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Greig MA, Village J, Salustri FA, Neumann WP. Examining human factors and ergonomics aspects in a manufacturing organisation's metrics system: measuring up to stakeholder needs. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:1868-1883. [PMID: 36661049 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2168065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research examines the status of human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) metrics in the case context of product realisation in an electronics manufacturing company. Interactions with 100+ stakeholders over a five year period were thematically analysed for metrics-related views and content. A disconnect between engineering metrics and HF/E metrics was evident. Engineers and HF/E specialists expressed different understandings of the gap between the disciplines and how to generate HF/E metrics that would fit the organisation. Other emerging themes provided insight for metrics development including improving indicator relatability, considerations for communication of information, and barriers to implementation of metrics. The results led to seven recommendations to help guide practitioners in developing and refining HF/E metrics as part of an organisation's metrics system. This macroergonomic case study provides key points for consideration when developing HF/E focussed metrics to support organisations being more proactive with HF/E in work system design. Practitioner summary: Metrics' presence, stakeholder views on metrics, and metrics-related content in a case organisation were thematically analysed with a macroergonomics focus. Human factors and ergonomics metrics (HF/E) were disconnected from engineering metrics thus limiting the design team's ability to handle human factors in design. Factors influencing HF/E metrics creation and integration were identified, resulting in seven recommendations for developing HF/E metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Greig
- Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
| | - Judy Village
- Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
| | - Filippo A Salustri
- Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
| | - W Patrick Neumann
- Toronto Metropolitan University (Formerly Ryerson University), Toronto, Canada
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Badarin K, Hemmingsson T, Almroth M, Falkstedt D, Hillert L, Kjellberg K. Combined exposure to heavy physical workload and low job control and the risk of disability pension: A cohort study of employed men and women in Sweden. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:973-984. [PMID: 37246195 PMCID: PMC10361844 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-01983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the separate and combined effects of overall heavy physical workload (PWL) and low decision authority on all-cause disability pension (DP) or musculoskeletal DP. METHODS This study uses a sample of 1,804,242 Swedish workers aged 44-63 at the 2009 baseline. Job Exposure Matrices (JEMs) estimated exposure to PWL and decision authority. Mean JEM values were linked to occupational codes, then split into tertiles and combined. DP cases were taken from register data from 2010 to 2019. Cox regression models estimated sex-specific Hazard Ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The Synergy Index (SI) estimated interaction effects. RESULTS Heavy physical workload and low decision authority were associated with an increased risk of DP. Workers with combined exposure to heavy PWL and low decision authority often had greater risks of all-cause DP or musculoskeletal DP than when adding the effects of the single exposures. The results for the SI were above 1 for all-cause DP (men: SI 1.35 95%CI 1.18-1.55, women: SI 1.19 95%CI 1.05-1.35) and musculoskeletal disorder DP (men: SI 1.35 95%CI 1.08-1.69, women: 1.13 95%CI 0.85-1.49). After adjustment, the estimates for SI remained above 1 but were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Heavy physical workload and low decision authority were separately associated with DP. The combination of heavy PWL and low decision authority was often associated with higher risks of DP than would be expected from adding the effects of the single exposures. Increasing decision authority among workers with heavy PWL could help reduce the risk of DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Badarin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Hemmingsson
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melody Almroth
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Falkstedt
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Hillert
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kjellberg
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Baek S, Park J, Kyoung Kang E, Kim G, Kim H, Park HW. Association Between Ergonomic Burden Assessed Using 20-Item Agricultural Work-Related Ergonomic Risk Questionnaire and Shoulder, Low Back, and Leg Pain in Korean Farmers. J Agromedicine 2023; 28:532-544. [PMID: 36748360 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2023.2176958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the agricultural ergonomic burden in Korean farmers and to analyze its correlation with musculoskeletal pain. METHODS In total, 1001 farmers (525 females and 476 males; mean age, 59.6±7.5years) who owned or rented a farm and belonged to an agricultural cooperative unit were recruited. Ergonomic burdens were assessed using a 20-item Agricultural Work-related Ergonomic Risk Questionnaire (20 agricultural works). The presence of musculoskeletal pain (shoulder, low back, and leg/foot), Farm Stressor Inventory, subjective stress index, and agricultural workload (low, moderate, somewhat hard, or hard) were collected using structured questionnaires. RESULTS Factor analysis of the Agricultural Work-related Ergonomic Risk Questionnaire revealed a four-factor solution: neck and upper limb, trunk and push - pull, machine and heavy lifting, and repetitive trauma. Cronbach's alpha was greater than 0.65. For 18 of the 20 items, there was a significant association with the Farm Stressor Inventory, subjective stress index, and agricultural workload. The most frequent ergonomic burdens were squatting (51.2%), highly repetitive wrist movements (53.5%), shoulder flexion at 45-90° (51.2%), and trunk flexion or twisting at≥45° (48.8%). Ergonomic burdens were significantly different in 13 items between sexes. The musculoskeletal pain was associated with increased agricultural burdens in 10 items in male farmers and 14 items in female farmers. CONCLUSION Increased agricultural ergonomic burdens were associated with musculoskeletal pain. Ergonomic burden showed different patterns between male and female farmers, with female farmers appearing to be more affected by ergonomic burden than male farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Baek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Center for Farmers' Safety and Health, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jintae Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gowun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Center for Farmers' Safety and Health, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyocher Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Center for Farmers' Safety and Health, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
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The impact of musculoskeletal pain and strenuous work on self-reported physical work ability: a cohort study of Swedish men and women. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:939-952. [PMID: 34825943 PMCID: PMC9203375 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective We investigated the separate and combined effects of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) and strenuous work (heavy physical workload (PWL)/low-decision authority) on poor physical work ability (WA). Methods This study uses baseline data from the 2010 Stockholm Public Health Questionnaire (SPHQ) including 9419 workers with good physical WA. Exposure to PWL and decision authority were estimated using sex-specific job-exposure matrices linked to occupations. Exposures (high/low) were combined with the presence of MSP. Follow-up data on physical WA were taken from the 2014 SPHQ and dichotomised (the responses: “moderate”, “rather poor” and “very poor” indicated poor WA). Logistic regression models calculated sex-specific odds ratios adjusting for age, education and health and lifestyle factors. Interaction between MSP and strenuous work was examined using the synergy index (SI). Analyses were conducted using SPSS.27. Results MSP, heavy PWL and low-decision authority were separately associated with poor WA. MSP was associated with higher odds of poor WA than strenuous work for women, the opposite for men. Combinations of MSP and strenuous work often resulted in higher risks of poor WA than when adding the effects of the single exposures (e.g., MSP and heavy PWL men: AOR 4.04 95% CI 2.00–8.15, women: AOR: 3.25 95% CI 1.81–5.83). The SI was non-significant for both sexes. Conclusion Workers with MSP and strenuous work often had higher risks of poor WA than would be expected from adding the effects of the single exposures. To decrease poor WA in this group, strenuous work should be lowered, and MSP addressed in workplaces.
