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Murugesan S, Nidamanuri AL. Role of leptin and ghrelin in regulation of physiological functions of chicken. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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El-Tarabany MS, Saleh AA, El-Araby IE, El-Magd MA. Association of LEPR polymorphisms with egg production and growth performance in female Japanese quails. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:599-611. [PMID: 32865111 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1812617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to screen intron 8 of the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene for polymorphisms in female Japanese quails. Two adjacent novel SNPs (A277G and A304G) were detected using PCR-SSCP and sequencing. These SNPs produced three haplotypes (AA/AA, AG/AG, and GG/GG) that were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with growth and egg production traits. GG/GG haplotype-quails had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower egg production, feed intake, growth performance, lipid profile, serum levels of sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, FSH, LH), and ovarian expressions of survivin, FSHR, and IGF1 than other quails. However, GG/GG quails had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher serum levels of LEP and mRNA levels of LEPR, LEP, and caspase 3 in the hypothalamus and ovaries. These higher levels of LEP/LEPR could not only reduce feed intake and body weight gain but also could induce apoptosis of ovarian cells (as indicated by lower survivin and IGF1 and higher caspase3 expression) which could inhibit the development of the follicles and the release of sex hormones with a subsequent decrease in egg production in GG/GG quails. Therefore, with these results, we suggest selecting Japanese quails with AA/AA and AG/AG haplotypes to improve the reproduction and growth performance of this flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S El-Tarabany
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Animal Breeding and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Saleh
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Veterinary Genetics & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Iman E El-Araby
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Veterinary Genetics & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A El-Magd
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Hanlon C, Ramachandran R, Zuidhof MJ, Bédécarrats GY. Should I Lay or Should I Grow: Photoperiodic Versus Metabolic Cues in Chickens. Front Physiol 2020; 11:707. [PMID: 32670092 PMCID: PMC7332832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While photoperiod has been generally accepted as the primary if not the exclusive cue to stimulate reproduction in photoperiodic breeders such as the laying hen, current knowledge suggests that metabolism, and/or body composition can also play an influential role to control the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG)-axis. This review thus intends to first describe how photoperiodic and metabolic cues can impact the HPG axis, then explore and propose potential common pathways and mechanisms through which both cues could be integrated. Photostimulation refers to a perceived increase in day-length resulting in the stimulation of the HPG. While photoreceptors are present in the retina of the eye and the pineal gland, it is the deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs) located in the hypothalamus that have been identified as the potential mediators of photostimulation, including melanopsin (OPN4), neuropsin (OPN5), and vertebrate-ancient opsin (VA-Opsin). Here, we present the current state of knowledge surrounding these DBPs, along with their individual and relative importance and, their possible downstream mechanisms of action to initiate the activation of the HPG axis. On the metabolic side, specific attention is placed on the hypothalamic integration of appetite control with the stimulatory (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone; GnRH) and inhibitory (Gonadotropin Inhibitory Hormone; GnIH) neuropeptides involved in the control of the HPG axis. Specifically, the impact of orexigenic peptides agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as well as the anorexigenic peptides pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine-and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is reviewed. Furthermore, beyond hypothalamic control, several metabolic factors involved in the control of body weight and composition are also presented as possible modulators of reproduction at all three levels of the HPG axis. These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) for its impact in liver metabolism during the switch from growth to reproduction, adiponectin as a potential modulator of ovarian development and follicular maturation, as well as growth hormone (GH), and leptin (LEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ramesh Ramachandran
- Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Martin J. Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Lei MM, Wei CK, Chen Z, Yosefi S, Zhu HX, Shi ZD. Anti-leptin receptor antibodies strengthen leptin biofunction in growing chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:223-230. [PMID: 29247679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the extracellular domains of the chicken leptin receptor were used to study the biological function of leptin in growing chickens. Both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-LEPR antibodies were administered intramuscularly to 30-d-old Chinese indigenous Gushi pullets. Both antibody preparations increased feed intake for 6 h after injection and reduced plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and both high- and low-density lipoproteins. The antibody treatments also upregulated agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus and downregulated proopiomelanocortin, melanocortin 4 receptor, and leptin receptor. The treatments also upregulated leptin receptor, acetyl CoA carboxylase beta, and acyl-CoA oxidase in the liver, abdominal fat, and breast muscle and downregulated sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and fatty acid synthase. Furthermore, even though the anti-leptin receptor antibodies failed to affect leptin receptor signaling transduction when administered alone, they did augment the induction of leptin receptor signaling transduction by leptin. These results demonstrate that antibodies against the extracellular domains of leptin-specific receptor enhance, but do not mimic, the ability of leptin to activate receptors. Furthermore, the enhanced leptin bioactivity observed after the intramuscular injection of anti-LEPR antibodies confirmed the occurrence of de novo leptin in the peripheral tissues and blood of treated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Lei
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, MOA, Nanjing 210014, China; Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - C K Wei
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, MOA, Nanjing 210014, China; Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Z Chen
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, MOA, Nanjing 210014, China; Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - S Yosefi
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - H X Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, MOA, Nanjing 210014, China; Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Z D Shi
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, MOA, Nanjing 210014, China; Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Wu L, Chen G, Liu W, Yang X, Gao J, Huang L, Guan H, Li Z, Zheng Z, Li M, Gu W, Ge L. Intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin induces adiposity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver by repressing the JAK2-STAT3/PI3K pathway in a rat model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:88-96. [PMID: 28242305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease are extremely common in leptin-resistant patients. Dysfunction of leptin or its receptor is associated with obesity. The present study aimed to assess the effects of intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin or its receptor on fat deposition and leptin-insulin feedback regulation. Forty-five 40-day old female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were injected thrice with leptin or its receptor intramuscularly. Adiposity and fat deposition were assessed by assessing the Lee's index, body weight, food intake, and total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, as well as histological properties (liver and adipose tissue). Serum glucose, leptin, and insulin amounts were evaluated, and glucose tolerance assessed to monitor glucose metabolism in SD rats; pancreas specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically. Hypothalamic phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, and hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) were qualified by Western blotting. Leptin receptor immunogen reduced fat deposition, increased appetite, and lowered serum leptin levels, enhancing STAT3 signaling in hypothalamus and down-regulating hepatic SREBP-1. In contrast, SD rats administered leptin immunogen displayed significantly increased body weight and fat deposition, with up-regulated SREBP-1, indicating adiposity occurrence. SD rats administered leptin immunogen also showed glucose intolerance, β- cell reduction in the pancreas, and deregulation of JAK2-STAT3/PI3K signaling, indicating that Lep rats were at risk of diabetes. In conclusion, intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin or its receptor, a novel rat model approach, can be used in obesity pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China; Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuechao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Liwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China.
