1
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Yu L, Bao J, Wang G, Lu W, Chen W. Structure and properties of gel‐spun ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers obtained from industrial production line. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Jianna Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Gangqiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wangyang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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2
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Wang H, Quan J, Wang X, Yu J, Zhu J, Wang Y, Hu Z. The effect of shrinkage on the structure and properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers with different concentration. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Jiayou Quan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Junrong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Zuming Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
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3
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Stockdale TA, Cole DP, Staniszewski JM, Roenbeck MR, Papkov D, Lustig SR, Dzenis YA, Strawhecker KE. Hierarchical Mechanisms of Lateral Interactions in High-Performance Fibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22256-22267. [PMID: 32142249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The processing conditions used in the production of advanced polymer fibers facilitate the formation of an oriented fibrillar network that consists of structures spanning multiple length scales. The irregular nature of fiber tensile fracture surfaces suggests that their structural integrity is defined by the degree of lateral (interfacial) interactions that exist within the fiber microstructure. To date, experimental studies have quantified interfacial adhesion between nanoscale fibrils measuring 10-50 nm in width, and the global fracture energy through applying peel loads to fiber halves. However, a more in-depth evaluation of tensile fracture indicates that fiber failure typically occurs at an intermediate length scale, involving fibrillation along interfaces between fibril bundles of a few 100s of nanometers in width. Interaction mechanisms at this length scale have not yet been studied, due in part to a lack of established experimental techniques. Here, a new focused ion beam-based sample preparation protocol is combined with nanoindentation to probe interfaces at the intermediate length scale in two high-performance fibers, a rigid-rod poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and a flexible chain ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber. Higher interfacial separation energy recorded in the rigid-rod fiber correlated with less intensive fibrillation during failure and is discussed in the context of fiber chemistry and processing. Power law scaling of the total absorbed interfacial separation energy at three different scales in the polyethylene fiber is observed and analyzed, and distinct energy absorption mechanisms, featuring a degree of self-similarity, are identified. The contribution of these mechanisms to the overall integrity of the fiber is discussed, and the importance of the intermediate scale is elucidated. Results from this study provide new insights into the mechanical implications of hierarchical lateral interactions and will aid in the development of novel fibers with further improved mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Stockdale
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Daniel P Cole
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Vehicle Technology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Staniszewski
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Michael R Roenbeck
- Department of Marine Engineering, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York 11024, United States
| | - Dimitry Papkov
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Steve R Lustig
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuris A Dzenis
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kenneth E Strawhecker
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
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4
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Shi G, Yan X, Wang Q, Cao Z, Min L, Ji L. Hydroxyapatite/ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites fabricated by in situ hydrothermal synthesis for wear‐resistance and friction reduction. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Min
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Subei People's HospitalClinical Medical College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
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5
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Serenko OA, Buzin MI, Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Kolosov NA, Kurmaev DA, Savel'eva TF, Golubev EK, Zubkevich SV, Vasil'ev VG, Nikiforova GG, Korlyukov AA, Bulychev BM. A Novel Ziegler⁻Natta-Type Catalytic System-TiCl₄/2,2'-Dimethoxy-1,1'-Binaphthalene/Et₃Al₂Cl₃/Bu₂Mg for Production of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Nascent Reactor Powders, Suitable for Solvent-Free Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1281. [PMID: 30961206 PMCID: PMC6401888 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes with viscosity-average molecular weights in the range of 1.6⁻5.6 × 10⁶ have been prepared by using a novel Ziegler⁻Natta-type catalytic system-TiCl₄/2,2'-dimethoxy-1,1'-binaphthalene/Et₃Al₂Cl₃/Bu₂Mg at different temperatures (Tpoly) in the range between 10 and 70 °C in toluene. The morphology of the nascent reactor powders has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and the DSC melting behavior. Polymers are suitable for the modern