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Badarin K, Hemmingsson T, Hillert L, Kjellberg K. Physical workload and increased frequency of musculoskeletal pain: a cohort study of employed men and women with baseline occasional pain. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:oemed-2020-107094. [PMID: 33455921 PMCID: PMC8292582 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is prevalent among the workforce. This study investigates the long-term association between physical workload (PWL) and increased frequency of MSP among male and female employees with pre-existing occasional MSP. METHODS This study uses the Stockholm Public Health cohort survey data from the baseline 2006. The sample includes 5715 employees with baseline occasional MSP (no more than a few days per month). Eight PWL exposures and overall PWL were estimated using a job-exposure matrix (JEM). The JEM was assigned to occupational titles from a national register in 2006. Follow-up survey data on frequent MSP (a few or more times a week) were collected from 2010. Logistic regressions produced sex-specific ORs with 95% CIs and were adjusted for education, health conditions, psychological distress, smoking, BMI, leisure-time physical activity and decision authority. RESULTS Associations were observed between several aspects of heavy PWL and frequent MSP for men (eg, OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.20, among those in the highest exposure quartile compared with those in the lowest quartile for heavy lifting) and women (eg, OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.29, among those in the highest exposure quartile compared with those in the the lowest quartile for physically strenuous work). Small changes were observed in the OR after adjustment, but most of the ORs for PWL exposures among the men were no longer statistically significantly increased. CONCLUSION A high level of exposure to heavy PWL was associated with increased frequency of MSP 4 years later for men and women with baseline occasional pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Badarin
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hemmingsson
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Hillert
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kjellberg
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thamsuwan O, Milosavljevic S, Srinivasan D, Trask C. Potential exoskeleton uses for reducing low back muscular activity during farm tasks. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:1017-1028. [PMID: 32926450 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the sustainability of the agricultural workforce has been threatened by the high prevalence of back pain, developing effective interventions to reduce its burden within farming will contribute to the long-term health and productivity of workers. Passive back-support exoskeletons are being explored as an intervention to reduce the physical demands on the back muscles, and consequently mitigate the risk of back pain, in many industrial sectors. METHODS This study investigated whether exoskeleton use could reduce farmers' low back muscle load. Electromyography was used to evaluate exoskeleton use in field and laboratory settings. A total of 14 farmers (13 males and 1 female) with a mean age of 49 (SD = 12) years and 6 female nonfarmers (mean age 28, SD = 5 years) performed a standardized set of tasks that included symmetric and asymmetric lifting and sustained trunk flexion. Following the standardized tasks, 14 farmers also performed regular, real-world, farm tasks with and without use of the exoskeleton at their farms. RESULTS Exoskeleton use decreased back muscular load during farming activities up to 65%, 56%, and 48% in static, median, and peak muscle activity, respectively. This indicates potential benefits of exoskeleton use to help farmers work under less muscular load. Paradoxically, exoskeleton use during standardized tasks increased muscle activity for some participants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential effects of using passive exoskeletons in agriculture through observational and experimental research, and is among the first that explores the potential for using exoskeletons during actual work tasks in farm settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornwipa Thamsuwan
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Canada
| | | | - Divya Srinivasan
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Catherine Trask
- Ergonomics Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
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Sarbat I, Ozmehmet Tasan S. A structural framework for sustainable processes in ergonomics. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:346-366. [PMID: 31282822 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1641614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Considering today's globalised world, new concepts that assist ergonomics are needed to provide human well-being. Accordingly, the sustainability concept is used in this study to satisfy the needs of stakeholders, put environmentally-friendly and cost-effective interventions into practice and provide ergonomically well-designed and easily managed processes that are more flexible, adaptable and human-sensitive. To achieve this, a practical and easily adaptable framework, which integrates ergonomics and sustainability by presenting the relations between fundamental elements of ergonomics and sustainability dimensions (SDs), is proposed. Within this base framework, ergonomic indicators (EIs) and sub-dimensions proposed for the classification of EIs are structured for ergonomics under a sustainability point-of-view. The sub-dimensions proposed in this study, which have direct or indirect relations to humans, are 'Loss', 'Investment', 'Conditions', 'Contribution', 'Self-Development', and 'Satisfaction'. This structural framework, which can be easily used by ergonomists or managers, ensures a good starting point for providing sustainable processes in ergonomics. Practitioner summary: This study proposes a structural framework to present the relations between ergonomics and sustainability. In the context of ergonomics, fundamental elements of ergonomics are chosen, while three dimensions of sustainability and proposed sub-dimensions are used in the context of sustainability. The adapted ergonomic indicators are also classified within these sub-dimensions.Abbreviations: SDs: sustainability dimensions; SIs: sustainability indicators; EIs: ergonomic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Sarbat
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Khan MI, Bath B, Kociolek A, Zeng X, Koehncke N, Trask C. Trunk Posture Exposure Patterns among Prairie Ranch and Grain Farmers. J Agromedicine 2019; 25:210-220. [PMID: 31517593 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2019.1659200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Low back disorders (LBD) are the most common musculoskeletal disorder among farmers, and awkward trunk postures such as repetitive bending are often cited as a contributor. However, it is not clear whether trends of increasing mechanization in agriculture may be impacting the requirement for trunk-intensive tasks. This study compared the patterns of working trunk posture among prairie farmers during both machine-intensive and non-intensive work days.Methods: Forty-nine adult farm workers from 22 farms participated in this study. Individual and farm characteristics were documented via questionnaire. Trunk angles and velocities were measured with an I2M inertial sensor placed on the chest. Participants completed electronic posture assessments during up to three regular work days throughout the growing season for a total of 91 electronic posture measurements. Forward and lateral trunk bending patterns were expressed in three domains: magnitude, duration, and frequency.Results: Working tasks were categorized into driving, manual, and mixed. Driving was the most commonly measured task (52% of work days), and mixed tasks the least (12%). Both 90th percentile trunk flexion-extension angles and velocities were significantly higher for manual as compared to driving tasks. Participants spent 38% of their working time in trunk forward flexion ≥ 20°, which, according to previous epidemiological studies, may increase their risk for LBD.Conclusion: The directly-measured trunk posture exposure patterns in this study suggest that machinery-intensive workdays result in less awkward trunk posture and lower velocities. Increasing mechanization invites more research on the exposures associated with machinery operation and increasing automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees Khan
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brenna Bath
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aaron Kociolek
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Zeng
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Niels Koehncke
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Catherine Trask
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture (CCHSA), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Precision based guidelines for sub-maximal normalisation task selection for trunk extensor EMG. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 37:41-51. [PMID: 28918109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The object of this study was to quantify the contribution of sub-maximal normalisation to the overall variance of exposure parameters describing erector spinae (ES) activity, and to provide guidelines for task selection which minimize methodological variance. METHODS ES EMG was measured from three locations (T9, L1 and L5 levels) on fifteen men performing a manual materials handling task in the laboratory on three separate days. Four repeats of each of eleven sub-maximal normalisation tasks (eight static, three dynamic) were collected, work data were normalised to each task and repeat, and exposure parameters calculated. The unique contribution of normalisation to the overall variance was determined for each task and exposure parameter using variance component analyses. Normalisation tasks were scored according to their relative contributions to the overall variance and coefficients of variation. RESULTS A prone task, similar to the Biering-Sørensen test posture, was the most repeatable for all electrode locations and across all exposure parameters. Thoracic level normalisation typically showed poorer repeatability than lumbar normalisation. DISCUSSION To maximize measurement precision, we recommend that future ES EMG studies employing sub-maximal normalisation utilise said prone task. An alternate normalisation task specific to thoracic level ES muscles may be warranted.
