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Guo W, Xu M, Song X, Cheng Y, Deng Y, Liu M. Association of Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor with 3-Month Poor Outcome and Malignant Cerebral Edema in Patients with Large Hemispheric Infarction. Neurocrit Care 2024:10.1007/s12028-024-01958-8. [PMID: 38561586 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-024-01958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the associations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2/4), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) with 3-month poor outcome, death, and malignant cerebral edema (MCE) in patients with large hemispheric infarction (LHI). METHODS Patients with LHI within 24 h of onset were enrolled consecutively. Serum MIF, TLR2/4, and MMP9 concentrations on admission were measured. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≥ 3 at 3 months. MCE was defined as a decreased level of consciousness, anisocoria and midline shift > 5 mm or basal cistern effacement, or indications for decompressive craniectomy during hospitalization. The cutoff values for MIF/MMP9 were obtained from the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Of the 130 patients with LHI enrolled, 90 patients (69.2%) had 3-month poor outcome, and MCE occurred in 55 patients (42.3%). Patients with serum MIF concentrations ≤ 7.82 ng/mL for predicting 3-month poor outcome [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.827, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.144-6.990, p = 0.024] also distinguished death (adjusted OR 4.329, 95% CI 1.841-10.178, p = 0.001). Similarly, MMP9 concentrations ≤ 46.56 ng/mL for predicting 3-month poor outcome (adjusted OR 2.814, 95% CI 1.236-6.406, p = 0.014) also distinguished 3-month death (adjusted OR 3.845, 95% CI 1.534-9.637, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Lower serum MIF and MMP9 concentrations at an early stage were independently associated with 3-month poor outcomes and death in patients with LHI. These findings need further confirmation in larger sample studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Sichuan University West China Hospital, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mangmang Xu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xindi Song
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Cheng
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilun Deng
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Skórkowska A, Jurczyk J, Budziszewska B, Pera J. Chicago sky blue 6B exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on focal cerebral ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116102. [PMID: 38159376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Cessation of the blood supply to the brain directly stimulates many pathological events, including glutamate overload and neuroinflammation. Glial cell activation occurs shortly after ischemia onset, resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines and exacerbation of the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation. Proinflammatory signals influence the infiltration of a wide range of immune cells, including neutrophils, T cells and monocytes/macrophages. In this study, we aimed to verify the potential anti-inflammatory effect of Chicago Sky Blue 6B (CSB6B) in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia (90-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion). CSB6B was administered 2 h before (pretreatment) or 1.5 h after reperfusion onset (posttreatment). A model of ischemic preconditioning was used as the comparator to pretreatment with CSB6B. The results of indicated that posttreatment with CSB6B had profound anti-inflammatory effects that were associated with reduced neurological deficits and a decreased infarct volume. At 24 h, 3 days and 7 days after brain ischemia, CSB6B administration reduced the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as Il1β, Il6, Il18 and TNFα, in the cerebral cortex and the dorsal striatum. Treatment with CSB6B also limited the scope of microglia and astrocyte activation and the infiltration of immune cells. Taken together, this study shows that compounds such as CSB6B might be promising pharmacological tools; however, further studies on the improvements in the drug-like properties of these compounds must be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pomierny
- Laboratory for Stroke Research, Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland.
