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Cha M, Song HJ. Focusing attention on others' negative emotions reduces the effect of social relationships on children's distributive behaviors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295642. [PMID: 38324555 PMCID: PMC10849392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates whether directing five- to six-year-old children's attention to hypothetical resource recipients that included familiar and non-familiar people would affect their favoritism toward a familiar person, as reflected in how they allocated resources. In Experiment 1, we instructed participants to give one of several stickers to another person or keep all the stickers for themselves. Under the control conditions, participants more frequently gave stickers to friends than to non-friends. However, when asked about others' emotions, they distributed stickers equally among friends and non-friends. Therefore, focusing on others' thoughts reduced participants' favoritism toward friends. Experiment 2 tested whether focusing on both emotional valences would affect favoritism toward a familiar person, as reflected in children's resource distribution choices. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, except we asked participants about the other person's emotional valence. When asked about others' negative emotions, participants distributed the stickers equally between themselves and others. However, when asked about others' positive emotions, they distributed more stickers to friends than to non-friends. Neither others' emotional valence nor group status affected the perceived intensity of their emotion or the participant's emotional state. These results suggest that children's favoritism toward friends can be reduced by encouraging them to think about others' negative emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Cha
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-joo Song
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Liu Y, Naveed RT, Kanwal S, Tahir Khan M, Dalain AF, Lan W. Psychology in action: Social media communication, CSR, and consumer behavior management in banking. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289281. [PMID: 37590276 PMCID: PMC10434941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In today's digitally interconnected world, social media emerges as a powerful tool, offering different opportunities for modern businesses. Not only do organizations use social media for marketing purposes, but they also endeavor to influence consumer psychology and behavior. Although prior studies indicate social media's efficacy in disseminating corporate social responsibility (CSR) communications, there remains a dearth of research addressing the impact of CSR-related messaging from banks on consumers' brand advocacy behavior (CBAB). Our study seeks to bridge this gap, exploring the CSR-CBAB relationship within the banking sector of an emerging economy. Additionally, we investigate the roles of consumers' emotions and values in mediating and moderating their CBAB, introducing two mediating factors, consumer happiness (HP) and admiration (BRAD), and moderating variable altruistic values (ATVL). Data collection involved an adapted questionnaire targeting banking consumers. The structural analysis revealed a positive correlation between a bank's CSR-related social media communications and CBAB. HP and BRAD were identified as mediators in this relationship, while ATVL emerged as a moderator. These findings hold significant theoretical and practical implications. For instance, our research highlights the indispensable role of social media in effectively conveying CSR-related information to banking consumers, subsequently enhancing their advocacy intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of literature and journalism, Xihua University, Sichua, Chengdu, China
| | - Rana Tahir Naveed
- Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education (UE) Business School, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sara Kanwal
- Institute of Business and Management (IB&M), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan
- Graduate School of Business (GSB), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education (UE) Business School, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali F. Dalain
- Department of Human resource Management, College of Business Administration, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei Lan
- Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, China
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3
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Liu P, Mo B, Yang P, Li D, Liu S, Cai D. Values mediated emotional adjustment by emotion regulation: A longitudinal study among adolescents in China. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1093072. [PMID: 37057176 PMCID: PMC10086131 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Values have a direct impact on adolescents’ mental health. However, its potential mediated mechanism has received little attention. A 1-year longitudinal survey design was used to explore the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationships between self-transcendence (vs. self-enhancement) values and emotional adjustment among adolescents. Participants were 863 senior school students from Shanghai and Qingdao, Shandong Province. Data on self-transcendence and self-enhancement values, loneliness, depression, and emotion regulation were collected at 2019 and 2020 by using self-report measures. The results showed that (1) adolescents’ endorsement with self-transcendence values decreased and self-enhancement values increased; compared to adolescents in Qingdao, adolescents in Shanghai were more depressed, (2) emotion regulation only mediated the effect of self-transcendence values on loneliness, and (3) not only the relationship between self-transcendence values and depression, but also the relationships between self-enhancement values and loneliness and depression were suppressed by emotion regulation. The study may provide more empirical evidences for the benefits of self-transcendence values and may also give more references on how to improve adolescents’ emotional adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bibo Mo
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Li,
| | - Shihong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Cai
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Dan Cai,