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Holtermann A, Schellewald V, Mathiassen SE, Gupta N, Pinder A, Punakallio A, Veiersted KB, Weber B, Takala EP, Draicchio F, Enquist H, Desbrosses K, García Sanz MP, Malińska M, Villar M, Wichtl M, Strebl M, Forsman M, Lusa S, Tokarski T, Hendriksen P, Ellegast R. A practical guidance for assessments of sedentary behavior at work: A PEROSH initiative. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2017; 63:41-52. [PMID: 28502405 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior is defined as sitting or lying with low energy expenditure. Humans in industrialized societies spend an increasing amount of time in sedentary behaviors every day. This has been associated with detrimental health outcomes. Despite a growing interest in the health effects of sedentary behavior at work, associations remain unclear, plausibly due to poor and diverse methods for assessing sedentary behavior. Thus, good practice guidance for researchers and practitioners on how to assess occupational sedentary behavior are needed. The aim of this paper is to provide a practical guidance for practitioners and researchers on how to assess occupational sedentary behavior. Ambulatory systems for use in field applications (wearables) are a promising approach for sedentary behavior assessment. Many different small-size consumer wearables, with long battery life and high data storage capacity are commercially available today. However, no stand-alone commercial system is able to assess sedentary behavior in accordance with its definition. The present paper offers decision support for practitioners and researchers in selecting wearables and data collection strategies for their purpose of study on sedentary behavior. Valid and reliable assessment of occupational sedentary behavior is currently not easy. Several aspects need to be considered in the decision process on how to assess sedentary behavior. There is a need for development of a cheap and easily useable wearable for assessment of occupational sedentary behavior by researchers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Holtermann
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Vera Schellewald
- German Sport University Cologne (DSHS), Köln, Germany; Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | | | - Nidhi Gupta
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Pinder
- HSE's Health & Safety Laboratory (HSL), Buxton, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Punakallio
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Britta Weber
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Esa-Pekka Takala
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Draicchio
- National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Henrik Enquist
- Lund University, Skane Medical Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kevin Desbrosses
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | | | - Marzena Malińska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Warszawa, Poland
| | - María Villar
- Spanish National Institute for Safety and Hygiene at Work (INSHT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Wichtl
- Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA), Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Sirpa Lusa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Tokarski
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Warszawa, Poland
| | - Peter Hendriksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rolf Ellegast
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Sankt Augustin, Germany
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Kiriella JB, Perry CJ, Hawkins KM, Shanahan CJ, Gage WH, Moore AE. Sagittal plane lumbar loading when navigating an obstacle and carrying a load. ERGONOMICS 2016; 59:1505-1513. [PMID: 27056388 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1151553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study quantified lumbar loading while carrying an anterior load mass and navigating an obstacle. Eight healthy male participants walked down a walkway and crossed an obstacle under three randomised LOAD conditions; empty-box (2 KG), five kilogram (5 KG) and ten kilogram (10 KG). Each walk was assessed at two events: left foot mid-stance (LMS) and right toe-crossing (TC) to characterise any changes from approach to crossing. Measures of interest included: trunk pitch, L4/L5 joint moment, compression, joint anterior-posterior shear and erector spinae activation. Findings demonstrate that obstacle crossing extended posture by 50, 41, 44%, respectively for each carried load magnitude. Further, these results indicate that shear rather than compressive loading may be an important consideration during crossing due to increase by 8, 9, 22% from LMS to TC for each load magnitude tested. These results provide insight into sagittal lumbar loading when navigating an obstacle while carrying a load. Practitioner Summary: The risk of carrying while navigating obstacles on the lumbar spine is not completely understood. The forces at the lumbar spine while simultaneously carrying and obstacle crossing were analysed. Data indicate that carrying and obstacle crossing influence lumbar shear loads, thereby moderately increasing the relative risk at lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevaka B Kiriella
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program , York University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Carolyn J Perry
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program , York University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Kara M Hawkins
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program , York University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Camille J Shanahan
- b Melbourne School of Health Science , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - William H Gage
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program , York University , Toronto , Canada
- c School of Kinesiology and Health Science , York University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Anne E Moore
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program , York University , Toronto , Canada
- c School of Kinesiology and Health Science , York University , Toronto , Canada
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Fountain LJK. Examining RULA’s Postural Scoring System With Selected Physiological and Psychophysiological Measures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2015; 9:383-92. [PMID: 14675513 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2003.11076576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) survey is a posture-sampling tool used specifically to examine the level of risk associated with upper limb disorders of individual workers. This paper examines the relationship between RULA's postural scoring system and measures of surface electromyography (EMG), self-reports of discomfort, and job attitude questionnaires. Twenty participants each performed a 30-min typing task on a computer in 3 working postures based on RULA's scoring system. A statistically significant difference was found only in perceived discomfort. The perceived discomfort results demonstrated that RULA was able to identify "high risk" postures. The next question we need to ask is, does perceived discomfort result in tissue damage, or does tissue damage yield discomfort?
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Trask C, Mathiassen SE, Jackson J, Wahlström J. Data processing costs for three posture assessment methods. BMC Med Res Methodol 2013; 13:124. [PMID: 24118872 PMCID: PMC4015999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data processing contributes a non-trivial proportion to total research costs, but documentation of these costs is rare. This paper employed a priori cost tracking for three posture assessment methods (self-report, observation of video, and inclinometry), developed a model describing the fixed and variable cost components, and simulated additional study scenarios to demonstrate the utility of the model. Methods Trunk and shoulder postures of aircraft baggage handlers were assessed for 80 working days using all three methods. A model was developed to estimate data processing phase costs, including fixed and variable components related to study planning and administration, custom software development, training of analysts, and processing time. Results Observation of video was the most costly data processing method with total cost of € 30,630, and was 1.2-fold more costly than inclinometry (€ 26,255), and 2.5-fold more costly than self-reported data (€ 12,491). Simulated scenarios showed altering design strategy could substantially impact processing costs. This was shown for both fixed parameters, such as software development and training costs, and variable parameters, such as the number of work-shift files processed, as well as the sampling frequency for video observation. When data collection and data processing costs were combined, the cost difference between video and inclinometer methods was reduced to 7%; simulated data showed this difference could be diminished and, even, reversed at larger study sample sizes. Self-report remained substantially less costly under all design strategies, but produced alternate exposure metrics. Conclusions These findings build on the previously published data collection phase cost model by reporting costs for post-collection data processing of the same data set. Together, these models permit empirically based study planning and identification of cost-efficient study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Trask
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE - 801 76 Gävle, Sweden.