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Lei MM, Wu SQ, Shao XB, Li XW, Chen Z, Ying SJ, Shi ZD. Creating leptin-like biofunctions by active immunization against chicken leptin receptor in growing chickens. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 50:55-64. [PMID: 25447880 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, immunization against chicken leptin receptor (cLEPR) extracellular domain (ECD) was applied to investigate leptin regulation and LEPR biofunction in growing chicken pullets. A recombinant protein (cLEPR ECD) based on the cLEPR complemenary DNA sequence corresponding to the 582nd to 796th amino acid residues of cLEPR mature peptide was prepared and used as antigen. Immunization against cLEPR ECD in growing chickens increased anti-cLEPR ECD antibody titers in blood, enhanced proportions of phosphorylated janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and served as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein in liver tissue. Chicken live weight gain and abdominal fat mass were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), but feed intake was stimulated by cLEPR ECD immunization (P < 0.05). The treatment also upregulated the gene expression levels of lepR, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC2), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in liver, abdominal fat, and breast muscle (P < 0.05) but decreased fasn expression levels (P < 0.01). Apart from that of lepR, the expression of appetite-regulating genes, such as orexigenic genes, agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), were upregulated (P < 0.01), whereas the anorexigenic gene proopiomelanocortin (POMC) was downregulated in the hypothalamic tissue of cLEPR-immunized pullets (P < 0.01). Blood concentrations of metabolic molecules, such as glucose, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein, were significantly decreased in cLEPR-immunized pullets but those of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein increased. These results demonstrate that antibodies to membrane proximal cLEPR ECD enhance cLEPR signal transduction, which stimulates metabolism and reduces fat deposition in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Lei
- Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - S Q Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - X B Shao
- Institute of Guagndong Province Poultry Technology, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - X W Li
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Z Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - S J Ying
- Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Z D Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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El Moujahid EM, Chen S, Jin S, Lu Y, Zhang D, Ji C, Yang N. Association of leptin receptor gene polymorphisms with growth and feed efficiency in meat-type chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1910-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wu L, Liu W, Bayaer N, Gu W, Song J. Exogenous leptin administered intramuscularly induces sex hormone disorder and Ca loss via downregulation of Gnrh and PI3K expression. Exp Anim 2014; 63:447-57. [PMID: 25048263 PMCID: PMC4244293 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health problem that increases the risk of metabolic disease,
infertility, and other chronic health problems. The present study aimed to develop a new
rat model for sex hormone disorder with overweight and Ca loss by intramuscular injection
of exogenous leptin (LEP). Thirty female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (40 days old) were
injected thrice intramuscularly with LEP or keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunogen. The
following analyses were performed to determine the development of appetite, overweight,
reproductive related-hormones, and calcium (Ca)/phosphorus (Pi) in SD rats: measurement of
Lee’s index, body weight, food intake; serum Ca, Pi, and hormone tests by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent analysis; histological analysis of abdominal fat; real-time polymerase chain
reaction analysis of neuropeptide Y, pro-opiomelanocortin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(Gnrh) mRNA, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
(Gnrhr) mRNA expression; and western blotting analysis of enzyme
phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). Rats injected with LEP immunogen displayed
significantly increased body weight, food intake, Lee’s index, serum LEP, serum cortisol,
fat deposition in the abdomen, and decreased hormones including follicle stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, cholecystokinin, and Ca. Exogenous LEP
administered intramuscularly also downregulate Gnrh and PI3K. In
conclusion, exogenous LEP administered intramuscularly is a novel animal model for sex
hormones disorder with overweight and Ca loss in SD rats. The downregulation of PI3K and
Gnrh may be involved in the development of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, 1023 Guangzhou North Road, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Lei MM, Wu SQ, Li XW, Wang CL, Chen Z, Shi ZD. Leptin receptor signaling inhibits ovarian follicle development and egg laying in chicken hens. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:25. [PMID: 24650216 PMCID: PMC3976635 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition intake during growth strongly influences ovarian follicle development and egg laying in chicken hens, yet the underlying endocrine regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood. The relevant research progress is hindered by difficulties in detection of leptin gene and its expression in the chicken. However, a functional leptin receptor (LEPR) is present in the chicken which has been implicated to play a regulatory role in ovarian follicle development and egg laying. The present study targeted LEPR by immunizing against its extracellular domain (ECD), and examined the resultant ovarian follicle development and egg-laying rate in chicken hens. METHODS Hens that have been immunized four times with chicken LEPR ECD were assessed for their egg laying rate and feed intake, numbers of ovarian follicles, gene expression profiles, serum lipid parameters, as well as STAT3 signaling pathway. RESULTS Administrations of cLEPR ECD antigen resulted in marked reductions in laying rate that over time eventually recovered to the levels exhibited by the Control hens. Together with the decrease in egg laying rate, cLEPR-immunized hens also exhibited significant reductions in feed intake, plasma concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. Parallelled