1
|
Raturi AK, Narayanan SS, Jena SPK. EEG Correlates of Suggestion-Induced Stroop Interference Reduction in High-Suggestible Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2024; 72:289-326. [PMID: 38874567 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2024.2356856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Studies have explored the impact of suggestion on the Stroop effect, aiming to understand how effective suggestion is in modulating this phenomenon. The suggestion effect has been replicated in multiple studies, supporting its robustness, but lacks systematic evaluation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant English-language studies from PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ScienceDirect since databases inception until January 2023. Quality of included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) appraisal checklist, and potential publication biases were assessed. Subgroup analyses were also performed, and effect sizes were estimated using Hedges' g and analyzed using random effects model. The systematic review was comprised of 19 studies. For the meta-analysis, 14 studies examined the suggestion effect on Stroop interference effect (SIE), while six studies investigated suggestion effects on accuracy. Results have revealed significant overall effects of suggestion on Stroop performance in participants, as evidenced by SIE and accuracy. Subgroup analysis based on types of suggestion demonstrated a significant effect on SIE. Six EEG/ERP studies have also been discussed in the context of the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S P K Jena
- Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Filippo G, Perri RL. Intimate relationships and hypnosis: insecure adult attachment affects emotions and absorption during hypnosis. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1326170. [PMID: 38425553 PMCID: PMC10903537 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1326170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypnosis research indicates that subjects are not equally hypnotizable. Most studies on hypnotizability focused on the relationships with personality or cognitive variables. At the same time, only a few proposed the contribution of the attachment style, defined as the result of the childhood relationship with the caregivers and influencing the adult relations. Methods In the present investigation, two studies were carried out to test the possible association between adult attachment and hypnotic responsivity. The adult attachment was assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire, while hypnosis was assessed through the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A; Study 1) and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory: Hypnotic Assessment Procedure (PCI-HAP; Study 2) in order to adopt a behavioral and a phenomenological approach, respectively. Results Analyses showed that attachment factors (anxiety and avoidance) were not associated with the level of hypnotizability, whereas it was associated with variations of consciousness during hypnosis, mainly internal dialogue, absorption and negative emotions. Overall, the insecure attachment styles yielded increased mind wandering and restlessness during hypnosis when compared to the secure style. The reason probably lies in the feeling of anxiety or danger of insecurely attached individuals when involved in intimate or confidential relationships. Conclusion These findings clarify a still poorly investigated aspect concerning the influence of attachment style on hypnotic experience and further highlight the need to consider inter-individual differences and the phenomenological perspective when assessing hypnosis and hypnotizability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Di Filippo
- Department of Psychological, Economic and Communication Sciences, University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Livio Perri
- Department of Psychological, Economic and Communication Sciences, University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
- De Sanctis Clinical Center (CCDS), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cruz-Sanabria F, Faraguna U, Panu C, Tommasi L, Bruno S, Bazzani A, Sebastiani L, Santarcangelo EL. Hypnotizability-related risky experience and behavior. Neurosci Lett 2024; 821:137625. [PMID: 38185203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Risk is the probability of an adverse event. The proneness to take a risk and the risk taking behavior differ among the general population. Hypnotizability is a stable psychophysiological trait expressing the individual proneness to modify perception, memory and behavior following specific suggestions also in the ordinary state of consciousness. Some hypnotizability-related neurophysiological and behavioral correlates suggest that hypnotizability level, measured by standard scales classifying individuals as low (lows), medium (mediums) and high hypnotizable (highs) subjects, can be related to risk propensity and risk-taking. To study whether hypnotizability modulates risk propensity and behavior, we recruited healthy participants, classified through the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility scale, form A, and compared lows' (n = 33), mediums' (n = 19) and highs'(n = 15) experiential and behavioral risk perception and propensity variables through the Domain-specific risk-taking scale and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. MANOVA results indicated that different hypnotizability levels are not associated with different risky behavior and experience, except for higher expected financial benefits from risky behavior in lows. However, hypnotizability-related risk profiles were identified through correlational analyses. In fact, highs exhibited a negative association between risk perception and propensity to risk-taking, whereas mediums and lows displayed a positive association between risk propensity and expected benefit. In conclusion, the highs' profile indicates a more automatic behavior with respect to mediums and lows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francy Cruz-Sanabria
