adult racial/ethnic minority populations show that the increased concentration of racial/ethnic minorities in a neighbourhood—a so-called ethnic density effect—is associated with improved health of racial/ethnic minority residents when adjusting for area deprivation. However, this literature has focused mainly on adult populations, individual racial/ethnic groups, and single countries, with no studies focusing on children of different racial/ethnic groups or comparing across nations. This study aims to compare neighbourhood ethnic density effects on young children’s cognitive and behavioural outcomes in the US and in England. We used data from two nationally representative birth cohort studies, the US Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort and the UK Millennium Cohort Study, to estimate the association between own ethnic density and behavioural and cognitive development at 5 years of age. Findings show substantial heterogeneity in ethnic density effects on child outcomes within and between the two countries, suggesting that ethnic density effects may reflect the wider social and economic context. We argue that researchers should take area deprivation into account when estimating ethnic density effects and when developing policy initiatives targeted at strengthening and improving the health and development of racial and ethnic minority children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Jennifer L Beauregard
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Claudia Nance Rollins Building 1518 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Michael R Kramer
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Claudia Nance Rollins Building 1518 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Laia Bécares
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK.,Department of Social Statistics, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Green Streets: Urban Green and Birth Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070771. [PMID: 28703756 PMCID: PMC5551209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent scholarship points to a protective association between green space and birth outcomes as well a positive relationship between blue space and wellbeing. We add to this body of literature by exploring the relationship between expectant mothers' exposure to green and blue spaces and adverse birth outcomes in New York City. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the NYC Street Tree Census, and access to major green spaces served as measures of greenness, while proximity to waterfront areas represented access to blue space. Associations between these factors and adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth, term birthweight, term low birthweight, and small for gestational age, were evaluated via mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models. The analyses were conducted separately for women living in deprived neighborhoods to test for differential effects on mothers in these areas. The results indicate that women in deprived neighborhoods suffer from higher rates adverse birth outcomes and lower levels of residential greenness. In adjusted models, a significant inverse association between nearby street trees and the odds of preterm birth was found for all women. However, we did not identify a consistent significant relationship between adverse birth outcomes and NDVI, access to major green spaces, or waterfront access when individual covariates were taken into account.
Collapse
|
10
|
Makanga PT, Schuurman N, von Dadelszen P, Firoz T. A scoping review of geographic information systems in maternal health. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 134:13-7. [PMID: 27126906 PMCID: PMC4996913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly recognized tools in maternal health. Objectives To evaluate the use of GIS in maternal health and to identify knowledge gaps and opportunities. Search strategy Keywords broadly related to maternal health and GIS were used to search for academic articles and gray literature. Selection criteria Reviewed articles focused on maternal health, with GIS used as part of the methods. Data collection and analysis Peer reviewed articles (n = 40) and gray literature sources (n = 30) were reviewed. Main results Two main themes emerged: modeling access to maternal services and identifying risks associated with maternal outcomes. Knowledge gaps included a need to rethink spatial access to maternal care in low- and middle-income settings, and a need for more explicit use of GIS to account for the geographical variation in the effect of risk factors on adverse maternal outcomes. Limited evidence existed to suggest that use of GIS had influenced maternal health policy. Instead, application of GIS to maternal health was largely influenced by policy priorities in global maternal health. Conclusions Investigation of the role of GIS in contributing to future policy directions is warranted, particularly for elucidating determinants of global maternal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prestige T Makanga
- Health Geography Research Group, Geography Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
| | - Nadine Schuurman
- Health Geography Research Group, Geography Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Peter von Dadelszen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cardiovascular Sciences Research Centre, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Tabassum Firoz
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, New Westminster, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ethnic density and obesity: evidence from fixed-effects models. Health Place 2015; 31:199-207. [PMID: 25576835 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We use data from the 1980 to 2004 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort to examine the association between the ethnic density of metropolitan areas and obesity among U.S. blacks and Latinos. Although minority groups' obesity rates tend to be higher in metropolitan areas containing many co-ethnics, controlling for other areal characteristics and unobserved time-constant confounders via fixed-effects models dramatically alters this association. In the fixed-effects models, higher levels of co-ethnic density are inversely associated with black males' obesity risk and unrelated to the obesity risk of black females, Latinas, and Latino males. For most groups, marrying and having children increases the risk of obesity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Kwak MJ. Immigration, barriers to healthcare and transnational ties: A case study of South Korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada. Soc Sci Med 2014; 133:340-8. [PMID: 25481040 