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Wang C, Fu W, Wu X, Wang Y. Just world beliefs and altruistic behaviors of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of empathy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 42:1-11. [PMID: 36684464 PMCID: PMC9838284 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Altruistic behavior is of great significance for individual happiness and social development. The study has focused on the influence of two factors at the individual level on college students' altruistic behavior. The self-report questionnaires of 2,272 college students on belief in a just world, empathy and altruistic behavior were investigated. The results of the study found that: 1) Just-world belief and empathy both positively predicted altruistic behavior; 2) Empathy influenced altruistic behavior through just-world belief. And from the perspective of motivation theory, it explains that individuals affirm that altruistic behavior will bring spiritual pleasure, so individuals will maintain the consistency of their own internal factors to promote altruistic behavior.This study enriches the research value of altruistic behavior at the individual level and provides an empirical basis for the cultivation of altruistic behavior at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonggao Wang
- School of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Wangqian Fu
- School of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xiangci Wu
- School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001 China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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5
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Moral foundations, values, and judgments in extraordinary altruists. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22111. [PMID: 36543878 PMCID: PMC9772189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Donating a kidney to a stranger is a rare act of extraordinary altruism that appears to reflect a moral commitment to helping others. Yet little is known about patterns of moral cognition associated with extraordinary altruism. In this preregistered study, we compared the moral foundations, values, and patterns of utilitarian moral judgments in altruistic kidney donors (n = 61) and demographically matched controls (n = 58). Altruists expressed more concern only about the moral foundation of harm, but no other moral foundations. Consistent with this, altruists endorsed utilitarian concerns related to impartial beneficence, but not instrumental harm. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find group differences between altruists and controls in basic values. Extraordinary altruism generally reflected opposite patterns of moral cognition as those seen in individuals with psychopathy, a personality construct characterized by callousness and insensitivity to harm and suffering. Results link real-world, costly, impartial altruism primarily to moral cognitions related to alleviating harm and suffering in others rather than to basic values, fairness concerns, or strict utilitarian decision-making.
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Vila-Badia R, Del Cacho N, Butjosa A, Ochoa S, Serra-Arumí C, Esteban-Sanjusto M, Pardo M, Dolz M, Casado-Ortega A, Coromina M, Usall J. Cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis. Gender differences and relation with clinical variables. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:1667-1676. [PMID: 33369161 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS to study the differences in cognitive functioning in patients and controls. In addition, study the influence of symptoms, cannabis consumption, chlorpromazine doses, DUP and IQ in cognitive performance in patients, both in the total sample and divided by gender. METHODS 70 first episode psychosis patients and 63 healthy controls (HC) participated in the study and were assessed with the MATRICS battery and the Vocabulary subtest of WAIS-IV. Symptoms in FEP patients were evaluated with the Emsley factors of the PANSS scale. RESULTS patients showed lower scores than controls in all cognitive domains studied. There were no significant differences between FEP men and FEP women, but we found gender differences in favour of women in processing speed, working memory and composite total scored domains in the HC group. Finally, symptoms and Chlorpromazine doses showed an influence on cognitive performance in the total FEP sample. When splitting the sample by gender, positive symptoms may be more detrimental to women's cognitive functioning, while disorganized symptoms may play the most important role in cognitive performance in men. CONCLUSIONS patients showed worse cognitive performance in all cognitive domains compared to healthy controls. In our FEP sample, gender does not seem to influence cognitive performance measured with the MATRICS. Severity of symptoms influences positively in cognitive performance. The dose of Chlorpromazine and symptoms are influential variables to be taken into account in cognition rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Vila-Badia
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Núria Del Cacho
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Butjosa
- Hospital Infanto-juvenil Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Ochoa
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Clara Serra-Arumí
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marina Esteban-Sanjusto
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Pardo
- Hospital Infanto-juvenil Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Dolz
- Hospital Infanto-juvenil Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Casado-Ortega
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Coromina
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
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- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Judith Usall
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
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Sabharwal S, Lin C, Weistroffer JK, LaPorte DM. Empathy Among Orthopaedic Surgery Trainees. JB JS Open Access 2021; 6:JBJSOA-D-21-00041. [PMID: 34522833 PMCID: PMC8428695 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.oa.21.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been postulated that the process of-and stresses associated with-medical training may cause a loss of empathy among trainees. Because empathy is considered an important value for clinicians and may even be associated with better patient outcomes, we assessed the empathy of orthopaedic surgery trainees and identified factors associated with empathy. Methods Between June and September 2020, an anonymous survey was distributed electronically to trainees in 23 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency programs via the Collaborative Orthopaedic Educational Research Group. The survey comprised the validated Short-Form 8-Item Empathy Quotient (EQ-8) questionnaire-scored on a scale of 0, least empathetic, to 16, most empathetic-and single-item measure of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization derived from the Maslach Burnout Index-scored using a frequency scale. In total, 438 of 605 (72%) trainees completed the survey. The scores were compared via one-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction and Tukey post-hoc testing, α = 0.05. Results The mean (±SD) EQ-8 score among respondents was 11.3 ± 3.3. Women scored significantly higher (mean, 