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carola Panu
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tommasi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Bruno
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bazzani
- Institute of Management, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Information Science and Technologies "Alessandro Faedo" (ISTI-CNR), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zelič Ž, Sebastiani L, Santarcangelo EL. Association of Hypnotizability, Interoception, and Emotion. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37363858 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2023.2226188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The present scoping review reports the reciprocal relations between hypnotizability, interoception, and emotion. Brain morpho-functional differences may account for the lower interoceptive accuracy, higher interoceptive sensitivity, and different emotional strategies observed in highly hypnotizable participants with respect to medium-to-low hypnotizables. Since interoception is relevant to both physical and mental health and hypnotizability can predict both interoceptive abilities and the efficacy of interoception-based mental training, this allows for the development of new forms of treatment and rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Žan Zelič
- Department of Translational Medicine and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Medicine and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica Laura Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Medicine and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Facco E. Hypnosis and Hypnotic ability between old beliefs and new evidences: An epistemological reflection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2022; 64:20-35. [PMID: 34748464 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1863181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The history of hypnosis has been marked by its effectiveness paralleled by prejudicial refusal, due to its ostensible incompatibility with the ruling Weltbild (picture of the world). Its interpretation has been mainly based on concepts like suggestibility, dissociation, hallucination, impairment of sense of agency, and free will. Nevertheless, little evidence and agreement has been reached so far on the nature of hypnosis and hypnotic ability, an uncertainty enhanced by the wide range of meanings and ambiguities of the used terms. This article analyzes the main epistemological implications involved in the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Facco
- University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Inst. Franco Granone – Italian Center of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (CIIICS), Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perri RL. In medio stat virtus: The importance of studying mediums in hypnosis research. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2022; 64:4-11. [PMID: 34748462 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1859980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most of the experimental investigations on hypnosis used to compare small samples of individuals with low or high responsiveness to hypnosis by systematically excluding medium responders. The present article underlines the limitations of this methodological approach that may have partially weakened the scientific impact of hypnosis research. In fact, the mediums-neglecting bias might be one of the reasons why some investigations suffer from low replicability and generalizability. Themes such as hypnotizability scales, suggestibility, statistical power, and research design are critically reviewed with the aim of proposing a more rigorous approach that boost up impact and reliability of hypnosis research. In particular, the recruitment of medium hypnotizables and the adoption of a within-instead of a between-subjects design currently seem to be some of the best recommendations for strengthening hypnosis research, as well as to renew the dialogue between clinical and experimental hypnosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Does Hypnotizability Affect Neurovascular Coupling During Cognitive Tasks? Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113915. [PMID: 35843420 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility to hypnosis is a very pervasive psychophysiological trait characterized by different attentional abilities, information processing, and cardiovascular control. Since near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a good index of neurovascular coupling, we used it during mental computation (MC) and trail making task (TMT) in 13 healthy low-to-medium (med-lows) and 10 healthy medium-to-high hypnotizable (med-highs) participants classified according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS), form A, and characterized for the level of proneness to be deeply absorbed in cognitive tasks by the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS). Med-highs reported greater absorption than med-lows. The tissue hemoglobin index (THI) and the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) increased across the tasks only in med-highs who displayed also different time courses of THI and TOI during MC and TMT, which indicates different tasks processing despite the two groups' similar performance. The findings suggest that the med-highs' tissue oxygenation is more finely adjusted to metabolic demands than med-lows'.