| | - W Krzyżanowska
- Laboratory for Stroke Research, Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - A Skórkowska
- Laboratory for Stroke Research, Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - J Jurczyk
- Laboratory for Stroke Research, Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - B Budziszewska
- Laboratory for Stroke Research, Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - J Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
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Zhao J, Wang X, Yu M, Zhang S, Li Q, Liu H, Zhang J, Cai R, Lu C, Li S. The Relevance of Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Level and Executive Function in Patients with White Matter Hyperintensity in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040616. [PMID: 37190581 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) level and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and executive function (EF) in cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD), and assess the impact and predictive value of MIF level and Fazekas scores in CSVD-related cognitive impairment (CI) (CSVD-CI); (2) Methods: A total of 117 patients with WMH admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from January 2022 to August 2022 were enrolled. According to the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale, subjects were divided into a normal cognitive group and an impaired group. All subjects required serum MIF level, 3.0 T MRI, and neuropsychological evaluation to investigate the risk factors for CDVD-CI, analyze the correlation between MIF level, WMH, and EF, and to analyze the diagnostic value of MIF and WMH degree in predicting CSVD-CI; (3) Results: 1. Fazekas score and MIF level were the risk factors of CSVD-CI. 2. The Fazekas score was negatively correlated with MoCA score, positively correlated with Stroop C-Time, Stroop C-Mistake, Stroop interference effects (SIE)-Time, SIE-Mistake, and color trails test (CTT) interference effects (CIE) (B-A). 3. The MIF level was positively correlated with Fazekas score, Stroop C-Time, SIE-Time, CTT B-Time, and CIE (B-A), and negatively correlated with MoCA score. 4. Fazekas score and MIF level were significant factors for diagnosing CSVD-CI; (4) Conclusion: The Fazekas score and MIF level may be the risk factors of CSVD-CI, and they are closely correlated to CI, especially the EF, and they have diagnostic value for CSVD-CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Shiyun Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Imaging Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Ruiyan Cai
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Neurology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhao J, Wang X, Li Q, Lu C, Li S. The relevance of serum macrophage migratory inhibitory factor and cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vascular disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1083818. [PMID: 36824264 PMCID: PMC9941340 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1083818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) is a common type of cerebrovascular disease, and an important cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and stroke. The disease burden is expected to increase further as a result of population aging, an ongoing high prevalence of risk factors (e.g., hypertension), and inadequate management. Due to the poor understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD, there is no effective preventive or therapeutic approach for CSVD. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine that is related to the occurrence and development of vascular dysfunction diseases. Therefore, MIF may contribute to the pathogenesis of CSVD and VCI. Here, reviewed MIF participation in chronic cerebral ischemia-hypoperfusion and neurodegeneration pathology, including new evidence for CSVD, and its potential role in protection against VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China,*Correspondence: Jianhua Zhao,
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Alsbrook DL, Di Napoli M, Bhatia K, Desai M, Hinduja A, Rubinos CA, Mansueto G, Singh P, Domeniconi GG, Ikram A, Sabbagh SY, Divani AA. Pathophysiology of Early Brain Injury and Its Association with Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of Current Literature. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031015. [PMID: 36769660 PMCID: PMC9918117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a common and serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Though many clinical trials have looked at therapies for DCI and vasospasm in aSAH, along with reducing rebleeding risks, none have led to improving outcomes in this patient population. We present an up-to-date review of the pathophysiology of DCI and its association with early brain injury (EBI). Recent Findings: Recent studies have demonstrated that EBI, as opposed to delayed brain injury, is the main contributor to downstream pathophysiological mechanisms that play a role in the development of DCI. New predictive models, including advanced monitoring and neuroimaging techniques, can help detect EBI and improve the clinical management of aSAH patients. Summary: EBI, the severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and physiological/imaging markers can serve as indicators for potential early therapeutics in aSAH. The microcellular milieu and hemodynamic pathomechanisms should remain a focus of researchers and clinicians. With the advancement in understanding the pathophysiology of DCI, we are hopeful that we will make strides toward better outcomes for this unique patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Alsbrook
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Neurological Service, SS Annunziata Hospital, Sulmona, 67039 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Kunal Bhatia
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Masoom Desai
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Archana Hinduja
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Clio A Rubinos
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gelsomina Mansueto
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Puneetpal Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Gustavo G Domeniconi
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Sanatorio de la Trinidad San Isidro, Buenos Aires 1640, Argentina
| | - Asad Ikram
- Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Y Sabbagh
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Afshin A Divani
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Neumaier F, Stoppe C, Stoykova A, Weiss M, Veldeman M, Höllig A, Hamou HA, Temel Y, Conzen C, Schmidt TP, Dogan R, Wiesmann M, Clusmann H, Schubert GA, Haeren RHL, Albanna W. Elevated concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in serum and cerebral microdialysate are associated with delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1066724. [PMID: 36712451 PMCID: PMC9880331 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1066724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammation is increasingly recognized to be involved in the pathophysiology of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and may increase the susceptibility to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to be elevated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after aSAH. Here, we determined MIF levels in serum, CSF and cerebral microdialysate (MD) at different time-points after aSAH and evaluated their clinical implications. Methods MIF levels were measured in serum, CSF and MD obtained from 30 aSAH patients during early (EPd1-4), critical (CPd5-15) and late (LPd16-21) phase after hemorrhage. For subgroup analyses, patients were stratified based on demographic and clinical data. Results MIF levels in serum increased during CPd5-15 and decreased again during LPd16-21, while CSF levels showed little changes over time. MD levels peaked during EPd1-4, decreased during CPd5-15 and increased again during LPd16-21. Subgroup analyses revealed significantly higher serum levels in patients with aneurysms located in the anterior vs. posterior circulation during CPd5-15 (17.3 [15.1-21.1] vs. 10.0 [8.4-11.5] ng/ml, p = 0.009) and in patients with DCI vs. no DCI during CPd5-15 (17.9 [15.1-22.7] vs. 11.9 [8.9-15.9] ng/ml, p = 0.026) and LPd16-21 (17.4 [11.7-27.9] vs. 11.3 [9.2-12.2] ng/ml, p = 0.021). In addition, MIF levels in MD during CPd5-15 were significantly higher in patients with DCI vs. no DCI (3.6 [1.8-10.7] vs. 0.2 [0.1-0.7] ng/ml, p = 0.026), while CSF levels during the whole observation period were similar in all subgroups. Conclusion Our findings in a small cohort of aSAH patients provide preliminary data on systemic, global cerebral and local cerebral MIF levels after aSAH and their clinical implications. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02142166.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Departments of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany,Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anzhela Stoykova
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Weiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Michael Veldeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hussam Aldin Hamou
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Catharina Conzen
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rabia Dogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Clusmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Alexander Schubert
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Walid Albanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,*Correspondence: Walid Albanna ✉
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Achar A, Myers R, Ghosh C. Drug Delivery Challenges in Brain Disorders across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Novel Methods and Future Considerations for Improved Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1834. [PMID: 34944650 PMCID: PMC8698904 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the physiological and structural properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the delivery of drugs to the brain poses a unique challenge in patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Several strategies have been investigated to circumvent the barrier for CNS therapeutics such as in epilepsy, stroke, brain cancer and traumatic brain injury. In this review, we summarize current and novel routes of drug interventions, discuss pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics at the neurovascular interface, and propose additional factors that may influence drug delivery. At present, both technological and mechanistic tools are devised to assist in overcoming the BBB for more efficient and improved drug bioavailability in the treatment of clinically devastating brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesha Achar
- Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Rosemary Myers
- Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Chuo D, Lin D, Yin M, Chen Y. Genetic Variants of the MIF Gene and Susceptibility of Rectal Cancer. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:55-60. [PMID: 33469341 PMCID: PMC7812028 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s282653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal cancer (RC) has been documented to be a highly invasive malignant neoplasm worldwide. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunoregulation, inflammation. In vitro and in vivo studies have identified that MIF was involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of RC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This case-control study evaluated associations of genetic variants of the MIF gene and serum level of MIF with susceptibility of RC. RESULTS We found MIF level was associated with an increased risk of RC (OR for per unit: 1.38, 95% CI:1.32-1.44; P < 0.001). Both MIF rs2012133 (OR = 1.30; 95% CIs = 1.08-1.58; P = 0.007) and rs755622 (OR = 1.45; 95% CIs = 1.15-1.82; P = 0.002) were significantly associated with increased risk of RC. Besides, we also found MIF rs5844572 was significantly associated with increased susceptibility of RC, with OR for per CATT repeat of 1.28 (95% CIs: 1.16-1.41; P < 0.001). Further, we found all three variants of the MIF gene, rs5844572, rs2012133 and rs755622, could increase serum level of MIF. CONCLUSION This study suggests that MIF plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of RC and could be used as a biomarker for early detection and prediction of RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Chuo
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Lin
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingdi Yin
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuze Chen