processing methods-the solvent-free solid-state formation of super high-strength (tensile strength over 1.8⁻2.5 GPa) and high-modulus (elastic modulus up to 136 GPa) oriented film tapes. With decrease of Tpoly, the drawability of the reactor powders increased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Serenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail I Buzin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladislav A Tuskaev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Svetlana C Gagieva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikolay A Kolosov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitrii A Kurmaev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatyana F Savel'eva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Evgenii K Golubev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str., 70; 117393 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Zubkevich
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Viktor G Vasil'ev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Galina G Nikiforova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Korlyukov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Boris M Bulychev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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6
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Bracco P, Costa L, Luda MP, Billingham N. A review of experimental studies of the role of free-radicals in polyethylene oxidation. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Tsinas Z, Forster AL, Al-Sheikhly M. Oxidation Reactions in Kink Banded Regions of UHMMPE Fiber-Based Laminates Used in Body Armor: A Mechanistic Study. Polym Degrad Stab 2018; 154. [PMID: 30996496 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the synergy between the thermo-mechanical and humidity induced degradation as well as the oxidation reactions in the kink-banded areas of ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) fiber-based laminates used in body armor. For aged materials, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results reveal high concentrations of oxygen containing products, and the EPR results demonstrate the presence of the peroxyl radicals (RO2 • ) in the kink-banded areas. After one year of dark ambient storage, very long-lived RO2 • radicals were observed primarily in the samples exposed to ageing conditions of elevated temperatures, humidity, and mechanical stress. The total percentage of crystallinity, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, of the kinkbanded fibers was unchanged, indicating that the degradation occurs primarily in the amorphous region, and may also involve recrystallization processes of the degraded chains. However, the most abundant orthorhombic crystalline phase decreases from 77 % to 70 %. This decrease in the orthorhombic structure leads to more diffusion of oxygen into the kink-banded region, enhancing the oxidation processes. No changes are observed in the monoclinic phase of the kinked fibers, which remained constant and constituted ~2 % of the total crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zois Tsinas
- Materials Science and Engineering Department of University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amanda L Forster
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Materials Science and Engineering Department of University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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8
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Hu J, Gao Q, Xu L, Zhang M, Xing Z, Guo X, Zhang K, Wu G. Significant Improvement in Thermal and UV Resistances of UHMWPE Fabric through in Situ Formation of Polysiloxane-TiO2 Hybrid Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23311-23320. [PMID: 27513017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anatase nanocrystalline titanium dioxide coatings were produced on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabric by radiation-induced graft polymerization of γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MAPS) and subsequent cohydrolysis of the graft chains (PMAPS) with tetrabutyl titanate, followed by boiling water treatment for 180 min. The resulting material was coded as UHMWPE-g-PMAPS/TiO2 and characterized by attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry, and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, among others. The predominant form of TiO2 in the thin film was anatase. The coating layer was composed of two sublayers: an inner part consisting of an organic-inorganic hybrid layer to prevent photocatalytic degradation of the matrix by TiO2 film, and an outer part consisting of anatase nanocrystalline TiO2 capable of UV absorption. This UHMWPE-g-PMAPS/TiO2 composite exhibited much better thermal resistance than conventional UHMWPE fabric, as reflected by the higher melting point, decreased maximum degradation rate, and higher char yield at 700 °C. Compared with UHMWPE fabric, UHMWPE-g-PMAPS/TiO2 exhibited significantly enhanced UV absorption and excellent duration of UV illumination. Specifically, the UV absorption intensity was 2.4-fold higher than that of UHMWPE fabric; the retention of the break strength of UHMWPE-g-PMAPS/TiO2 reached 92.3% after UV irradiation. This work provides an approach for addressing the issue of self-degradation of TiO2-coated polymeric materials due to the inherent photoactivity of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Qianhong Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Xing
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Guozhong Wu
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
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9