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaczmarska AD, Mielimąka M, Rutkowski K. Hypnotizability and psychopathology of patients with personality disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2022; 65:160-168. [PMID: 35793675 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2022.2081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of hypnotizability is useful in research and predicting the effects of hypnosis in clinical practice. There are few contemporary scientific reports examining the relationship between hypnotizability and psychopathological personality dimensions. The current study explores the connections between abnormal personality in psychiatric patients and the hypnotizability level. Fifty-five patients with anxiety and personality disorders who previously completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were invited to undergo the Elkins Hypnotizability Scale - Clinical Form (EHS-CF). The hypnotizability scores comprise a normal distribution but shifted toward low scores. Twenty-seven patients were included in the low hypnotizability (LOW) group, and 28 patients in the medium to high (MID-HIGH) group. The number of participants with high scores on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia MMPI-2 clinical scales was significantly higher in the LOW than in the MID-HIGH group. Patterns of associations between hypnotizability and psychopathology differed in the two groups. The results indicate that moderate hypnotizability should be considered a normal trait that has no meaningful relationship with psychopathology, but certain dysfunctional symptoms of personality disorders may entail resistance and a defensive attitude toward the hypnotherapy, resulting in a tendency to obtain lower hypnotizability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Mielimąka
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rutkowski
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Subjects with Different Hypnotizability Scores. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050558. [PMID: 35624945 PMCID: PMC9138886 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypnotizability is a cognitive trait associated with differences in the brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation of individuals with high hypnotizability (highs) and low hypnotizability scores (lows). The study investigated possible hypnotizability-related cerebrovascular differences. Among 24 healthy volunteers, the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale Form A identified 13 medium-to-lows (med-lows), 11 medium-to-highs (med-highs), and 1 medium hypnotizable. Hypnotizability did not influence the significant changes produced by the trail making task (TMT), mental arithmetic task (MAT), hyperventilation (HVT), and rebreathing (RBT) on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP), and partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), but moderated the correlations between the changes occurring during tasks with respect to basal conditions (Δ) in ABP and PETCO2 with middle cerebral artery flow velocity (MCAv). In HVT, med-lows exhibited a significant correlation between ΔMCAv and ΔPETCO2, and med-highs showed a significant correlation between ΔABP and ΔMCAv. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and conductance (ΔCVCi) were significantly correlated with ΔMCAv only in med-lows during HVT and RBT. For the first time, cerebrovascular reactivity related to hypnotizability was investigated, evidencing different correlations among hemodynamic variables in med-highs and med-lows.
Collapse
|
10
|
Biscuola E, Bongini M, Belcari I, Santarcangelo EL, Sebastiani L. Well-Being in Highly Hypnotizable Persons. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2022; 70:123-135. [PMID: 35344452 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2022.2049972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Both hypnotizability and well-being are relevant to health. This study aimed to investigate whether high hypnotizability was positively associated with well-being and whether the latter was related to the activity of the behavioral inhibition/approach system (BIS/BAS). ANOVA revealed significantly higher scores on the General Well-Being Index (PGWBI) in highly hypnotizable (highs, n = 31) compared with low hypnotizable participants (lows, n = 53), with medium hypnotizable participants (mediums, n = 41) exhibiting intermediate values. This finding was discussed in relation to other hypnotizability-related traits, such as morpho-functional brain characteristics, equivalence between imagery and perception, and interoceptive sensitivity. A secondary finding was a nonsignificant gender difference in scores on the PGWBI. The highs' higher well-being could be considered a favorable prognostic factor for physical and mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Biscuola
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Bongini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Belcari
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Perri RL, Perrotta D, Rossani F, Pekala RJ. Boosting the hypnotic experience. Inhibition of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex alters hypnotizability and sense of agency. A randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled tDCS study. Behav Brain Res 2022; 425:113833. [PMID: 35276309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypnotizability refers to the individual responsiveness to hypnosis, and literature shows that the greater the hypnotizability, the more effective the hypnotic suggestions. So far, few studies attempted to enhance hypnotizability, and only two adopted brain stimulation with magnetic pulses. In the present study, we aimed to boost hypnotizability through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). To this aim, bilateral tDCS was applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with the target electrode providing negative current (cathodal stimulation) over the left hemisphere. Twenty-nine subjects participated in the study and they were randomly assigned to the sham or the active group in a double-blind design. The hypnotic experience was assessed before and after the stimulation through a phenomenological measure of consciousness (the PCI-HAP). The main findings revealed that a single tDCS session enhanced the hypnotic depth by 11% and reduced the volitional control by 30%, while no differences emerged in the sham group. This is the first study adopting the electrical neurostimulation to produce an alteration of hypnotizability and sense of agency, and confirmed the key-role of the DLPFC and executive control in the hypnotic phenomena. If confirmed, these findings could have relevant implications as enhanced hypnotizability could be translated into better outcomes for many hypnotic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo L Perri
