1
|
Lawless NJ, Karantzas GC. Porn or Partner Arousal? When It Comes to Romantic Relationships, Not All Sexual Arousal Is Equal: A Prospective Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02985-4. [PMID: 39212871 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of subjective sexual arousal within romantic relationships. The current paper addresses this limitation using a prospective study design that investigates the direct associations between subjective sexual arousal induced by a romantic partner (partner arousal) and arousal induced by pornography (porn arousal) on changes in relational outcomes. A total of 309 participants who were in a current romantic relationship completed measures of partner and porn arousal as well as relational outcomes (i.e., sexual satisfaction and relationship quality and stability) at baseline (T1) and completed a second assessment of relational outcomes 2 months later (T2). Partner arousal was found to have no significant associations with changes in relational outcomes; however, porn arousal was associated with significant declines in sexual satisfaction and relationship quality and stability over a 2-month period. This paper is the first to examine how feeling sexually aroused by porn may impact relational outcomes for those in romantic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Lawless
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Gery C Karantzas
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Willoughby BJ, Dover CR, Stewart J. Rules (And the Lack of Rules) About Pornography Use Among Heterosexual Couples. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39207084 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2395479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Pornography use has become a normative sexual behavior. Despite this, little is known about how romantic couples navigate, discuss, or create boundaries and rules about pornography use in their relationship. Using short-answer qualitative responses from 3385 individuals in heterosexual romantic relationships, this study examined common themes in the rules and boundaries created by couples about pornography use. Results from a content analysis of all responses suggested that most individuals reported no specific rules or a lack of discussion of rules centered on pornography in their relationship. When individuals did report rules, these rules tended to focus on restrictions on pornography use based on the context and content of pornography itself or specific contexts of the relationship that would allow or disallow pornography use to occur. In general, results suggested that many couples lacked frequent communication and discussion about rules and boundaries centered on pornography use in their relationship, despite how common this behavior is. Implications for relationship quality and well-being are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Litsou K, Graham C, Ingham R. Women Reporting on Their Use of Pornography: A Qualitative Study Exploring Women's Perceived Precursors and Perceived Outcomes. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2024; 50:413-438. [PMID: 38477885 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2024.2302375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore motivations women describe for using pornography. A qualitative online interview study was conducted with 30 women (Mean age 30.23, range 20-47; residing in the UK and in Greece; of varied sexual orientations and relationship status) about their pornography use, motivations for use, and preferences. Reflexive thematic analysis was used. Results were organized into four themes: Sexual Precursors, Non-sexual Precursors, Intended Outcomes, and Unintended Outcomes. The findings highlight that pornography use for women can have both positive and negative ramifications for women's sexual lives. Implications for clinical practice and education are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Litsou
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cynthia Graham
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, BloomingtonIndiana, USA
| | - Roger Ingham
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wright PJ, Tokunaga R, Herbenick D. Pornography, Masturbation, and Relational Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:337-341. [PMID: 36205527 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2131705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wright
- Communication Science Unit, The Media School, Indiana University
| | | | - Debby Herbenick
- The Center for Sexual Health Promotion, The School of Public Health, Indiana University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dover CR, Willoughby BJ. Sexual Behaviors as a Mediator Between Pornography Use and Heterosexual Relationship Outcomes. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:689-701. [PMID: 37735277 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to build on previous research about how pornography use is associated with relationship outcomes. Using the 3AM model (Wright, 2011) as a theoretical guide, sexual behaviors were tested as a possible mediator of the association between pornography use and relationship well-being. Using a national data set of individuals in heterosexual relationships (n = 2519), associations between different types of pornography use (alone use vs. joint use), sexual behaviors, and relationship outcomes were analyzed. Results showed that pornography use with a partner is a distinct activity when compared to pornography use alone. Additionally, significant indirect relationships between pornography use and relationship outcomes were found through sexual behaviors. Both vaginal sex and oral sex had positive effects, while anal sex had a unique, negative effect (use of sex toys was not significantly related). Future research should continue to examine the context of pornography use and how it is related to behaviors and outcomes in relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carson R Dover
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, 2081 JFSB, Provo, UT, 84604, USA.