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Characterization of structural knot distributions in UHMWPE fibers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Hu J, Ma H, Xing Z, Liu X, Xu L, Li R, Lin C, Wang M, Li J, Wu G. Preparation of Amidoximated Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber by Radiation Grafting and Uranium Adsorption Test. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Hu
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Hongjuan Ma
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Zhe Xing
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xiyan Liu
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Lu Xu
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Rong Li
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Changjian Lin
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Mouhua Wang
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jingye Li
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Guozhong Wu
- CAS Center
for Excellence
on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading
District, Shanghai, 201800, China
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11
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Afeworki M, Brant P, Lustiger A, Norman A. Solid-state (13)C NMR and synchrotron SAXS/WAXS studies of uniaxially-oriented polyethylene. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2015; 72:27-40. [PMID: 26476811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report solid-state (13)C NMR and synchrotron wide-and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments (WAXS, SAXS) on metallocene linear low density polyethylene films (e.g., Exceed™ 1018 mLLDPE; nominally 1MI, 0.918 density ethylene-hexene metallocene copolymer) as a function of uniaxial draw ratio, λ. Combined, these experiments provide an unambiguous, quantitative molecular view of the orientation of both the crystalline and amorphous phases in the samples as a function of draw. Together with previously reported differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gas transport measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical birefringence, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as well as other characterization techniques, this study of the state of orientation in both phases provides insight concerning the development of unusually high barrier properties of the most oriented samples (λ=10). In this work, static (non-spinning) solid-state NMR measurements indicate that in the drawn Exceed(TM) films both the crystalline and amorphous regions are highly oriented. In particular, chemical shift data show the amorphous phase is comprised increasingly of so-called "taut tie chains" (or tie chains under any state of tautness) in the mLLDPE with increasing draw ratio - the resonance lines associated with the amorphous phase shift to where the crystalline peaks are observed. In the sample with highest total draw (λ=10), virtually all of the chains in the non-crystalline region have responded and aligned in the machine (draw) direction. Both monoclinic and orthorhombic crystalline peaks are observed in high-resolution, solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements of the oriented PE films. The orientation is comparable to that obtained for ultra-high molecular weight HDPE fibers described as "ultra-oriented" in the literature. Furthermore, the presence of a monoclinic peak in cold-drawn samples suggests that there is an appreciable internal stress associated with the LLDPE. The results are confirmed and independently quantified by Herman's Orientation Function values derived from the WAXS measurements. The degree of orientation approaches theoretically perfect alignment of chains along the draw direction. We deduce from this observation that a high fraction of the non-crystalline chains are either tie chains that directly connect adjacent lamellae or are interlocking loops from adjacent lamellae. In either case, the chains are load-bearing and are consistent with the idea of "taut tie chains". We note that transmission electron micrographs recorded for the ultra-oriented Exceed showed the lamellae are often appreciably thinner and shorter than they are for cast or blown Exceed 1018. Combined with higher crystallinity, the thinner lamellae statistically favor more tie chains. Finally, the remarkably large decrease in permeability of the λ=10 film is primarily attributed to the high degree of orientation (and loss of entropy) of the amorphous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobae Afeworki
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Clinton, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Pat Brant
- ExxonMobil Chemical Co., Baytown Technology and Engineering Complex, Baytown, TX 77520, USA
| | - Arnold Lustiger
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Clinton, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Alexander Norman
- ExxonMobil Chemical Co., Baytown Technology and Engineering Complex, Baytown, TX 77520, USA
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12
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McDaniel PB, Deitzel JM, Gillespie JW. Structural hierarchy and surface morphology of highly drawn ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibers studied by atomic force microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Miyazaki T, Takeda Y, Hoshiko A, Shimokita K, Ogomi D. Evaluation of oriented amorphous regions in polymer films during uniaxial deformation; structural characterization of a poly(vinyl alcohol) film during stretching in boric acid aqueous solutions. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Miyazaki
- Functional Design Technology Center; Nitto Denko Corporation, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki; Osaka 567-8680 Japan
| | - Yuuki Takeda