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Cohen M, Village J, Ostry AS, Ratner PA, Cvitkovich Y, Yassi A. Workload as a Determinant of Staff Injury in Intermediate Care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 10:375-83. [PMID: 15702751 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Care aides (CAs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) in intermediate care (IC) facilities experience high risks of injury. Workload measures were examined in eight IC facilities to ascertain their relationships with musculoskeletal injury rates, pain, burnout, and self-reported health. Workload was measured using (1) focus groups and telephone interviews to obtain CA/LPN perceptions; (2) systematic observation (numbers of tasks performed in shift); and (3) CA-to-resident staffing ratios. Controlling for resident dependency and facility funding, all workload measures were correlated with staff injury rates and burnout. Facilities with low injury rates had better CA/LPN-to-resident staffing ratios and fewer tasks. The differences in staffing reflected differences in how organizations prioritized and allocated resources. Thus, workload is an important determinant of injuries and increased staffing levels correlate with decreased injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy Cohen
- Hospital Employees' Union, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kapellusch JM, Garg A, Bao SS, Silverstein BA, Burt SE, Dale AM, Evanoff BA, Gerr FE, Harris-Adamson C, Hegmann KT, Merlino LA, Rempel DM. Pooling job physical exposure data from multiple independent studies in a consortium study of carpal tunnel syndrome. ERGONOMICS 2013; 56:1021-37. [PMID: 23697792 PMCID: PMC4557727 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.797112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pooling data from different epidemiological studies of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is necessary to improve statistical power and to more precisely quantify exposure-response relationships for MSDs. The pooling process is difficult and time-consuming, and small methodological differences could lead to different exposure-response relationships. A sub-committee of a six-study research consortium studying carpal tunnel syndrome: (i) visited each study site, (ii) documented methods used to collect physical exposure data and (iii) determined compatibility of exposure variables across studies. Certain measures of force, frequency of exertion and duty cycle were collected by all studies and were largely compatible. A portion of studies had detailed data to investigate simultaneous combinations of force, frequency and duration of exertions. Limited compatibility was found for hand/wrist posture. Only two studies could calculate compatible Strain Index scores, but Threshold Limit Value for Hand Activity Level could be determined for all studies. Challenges of pooling data, resources required and recommendations for future researchers are discussed. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY There is a need for standardised measures and measurement protocols of physical exposure for the upper extremity. This study may provide guidance for those planning to conduct an epidemiological study on quantified job physical exposures, or planning to merge physical exposure data from similar studies with some methodologic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Kapellusch
- Department of Occupational Science & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Neumann WP, Village J. Ergonomics action research II: a framework for integrating HF into work system design. ERGONOMICS 2012; 55:1140-1156. [PMID: 22913397 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.706714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper presents a conceptual framework that can support efforts to integrate human factors (HF) into the work system design process, where improved and cost-effective application of HF is possible. The framework advocates strategies of broad stakeholder participation, linking of performance and health goals, and process focussed change tools that can help practitioners engage in improvements to embed HF into a firm's work system design process. Recommended tools include business process mapping of the design process, implementing design criteria, using cognitive mapping to connect to managers' strategic goals, tactical use of training and adopting virtual HF (VHF) tools to support the integration effort. Consistent with organisational change research, the framework provides guidance but does not suggest a strict set of steps. This allows more adaptability for the practitioner who must navigate within a particular organisational context to secure support for embedding HF into the design process for improved operator wellbeing and system performance. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY There has been little scientific literature about how a practitioner might integrate HF into a company's work system design process. This paper proposes a framework for this effort by presenting a coherent conceptual framework, process tools, design tools and procedural advice that can be adapted for a target organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Neumann
- Human Factors Engineering Lab, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Trask C, Mathiassen SE, Wahlström J, Heiden M, Rezagholi M. Data collection costs in industrial environments for three occupational posture exposure assessment methods. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012; 12:89. [PMID: 22738341 PMCID: PMC3439320 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Documentation of posture measurement costs is rare and cost models that do exist are generally naïve. This paper provides a comprehensive cost model for biomechanical exposure assessment in occupational studies, documents the monetary costs of three exposure assessment methods for different stakeholders in data collection, and uses simulations to evaluate the relative importance of cost components. Methods Trunk and shoulder posture variables were assessed for 27 aircraft baggage handlers for 3 full shifts each using three methods typical to ergonomic studies: self-report via questionnaire, observation via video film, and full-shift inclinometer registration. The cost model accounted for expenses related to meetings to plan the study, administration, recruitment, equipment, training of data collectors, travel, and onsite data collection. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using simulated study parameters and cost components to investigate the impact on total study cost. Results Inclinometry was the most expensive method (with a total study cost of € 66,657), followed by observation (€ 55,369) and then self report (€ 36,865). The majority of costs (90%) were borne by researchers. Study design parameters such as sample size, measurement scheduling and spacing, concurrent measurements, location and travel, and equipment acquisition were shown to have wide-ranging impacts on costs. Conclusions This study provided a general cost modeling approach that can facilitate decision making and planning of data collection in future studies, as well as investigation into cost efficiency and cost efficient study design. Empirical cost data from a large field study demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Trask
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-80176 Gävle, Sweden.
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18
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Van Eerd D, Hogg-Johnson S, Cole DC, Wells R, Mazumder A. Comparison of occupational exposure methods relevant to musculoskeletal disorders: Worker–workstation interaction in an office environment. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22:176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Higuchi Y, Izumi H, Kumashiro M. Development of a simple measurement scale to evaluate the severity of non-specific low back pain for industrial ergonomics. ERGONOMICS 2010; 53:801-811. [PMID: 20496246 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.489652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study developed an assessment scale that hierarchically classifies degrees of low back pain severity. This assessment scale consists of two subscales: 1) pain intensity; 2) pain interference. First, the assessment scale devised by the authors was used to administer a self-administered questionnaire to 773 male workers in the car manufacturing industry. Subsequently, the validity of the measurement items was examined and some of them were revised. Next, the corrected low back pain scale was used in a self-administered questionnaire, the subjects of which were 5053 ordinary workers. The hierarchical validity between the measurement items was checked based on the results of Mokken Scale analysis. Finally, a low back pain assessment scale consisting of seven items was perfected. Quantitative assessment is made possible by scoring the items and low back pain severity can be classified into four hierarchical levels: none; mild; moderate; severe. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: The use of this scale devised by the authors allows a more detailed assessment of the degree of risk factor effect and also should prove useful both in selecting remedial measures for occupational low back pain and evaluating their efficacy.
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Trask C, Teschke K, Morrison J, Village J, Johnson P, Koehoorn M. Using observation and self-report to predict mean, 90th percentile, and cumulative low back muscle activity in heavy industry workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 54:595-606. [PMID: 20413415 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Occupational injury research depends on the ability to accurately assess workplace exposures for large numbers of workers. This study used mixed modeling to identify observed and self-reported predictors of mean, 90th percentile, and cumulative low back muscle activity to help researchers efficiently assess physical exposures in epidemiological studies. Full-shift low back electromyography (EMG) was measured for 133 worker-days in heavy industry. Additionally, full-shift, 1-min interval work-sampling observations and post-shift interviews assessed exposure to work tasks, trunk postures, and manual materials handling. Data were also collected on demographic and job variables. Regression models using observed variables predicted 31-47% of the variability in the EMG activity measures, while self-reported variables predicted 21-36%. Observation-based models performed better than self-report-based models and may provide an alternative to direct measurement of back injury risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Trask
- CBF, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden.