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper analyzes the healthcare-seeking behavior of South Korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada, and how transnationalism shapes post-migration health and health-management strategies. Built upon largely separate research areas in ethnicity and health, health geography, and transnationalism, the paper conceptualizes immigrant health as influenced by individual characteristics, the migration and resettlement experience, and place effects at both a local and a transnational scale. A mixed-method approach is used to capture insights into health status and experiences in accessing local and transnational healthcare among South Korean immigrants - a fast growing visible minority group in Canada. Statistical analysis of data from the Canadian Community Health Survey discloses patterns and trends in health and healthcare use among the Korean Canadian, overall foreign-born, and native-born populations. Focus groups reveal in-depth information on the decline of Korean immigrants' health status and the array of sociocultural, economic and geographic barriers in accessing healthcare in Canada, which gave rise to their transnational use of health resources in the home country. The transnational strategies included traveling to South Korea for medical examinations or treatment, importing medications from South Korea to Canada, and consulting health resources in South Korea by phone or email. The results provide timely knowledge on how a recent immigrant group adapts to Canada in the domain of health and adds a transnational perspective to the literature on ethnicity and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Ryerson University, Department of Geography, 305 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Janevic T, Borrell LN, Savitz DA, Echeverria SE, Rundle A. Ethnic enclaves and gestational diabetes among immigrant women in New York City. Soc Sci Med 2014; 120:180-9. [PMID: 25259656 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that immigrants living in their own ethnic enclave are at decreased risk of poor health outcomes, but this question has not been studied in relation to gestational diabetes, an important early marker of lifecourse cardiovascular health. We ascertained gestational diabetes, census tract of residence, and individual-level covariates for Sub-Saharan African, Chinese, South Central Asian, Non-Hispanic Caribbean, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Mexican, and Central and South American migrant women using linked birth-hospital discharge data for 89,703 singleton live births in New York City for the years 2001-2002. Using 2000 census data, for each immigrant group we defined a given census tract as part of an ethnic enclave based on the population distribution for the corresponding ethnic group. We estimated odds ratios for associations between living in an ethnic enclave and risk of gestational diabetes adjusted for neighborhood deprivation, percent commercial space, education, age, parity, and insurance status, using multilevel logistic regression. Overall, we found no effect of ethnic enclave residence on gestational diabetes in most immigrant groups. Among South Central Asian and Mexican women, living in a residential ethnic enclave was associated with an increased odds of gestational diabetes. Several explanations are proposed for these findings. Mechanisms explaining an increased risk of gestational diabetes in South Central Asian and Mexican ethnic enclaves should be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Janevic
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - L N Borrell
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Public Health, Lehman College, CUNY, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| | - D A Savitz
- Departments of Epidemiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University Box G-S121-2, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - S E Echeverria
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - A Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Immigrant health, place effect and regional disparities in Canada. Soc Sci Med 2013; 98:8-17. [PMID: 24331876 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The paper addresses a critically important area in Canadian immigration and health from both a social and a spatial perspective. It employs multilevel and contextual approaches to examine the social determinants of immigrant health as well as the place effects on self-reported health at a regional and neighborhood scale. The data come from the raw microdata file of the 2005-10 Canadian Community Health Survey (a random national health survey) and the publicly available Canadian Marginalization index based on the 2006 Census. Three populations are compared: Canadian-born, overall foreign-born, and Chinese immigrants. The results suggest various degrees of association between self-reported health, individual and lifestyle behavioral characteristics, and neighborhood material deprivation and ethnic concentration in census tracts. These factors contribute differently to the reported health of Chinese immigrants, Canada's largest recent immigrant group. A healthy immigrant effect is partially evident in the overall foreign-born population, but appears to be relatively weak in Chinese immigrants. For all groups, neighborhood deprivation moderately increases the likelihood of reporting poor health. Ethnic concentration negatively affects self-rated health, with the exception of the slight protective effect of Chinese-specific ethnic density in census tracts. The multilevel models reveal significant area inequalities across Census Metropolitan Areas/Census Agglomerations in risk of reporting unhealthy status, with greater magnitude in the foreign-born population. The vast regional variations in health among Chinese immigrants should be interpreted carefully due to the group's heavy concentration in large cities. The study contributes to the literature on ethnicity and health by systematically incorporating neighborhood contextual effects in modeling the social determinants of immigrant health status. It fills a gap in the literature on neighborhoods and health by focusing on ethnically disparate groups rather than on the general population. By revealing regional disparities in health, the paper adds a spatial perspective to the work on immigrant health.
Collapse
|
15
|
Richardson DB, Volkow ND, Kwan MP, Kaplan RM, Goodchild MF, Croyle RT. Medicine. Spatial turn in health research. Science 2013; 339:1390-2. [PMID: 23520099 DOI: 10.1126/science.1232257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Richardson
- Association of American Geographers, 1710 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|