- Functional Design Technology Center; Nitto Denko Corporation, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki; Osaka 567-8680 Japan
| | - Akie Hoshiko
- Functional Design Technology Center; Nitto Denko Corporation, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki; Osaka 567-8680 Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimokita
- Functional Design Technology Center; Nitto Denko Corporation, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki; Osaka 567-8680 Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogomi
- Information Fine Materials Sector; Research and Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Hongo, Minosatocho; Onomichi Hiroshima 722-0212 Japan
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14
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Xing Z, Wang M, liu W, Hu J, Wu G. Crystal structure and mechanical properties of UHMWPE-g-PMA fiber prepared by radiation grafting. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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16
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Androsch R, Di Lorenzo ML, Schick C, Wunderlich B. Mesophases in polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(1-butene). POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Di Lorenzo ML, Righetti MC, Cocca M, Wunderlich B. Coupling between Crystal Melting and Rigid Amorphous Fraction Mobilization in Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri (CNR), c/o Comprensorio Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei, 34,80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri (CNR), c/o Comprensorio Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei, 34,80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Bernhard Wunderlich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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18
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Wunderlich B. Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization of flexible molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Afshari M, Sikkema DJ, Lee K, Bogle M. High Performance Fibers Based on Rigid and Flexible Polymers. POLYM REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15583720802020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Solid-state characterization of polyethylene reactor powders and their structural changes upon annealing. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Flores A, Poeppel A, Riekel C, Schulte K. EVIDENCE OF A TRANSCRYSTALLINE INTERPHASE IN FIBER PE HOMOCOMPOSITES AS REVEALED BY MICRODIFFRACTION EXPERIMENTS USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-100107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Flores
- a Instituto de Estructura de la Materia , CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - A. Poeppel
- b Technical University Hamburg–Harburg , Polymer Composites Section, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg, 21073, Germany
| | | | - K. Schulte
- c Technical University Hamburg–Harburg , Polymer Composites Section, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg, 21073, Germany
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22
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Pakhomov PM, Khizhnyak S, Golitsyn V, Ruhl E, Vasil'eva V, Tshmel A. Comparative low-frequency Raman study of straight-chain-segment length distributions in gel-derived and melt-crystallized polyethylenes. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-120003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Pakhomov
- a Physico-Chemistry Department , Tver' State University , Tver', 170002, Russia
| | - Svetlana Khizhnyak
- a Physico-Chemistry Department , Tver' State University , Tver', 170002, Russia
| | - V. Golitsyn
- b Institute of Synthetic Fiber , Tver', 170032, Russia
| | - E. Ruhl
- c Physics Department , University Osnabrueck , Barbara str. 7, Osnabrueck, D-49069, Germany
| | - Valeria Vasil'eva
- d St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design , B. Morskaya 18, St. Petersburg, 191185, Russia
| | - A. Tshmel
- e Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
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23
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Mowery DM, Harris DJ, Schmidt-Rohr K. Characterization of a Major Fraction of Disordered All-Trans Chains in Cold-Drawn High-Density Polyethylene by Solid-State NMR. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0513517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Mowery
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - D. J. Harris
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - K. Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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24
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Chaiyut N, Amornsakchai T, Kaji H, Horii F. Solid-state 13C NMR investigation of the structure and dynamics of highly drawn polyethylene—detection of the oriented non-crystalline component. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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26