by reductions in feed intake, mRNA gene expression levels of AgRP, orexin, and NPY were down regulated, but of POMC, MC4R and lepR up-regulated in Immunized hen hypothalamus. cLEPR-immunization also promoted expressions of apoptotic genes such as caspase3 in theca and fas in granulosa layer, but severely depressed IGF-I expression in both theca and granulosa layers. CONCLUSIONS Immunization against cLEPR ECD in egg-laying hens generated antibodies that mimic leptin bioactivity by enhancing leptin receptor transduction. This up-regulated apoptotic gene expression in ovarian follicles, negatively regulated the expression of genes that promote follicular development and hormone secretion, leading to follicle atresia and interruption of egg laying. The inhibition of progesterone secretion due to failure of follicle development also lowered feed intake. These results also demonstrate that immunization against cLEPR ECD may be utilized as a tool for studying bio-functions of cLEPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming M Lei
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Si Q Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao W Li
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cong L Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhen D Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Wu L, LIU W, BAYAER N, GU W, SONG J. Exogenous Leptin Administered Intramuscularly Induces Sex Hormone Disorder and Ca Loss via Downregulation of Gnrh and PI3K Expression. Exp Anim 2014. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, 1023 Guangzhou North Road, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. &Tech. Co., Ltd., 523808 Dongguan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510140 Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen LIU
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 38163 Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nashun BAYAER
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guang Dong Medical College, 523808 Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Weiwang GU
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, 1023 Guangzhou North Road, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jieli SONG
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510900 Guang Zhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Plasma leptin concentrations during the reproductive cycle in the native Thai chicken (Gallus domesticus). Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 136:115-20. [PMID: 23067865 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma leptin concentrations were investigated during the reproductive cycle in the native Thai chicken. The plasma leptin concentration was high during non-laying (0.69±0.15ng/ml), lowered to a minimum concentration during egg laying (0.07±0.02ng/ml), and gradually increased during egg incubation and rearing of the chicks (0.53±0.22 and 0.74±0.29ng/ml, respectively). However, the differences were not significant. Incubating chickens that were deprived of their nests for 3 weeks showed a significant decrease in plasma leptin concentrations (0.29±0.04ng/ml, P<0.05) compared to those of their corresponding incubating controls (0.77±0.08ng/ml). Similarly, plasma leptin concentration of chickens that were deprived of their chicks for 4 weeks was significantly lower (0.09±0.11ng/ml, P<0.05), when compared to those of chickens that rearing their chicks (0.71±0.18ng/ml). These findings taken together with the results that the low plasma leptin concentrations were observed in chickens having relatively greater ovary and oviduct weights led to the suggestion that circulating leptin concentrations are associated with the reproductive states of the birds, especially the ovarian activity (i.e. ovarian steroid hormone concentrations) in the native Thai chicken, a tropical and continuous breeding species.
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Sprent J, Jones SM, Nicol SC. Does leptin signal adiposity in the egg-laying mammal, Tachyglossus aculeatus? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:372-9. [PMID: 22750512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone best known for its role in feedback regulation of adiposity in eutherian mammals. Normally an increase in adipose tissue mass leads to an increase in circulating leptin which increases energy expenditure and limits food intake, but in hibernating eutherian mammals this relationship may change to allow prehibernatory fattening. The echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is a monotreme mammal which accumulates significant fat reserves before entering hibernation, and mates immediately at the end of hibernation. We hypothesised that echidnas would show a strong relationship between body mass and plasma leptin for most of the year which would change during the pre-hibernatory period. We measured plasma leptin and body mass in free-ranging echidnas over several reproductive and hibernation cycles. There were significant seasonal variations in plasma leptin in both sexes, with the highest levels occurring in hibernation and in mating females. The lowest levels were found in males when they were foraging maximally after the reproductive period. We used mass%, body mass at the time of sampling as a percentage of long term mean mass, as a proxy for adiposity. There was a weak negative relationship between mass% and plasma leptin, from which we infer a weak negative relationship between adiposity and plasma leptin as has been found in reptiles and birds, rather than the strong positive relationship found in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprent
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Abstract
Fat affects meat quality, value and production efficiency as well as providing energy reserves for pregnancy and lactation in farm livestock. Leptin, the adipocyte product of the obese (ob) gene, was quickly seen as a predictor of body fat content in animals approaching slaughter and an aid to assessing reproductive readiness in females. Its participation in inflammation and immune responses that help animals survive infection and trauma has clear additional relevance to meat and milk production. Furthermore, almost a decade of discoveries of nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin and leptin receptor genes has suggested useful applications relating to feed intake regulation, the efficiency of feed use, the composition of growth, the timing of puberty, mammogenesis and mammary gland function and fertility in cattle, pigs and poultry. The current review attempts to summarise where research has taken us in each of these aspects and speculates on where future research might lead.