| | - Brian J Willoughby
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, 2081 JFSB, Provo, UT, 84604, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Willoughby BJ, Dover CR. Context Matters: Moderating Effects in the Associations between Pornography Use, Perceived Addiction, and Relationship Well-being. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:37-50. [PMID: 36449353 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2148155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While perceived addiction and religiosity have been key contextual factors in understanding the link between pornography use and personal distress, these contextual factors have been explored less in the relational literature. Using a large nonprobability convenience sample from the United States, a moderated mediation model of the association between pornography use alone and two key indicators of relationship quality (relationship satisfaction and relationship stability) was explored. Results suggested that both general and aggressive pornography use alone were associated with less relationship satisfaction and relationship stability even when accounting for a range of potentially confounding variables. Perceived addiction partially mediated these associations, while both religiosity and gender moderated them. Generally, higher religiosity and being male were linked to compounding negative associations between pornography use and lower relationship quality. Findings suggest the importance of considering both religiosity and perceived addiction as important contextual factors when studying associations between pornography use and both relational and individual outcomes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruffing EG, Brody LR, Sandage SJ. Distress and Satisfaction in Women Who Perceive that Their Male Partners Use Pornography: The Roles of Attitude, Religious Commitment and Conservative Religiosity. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:21-36. [PMID: 36305846 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2137097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative studies suggest that women's attitudes and religiosity have an important role in their experience of their male partners' pornography use, but these factors have not been adequately studied. The present study examined the contributions of perceived frequency of male partners' solitary pornography use (PFREQ), women's attitudes toward their partners' pornography use, conservative religiosity, and religious commitment to women's pornography-related distress, relationship satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction in women who reported they were married to or cohabitating with men who had used pornography in the prior 3 months (median frequency = 1-2 times/week). Participants were online research panel participants (n = 625), age mean = 44[SD = 13], diverse SES, 86% White. Partial correlations and multiple regressions, controlling for demographic variables and COVID-19-related stress, indicated that higher PFREQ and negative attitudes toward pornography were significantly associated with women's higher pornography-related distress, lower relationship satisfaction, and lower sexual satisfaction. Moderation analyses found that negative attitude amplified the negative association between PFREQ and relationship satisfaction, and conservative religiosity amplified the positive association between PFREQ and pornography-related distress. Neither attitude nor religious factors moderated the negative association between PFREQ and sexual satisfaction. Findings suggest that attitude, religious factors, and PFREQ are each important to consider in research and clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Ruffing
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
- The Danielsen Institute, Boston University
| | - Leslie R Brody
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
| | - Steven J Sandage
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
- The Danielsen Institute, Boston University
- Department of Pastoral Psychology, Boston University School of Theology
- Department of Psychology of Religion, MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion, and Society
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huntington C, Willoughby B, Rhoades G. Associations of Adolescents' Pornography Viewing with their Romantic Relationship Skills and Behaviors. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:80-91. [PMID: 35856785 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2096844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Research into adolescent pornography use has identified numerous individual-level behavioral and attitudinal correlates. However, associations between adolescents' pornography viewing and their romantic relationships remain understudied. Furthermore, very little is known about adolescents' watching pornography with their romantic partners (i.e., joint pornography use). The present study of adolescents (n = 755, 59.9% girls, M age = 15.72 years old [SD = 1.34]) is among the first attempts to link adolescents' pornography viewing behaviors to their romantic relationship attitudes and behaviors. We hypothesized that adolescents' viewing would be associated with poorer self-reported relationship skills, more negative relationship behaviors, and increased involvement in sexual activity, such as sexting. Partial support for these hypotheses was found. Frequency of overall viewing was associated with lower relationship and refusal skills. Lifetime joint pornography viewing was associated with higher rates of dating violence victimization and perpetration in the past six months and with more abusive behaviors from one's partner and more verbal conflict in the current dating relationship. Results, though cross-sectional, suggest that pornography viewing in adolescence is associated with poorer romantic outcomes. Implications for adolescent development and for healthcare providers and educators are discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Engelkamp E, Lindberg E, Córdova JV. "We Felt Emotionally Closer:" A Qualitative Study of Couples' Communication about Pornography Use. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 50:152-170. [PMID: 37867385 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2267546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite much empirical study of the complex association between pornography use and relationship health, little research has been conducted on the quality of communication about pornography use within relationships, which may meaningfully impact its association with relationship health. We used reflexive thematic analysis and behavioral intimacy theory to analyze responses to an online survey in which 146 individuals (77.3% women) in committed relationships described their communication with their partner about pornography use. Themes drawn from participants' responses included: 1) Discussing pornography use is not vulnerable (anymore); (2) Asymmetrical vulnerability within the couple; (3) Disappointment and divergent values present in suppressive events; (4) Sharing the struggle of navigating unwanted pornography use; and (5) Selective reinforcement: encouraging some, but not all, vulnerable behavior, which included two subthemes: (a) Your pornography use is not okay, but I'm glad you told me; and (b) You can use pornography; I just don't need to hear about it. Findings provide guidance to help couples navigate conversations about pornography use in ways that enhance relationship health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliza Lindberg
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James V Córdova
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mestre-Bach G, Potenza MN. Pornography Use, Problematic Pornography Use, and Potential Impacts on Partners and Relationships. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
11
|
Maas MK, Slaker J, Holt K, Ratan RA, Cary KM, Greer KM. Sexual Experiences and Beliefs Vary by Patterns of Pornography Genre Preferences Among Women. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:659-672. [PMID: 36744624 PMCID: PMC10404303 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2174225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pornography use is multidimensional, yet most studies of the topic use variable-oriented methods (e.g., frequency of use) that reduce the experience to a single dimension. In this study, we sought to identify different multidimensional patterns of pornography genre preferences among a sample of women (n = 206) and examine how those patterns are differentially associated with sexual experiences and beliefs examined in previous literature. Latent Class Analysis uncovered four patterns (or classes): Heterogeneous (39%), Traditionally Feminine (27%), Female Pleasure (23%) and Rough/violent (11%). Class membership was differentially predicted by prior sexual victimization, sexual esteem, and diverse sexual experiences while controlling for frequency of use. These findings suggest that genre preference could account for much of the mixed findings of prior work that measured pornography use with unidimensional approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Maas
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Janine Slaker
- Department of Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karen Holt
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rabindra A Ratan
- School of Media and Information, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyla M Cary
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kirsten M Greer
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y. Investigating the differences between females perceive same-gender and heterogender sex robots regarding adoption and intentions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:922108. [PMID: 36059759 PMCID: PMC9439658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.922108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The market for sex robots is on the rise with the development of human–computer interaction. However, most sex robots on the market are presented as male-friendly products. This issue may limit and hinder females' adoption and utilization of sex robots. This paper was to take females as the research subjects exploring and verifying several concerns based on previous theories and to conduct primary research and quantitative method to investigate: (i) how females differently perceive same-gender and heterogender sex robots; (ii) their attitudes and the knowledge or definition of sex robots; and (iii) their intention of adopting heterogender robots. This study confirmed several previous theories and provided new findings and insights. Females are more likely to feel threatened by the presence of same-gender sex robots. Their negative attitudes are related to the way that sex robots exist. They are jealous of same-gender sex robots; nevertheless, this should not be attributed to their negative perception of sex robots since they also have positive perceptions and intentions to adopt a sex robot. They define sex robots more as sexual products than as engaging in the prostitution industry.