- University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy; De Sanctis Clinical Center (CCDS), Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Ronald J Pekala
- Private Practice, West Chester, PA, USA & Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Coatesville, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palsson OS, Ballou S, Walker ME. Association of Thought Impact Scale Scores with Hypnosis Treatment Responses and Hypnotherapy-Seeking: A Confirmation Study. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2022; 70:28-48. [PMID: 34871135 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2022.2003696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that high Thought Impact Scale (TIS) scores are associated with greater therapeutic response to hypnosis treatment and greater tendency to seek such treatment. This study aimed to confirm those findings in a new population-based subject sample and also evaluate hypothesized associations of TIS scores with several hypnotic phenomena. An internet survey of 1,500 U.S. adults identified 80 individuals who had undergone hypnosis treatment. As previously found, high TIS scorers were much more likely than low scorers (median-split) to have undergone hypnosis treatment (7.2% vs. 3.2%, p < .0001), but, in contrast with prior findings, high TIS scorers did not report a significantly higher rate of moderate or greater improvement from hypnosis treatment (58.6% vs. 40.9%, p = .12). TIS scores were positively correlated with greater imagery vividness, sense of automaticity, and altered body perception during hypnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olafur S Palsson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Sarah Ballou
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mioli A, Diolaiuti F, Zangrandi A, Orsini P, Sebastiani L, Santarcangelo EL. Multisensory Integration Is Modulated by Hypnotizability. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2021; 69:215-224. [PMID: 33560171 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2021.1877089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated multisensory integration in 29 medium-to-high (mid-highs) and 24 low-to-medium (mid-lows) hypnotizable individuals, classified according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form A. Participants completed a simultaneity judgment (SJ) task, where an auditory and a visual stimulus were presented in close proximity to their body in a range of 11 stimulus onset asynchronies. Results show that mid-highs were prone to judge audiovisual stimuli as simultaneous over a wider range of time intervals between sensory stimuli, as expressed by a broader temporal binding window, when the visual stimulus precedes the auditory one. No significant difference was observed for response times. Findings indicate a role of hypnotizability in multisensory integration likely due to the highs' cerebellar peculiarities and/or sensory modality preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Diolaiuti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Zangrandi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Rome, Italy.,Clinical Neuropsychology, Cognitive Disorders and Dyslexia Unit, Department of Neuro-Motor Diseases, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lanatà A, Greco A, Ciardelli M, Uvelli A, Fratini E, Manzoni D, Scilingo EP, Santarcangelo EL, Sebastiani L. Linear and non linear measures of pupil size as a function of hypnotizability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5196. [PMID: 33664358 PMCID: PMC7970859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher arousal and cortical excitability have been observed in high hypnotizable individuals (highs) with respect to low hypnotizables (lows), which may be due to differences in the activation of ascending activating systems. The present study investigated the possible hypnotizability-related difference in the cortical noradrenergic tone sustained by the activity of the Locus Coeruleus which is strongly related to pupil size. This was measured during relaxation in three groups of participants—highs (N = 15), lows (N = 15) and medium hypnotizable individuals (mediums, N = 11)—in the time and frequency domains and through the Recurrence Quantification Analysis. ECG and Skin Conductace (SC) were monitored to extract autonomic indices of relaxation (heart interbeats intervals, parasympathetic component of heart rate variability (RMSSD) and tonic SC (MeanTonicSC). Most variables indicated that participants relaxed throughout the session. Pupil features did not show significant differences between highs, mediums and lows, except for the spectral Band Median Frequency which was higher in mediums than in lows and highs at the beginning, but not at the end of the session.Thus, the present findings of pupil size cannot account for the differences in arousal and motor cortex excitability observed between highs and lows in resting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lanatà
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Greco
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mirco Ciardelli
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Allison Uvelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Diego Manzoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enzo P Scilingo