12.2 ± 2.8) than men (mean, 11.2 ± 3.3) (p = 0.02). Mean scores were significantly higher for trainees planning on a career in academic medicine (12.0 ± 2.9) than those intending to pursue private practice (10.9 ± 3.3) or those with a military commitment (10.4 ± 3.4) (p = 0.01). An inverse relationship was found between EQ-8 scores and single-item Maslach Burnout Index measures in depersonalization and emotional exhaustion (both, p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in EQ-8 scores across postgraduate year, program location, primary training setting, intended fellowship, relationship status, or whether they reported having children. Conclusions We found no association between postgraduate year and EQ-8 score. Women and those intending to pursue a career in academic medicine had significantly higher levels of empathy. A significant inverse relationship was found between burnout and empathy. Respondents with higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization had lower levels of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Sabharwal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph K Weistroffer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Dawn M LaPorte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Need satisfaction, passion, empathy and helping behaviour in videogame play. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nowakowska I. Volunteerism in the last year as a moderator between empathy and altruistic social value orientation: an exploratory study. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 10:10-20. [PMID: 38013753 PMCID: PMC10653356 DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2021.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volunteerism is a sustained prosocial activity, and young adults are one of the most important targets for organizations recruiting volunteers. Empathy and altruistic social value orientation measured by a decomposed game are dispositional traits that might foster engagement in volunteerism. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE Using a self-report online-based questionnaire study on two groups of young adults (aged 18-35, N = 224 non-volunteers and N = 178 volunteers in the last year) the relationship between empathy and altruistic social value orientation in both of these groups was explored. RESULTS The results showed that volunteers scored significantly higher on empathy and altruistic social value orientation than non-volunteers. In non-volunteers, empathy is positively linked to altruistic social value orientation, whereas for volunteers the relationship is inversed. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that volunteers, when high on empathy, might not necessarily be ready to share financial resources with others, as operationalized by a decomposed game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Nowakowska
- Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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Czerniawska M, Szydło J. Do Values Relate to Personality Traits and if so, in What Way? - Analysis of Relationships. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:511-527. [PMID: 33976575 PMCID: PMC8104970 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s299720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The research presents empirical data concerning the relations between personal traits and value system. The study focuses on empathy, agreeableness, directiveness, Machiavellism as personality traits. Theoretical assumptions and empirical findings are analyzed and interpreted in the context of cognitive framework, including the idea of regulative function self-concept. A content compatibility hypothesis between personality traits and one’s system of value was accepted as preliminary assumption for this research: empathy and agreeableness positively correlate with allocentric values, whereas directiveness and Machiavellism positively correlate with idiocentric values. The study group consisted of 325 students. Methods The Empathic Understanding of Others Questionnaire (Węgliński), Personality Inventory NEO-FFI (Costa and McCrae) Directiveness Scale (Ray) and Mach V Scale (Christie and Geis) were used. Results The value system of empathic and agreeable people reveals an allocentric orientation (tendency to abandon one’s own perspective), while the value system of directive and Machiavellian people reveals an idiocentric orientation (focused on oneself). Discussion The data analysis revealed that subjects tend to organize their self-knowledge in such a way that there is a content consistency between the information included in the appropriate schemas of personality traits and value preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Czerniawska
- Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Szydło
- Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
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Rhim J, Lee JH, Chen M, Lim A. A Deeper Look at Autonomous Vehicle Ethics: An Integrative Ethical Decision-Making Framework to Explain Moral Pluralism. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:632394. [PMID: 34017859 PMCID: PMC8129167 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.632394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomous vehicle (AV) is one of the first commercialized AI-embedded robots to make autonomous decisions. Despite technological advancements, unavoidable AV accidents that result in life-and-death consequences cannot be completely eliminated. The emerging social concern of how an AV should make ethical decisions during unavoidable accidents is referred to as the moral dilemma of AV, which has promoted heated discussions among various stakeholders. However, there are research gaps in explainable AV ethical decision-making processes that predict how AVs' moral behaviors are made that are acceptable from the AV users' perspectives. This study addresses the key question: What factors affect ethical behavioral intentions in the AV moral dilemma? To answer this question, this study draws theories from multidisciplinary research fields to propose the "Integrative ethical decision-making framework for the AV moral dilemma." The framework includes four interdependent ethical decision-making stages: AV moral dilemma issue framing, intuitive moral reasoning, rational moral reasoning, and ethical behavioral intention making. Further, the framework includes variables (e.g., perceived moral intensity, individual factors, and personal moral philosophies) that influence the ethical decision-making process. For instance, the framework explains that AV users from Eastern cultures will tend to endorse a situationist ethics position (high idealism and high relativism), which views that ethical decisions are relative to context, compared to AV users from Western cultures. This proposition is derived from the link between individual factors and personal moral philosophy. Moreover, the framework proposes a dual-process theory, which explains that both intuitive and rational moral reasoning are integral processes of ethical decision-making during the AV moral dilemma. Further, this framework describes that ethical behavioral intentions that lead to decisions in the AV moral dilemma are not fixed, but are based on how an individual perceives the seriousness of the situation, which is shaped by their personal moral philosophy. This framework provides a step-by-step explanation of how pluralistic ethical decision-making occurs, reducing the abstractness of AV moral reasoning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Rhim