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21
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Barrero LH, Katz JN, Dennerlein JT. Validity of self-reported mechanical demands for occupational epidemiologic research of musculoskeletal disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health 2009; 35:245-60. [PMID: 19562235 PMCID: PMC3257060 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the relation of the measured validity of self-reported mechanical demands (self-reports) with the quality of validity assessments and the variability of the assessed exposure in the study population. METHODS We searched for original articles, published between 1990 and 2008, reporting the validity of self-reports in three major databases: EBSCOhost, Web of Science and PubMed. Identified assessments were classified by methodological characteristics (eg, type of self-report and reference method) and exposure dimension was measured. We also classified assessments by the degree of comparability between the self-report and the employed reference method, and the variability of the assessed exposure in the study population. Finally, we examined the association of the published validity (r) with this degree of comparability, as well as with the variability of the exposure variable in the study population. RESULTS Of the 490 assessments identified, 75% used observation-based reference measures and 55% tested self-reports of posture duration and movement frequency. Frequently, validity studies did not report demographic information (eg, education, age, and gender distribution). Among assessments reporting correlations as measure of validity, studies with a better match between the self-report and the reference method, and studies conducted in more heterogeneous populations tended to report higher correlations [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.89-4.65 and OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.96-2.61, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS The reported data support the hypothesis that validity depends on study-specific factors often not examined. Experimentally manipulating the testing setting could lead to a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of self-reported information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lope H Barrero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Village J, Trask C, Luong N, Chow Y, Johnson P, Koehoorn M, Teschke K. Development and evaluation of an observational Back-Exposure Sampling Tool (Back-EST) for work-related back injury risk factors. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2009; 40:538-544. [PMID: 18950744 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed and evaluated an observational Back-Exposure Sampling Tool. A literature review suggested 53 exposure variables; these were reduced to 20 following field trials. Kappas for agreement beyond chance between six observers assessing exposures in 72 photos ranged from 0.21 to 1.0, with the highest values for posture type, trunk angle, manual materials handling, hands on item, and load weight. Intraclass correlations for agreement between pairs observing 17 workers once per minute for a full-shift were >0.74 for most postural, trunk angle, and manual materials handling variables. In validity testing, the proportions of shifts in flexion/extension and lateral bending observed for 169 full-shifts were compared to inclinometer measurements. Pearson correlations were 0.42 for 45-60 degrees flexion and 0.9 for >60 degrees flexion, but only 0.11-0.19 for lateral bending and trunk flexion less than 45 degrees . When lower flexion angles were collapsed to include trunk extension, correlations increased to >0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Village
- School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Graduate Studies, 3rd Floor, Library Processing Center, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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Barrero LH, Katz JN, Perry MJ, Krishnan R, Ware JH, Dennerlein JT. Work pattern causes bias in self-reported activity duration: a randomised study of mechanisms and implications for exposure assessment and epidemiology. Occup Environ Med 2009; 66:38-44. [PMID: 18805887 PMCID: PMC3257319 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2007.037291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-reported activity duration is used to estimate cumulative exposures in epidemiological research. OBJECTIVE The effects of work pattern, self-reported task dullness (a measure of cognitive task demand), and heart rate ratio and perceived physical exertion (measures of physical task demands) on error in task duration estimation were investigated. METHODS 24 participants (23-54 years old, 12 males) were randomly assigned to execute three tasks in either a continuous (three periods of 40 continuous minutes, one for each task) or a discontinuous work pattern (40 min tasks each divided into four periods of 4, 8, 12 and 16 min). Heart rate was measured during tasks. After completing the 2 h work session, subjects reported the perceived duration, dullness and physical exertion for each of the three tasks. Multivariate models were fitted to analyse errors and their absolute value to assess the accuracy in task duration estimation and the mediating role of task demands on the observed results. RESULTS Participants overestimated the time spent shelving boxes (up to 38%) and filing journals (up to 9%), and underestimated the time typing articles (up to -22%). Over- and underestimates and absolute errors were greater in the discontinuous work pattern group. Only the self-reported task dullness mediated the differences in task duration estimation accuracy between work patterns. CONCLUSIONS Task-related factors can affect self-reported activity duration. Exposure assessment strategies requiring workers to allocate work time to different tasks could result in biased measures of association depending on the demands of the tasks during which the exposure of interest occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Barrero
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Backman CL, Village J, Lacaille D. The Ergonomic Assessment Tool for Arthritis: development and pilot testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:1495-503. [PMID: 18821649 DOI: 10.1002/art.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ergonomic assessment and recommendations may help people with arthritis maintain employment; however, most ergonomic tools are designed to assess injury risk in the general population and are not specific to the needs of people with inflammatory arthritis (IA). Our objectives were to design and pilot test an ergonomic assessment tool for people with IA and to propose ergonomic modifications to prevent work loss and maintain at-work productivity. METHODS Relevant content was identified in a literature review by an interdisciplinary team. Respecting some clients' reluctance to disclose arthritis to employers, no work site visit was required. An initial assessment tool was reviewed by a 4-person expert panel, revised and pretested with 13 adults with IA by 3 occupational therapists (OTs). The final tool, comprised of a self-assessment, an interview guide, and a solutions summary, was used in a pilot test of a multifaceted program designed to prevent work loss and maintain at-work productivity. One OT conducted all ergonomic consultations and followed up with phone calls at 1 month. Implementation of recommendations was evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS Nineteen women (mean age 51 years) with IA (mean disease duration 12 years) completed ergonomic assessments. A range of risks were identified and 87 recommendations were made (mean 4.5 per participant). At 1 year, 85% of recommendations had been implemented by 74% of the participants. CONCLUSION The Ergonomic Assessment Tool for Arthritis is a feasible and comprehensive process for identifying ergonomic job accommodations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Backman
- University of British Columbia and Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Dumas GA, Upjohn TR, Leger A, Delisle A, Charpentier K, Plamondon A, Salazar E. Effect of a desk attachment board on posture and muscle activity in women during computer work. ERGONOMICS 2008; 51:1735-1756. [PMID: 18941978 DOI: 10.1080/00140130802277539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Working at a computer is part of a large number of jobs and has been associated with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and back pain. The study evaluated the effects of a board attachment on upper extremity and back. The findings are mixed in that the board may have a positive effect in preventing back pain, but may be detrimental to upper extremities. Effect of a desk attachment board on upper extremity and trunk posture, and muscle activity was assessed in women video display terminal users. Participants completed a standard 20-min computer task under two conditions: 1) using a standard desk; 2) using a desk attachment board designed to support the forearms. Bilateral electromyography of the trapezius, multifidus and longissimus muscles and the right anterior deltoid and forearm extensor muscles was recorded. 3-D trunk and upper extremity posture was monitored. Participants were tested before and after 2 weeks of familiarisation with the board in their workplace. Perceived tension and discomfort were recorded before and after use of the board. Use of the board tended to increase muscle activity in the right trapezius and forearm extensor and to decrease muscle activity in the back. Perceived tension in the low back decreased slightly with the board. The board may be useful in reducing tension in the low back during computer work, but may adversely affect the upper extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A Dumas
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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Trask C, Teschke K, Village J, Chow Y, Johnson P, Luong N, Koehoorn M. Measuring low back injury risk factors in challenging work environments: an evaluation of cost and feasibility. Am J Ind Med 2007; 50:687-96. [PMID: 17680639 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring low back injury risk factors in field research presents challenges not encountered in laboratory environments. METHODS We compared the practical application of five measurement methods (observations, interviews, electromyography (EMG), inclinometry, and vibration monitoring) for 223 worker days in 50 heavy-industry worksites in western Canada. Data collection successes, challenges, costs, and data detail were documented for each method. RESULTS Measurement success rates varied from 42.2% (seatpan accelerometer) to 99.6% (post-shift interview) of worker days assessed. Missed days for direct monitoring equipment were primarily due to explosive environments, workplace conditions likely to damage the equipment, and malfunctions. Costs per successful measurement day were lowest for interviews (approximately 23 dollars), about 10-fold higher for observations and inclinometry, and more than 20-fold higher for EMG and vibration monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Costs and successful field performance need to be weighed against the added data detail gained from monitoring equipment when making choices about exposure assessment techniques for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Trask
- School of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Abstract
Occupational exposure is typically assessed by measuring forces and body postures to infer muscular loading. Better understanding of workplace muscle activity levels would aid in indicating which muscles may be at risk for overexertion and injury. However, electromyography collection in the workplace is often not practical. Therefore, a set of equations was developed and validated using data from two separate days to predict forearm muscle activity (involving six wrist and finger muscles) from grip force and posture of the wrist (flexed, neutral and extended) and forearm (pronated, neutral, supinated). The error in predicting activation levels of each forearm muscle across the range of grip forces, using the first day data (root mean square error; RMSEmodel), ranged from 8.9% maximal voluntary electrical activation (MVE) (flexor carpi radialis) to 11% MVE (extensor digitorum communis). Grip force was the main contributor to predicting muscle activity levels, explaining over 70% of the variance in flexor activation levels and up to 60% in extensor activation levels, respectively. Inclusion of gender as a variable in the model improved estimates of flexor but not extensor activity. While posture itself explained minimal variance in activation without grip force (< 10% MVE), wrist and forearm posture were required (with grip force) to explain over 70% of the variance of all six muscles. The validation process indicated good day-to-day reliability of each equation, with similar error for flexor muscle models but slightly higher error in the extensor models when predicting activity levels for the second day of data (RMSEvalid ranging from 8.9% to 12.7% MVE). Detailed error analysis during validation revealed that inclusion of posture in the model effectively decreased error at grip forces above 25% maximum, but was detrimental at very low grip forces. This study presents a potential new tool to estimate forearm muscle loading in the workplace using grip force and posture, as a surrogate to use of a complex biomechanical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P M Mogk