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 31, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perri RL, Bianco V, Facco E, Di Russo F. Now You See One Letter, Now You See Meaningless Symbols: Perceptual and Semantic Hypnotic Suggestions Reduce Stroop Errors Through Different Neurocognitive Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:600083. [PMID: 33510612 PMCID: PMC7835729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling literature has suggested the possibility of adopting hypnotic suggestions to override the Stroop interference effect. However, most of these studies mainly reported behavioral data and were conducted on highly hypnotizable individuals. Thus, the question of the neural locus of the effects and their generalizability remains open. In the present study, we used the Stroop task in a within-subject design to test the neurocognitive effects of two hypnotic suggestions: the perceptual request to focus only on the central letter of the words and the semantic request to observe meaningless symbols. Behavioral results indicated that the two types of suggestions did not alter response time (RT), but both favored more accurate performance compared to the control condition. Both types of suggestions increased sensory awareness and reduced discriminative visual attention, but the perceptual request selectively engaged more executive control of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the semantic request selectively suppressed the temporal cortex activity devoted to graphemic analysis of the words. The present findings demonstrated that the perceptual and the semantic hypnotic suggestions reduced Stroop errors through common and specific top-down modulations of different neurocognitive processes but left the semantic activation unaltered. Finally, as we also recruited participants with a medium level of hypnotizability, the present data might be considered potentially representative of the majority of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Livio Perri
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,”Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Facco
- Studium Patavinum, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Inst. F. Granone—Italian Center of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,”Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Facco E, Bacci C, Casiglia E, Zanette G. Preserved critical ability and free will in deep hypnosis during oral surgery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2021; 63:229-241. [PMID: 33617428 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1797625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Free will is a complex construct that includes critical reasoning, sense of ownership, and agency. The whole history of hypnosis has been linked to suggestibility. Little agreement has been reached, however, on exactly what we mean by suggestibility, and its role in hypnosis, despite the abundance of studies, hypotheses, and theories published to date. We report on a highly hypnotizable patient with a previous allergy to lidocaine and paradoxical reactions to pharmacological sedation, who underwent oral surgery with mepivacaine for local anesthesia, and hypnosis for sedation. During the procedure, she felt some pain and the hypnotist recommended bupivacaine to ensure lasting anesthesia. While remaining under deep hypnosis, the patient refused to change anesthetic and decided autonomously to continue with mepivacaine (for which she had previously been tested for allergy). Our case clearly shows a preserved, exemplary reasoning and ability to make autonomous decisions diverging from the hypnotist's advice while under deep hypnosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Gold SN, Quiñones M. Applicability of hypnosis to the treatment of Complex PTSD and dissociation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2020; 63:78-94. [PMID: 33118880 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1789546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In considering the applicability of hypnosis to treating Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) we examine the relationship between trauma, hypnosis, and dissociation, the latter being a common response to traumatization that is particularly salient in C-PTSD. We then provide an overview of the nature of C-PTSD, which research is beginning to demonstrate is considerably more prevalent than the more circumscribed PTSD syndrome depicted in the DSM. Building on this foundation, we discuss the reasons why hypnotically structured treatment is particularly well suited for C-PTSD, explaining how each of the major aspects of this syndrome can be addressed within a hypnotic framework.
Collapse
|
18
|
Floyd TE, Johnson B, Kaufman JA. The Nature of Clinical Hypnosis. ECOPSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Elliott Floyd
- Experiential Education, Department of Recreation, Parks & Leisure Services, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bernadeia Johnson
- Department of Educational Leadership, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason A. Kaufman
- Department of Educational Leadership, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perri RL, Facco E, Quinzi F, Bianco V, Berchicci M, Rossani F, Di Russo F. Cerebral mechanisms of hypnotic hypoesthesia. An ERP investigation on the expectancy stage of perception. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13657. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Livio Perri
- Department Unicusano University “Niccolò Cusano” Rome Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | - Enrico Facco
- Studium Patavinum Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy
- Institution F. GranoneItalian Center of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis Turin Italy