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te Marvelde L, Visser ME. Manipulation of life-history decisions using leptin in a wild passerine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34090. [PMID: 22448288 PMCID: PMC3309012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal timing of reproduction and the number of clutches produced per season are two key avian life-history traits with major fitness consequences. Female condition may play an important role in these decisions. In mammals, body condition and leptin levels are correlated. In birds, the role of leptin remains unclear. We did two experiments where we implanted female great tits with a pellet releasing leptin evenly for 14 days, to manipulate their perceived body condition, or a placebo pellet. In the first experiment where females were implanted when feeding their first brood offspring we found, surprisingly, that placebo treated females were more likely to initiate a second brood compared to leptin treated females. Only one second brood fledged two chicks while five were deserted late in the incubation stage or when the first egg hatched. No difference was found in female or male return rate or in recruitment rate of fledglings of the first brood, possibly due to the desertion of the second broods. In our study population, where there is selection for early egg laying, earlier timing of reproduction might be hampered by food availability and thus nutritional state of the female before egg laying. We therefore implanted similar leptin pellets three weeks before the expected start of egg laying in an attempt to manipulate the laying dates of first clutches. However, leptin treated females did not initiate egg laying earlier compared to placebo treated females, suggesting that other variables than the perceived body condition play a major role in the timing of reproduction. Also, leptin treatment did not affect body mass, basal metabolic rate or feeding rates in captive females. Manipulating life history decisions using experimental protocols which do not alter individuals' energy balance are crucial in understanding the trade-off between costs and benefits of life history decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc te Marvelde
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Kordonowy LL, McMurtry JP, Williams TD. Variation in plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity in free-living European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:47-53. [PMID: 19796643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a protein hormone secreted by fat cells, is best known for its role as an adiposity signal; however, leptin has diverse physiological roles ranging from regulation of feeding behavior and body weight, to effects on reproduction and immune function. Although leptin has been extensively studied in mammals, the identification and function of leptin in birds remains controversial, and studies have focused on captive or domesticated species. Here, we describe changes in plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons in free-living female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity was high during egg-laying (27.8+/-2.4 ng/mL) and clutch completion (23.8+/-1.6 ng/mL), decreased during incubation (13.0+/-1.6 ng/mL) and chick-rearing (12.0+/-1.3 ng/mL), but was elevated again in non-breeders in November (23.7+/-1.1 ng/mL). Although there was marked and consistent variation in total body mass and body composition with breeding stage and season in this population, plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity did not parallel changes in body mass or body composition. These data suggest that the strong positive relationship between plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity and body mass reported for captive birds and mammals does not hold for free-living birds. Rather, among free-living female European starlings, variation in plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity is associated with breeding stage or seasonal variation per se, and we discuss possible mechanisms underlying this variation, focusing on ovarian function and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Kordonowy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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16