Collapse
|
13
|
Blomkvist A, Izzo G, Vaccaro MG, La Vignera S, Brunetti A, Aversa A, Liuzza MT. The Scent of Monogamy: Self-Reported Olfactory Function Predicts Sexual Well-Being and Infidelity in an Italian Population. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2879-2889. [PMID: 34791581 PMCID: PMC8597879 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that olfactory function plays an essential role in the bonding of a romantic relationship. Body odors, in particular, seem involved in both mate choices and other intimate behaviors. Our sense of smell is also crucial to detect possible pathogen threats, by activating a suitable disgust reaction. Previous studies have shown that disgust sensitivity is negatively related to sociosexuality, and disgust generally inhibits our sexual drive. In the present study, we explored the possible relation between olfactory function, pathogen disgust sensitivity, sociosexuality, sexual well-being, and infidelity through a web survey. Our exploratory analyses found that, in a large Italian sample (N = 1107), among those in a stable relationship, self-reported olfactory function predicted sexual well-being (p < .05) and negatively predicted infidelity (p < .05) when controlling for other relevant sociodemographics variables. Moreover, the relation between self-reported olfactory function and sexual well-being was mediated by pathogen disgust sensitivity. Although significant, these results must be interpreted with caution, because the effect sizes were small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blomkvist
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Izzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine "Gaetano Salvatore", Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vaccaro
- Neuroscience Research Center, Università Degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine "Gaetano Salvatore", Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pornography consumption and partnered sex: a review of pornography use and satisfaction in romantic relationships. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Wu T, Zheng Y. Perceptions of Pornography and Attitudes Toward Condom Use in Heterosexual Chinese Adults: The Effect of Sexual Pleasure, Safer Sex Communication Apprehension, and Shared Pornography Use During Sex. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1337-1350. [PMID: 34796423 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese people's pornography use is increasing and condomless sex is prevalent in pornography. However, both the relationship between pornography and condom use among Chinese adults and the mechanisms underlying this relationship are underexplored. This study examined how perceptions of pornography were associated with attitudes toward condom use through the mediating effect of gratification of sexual pleasure and safer sex communication apprehension, and how shared pornography use with a partner during sex moderated these relationships. A total of 658 participants (391 women and 267 men) aged 18-65 years and involved in a romantic relationship completed an online survey assessing pornography consumption, condom use, gratification of sexual pleasure, and safer sex communication apprehension. Results showed that expressive/erotic perceptions of pornography were associated with higher levels of gratification of sexual pleasure, which were, in turn, associated with more negative attitudes toward condom use. Expressive/erotic perceptions of pornography were also associated with lower levels of safer sex communication apprehension and lower levels of negative attitudes toward condom use. Higher levels of shared pornography use with a partner during sex strengthened the direct positive relationship between expressive/erotic perceptions of pornography and negative attitudes toward condom use. Higher levels of shared pornography use during sex also strengthened the positive relationship between expressive/erotic perceptions of pornography and gratification of sexual pleasure, and the negative relationship between expressive/erotic perceptions of pornography and safer sex communication apprehension, which in turn, were significantly associated with attitudes toward condom use. Implications for sexual health education and limitations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Noll LK, Harsey SJ, Freyd JJ. Assessment of attitudes toward internet pornography in emerging adults using the Internet Pornography Questionnaire. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Fritz N, Malic V, Fu TC, Paul B, Zhou Y, Dodge B, Fortenberry JD, Herbenick D. Porn Sex versus Real Sex: Sexual Behaviors Reported by a U.S. Probability Survey Compared to Depictions of Sex in Mainstream Internet-Based Male-Female Pornography. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1187-1200. [PMID: 35165802 PMCID: PMC8853281 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a 2014 U.S. nationally representative probability survey and a 2014 content analysis of 2562 male-female videos from two popular pornographic websites, this study aimed to: (1) compare the prevalence of survey respondents' event-level sexual behaviors with those depicted in mainstream pornography online videos; (2) compare event-level condom use with condom use prevalence in pornographic videos; (3) compare event-level orgasm with prevalence of orgasms in pornographic videos; and (4) assess whether respondents' partnered use of pornography was associated with the sexual behaviors in which they report engaging. We found that kissing, male orgasm, female orgasm, and condom use were significantly less prevalent in the pornographic videos than in survey respondents' most recent sexual experiences. Conversely, penile-anal intercourse and fellatio were significantly more prevalent in the pornographic videos than in participants' reports of their most recent sexual experience. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of cunnilingus or sex toy use represented in the videos as compared to survey respondents' reports. Finally, we found that individuals who reported partnered pornography use during their most recent sexual experience were more likely to report having engaged in oral sex, penile-anal intercourse, and sex toy use and were also more likely to report female orgasm during their most recent sexual experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niki Fritz
- The Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, 601 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Vinny Malic
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tsung-Chieh Fu
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bryant Paul