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Janowitz IL, Gillen M, Ryan G, Rempel D, Trupin L, Swig L, Mullen K, Rugulies R, Blanc PD. Measuring the physical demands of work in hospital settings: design and implementation of an ergonomics assessment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2006; 37:641-58. [PMID: 16226213 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the physical demands of the heterogeneous jobs in hospitals requires appropriate and validated assessment methodologies. METHODS As part of an integrated assessment, we adapted Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), using it in a work sampling mode facilitated by a hand-held personal digital assistant, expanding it with selected items from the UC Computer Use Checklist, and developed a scoring algorithm for ergonomics risk factors for the upper (UB) and lower body (LB). RESULTS The inter-rater reliability kappa was 0.54 for UB and 0.66 for LB. The scoring algorithm demonstrated significant variation (ANOVA p<0.05) by occupation in anticipated directions (administrators ranked lowest; support staff ranked highest on both scores). A supplemental self-assessment measure of spinal loading correlated with high strain LB scores (r=0.30; p<0.001). CONCLUSION We developed and validated a scoring algorithm incorporating a revised REBA schema adding computer use items, appropriate for ergonomics assessment across a range of hospital jobs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira L Janowitz
- University of California San Francisco/Berkeley Ergonomics Program, 1301 South 46th St., Building 163, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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Drake JDM, Fischer SL, Brown SHM, Callaghan JP. Do Exercise Balls Provide a Training Advantage for Trunk Extensor Exercises? A Biomechanical Evaluation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2006; 29:354-62. [PMID: 16762662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Only a few abdominal muscle exercises have been quantitatively evaluated on both a mat and exercise ball, but the benefits reported for the ball have been equivocally applied to all exercises. The purpose of this study is to evaluate differences in the biological response of muscle activation, lumbar spine posture, and loading variables for extensor exercises performed on 2 surfaces. METHODS Bilateral muscle activation was recorded from 7 sites (rectus abdominis, external/internal obliques, latissimus dorsi, thoracic/lumbar erector spinae, and multifidus) on 8 subjects. Three-dimensional lumbar spine postures and upper body kinematics were recorded while the participants performed the exercises. An electromyography-driven model was used to calculate spinal loading. RESULTS Cocontraction of trunk flexor and extensor muscles was reduced by up to 30% for the extension exercises when performed on the ball. Peak muscle activation remained unchanged or decreased, and spinal loading (compression and anterior-posterior shear) decreased when the extension exercises were performed on the ball. The lumbar spine postures attained during the exercises did not differ between surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The assumption that the use of an exercise ball will always create a greater challenge for the musculoskeletal system was not supported by the findings of this study. Likewise, in a healthy, young population, there does not appear to be any training advantage to performing extensor exercises on a ball versus a mat. However, in a rehabilitation scenario, these exercises performed on a ball could reduce low back loading and hence reduce the potential for reinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janessa D M Drake
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Somville PR, Nieuwenhuyse AV, Seidel L, Masschelein R, Moens G, Mairiaux P. Validation of a self-administered questionnaire for assessing exposure to back pain mechanical risk factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005; 79:499-508. [PMID: 16437221 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-005-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a self-administered questionnaire assessing exposure to mechanical risk factors, developed for a cohort study aiming at assessing the influence of physical and psycho-social factors on the incidence of low back pain (LBP). METHODS The study first involved a criterion validity test. A sample of the cohort workers (n=152) was observed at the workplace during four 30 min periods randomly distributed along the shift. At the end of the work shift, the questionnaire was filled in both by the worker and the observer. Agreements were tested between self-reports and observations, and between self-reports and observer opinion. Secondly, a comparison of exposure-effect relationships based on self-reports to those based on observations was carried out on the whole study cohort (n=716). Both sets of Relative Risks of being an incident case (LBP lasting at least 7 consecutive days in the follow-up year) were tested for heterogeneity. RESULTS Self-reports agreement levels were better with observer opinion than with observational data and were higher for answers at a dichotomous level. Vehicle driving, manual handling without estimation of weight and frequencies, or trunk bending without rotation showed a fair to good agreement with the external criteria. Limits in the validation procedure did not allow validating the sitting and standing durations. As regards the health outcome comparison, questionnaire and observations led to homogeneous Relative Risks for the variables tested. CONCLUSIONS Results show that self-reports provide a limited accuracy to assess actual frequencies and durations of work activities. Using a questionnaire, classifying the workers into exposure categories is rather relative, but questionnaire and observations seem similar in their relationships to outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-R Somville
- Occupational Health and Health Education unit, Department of Public Health, University of Liège, Sart Tilman (B23), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Village J, Frazer M, Cohen M, Leyland A, Park I, Yassi A. Electromyography as a measure of peak and cumulative workload in intermediate care and its relationship to musculoskeletal injury: an exploratory ergonomic study. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2005; 36:609-18. [PMID: 15893290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury rates in Intermediate Care (IC) facilities are high and the factors related to these injuries are unclear. The objectives of this exploratory sub-study, which is part of a large multi-faceted study in 8 IC facilities are to: (1) evaluate EMG measured over a full-shift in the back and shoulders of 32 care aides (CAs) as an indicator of peak and cumulative workload (n = 4 x 8 facilities); investigate the relationship between EMG measures and injury indicators; and explore the relationship between EMG measures and other workload measurements. Lumbar EMG was converted to predicted cumulative spinal compression and ranged in CAs from 11.7 to 22.8 MNs with a mean of 16.4 MNs. Average compression was significantly different during different periods of the day (p < 0.001) with highest compression during pre-breakfast when CAs assist most with activities of daily living. Significant differences were found in average compression between low and high injury facilities for 3 of 5 periods of the day (p < 0.010). Peak compressions exceeding 3400 N occurred for very little of the workday (e.g. 11.25s during the 75 min period pre-breakfast). Peak neck/shoulder muscle activity is low (99% APDF ranged from 8.33% to 28% MVC). Peak and cumulative spinal compression were significantly correlated with lost-time and musculoskeletal injury rates as well as with total tasks observed in the CAs (p < 0.01). Perceived exertion was only correlated with peak compressions (p < 0.01). Facilities with low injury rates provided significantly more CAs (p < 0.01) to meet resident needs, and subsequently CAs performed fewer tasks, resulting in less peak and cumulative spinal loading over the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Village
- School of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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32
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Daniels C, Huang GD, Feuerstein M, Lopez M. Self-report measure of low back-related biomechanical exposures: clinical validation. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2005; 15:113-128. [PMID: 15844672 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-005-1214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain and symptoms are major contributors to ambulatory visits, economic burden, and reduced readiness among military personnel and employers in the civilian workplace as well. While a link between low back pain and biomechanical exposures has been established, efficient surveillance methods of such exposures are still needed. Furthermore, the utility of self-report measures for biomechanical exposures has not been examined extensively. The present cross-sectional study analyzed questionnaire data from US Army soldiers (n = 279) working in previously identified occupational specialties that were associated with high risk for low back pain and/or low back pain disability. Demographic characteristics, physical workload, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors were assessed in addition to self-reported workplace biomechanical exposures using the Job Related Physical Demands (JRPDs). Outcomes included self-reported low back pain severity, low back symptoms, functional limitations, and general physical health. The results indicated that the self-report measure of biomechanical exposure had a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha, 0.95). The JRPD index correlated with low back symptoms, pain intensity, function, and perceived work load using the Borg scale. Regression analyses indicated statistically significant associations between the JRPD and back pain specific pain severity and physical function, but not for general physical health (SF-12) after controlling for age, gender, educational level, job type, and reported exercise and work stress. Specifically, higher JRPD scores (representing greater biomechanical exposure) were associated with higher levels of pain intensity and functional limitations. Higher JRPD scores were found to place an individual at a greater likelihood for being a case with low back pain within the past 12 months (OR = 1.01 per point increase in scale-95%; range 38-152; CI = 1.00-1.02, p < or = 0.05). While future longitudinal studies of the JRPD determining the predictive validity of the measure are needed, the present study provides evidence of the utility of the JRPD for assessing biomechanical exposures associated with low back pain within high-risk jobs. The findings suggest that the JRPD may assist with surveillance efforts and be useful as a process and/or outcome measure in research related to occupational rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Daniels
- US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
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Kazmierczak K, Mathiassen SE, Forsman M, Winkel J. An integrated analysis of ergonomics and time consumption in Swedish 'craft-type' car disassembly. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2005; 36:263-73. [PMID: 15854569 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Car disassembly is at the edge of extensive rationalization due to increased legislative demands for recycling. This study focused on (1) assessing current mechanical exposures (physical work loads) for comparison with future rationalised systems, with particular emphasis on time aspects, (2) analysing disassembly work in terms of time consumption and exposures in constituent tasks as defined by a loss analysis technique, and (3) predicting the consequences of car disassembly rationalisation for mechanical exposures. The study showed that disassembly implied pronounced circulatory loads, and that more walking and higher lumbar peak loads were found than in studies of assembly work. Value-adding tasks comprised 30% of the total working time, and implied higher postural exposures for the head, arm, trunk and wrist, as well as less opportunities to recover, as compared to non-value-adding tasks. Organisational-type rationalization can be expected to increase the time spent in value-adding work, thus increasing local exposures for the average worker, while a concurrent increase in mechanization level might reduce circulatory exposures, the amount of walking, and peak lumbar loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kazmierczak
- National Institute for Working Life, Box 8850, SE-40272 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Design Sciences, Lund Technical University, Sweden.