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Dai JX, Lin Q, Ba HJ, Ye LZ, Li ZW, Cai JY. Utility of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a potential biomarker for detection of cerebrocardiac syndrome following severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 512:179-184. [PMID: 33181151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrocardiac syndrome (CCS) is a common complication after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) and its occurrence obviously increases the risk of a poor outcome. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) acts as an inflammatory cytokine and its circulating concentration are related to acute heart and brain injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association of serum concentration of MIF with posttraumatic CCS. METHODS From January 2016 to February 2019, 116 sTBI patients and 116 healthy controls with similar age and gender percentage were recruited. Relationship between serum MIF concentration and CCS was assessed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS Serum MIF concentration of patients were significantly higher than those among controls. Serum MIF concentration were intimately correlated with Glasgow coma scale scores (t = -5.553, P < 0.001) and serum C-reactive protein concentration (t = 5.320, P < 0.001) in a multivariate linear regression model. 61 patients (52.6%) displayed CCS. Under ROC curve analylsis, there was a strong discriminatory ability for CCS regarding serum MIF concentration (area under curve, 0.834; 95% confidence interval, 0.754-0.897). Serum MIF concentration were highly associated with CCS independent of other confounding factors (odds ratio, 5.608; 95% CI: 1.896-16.587). CONCLUSIONS Increased MIF in serum may be a useful biomarker for early detection of CCS after head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qun Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hua-Jun Ba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Liang-Zhi Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jian-Yong Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Bae SH, Yoo MR, Kim YY, Hong IK, Kim MH, Lee SH, Kim DY. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to protect neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1483-1489. [PMID: 31997812 PMCID: PMC7059593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a chemokine that plays an essential role in immune system function. Previous studies suggested that MIF protects neurons in ischemic conditions. However, few studies are reported on the role of MIF in neurological recovery after ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection mediated by MIF. Human neuroblastoma cells were incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 hours and then returned to normal aerobic environment for reperfusion (OGD/R). 30 ng/mL MIF recombinant (30 ng/mL) or ISO-1 (MIF antagonist; 50 μM) was administered to human neuroblastoma cells. Then cell cultures were assigned to one of four groups: control, OGD/R, OGD/R with MIF, OGD/R with ISO-1. Cell viability was analyzed using WST-1 assay. Expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), Caspase-3, Bcl2, and Bax were detected by western blot assay and immunocytochemistry in each group to measure apoptotic activity. WST-1 assay results revealed that compared to the OGD/R group, cell survival rate was significantly higher in the OGD/R with MIF group and lower in the OGD/R with ISO-1 group. Western blot assay and immunocytochemistry results revealed that expression levels of BDNF, Bcl2, and MAP2 were significantly higher, and expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly lower in the MIF group than in the OGD/R group. Expression levels of BDNF, Bcl2, and MAP2 were significantly lower, and expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly higher in the ISO-1 group than in the OGD/R group. MIF administration promoted neuronal cell survival and induced high expression levels of BDNF, MAP2, and Bcl2 (anti-apoptosis) and low expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax (pro-apoptosis) in an OGD/R model. These results suggest that MIF administration is effective for inducing expression of BDNF and leads to neuroprotection of neuronal cells against hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hwan Bae
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Yeong Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyung Hong
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hak Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yul Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Alters Functional Properties of CA1 Hippocampal Neurons in Mouse Brain Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010276. [PMID: 31906137 PMCID: PMC6981710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in a host of neurological insults, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. The immune response to central nervous system (CNS) injury involves sequelae including the release of numerous cytokines and chemokines. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), is one such cytokine that is elevated following CNS injury, and is associated with the prognosis of TBI, and ischemic stroke. MIF has been identified in astrocytes and neurons, and some of the trophic actions of MIF have been related to its direct and indirect actions on astrocytes. However, the potential modulation of CNS neuronal function by MIF has not yet been explored. This study tests the hypothesis that MIF can directly influence hippocampal neuronal function. MIF was microinjected into the hippocampus and the genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6f, was used to measure Ca2+ events in acute adult mouse brain hippocampal slices. Results demonstrated that a single injection of 200 ng MIF into the hippocampus significantly increased baseline calcium signals in CA1 pyramidal neuron somata, and altered calcium responses to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) + D-serine in pyramidal cell apical dendrites located in the stratum radiatum. These data are the first to show direct effects of MIF on hippocampal neurons and on NMDA receptor function. Considering that MIF is elevated after brain insults such as TBI, the data suggest that, in addition to the previously described role of MIF in astrocyte reactivity, elevated MIF can have significant effects on neuronal function in the hippocampus.