- The Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, 601 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- The Media School, Indiana University-Bloomington, 601 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brian Dodge
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Dennis Fortenberry
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debby Herbenick
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aghamiri FS, Luetz JM, Hills K. Pornography addiction and its impacts on intimate female partner wellbeing-a systematic narrative synthesis. J Addict Dis 2022; 40:472-480. [PMID: 35000564 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.2021058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a surge of articles related to compulsive pornography consumption or pornography addiction, with experts warning of potentially detrimental consequences. Whereas much research has focused on the male consumers of pornography, fewer studies have examined the impacts of pornography-linked compulsive sexual behaviors (CSBs) on the wellbeing and experiences of female intimate partners. This paper addresses this gap in the literature. A review of peer-reviewed journal publications was carried out examining pertinent quantitative and qualitative studies. This narrative review concludes that compulsive pornography consumption is commonly identified in the literature as a stimulus for risky and uncontrolled sexual behaviors, which have the potential to spawn addictive behaviors, relationship challenges and cascading adverse societal repercussions. In synthesis, this review points to opportunities for in-depth qualitative empirical research on intimate female partner wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes M Luetz
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Law and Society, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Karenne Hills
- Australian Institute of Professional Counsellors, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gewirtz-Meydan A, Mitchell KJ, Spivak-Lavi Z, Kraus SW. Attachment insecurities and body image self-consciousness among women: The mediating role of pornography use. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Askari M, Ghorashi Z, Chesli RR, Vazirinejad R. Sexual satisfaction and marital intimacy in Iranian male pornography users. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2021.1981853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Askari
- Midwifery Department, School of Nursing Midwifery, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghorashi
- Midwifery Department, School of Nursing Midwifery, Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Reza Vazirinejad
- Social determinants of health research center, Rafsanjan university of medical sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shuler J, Brosi M, Spencer T, Hubler D. Pornography and Romantic Relationships: A Qualitative Examination of Individual Experiences. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2021; 47:605-620. [PMID: 34032184 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2021.1930308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a qualitative design, the current study explored the perceived effects of pornography use on romantic relationships. Thematic analysis was conducted on 588 participants' open ended responses to a question about the effect of pornography use on their relationship and sexual satisfaction within a larger survey assessing aspects of couples media use and relationship dynamics. Participant responses were categorized into three overarching themes; beneficial, detrimental, and neither entirely beneficial or detrimental effects of pornography use. The most common responses indicated that the participants reported no effects of pornography use on their relationship. Among those indicating a positive effect, the emergent themes centered on increased diversity of sexual experiences, increased sexual gratification, increased satisfaction with a partner, and increased erotic climate in a relationship. Among responses indicating a negative experience with pornography, identified themes included increased feelings of inadequacy, decreased sexual satisfaction in a relationship, a feeling of unrealistic expectations, and feelings of betrayal. Implications for more nuanced research and clinical applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Shuler
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthew Brosi
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koletić G, Štulhofer A, Hald GM, Træen B. Self-Assessed Effects of Pornography Use on Personal Sex Life: Results from a Large-Scale Study of Norwegian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 33:342-356. [PMID: 38595747 PMCID: PMC10903670 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1918310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: The study explored characteristics associated with the self-assessed effects of pornography use on one's personal sex life. Methods: Data were collected in a probability-based sample of Norwegian adults (n = 4,160). Results: Most participants (41.3%) did not believe that pornography affected their sex life. More participants reported positive (33.2%) than mixed/negative (25.5%) effects of pornography use. Sociodemographic and sexual characteristics that predicted these self-assessments were examined. Among participants in a steady relationship, emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction were unrelated to the self-assessed effects. Conclusions: The current study findings add to scant literature about the self-assessed effects of pornography usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Koletić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gert Martin Hald
- School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Træen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodrigues DL, Lopes D, Dawson K, de Visser R, Štulhofer A. With or Without You: Associations Between Frequency of Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Relationship Outcomes for (Non)Consensual (Non)Monogamous Individuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1491-1504. [PMID: 32696155 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