| | - Federico Quinzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | | | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | | | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Testoni I, Bonelli B, Biancalani G, Zuliani L, Nava FA. Psychodrama in attenuated custody prison-based treatment of substance dependence: The promotion of changes in wellbeing, spontaneity, perceived self-efficacy, and alexithymia. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2020.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Testoni I, Ronconi L, Cupit IN, Nodari E, Bormolini G, Ghinassi A, Messeri D, Cordioli C, Zamperini A. The effect of death education on fear of death amongst Italian adolescents: A nonrandomized controlled study. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 44:179-188. [PMID: 30654717 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2018.1528056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the psychological effects of death education in reducing the fear of death in a large cohort of Italian adolescents. Following the constructs of "distal defenses" and "mortality salience" of Terror Management Theory, this research intervention also evaluated the proposition that spirituality and belief in an afterlife could provide an effective buffer against fear of death. Five hundred thirty-four Italian high school students participated in a school-based death education program with an experimental group and a nonrandomized control condition. Using a pre/post-course design, we assessed fear of death, alexithymia, and representations of death and spirituality for both groups. Results confirmed that the course reduced death fears and the representation of death as annihilation while also enhancing spirituality. In particular, the older participants in the death education course increased their spirituality and decreased their fear of death, whereas females reduced their conviction that death was an absolute annihilation. Finally, the structural model suggested that alexithymia mediates the relationships among fear of death and spirituality; in particular, fear of death predicted more alexithymia and more alexithymia predicted lower spirituality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Testoni
- FISPPA Department, Master in Death Studies & The End of Life, University of Padova, Italy
- Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Elisa Nodari
- FISPPA Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scacchia P, De Pascalis V. Effects of Prehypnotic Instructions on Hypnotizability and Relationships Between Hypnotizability, Absorption, and Empathy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2020; 62:231-266. [PMID: 31928517 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2019.1586639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although hypnotizability exhibits high across-time and across-test consistencies, it is not clear (a) how different preambles to a hypnotic procedure (metasuggestions) influence responsiveness to suggestions and the strength of the association between two hypnotizability scales and (b) how hypnotizability relates to absorption and empathy. In Experiment 1, nonclinical participants (N = 152 women) were administered the Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale (MODTAS), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP), and Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C). In Experiment 2, nonclinical participants (N = 188; 105 women and 83 men) were administered the MODTAS, IRI, and Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A). The induction scores of the HIP (HIP-IND) and the SHSS:C scores showed a significantly stronger correlation when the HIP was introduced to the participants after hypnosis metasuggestion (HIP-H-IND) than after imagination metasuggestion (HIP-I-IND). Metasuggestion was a moderator of the association between HIP-IND and SHSS:C scores. Participants with low and medium, but not with high, hypnotizability levels on the SHSS:C showed significantly higher scores on the HIP-I-IND than on the HIP-H-IND. The strong correlations between the SHSS:C, HIP-H-IND, and HIP eye-roll (HIP-ER) scores indicate that both the HIP-H-IND and HIP-ER are robust measures of hypnotizability. Absorption and empathy were not significantly associated with hypnotizability. Women were more hypnotizable than men, as assessed by the HGSHS:A. The clinical relevance of metasuggestions, intended to increase responsiveness to suggestions, is discussed as a strategy to improve treatment outcomes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Palsson OS. Development and Validation of the Thought Impact Scale: A Measure of Subconscious Connectedness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2020; 62:198-230. [PMID: 31928516 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2018.1561415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Thought Impact Scale (TIS) is a new questionnaire designed to measure the theorized psychological characteristic of subconscious connectedness, defined as the degree to which nonconscious mental functions spontaneously interact with, and are accessible to, conscious awareness in everyday life. A principal reason for developing the TIS was the expectation that subconscious connectedness influences hypnosis treatment responses and seeking of hypnosis treatment. Two studies involving 1,216 subjects were carried out to validate the questionnaire. The TIS exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and 0.95), good one-month test-retest reliability (r = 0.89), and convergent validity evidenced by substantial correlations with other measures hypothesized to partly assess the same construct: Absorption (r = 0.70), fantasy proneness (r = 0.54), dissociation (r = 0.50), and emotional empathy (r = 0.39). TIS scores were approximately normally distributed, higher in females than males, and declining with age. Exploratory factor analysis showed the TIS to be composed of a single dominant factor. High TIS scorers were 2.5 times as likely as low scorers to have undergone hypnosis treatment, 2.6 times as likely to report at least moderate benefit after hypnosis treatment, and 3.8 times as likely to consider