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Yamanaka A, Izumi Y, Kitagawa T, Terada T, Sugihara H, Hirahata H, Ema K, Fujishiro H, Nishijima S. The radiation effect on thermal conductivity of high strength ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fiber by γ-rays. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Yamanaka A, Izumi Y, Kitagawa T, Terada T, Hirahata H, Ema K, Fujishiro H, Nishijima S. The effect of γ-irradiation on thermal strain of high strength polyethylene fiber at low temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Wunderlich B. Effect of Decoupling of Molecular Segments, Microscopic Stress-Transfer and Confinement of the Nanophases in Semicrystalline Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Ratner S, Moret PM, Wachtel E, Marom G. New Insights into Lamellar Twisting in Transcrystalline Polyethylene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200400475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Joo YL, Zhou H, Lee SG, Lee HK, Song JK. Solid-state compaction and drawing of nascent reactor powders of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Wunderlich B. Evidence for coupling and decoupling of parts of macromolecules by temperature-modulated calorimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Tang ZG, Teoh SH. Thermomechanical analysis of the biaxially drawn ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene-reinforced polyether polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Pakhomov PM, Khizhnyak S, Reuter H, Tshmel A. Crystalline phase in the ultrahigh molecular-weight polyethylene gel solution and xerogel. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Tsobkallo K, Vasilieva V, Khizhnyak S, Pakhomov P, Galitsyn V, Ruhl E, Egorov V, Tshmel A. Effect of the morphology of reactor powders on the structure and mechanical behavior of drawn ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Hu W, Buzin A, Lin JS, Wunderlich B. Annealing behavior of gel-spun polyethylene fibers at temperatures lower than needed for significant shrinkage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Uehara H, Aoike T, Yamanobe T, Komoto T. Solid-State 1H NMR Relaxation Analysis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Reactor Powder. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010464x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Uehara
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Taku Aoike
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamanobe
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Tadashi Komoto
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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37
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Puértolas JA, Larrea A, Gómez-Barrena E. Fracture behavior of UHMWPE in non-implanted, shelf-aged knee prostheses after gamma irradiation in air. Biomaterials 2001; 22:2107-14. [PMID: 11432590 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied non-implanted ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) knee components, that were gamma-sterilized in air and shelf-aged during 6 and 7 years, to explore fracture mechanisms in the degraded material. Prior to the fractography study, we assessed degradation through FTIR and optical density measurements in microtome sections. Then, we morphologically compared the surface fractography of degraded, oxidized UHMWPE with that of non-degraded material in specimens from the same implants, fractured after uniaxial tensile tests in standardized samples. Fractography surface analysis clearly differentiated the behavior of non-degraded and degraded UHMWPE. Failure in non-degraded samples occurred through craze formation, followed by fast crack propagation. Quantitative fracture analysis suggested a ductile behavior. This was supported by the identified local plasticity in the region close to the initial flaw. In the fractography surface analysis of degraded material, a fibrillar behavior was observed. A heterogeneous domain structure appeared, showing different coarseness with multiple void sizes. Our results, based on mechanical measurements and fracture morphology in the subsurface region, confirmed the embrittlement of oxidized UHMWPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Puértolas
- Department Materials Science and Technology, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Centro Politécnico Superior, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Spain.
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39
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Kwon Y, Boller A, Pyda M, Wunderlich B. Melting and heat capacity of gel-spun, ultra-high molar mass polyethylene fibers. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Murthy NS, Wang ZG, Hsiao BS. Interactions between Crystalline and Amorphous Domains in Semicrystalline Polymers: Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies of the Brill Transition in Nylon 6,6. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sanjeeva Murthy
- Research and Technology, AlliedSignal Inc., P.O. Box 1021, Morristown, New Jersey 07962-1021
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
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41
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Hu XP, Hsieh YL. Crystallite Sizes and Lattice Distortions of Gel-Spun Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers. Polym J 1998. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.30.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Dollimore
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - S. Lerdkanchanaporn
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
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43
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Meier RJ. Comment on “structure-property analysis for gel-spun, ultrahigh molecular mass polyethylene fibers”. J MACROMOL SCI B 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00222349808220459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Meier
- a DSM Research , P.O. Box 18 , 6160 MD, Geleen , The Netherlands
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44
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45
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Boller A, Wunderlich B. Multiple melting peak analysis with gel-spun ultra-high molar mass polyethylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01987456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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