More frequent internet pornography use is often associated with decreased sexual satisfaction. However, individuals who use internet pornography more often can experience better relationship outcomes, depending on how they use it in the context of their relationship. Indeed, internet pornography use with the partner seems to be positively associated with sexual satisfaction. We explored whether the type of agreement partners have about monogamy is related to this association. We conducted a cross-sectional study (N = 866; 66.3% women, Mage = 27.40, SD = 8.58) with individuals in monogamous (n = 552), non-consensual non-monogamous (NCNM; n = 210) and consensually non-monogamous (CNM; n = 104) relationships. Results showed that CNM individuals used internet pornography substantially more than the other two groups, but they were as sexually satisfied with themselves and with their primary partner as monogamous individuals. NCNM individuals were the least sexually satisfied and reported more sexual arousal difficulties than the other groups. Results further showed that CNM individuals included their primary partner in their internet pornography use more frequently than the other groups, and this inclusion was positively associated with sexual satisfaction with the primary partner. The frequency of internet pornography use with the partner was negatively associated with sexual arousal difficulties for monogamous individuals and positively associated with personal and relational sexual satisfaction in both monogamous and NCNM individuals. These results complement past findings by shedding light on the role of internet pornography use for different relationship agreements, and its association with personal and relational experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Rodrigues
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Diniz Lopes
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kate Dawson
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huntington C, Markman H, Rhoades G. Watching Pornography Alone or Together: Longitudinal Associations With Romantic Relationship Quality. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2021; 47:130-146. [PMID: 33107786 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2020.1835760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pornography viewing has been cross-sectionally and longitudinally linked to poorer romantic relationship quality. However, only a few studies have looked at (1) the associations of changes in pornography viewing over time with relationship characteristics, (2) differential impacts of watching alone and watching with one's partner, and (3) how gender moderates these associations. The current study utilizes multilevel modeling to assess for between- and within-subject effects of watching pornography alone versus together on romantic relationship quality over time. A random national sample of 1,234 individuals, who began the study in unmarried heterosexual romantic relationships of at least 2 months' duration, completed five waves of mail-in surveys over a 20-month period. Watching pornography alone was generally associated with poorer relationship quality for men (e.g., lower relationship adjustment and commitment, less emotional intimacy), but better relationship quality for women. People who reported watching more pornography with their partner reported more relationship intimacy and increases in watching together over time were associated with increases in sexual intimacy. Both watching alone and watching together were related to higher levels of psychological aggression between partners, with few differences by gender. Implications for sex education, relationship education, and couples therapy will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard Markman
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Galena Rhoades
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pornographic jealousy: Scale construction and theory testing. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Kohut T, Balzarini RN, Fisher WA, Grubbs JB, Campbell L, Prause N. Surveying Pornography Use: A Shaky Science Resting on Poor Measurement Foundations. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:722-742. [PMID: 31821049 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1695244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of pornography research relies on dubious measurements. Measurement of pornography use has been highly variable across studies and existing measurement approaches have not been developed using standard psychometric practices nor have they addressed construct validation or reliability. This state of affairs is problematic for the accumulation of knowledge about the nature of pornography use, its antecedents, correlates, and consequences, as it can contribute to inconsistent results across studies and undermine the generalizability of research findings. This article provides a summary of contemporary measurement practices in pornography research accompanied by an explication of the problems therein. It also offers suggestions on how best to move forward by adopting a more limited set of standardized and validated instruments. We recommend that the creation of such instruments be guided by the careful and thorough conceptualization of pornography use and systematic adherence to measurement development principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario
| | | | - William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario
| | | | - Lorne Campbell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Willoughby B, Leonhardt N, Augustus R. Untangling the Porn Web: Creating an Organizing Framework for Pornography Research Among Couples. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:709-721. [PMID: 31829728 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1698003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Research exploring the correlates, moderators, and potential consequences of viewing pornography for romantic couples has surged in recent years. Research in this area has primarily focused on the question of whether viewing pornography for either partner (or together) is related to enhanced, diminished, or has no effect on relational well-being. However, this narrow scholarly focus and the continued methodological limitations of research in this area have made synthesizing or drawing broad conclusions about pornography use from this scholarship difficult. One specific limitation of this area is the lack of any broad organizational framework that could help scholars categorize existing research while also laying the groundwork for future scholarship. In this paper, we argue for such a framework and suggest that relational pornography scholarship could be organized across five broad dimensions: the nuances of the content viewed, individual background factors, personal views and attitudes, a couple's relational context, and couple processes. We provide a justification for these five areas and then discuss how this framework could help organize and structure the research in this area moving forward.