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Yang X, Peng J, Pang J, Wan W, Zhong C, Peng T, Bao K, Jiang Y. The Association Between Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:397-405. [PMID: 31267487 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes have long been implicated in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been implicated in inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess whether serum levels of MIF at admission helps to predict which patients with aSAH would subsequently develop DCI. All patients with first-ever aSAH admitted between 2016 and 2017 were considered for inclusion in this prospective study. Primary study outcome was development of DCI at discharge. Serum levels of MIF, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were tested at admission. The relation of serum levels of MIF at admission with DCI was assessed by the logistic regression models. In this study, 201 patients were included. A correlation between Hunt and Hess score and serum levels of MIF was found (r = 0.340; P < 0.001). Fifty-two of the 201 aSAH (25.9%) were defined as DCI, and the obtained MIF level in those patients was higher than in those patients without DCI [26.4 (IQR, 22.6-32.4) ng/ml vs. 20.4 (16.4-24.6) ng/ml; P < 0.001). As a continuous variable, MIF was associated with the risk of DCI. When serum level of MIF was elevated by each 1 ng/ml, the unadjusted risk of DCI was increased by 18% (OR = 1.18 [1.12-1.25], P < 0.001), while the adjusted risk was increased by 10% (1.10 [1.03-1.19], P = 0.001). With the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.780 (95% CI, 0.710-0.849), the MIF showed a great discriminatory ability for DCI than CRP (0.665, 0.582-0.748; P < 0.001) and IL-6 (0.721, 0.642-0.799; P = 0.001). Interestingly, the combined model (MIF/IL-6/CRP) improved the MIF to predict DCI (AUC of the combined model: 0.811; 95% CI, 0.751-0.871; P = 0.024). Furthermore, inclusion of MIF in the existing risk factors for the prediction of DCI enhanced the index and net reclassification improvement (NRI) (P < 0.001) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) (P = 0.005) values, confirming the effective reclassification and discrimination. The data showed that elevated MIF serum level accurately identifies patients at highest risk for developing DCI following aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weifeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chuanhong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kunyang Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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Wang CW, Ma PJ, Wang YY, Yang M, Su LL, Wang S, Liu YX, Yuan B, Zhao JH. Serum level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor predicts severity and prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. Cytokine 2019; 115:8-12. [PMID: 30616035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) level in serum of ischemic stroke patients was associated with their clinical severity and early outcome. METHODS During February 2017-March 2018, consecutive patients admitted to our hospital because of first-ever ischemic stroke were identified. The prognostic value of MIF was set for predicting the outcome of these patients at discharge. The results were compared with existing methods, including National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and validated indicators. RESULTS 289 patients were enrolled. The serum level of all patients was determined (median: 20.6 ng/ml). At admission, 131 patients (45.3%) were evaluated as minor stroke (NIHSS < 5). When serum level of MIF was increased by each 1 ng/ml, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of moderate-to-high clinical severity was elevated by 5% (OR = 1.05 [95% CI: 1.01-1.09], P = 0.006) and 3% (1.03 [1.00-1.08], P = 0.02), respectively. At discharge, 82 patients (28.4%) had poor functional outcomes. The median serum level of MIF was lower in group with good outcomes than that observed in poor outcomes (19.4[15.8-24.2] vs. 24.0[19.9-29.4] ng/ml; P < 0.001). When serum level of MIF was increased by each 1 ng/ml, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of poor outcomes was elevated by 9% (1.09 [1.05-1.13], P < 0.001) and 6% (1.06 [1.02-1.10], P < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS High MIF levels are independently related to the moderate to high clinical severity in ischemic stroke patients, as well as the poor outcome at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng-Ju Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China; Department of Neurosurgery I, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China; Department of Neurosurgery I, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China; Department of Neurosurgery I, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lin-Lin Su
- Department of Neurology II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurology II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Xia Liu
- Department of General Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurology II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Xinxiang, China.