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Keir PJ, MacDonell CW. Muscle activity during patient transfers: a preliminary study on the influence of lift assists and experience. ERGONOMICS 2004; 47:296-306. [PMID: 14668163 DOI: 10.1080/0014013032000157922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine muscle activity patterns during patient handling during manual transfers, and transfers using floor and ceiling lifts. EMG patterns during transfers from bed to wheelchair and wheelchair to bed as well as patient repositioning in novices and experienced participants were examined. Surface EMG was recorded from the upper and lower erector spinae, latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles bilaterally. Overall, normalized mean and peak muscle activity were lowest using the ceiling lift, increasing with the floor lift, which were lower than manual transfers (novices: all p < 0.01). Experienced patient handlers demonstrated approximately two times greater trapezius and latissimus dorsi activity than novices, combined with lower mean erector spinae activity (p < 0.05, for most tasks). Integrated EMG for all muscles was directly proportional to the transfer time and was lowest during the manual transfer followed by the ceiling lift, with the floor lift being highest. The difference between the muscle activity patterns between the experienced and novice patient handlers may suggest a learned behaviour to protect the spine by distributing load to the shoulder. Further examination of the muscle activation patterns differences between experience levels could improve training techniques to develop better patient handling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Keir
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.
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Möller T, Mathiassen SE, Franzon H, Kihlberg S. Job enlargement and mechanical exposure variability in cyclic assembly work. ERGONOMICS 2004; 47:19-40. [PMID: 14660216 DOI: 10.1080/0014013032000121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic assembly work is known to imply a high risk for musculoskeletal disorders. To have operators rotate between work tasks is believed to be one way of decreasing this risk, since it is expected to increase variation in mechanical and psychological exposures (physical and mental loads). This assumption was investigated by assessing mechanical exposure variability in three assembly tasks in an electronics assembly plant, each on a separate workstation, as well as in a 'job enlargement' scenario combining all three stations. Five experienced operators worked for 1 h on each station. Data on upper trapezius and forearm extensor muscle activity were obtained by means of electromyography (EMG), and working postures of the head and upper arms were assessed by inclinometry. The cycle-to-cycle variance of parameters representing the three exposure dimensions: level, frequency and duration was estimated using ANOVA algorithms for each workstation separately as well as for a balanced combination of all three. For a particular station, the variability of trapezius EMG activity levels relative to the mean was higher than for extensor EMG: between-cycles coefficients of variation (CV) about 0.15 and 0.10, respectively. A similar relationship between CV applied to the parameter describing frequency of EMG activity. Except for head inclination levels, the between-cycles CV was larger for posture parameters than for EMG. The between-cycles variance increased up to six fold in the job enlargement scenario, as compared to working at only one station. The difference in mean exposure between workstations was larger for trapezius EMG parameters than for forearm extensor EMG and postures, and hence the effect of job enlargement on exposure variability was more pronounced for the trapezius. For some stations, job enlargement even implied less cycle-to-cycle variability in forearm extensor EMG parameters than working at that station only. Whether the changes in exposure variability associated with job enlargement were sufficient to imply a decreased risk for musculoskeletal disorders is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therése Möller
- Department of Work and Health, National Institute for Working Life, SE-113 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Yen TY, Radwin RG. A comparison between analysis time and inter-analyst reliability using spectral analysis of kinematic data and posture classification. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2002; 33:85-93. [PMID: 11827140 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-6870(01)00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the time needed to analyze data and the inter-analyst variability using observational posture classification vs. spectral analysis of upper limb kinematic measurements made using an electrogoniometer for selected industrial jobs. Eight trained analysts studied four jobs using both methods. An incomplete fixed block experimental design was used, whereby each analyst used one method for each job. The four jobs included (1) punch press operation, (2) packaging, (3) parts hanging, and (4) construction vehicle operation. The posture classification analysis method involved visually classifying tipper extremity joint angles into specific zones relative to the range of motion for every one-third second (10 frames) of videotape. Spectral analysis required the analysts to identify cycle break points. The electrogoniometer signals were synchronized with each cycle, and power spectra for each joint were computed. The average difference in RMS joint deviation among analysts was 0.9 (SD = 0.61 degrees) for spectral analysis and 7.1 (SD = 2.53 degrees) for posture classification. The average difference in mean joint angle was 0.8 (SD = 0.59 degrees) for spectral analysis and 11.4 (SD = 1.58 degrees) for posture classification. Repetition frequency differed an average of 0.05 Hz (SD = 0.054 Hz) for spectral analysis and 0.07 Hz (SD = 0.058 Hz) for posture classification. Posture classification took a factor of 6.3 more time than cycle break point assignment for spectral analysis. Even considering the additional time needed for sensor attachment for direct measurement, posture classification took an average factor of 1.29 more time than spectral analysis using electrogoniometer data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y Yen
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53705, USA
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37
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Callaghan JP, Salewytsch AJ, Andrews DM. An evaluation of predictive methods for estimating cumulative spinal loading. ERGONOMICS 2001; 44:825-837. [PMID: 11560364 DOI: 10.1080/00140130118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to assess the amount of error present in several approaches that have been commonly used to estimate the cumulative spinal loading during manual materials handling tasks. Three male subjects performed three sagittal plane lifting tasks of varying loads and postural requirements. Video recordings of the tasks were digitized and a biomechanical model was used to calculate the spinal loading (compression, joint shear, reaction shear, and flexion/extension moment) at L4/L5 for each frame of data. The 'gold standard' for cumulative loading experienced by the subjects was obtained by integrating the resultant biomechanical model outputs for the entire lifting cycle. Five approaches that quantify cumulative spinal loading, four that use discrete measures and one that reduces the number of frames used (5 Hz), were used and compared with the gold standard. The four methods using discrete measures to quantify the cumulative demands of a task resulted in substantial errors (average error across task and subjects was 27-69%). Reducing the number of frames of data processed to 5 frames/s preserved the time varying information and was the only approach examined that did not induce significant error into the cumulative loading estimates. This study indicates that errors in cumulative spinal loading estimates can be large depending upon the approach used, which will hinder any progress in developing a dose-response link between cumulative exposure and an increased risk of low-back pain or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Callaghan
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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38
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Kerr MS, Frank JW, Shannon HS, Norman RW, Wells RP, Neumann WP, Bombardier C. Biomechanical and psychosocial risk factors for low back pain at work. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:1069-75. [PMID: 11441733 PMCID: PMC1446725 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.91.7.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study determined whether the physical and psychosocial demands of work are associated with low back pain. METHODS A case-control approach was used. Case subjects (n = 137) reported a new episode of low back pain to their employer, a large automobile manufacturing complex. Control subjects were randomly selected from the study base as cases accrued (n = 179) or were matched to cases by exact job (n = 65). Individual, clinical, and psychosocial variables were assessed by interview. Physical demands were assessed with direct workplace measurements of subjects at their usual jobs. The analysis used multiple logistic regression adjusted for individual characteristics. RESULTS Self-reported risk factors included a physically demanding job, a poor workplace social environment, inconsistency between job and education level, better job satisfaction, and better coworker support. Low job control showed a borderline association. Physical-measure risk factors included peak lumbar shear force, peak load handled, and cumulative lumbar disc compression. Low body mass index and prior low back pain compensation claims were the only significant individual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This study identified specific physical and psychosocial demands of work as independent risk factors for low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kerr
- Institute for Work and Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, M4W 1E6, Canada.