Collapse
|
28
|
Borgogna NC, Smith T, McDermott RC, Whatley M. Are Playboy (and girl) Norms Behind the Relationship Problems Associated with Pornography Viewing in Men and Women? JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2020; 46:491-507. [PMID: 32378472 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2020.1760980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has indicated that pornography viewing is related to romantic relationship problems. However, the correlations across past studies have been small. We tested a model in which playboy norm conformity (i.e. desires to have frequent sex with multiple partners) functions as a confound between pornography viewing constructs on three romantic relationship wellbeing indicators: Relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and infidelity proclivity. Results from men (n = 286) and women (n = 717) indicated that the significant inverse correlations between relationship satisfaction and relationship commitment with pornography viewing constructs becomes non-significant when playboy norm conformity is accounted. Further, the positive relationship between pornography viewing and infidelity proclivity also becomes non-significant in women (no initial connection between pornography viewing and infidelity proclivity was found in men). Though conformity to playboy norms was more strongly related to all romantic relationship wellbeing indicators across genders, pornography viewing frequency was still significantly inversely correlated with relationship satisfaction for women; though the effect size was small. Moderation analyses suggested that pornography viewing frequency was more strongly inversely correlated with relationship satisfaction for women than men. Cumulatively, our results suggest conformity to playboy norms is a significant confounding variable between pornography viewing and romantic relationship wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey Smith
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ryon C McDermott
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Matthew Whatley
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nordmo M, Næss JØ, Husøy MF, Arnestad MN. Friends, Lovers or Nothing: Men and Women Differ in Their Perceptions of Sex Robots and Platonic Love Robots. Front Psychol 2020; 11:355. [PMID: 32231613 PMCID: PMC7083111 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and emotional intimacy between humans and robots may become commonplace over the next decades, as technology improves at a rapid rate. This development provides new questions pertaining to how people perceive robots designed for different kinds of intimacy, both as companions and potentially as competitors. We performed a randomized experiment where participants read of either a robot that could only perform sexual acts, or only engage in non-sexual platonic love relationships. The results of the current study show that females have less positive views of robots, and especially of sex robots, compared to men. Contrary to the expectation rooted in evolutionary psychology, females expected to feel more jealousy if their partner got a sex robot, rather than a platonic love robot. The results further suggests that people project their own feelings about robots onto their partner, erroneously expecting their partner to react as they would to the thought of ones’ partner having a robot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Nordmo
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Øverbø Næss
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Mads Nordmo Arnestad
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Campus Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Willoughby BJ, Leonhardt ND. Behind Closed Doors: Individual and Joint Pornography Use Among Romantic Couples. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:77-91. [PMID: 30485135 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1541440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most previous research on the associations between pornography use and relational well-being has utilized individual data sets that have limited scholars' ability to truly understand the dyadic nature of pornography use within romantic couples. Using a dyadic data set of 240 committed heterosexual couples from the United States, we explored actor and partner associations between pornography use, sexual dynamics, and relational well-being. We also explored how couple pornography use and partner knowledge of pornography use were associated with well-being. Results suggested that female pornography use was associated with higher female sexual desire but no other dependent variables. Male pornography use was associated with a wide array of negative well-being indicators, including less male and female relationship satisfaction, lower female sexual desire, and lower male positive communication. Couple pornography use was associated with higher reported sexual satisfaction for both partners but no other well-being indicators. Partner knowledge of use had little direct association with well-being, but some evidence suggested that unknown individual use may be associated with less sexual satisfaction but more relationship satisfaction. Results suggest that different configurations of use among heterosexual couples are associated with varying relational well-being indicators.
Collapse
|
31
|
Willoughby BJ. Stuck in the Porn Box. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:449-453. [PMID: 30128982 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Willoughby
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, 2081 JFSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pornography Use in Adult Mixed-Sex Romantic Relationships: Context and Correlates. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|