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14
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels Correlate with Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Ischemic Stroke. Neurotox Res 2018; 36:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Xu T, Pu S, Ni Y, Gao M, Li X, Zeng X. Elevated plasma macrophage migration inhibitor factor as a risk factor for the development of post-stroke depression in ischemic stroke. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 320:58-63. [PMID: 29759141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a central cytokine of the innate immunity and inflammatory responses, has been reported to link to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and depression. The aim of this study was to test the possible association between plasma MIF and the development of post-stroke depression (PSD) in Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS The first-ever AIS patients who were hospitalized at Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College during the period from November 2015 to September 2017 were included. Neurological and neuropsychological evaluations were conducted at the 3-month follow-up. Plasma concentrations of MIF were tested by Quantikine Human MIF Immunoassay. Plasma levels of homocysteine (HCY), C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) were also tested. Results were expressed as percentages for categorical variables and as medians (Interquartile range-IQR) for the continuous variables. RESULTS Finally, 333 stroke patients were included, and 95 out of those patients (28.5%) were classified as major depression. In the patients with major depression, plasma levels of MIF were higher compared with those in patients free-depression [27.3(IQR, 23.5-34.9) ng/ml vs. 20.9(IQR, 17.0-24.8) ng/ml; Z = 8.369, P < 0.001]. For each 1unit increase of MIF, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of PSD increased by 18% (odds ratios [OR]: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.23, P < 0.001) and 11% (1.11; 1.02-1.16, P = 0.001), respectively. In a multivariate model using the elevated levels of MIF (≥median) vs. normal (<median) together with the other significant clinical variables, the marker displayed prognostic information (PSD: OR for fourth quartile, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.65-6.11; P < 0.001]). When MIF was added to the model containing established significant risk factors, Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC; standard error) was increased from 0.81(0.025) to 0.86(0.019). A significant difference in the AUROC between the established risk factors alone and the addition of MIF was observed (difference, 0.05[0.006]; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that elevated plasma levels of MIF at admission were associated with increased risk of PSD in the next three months and might be useful in identifying stroke at risk for PSD for early prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- School of Clinical medicine of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Shuang Pu
- The Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Ying Ni
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Mingqing Gao
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- The Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Xianwei Zeng
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China.
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Cytokine MIF Enhances Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability: Impact for Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:743. [PMID: 29335619 PMCID: PMC5768806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options. It is very urgent to find a new target for drug development. Here we found that the blood level of MIF in ischemic stroke patients is upregulated. To figure out the pathological role of MIF in ischemic stroke, both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted. For in vitro studies, primary cortical neuron cultures and adult rat brain endothelial cells (ARBECs) were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rodent models were used for in vivo studies. The results show that MIF exerts no direct neuronal toxicity in primary culture but disrupts tight junction in ARBECs. Furthermore, administration of MIF following MCAo shows the deleterious influence on stroke-induced injury by destroying the tight junction of blood-brain barrier and increasing the infarct size. In contrast, administration of MIF antagonist ISO-1 has the profound neuroprotective effect. Our results demonstrate that MIF might be a good drug target for the therapy of stroke.
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