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39
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Spielholz P, Silverstein B, Morgan M, Checkoway H, Kaufman J. Comparison of self-report, video observation and direct measurement methods for upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder physical risk factors. ERGONOMICS 2001; 44:588-613. [PMID: 11373023 DOI: 10.1080/00140130118050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders has become a national priority in many countries. Increasingly, attempts are made to quantify those exposures that increase risk in order to set exposure limit values. This study used commonly employed field measurement methods and tools in order to perform an inter-method comparison between three primary methods of risk factor exposure assessment: self-report questionnaires, observational video analysis and direct measurement. Extreme posture duration, repetition, hand force (estimated from electromyography) and movement velocity were assessed for 18 subjects while performing each of three jobs processing tree seedlings. Results indicated that self-reports were the least precise assessment method, which consistently overestimated exposures for each of the measured risk factors. However, adjustment of the reports as psychophysical scales may increase agreement on a group level. Wrist flexion/extension duration and repetition were best measured by electrogoniometer. Electrogoniometric measures of wrist deviation duration and frequency were less precise than video analysis. Forearm rotation duration and repetition, grip force and velocity appeared to be best quantified by direct measurement as measured by electrogoniometer and electromyography (EMG) (as root-mean-square amplitude). The results highlight the fact that it is as important to consider and report estimated measurement error in order to reduce potential exposure misclassification in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spielholz
- SHARP Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia 98504-4330, USA.
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40
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Kallio M, Viikari-Juntura E, Häkkänen M, Takala EP. Assessment of duration and frequency of work tasks by telephone interview: reproducibility and validity. ERGONOMICS 2000; 43:610-621. [PMID: 10877479 DOI: 10.1080/001401300184288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative estimation of physical work load requires breakdown of jobs into smaller entities. The objective was to study the inter-rater reproducibility of the contents, frequency and duration of work tasks assessed by telephone interview. Two researchers interviewed 18 industrial workers with an interval of from 2 to 3 weeks in a balanced and blinded design. Altogether 114 tasks were identified, 68 of which were recorded by both interviewers. The tasks were classified into regularly occurring (n = 34) and occasional (n = 80). The outcome was the total duration of the tasks per day computed from the data on frequency and duration. Validity of the interview was studied against prestructured diaries filled in by nine workers. The interviewers' assessments of the overall contents of the tasks were rated as 'similar' or 'very similar' for 17 of the 18 workers. Both interviewers detected all 34 regularly occurring tasks. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the total duration between the interviewers was 0.81 for regularly occurring tasks. ICCs of the total duration between the diary and the two interviewers were 0.90 and 0.91. However, in many cases the workers could not give a numerical value for duration or frequency. A telephone interview can be used as a first step in exposure assessment in epidemiological studies on risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders. These results show that a single telephone interview can give reproducible and valid information of the frequency and duration of tasks occurring daily. For occasional tasks interview methods should be developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kallio
- Department of Physiology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki
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Norman R, Wells R, Neumann P, Frank J, Shannon H, Kerr M. A comparison of peak vs cumulative physical work exposure risk factors for the reporting of low back pain in the automotive industry. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1998; 13:561-573. [PMID: 11415835 DOI: 10.1016/s0268-0033(98)00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1997] [Accepted: 02/18/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of modelled peak spine loads, hand loads, trunk kinematics and cumulative spine loads as predictors of reported low back pain (LBP). BACKGROUND: The authors have recently shown that both biomechemical and psychosocial variables are important in the reporting of LBP. In previous studies, peak spinal load risk factors have been identified and while there is in vitro evidence for adverse effects of excessive cumulative load on tissue, there is little epidemiological evidence. METHODS: Physical exposures to peak and cumulative lumbar spine moment, compression and shear forces, trunk kinematics, and forces on hands were analyzed on 130 randomly selected controls and 104 cases. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios of the risk of reporting were calculated from a backwards logistic regression analysis. Interrelationships among variables were examined by factor analysis. RESULTS: Cases showed significantly higher loading on all biomechanical variables. Four independent risk factors were identified: integrated lumbar moment (over a shift), 'usual' hand force, peak shear force at the level of L(4)/L(5) and peak trunk velocity. Substituting lumbar compression or moment for shear did not appreciably alter odds ratios because of high correlations among these variables. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative biomechanical variables are important risk factors in the reporting of LBP. Spinal tissue loading estimates from a biomechanical model provide information not included in the trunk kinematics and hand force inputs to the model alone. Workers in the top 25% of loading exposure on all risk factors are at about six times the risk of reporting LBP when compared with those in the bottom 25%. RELEVANCE: Primary prevention, treatment, and return to work efforts for individuals reporting LBP all require understanding of risk factors. The results suggest that cumulative loading of the low back is important etiologically and highlight the need for better information on the response of spinal tissues to cumulative loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Norman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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van der Beek AJ, Frings-Dresen MH. Assessment of mechanical exposure in ergonomic epidemiology. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:291-9. [PMID: 9764106 PMCID: PMC1757583 DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.5.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In recent years several different methods have been developed to assess mechanical exposures, which are related to musculoskeletal disorders in ergonomic epidemiology. Each of these methods is capable of measuring one or more aspects of risk factors, but has drawbacks as well. Improper application of methods might result in biased exposure estimates, which has serious consequences for risk estimates arising from epidemiological studies. The aim of this paper was to systematically evaluate the usefulness of different measurement methods in terms of accuracy and applicability. Assessment of external exposure measures by subjective judgements (from experts or self reports from workers), observational methods (on site or afterwards from video recordings), and direct measurements methods (at work or during laboratory simulations) are discussed for each of the dimensions of exposure level, duration, and frequency. It is concluded that expert judgements and self reports give only limited insight into the occurrence of tasks and activities. Further information can be obtained from observations, which can best be combined with direct measurements of exposure to posture, movement, and exerted forces to achieve exposure profiles by occupational task. Internal exposures estimated by biomechanical modelling mostly consider the low back and require information on postures of the different body segments and exerted forces, completed with movement data in the case of dynamic models. Moreover, electromyography (EMG) and measurements of intra-abdominal pressure might be used for this purpose. Both biomechanical models and EMG are useful methods to assess internal exposure, but biomechanical models should not be restricted to the level of compressive forces on the lower back. Finally, current problems and future directions in measurement strategies and methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J van der Beek
- Coronel Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam.
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