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Scanes C. Absolute and Relative Standards—The Case of Leptin in Poultry: First Do No Harm. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1927-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-87-10-1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Hu Y, Ni Y, Ren L, Dai J, Zhao R. Leptin Is Involved in the Effects of Cysteamine on Egg Laying of Hens, Characteristics of Eggs, and Posthatch Growth of Broiler Offspring. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1810-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R. Leptin directly controls proliferation, apoptosis and secretory activity of cultured chicken ovarian cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:422-9. [PMID: 17604668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our in-vitro experiments was to examine, whether leptin can directly control functions of avian ovarian cells and to outline potential intracellular mediators of its effects. Granulosa cells or fragments of ovarian follicular wall were cultured with leptin (0, 1, 10 or 100 ng/mL medium). The expression of peptides involved in apoptosis (TdT, bax, its binding protein, bcl-2, ASK-1 and p53), cell cycle-related peptides (PCNA and cyclin B1), release of hormones (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, arginine-vasotocin), as well as the expression of protein kinases (PKA, MAPK/ERK1,2 and CDK/p34) in the ovarian cells were examined by using immunocytochemistry, TUNEL, SDS-PAGE-Western immunoblotting, EIA and RIA. It was found that leptin inhibited expression of all markers of cytoplasmic apoptosis (bax, ASK-1 and p53), stimulated expression of anti-apoptotic peptide bcl-2, but did not affect nuclear DNA fragmentation (TdT). Furthermore, leptin inhibited expression of PCNA (marker of S-phase of mitosis), but not of cyclin B1 (marker of G phase of cell cycle). Moreover, it promoted release of progesterone and estradiol, suppressed release of testosterone, but did not affect arginine-vasotocin. Finally, leptin inhibited expression of MAPK/ERK1,2 and CDK/p34 and stimulated expression of PKA. The present observations demonstrate that leptin can directly control basic chicken ovarian functions - inhibit cytoplasmic apoptosis and proliferation (S-phase, but not G-phases of mitosis), regulate secretory activity (release of steroids, but not nonapeptide hormone) and expression of MAPK, PKA and CDC2, which might be potential intracellular mediators of leptin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sirotkin
- Research Institute of Animal Production, Slovak Centre of Agricultural Studies, Hlohovská 2, 949 92 Nitra, Slovakia.
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19
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Richards MP, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Mechanisms Regulating Feed Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Body Weight in Poultry. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1478-90. [PMID: 17575199 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.7.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve energy balance and maintain a constant BW, changes in feed intake and energy expenditure must be coordinated and tightly regulated. This may not hold true for some poultry species intensively selected for such economically important traits as growth and meat production. For example, the modern commercial broiler breeder does not adequately control voluntary feed intake to meet its energy requirements and maintain energy balance. As a consequence, feeding must be limited in these birds to avoid overconsumption and excessive fattening during production. It is important to determine a genetic basis to help explain this situation and to offer potential strategies for producing more efficient poultry. This review summarizes what is currently known about the control of feed intake and energy expenditure at the gene level in birds. Highly integrated regulatory systems have been identified that link the control of feeding with the sensing of energy status. How such systems function in poultry is currently being explored. One example recently identified in chickens is the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway that links energy sensing with modulation of metabolic activity to maintain energy homeostasis at the cellular level. In the hypothalamus, this same pathway may also play an important role in regulating feed intake and energy expenditure commensurate with perceived whole body energy needs. Genes encoding key regulatory factors such as hormones, neuropeptides, receptors, enzymes, and transcription factors produce the molecular components that make up intricate and interconnected neural, endocrine, and metabolic pathway networks linking peripheral tissues with the central nervous system. Moreover, coordinate expression of specific gene groups can establish functional pathways that respond to and are regulated by such factors as hormones, nutrients, and metabolites. Thus, with a better understanding of the genetic and molecular basis for regulating feed intake and energy expenditure in birds important progress can be made in developing, evaluating, and managing more efficient commercial poultry lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Richards
- USDA, ARS, Growth Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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