themselves highly hypnotizable. High TIS scorers also more frequently reported being highly creative, art lovers, intuition-reliant, absentminded, spontaneous, novelty-seeking, and prone to form intense relationships. The TIS is a reliable and valid measure that is likely to be useful in clinical hypnosis practice and hypnosis research and for quantifying communication between conscious and nonconscious mental functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olafur S. Palsson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Facco E, Mendozzi L, Bona A, Motta A, Garegnani M, Costantini I, Dipasquale O, Cecconi P, Menotti R, Coscioli E, Lipari S. Dissociative identity as a continuum from healthy mind to psychiatric disorders: Epistemological and neurophenomenological implications approached through hypnosis. Med Hypotheses 2019; 130:109274. [PMID: 31383343 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The topic of multiple personality, redefined as Dissociative Identity Disorders (DIDs) in the DSM-5, is an intriguing and still debated disorder with a long history and deep cultural and epistemological implications, extending up to the idea of possession. Hypnosis is an appealing and valuable model to manipulate subjective experience and get an insight on both the physiology and the pathophysiology of the mind-brain functioning; it and has been closely connected with DIDs and possession since its origin in 18th century and as recently proved the capacity to yield a loss of sense of agency, mimicking delusions of alien control and spirit possession. In this study we report on five very uncommon "hypnotic virtuosos" (HVs) free from any psychiatric disorder, spontaneously undergoing the emergence of multiple identities during neutral hypnosis; this allowed us to check the relationship between their experience and fMRI data. During hypnosis the subjects underwent spontaneous non-intrusive experiences of other selves which were not recalled after the end of the session, due to post-hypnotic amnesia. The fMRI showed a significant decrease of connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) especially between the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex. Our results and their contrast with the available data on fMRI in DIDs allows to draw the hypothesis of a continuum between healthy mind - where multiple identities may coexist at unconscious level and may sometimes emerge to the consciousness - and DIDs, where multiple personalities emerge as dissociated, ostensibly autonomous components yielding impaired functioning, subject's loss of control and suffering. If this is the case, it seems more reasonable to refrain from seeking for a clear-cut limit between normality (anyway a conventional, statistical concept) and pathology, and accept a grey area in between, where ostensibly odd but non-pathological experiences may occur (including so-called non-ordinary mental expressions) without calling for treatment but, rather, for being properly understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Facco
- Studium Patavinum - Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Italy; Science of Consciousness Research Group, Dept. of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy; Inst. F. Granone - Italian Center of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (CIICS), Turin, Italy.
| | - Laura Mendozzi
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Bona
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Achille Motta
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Albese con Cassano, via Roma 16, Como, Italy
| | - Massimo Garegnani
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Isa Costantini
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cecconi
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Menotti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Albese con Cassano, via Roma 16, Como, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Lipari
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cerebellar Structural Variations in Subjects with Different Hypnotizability. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:109-118. [PMID: 30022466 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypnotizability-the proneness to accept suggestions and behave accordingly-has a number of physiological and behavioral correlates (postural, visuomotor, and pain control) which suggest a possible involvement of cerebellar function and/or structure. The present study was aimed at investigating the association between cerebellar macro- or micro-structural variations (analyzed through a voxel-based morphometry and a diffusion tensor imaging approach) and hypnotic susceptibility. We also estimated morphometric variations of cerebral gray matter structures, to support current evidence of hypnotizability-related differences in some cerebral areas. High (highs, N = 12), and low (lows, N = 37) hypnotizable healthy participants (according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form A) were submitted to a high field (3 T) magnetic resonance imaging protocol. In comparison to lows, highs showed smaller gray matter volumes in left cerebellar lobules IV/V and VI at uncorrected level, with the results in left lobule IV/V maintained also at corrected level. Highs showed also gray matter volumes smaller than lows in right inferior temporal gyrus, middle and superior orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and supramarginal parietal gyrus, as well as in left gyrus rectus, insula, and middle temporal cortex at uncorrected level. Results of right inferior temporal gyrus survived also at corrected level. Analyses on micro-structural data failed to reveal any significant association. The here found morphological variations allow to extend the traditional cortico-centric view of hypnotizability to the cerebellar regions, suggesting that cerebellar peculiarities may sustain hypnotizability-related differences in sensorimotor integration and emotional control.
Collapse
|
26
|
Testoni I, Iacona E, Fusina S, Floriani M, Crippa M, Maccarini A, Zamperini A. "Before I die I want to …": An experience of death education among university students of social service and psychology. Health Psychol Open 2018; 5:2055102918809759. [PMID: 30479826 PMCID: PMC6247490 DOI: 10.1177/2055102918809759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The censorship of death and dying has removed the "memento mori" practices, and in order to reintroduce this practice, some "Before I die" projects have been increasingly implemented. Running in parallel, in the syllabi of social service and psychology students, some experiences of death education has commenced. This study illustrates the results of a qualitative research conducted on the "Before I die I want to …" Polaroid® Project (BIDIWT), which is divided into two phases. The first phase entails an analysis of the wishes collected from the United States, Japan, India, and Italy. The second phase refers to the analysis of the captions of the BIDIWT realized from two groups of undergraduates, with regard to the effect of such experience on their religiosity, representation of death, and fear of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Testoni
- University of Padova, Italy.,University of Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Does a hypnosis session reduce the required propofol dose during closed-loop anaesthesia induction? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35:675-681. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
28
|
Varanini M, Balocchi R, Carli G, Paoletti G, Santarcangelo EL. HYPNOTIZABILITY AND PAIN MODULATION: A Body-Mind Perspective. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2018; 66:265-281. [PMID: 29856285 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2018.1460561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated whether the cardiac activity and cognitive-emotional traits sustained by the behavioral inhibition/activation system (BIS/BAS) may contribute to hypnotizability-related pain modulation. Nociceptive stimulation (cold-pressor test) was administered to healthy participants with high (highs) and low (lows) hypnotizability in the presence and absence of suggestions for analgesia. Results showed that heart rate increased abruptly at the beginning of nociceptive stimulation in all participants. Then, only in highs heart rate decreased for the entire duration of hand immersion. During stimulation with suggestions of analgesia, pain threshold negatively correlated with heart rate. BIS/BAS activity partially accounted for the observed hypnotizability-related differences in the relation between cardiac interoception and pain experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Varanini
- a Institute of Physilogy , National Council of Research , Pisa , Italy
| | - Rita Balocchi
- a Institute of Physilogy , National Council of Research , Pisa , Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wickramasekera I. REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2018; 61:77-84. [PMID: 29771213 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2018.1465292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
30
|
Facco E. Ipnosi ed esperienze di premorte nel continuum delle espressioni non ordinarie della mente. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3280/ipn2018-001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Testoni I, Ronconi L, Palazzo L, Galgani M, Stizzi A, Kirk K. Psychodrama and Moviemaking in a Death Education Course to Work Through a Case of Suicide Among High School Students in Italy. Front Psychol 2018; 9:441. [PMID: 29692745 PMCID: PMC5902682 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the psychological effects of an experience of death education (DE) used to explore a case of suicide in an Italian high school. DE activities included philosophical and religious perspectives of the relationships between death and the meaning of life, a visit to a local hospice, and psychodrama activities, which culminated in the production of short movies. The intervention involved 268 high school students (138 in the experimental group). Pre-test and post-test measures assessed ontological representations of death, death anxiety, alexithymia, and meaning in life. Results confirmed that, in the experimental group, death anxiety was significantly reduced as much as the representation of death as annihilation and alexithymia, while a sense of spirituality and the meaning of life were more enhanced, compared to the No DE group. These improvements in the positive meaning of life and the reduction of anxiety confirmed that it is possible to manage trauma and grief at school with death education interventions that include religious discussion, psychodrama and movie making activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Testoni
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Ronconi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenza Palazzo
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Kate Kirk
- Cork Counselling Services, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Casiglia E, Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Albertini F, Lapenta AM, Gasparotti F, Finatti F, Rossi AM, Zanette G, Giacomello M, Giordano N, Favaro J, Facco E. The Mysterious Hypnotic Analgesia: Experimental Evidences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.98112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Facco E, Lucangeli D, Tressoldi P. On the Science of Consciousness: Epistemological Reflections and Clinical Implications. Explore (NY) 2017; 13:163-180. [PMID: 28359768 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Consciousness has been one of the most important and tantalizing issues ever since the origin of philosophy and medicine. The concept of consciousness and the so-called "hard problem" (i.e., the mind-brain relationship) are highly complex topics that have yet to be elucidated, involving the realms of both science and philosophy with profound epistemological implications. In the lively debate on the foundations of the science of consciousness there are several potential biases of an essentially philosophical nature, such as those related to the paradigm and axioms adopted, and the ostensible logical contradiction between monism and dualism. Their origin dates back largely to Descartes' thinking and the birth of the new sciences as a compromise with the Inquisition, but they have been handed down through the Enlightenment and Positivism. A proper investigation of consciousness and the world of subjectivity demands a careful reflection on the paradigm of scientific medicine to identify possible flaws and overcome the limits of the mechanistic-reductionist approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Facco
- Studium Patavinum, University of Padua, Italy; Institute Franco Granone-Italian Center of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis (CIICS), Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lucangeli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Italy; Human Potential Network Research Foundation, Padua, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|