- Robots with Social Intelligence and Empathy (ROSIE) Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Multi-Agent Robotic Systems (MARS) Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Information-based Design Research Group, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Graduate School of Culture Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mo Chen
- Multi-Agent Robotic Systems (MARS) Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Angelica Lim
- Robots with Social Intelligence and Empathy (ROSIE) Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Ardenghi S, Luciani M, Rampoldi G, Ausili D, Bani M, Di Mauro S, Strepparava MG. Personal values among first-year medical and nursing students: A cross-sectional comparative study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2021; 100:104827. [PMID: 33662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collaboration in healthcare is essential but differences in personal values can be a potential source of disagreements between physicians and nurses. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to verify if and to what extent there were divergences in the personal values profile between medical and nursing students at the beginning of their education and training. A second aim was to explore gender differences in personal values. DESIGN This is an observational cross-sectional study. SETTINGS This study was conducted at one University in northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS We compared the personal values of 393 first-year medical students with those of 403 first-year nursing students. METHODS The Portrait Values Questionnaire-40 was administered and analyses of variance were performed to assess degree group and gender differences in terms of personal values. RESULTS Medical students scored significantly higher than nursing ones on values related to dominance over others and personal success. Female students significantly outscored males on personal values that reflect other-oriented and social focus, whereas male students obtained higher scores than females on personal values related to personal and selfish orientation. CONCLUSIONS Schwartz's Theory of Basic Human Values may be a valuable theoretical framework for interprofessional education to promote a common reflection on personal values held by medical and nursing students since the early years of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ardenghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Michela Luciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Giulia Rampoldi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Davide Ausili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Marco Bani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Strepparava
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italy; ASST Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Italy.
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Liu P, Wang X, Li D, Zhang R, Li H, Han J. The Benefits of Self-Transcendence: Examining the Role of Values on Mental Health Among Adolescents Across Regions in China. Front Psychol 2021; 12:630420. [PMID: 33679555 PMCID: PMC7925830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the foundations of existential positive psychology, self-transcendence can bring positive intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes, especially in the COVID-19 era in which people are suffering huge mental stress. Based on Schwartz's theory of human basic values, the current study combines variable-centered and person-centered approaches to examine the relationships between adolescents' values and mental health across two regions in China. The results generally showed that (1) both self-enhancement and conservation values were positively correlated with depression and loneliness, while both self-transcendence and openness to change values negatively correlated with depression and loneliness. The results also showed that (2) there were four value clusters (i.e., self-focus, other-focus, anxiety-free, undifferentiated), and, compared to adolescents in the self-focus and undifferentiated values cluster, all adolescents in the anxiety-free values cluster reported lower depression and loneliness, while all adolescents in the other-focus values cluster reported higher depression and loneliness. The differences between the two regional groups only emerged in depression. Specifically, adolescents in Shanghai have higher levels of depression than adolescents in Qingdao. This study provides some evidence for the new science of self-transcendence among adolescents and also sheds light on how we may improve the level of mental health during the COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Psychological Consultation, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongwei Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Party School of the Communist Party of China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxin Han
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Ardenghi S, Rampoldi G, Bani M, Strepparava MG. Personal values as early predictors of emotional and cognitive empathy among medical students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study contributes to the literature by examining the association between personal values (PVs), assessed with the Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire, and empathy, assessed with the Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index, in a sample of first-year medical students. We also examined medical students’ PVs profile and gender differences in terms of PVs. All participants (N = 398) were Italian, young (average age = 19.62 years, SD = 1.22), and unmarried; none had children. Zero-order correlations and hierarchical multiple regression models were performed to verify the association between PVs and empathy; in contrast, t-tests were run to explore gender differences in scoring on PVs. Benevolence and Universalism correlated positively with both the emotional and cognitive dimensions of empathy, whereas Power, Achievement, Hedonism, and Security were negatively associated with empathy. The three most important PVs in the whole sample were Benevolence, Self-Direction, and Universalism. Male medical students outscored their female counterparts on Power, Achievement, and Hedonism, whereas female students outscored the males on Benevolence, Universalism, Conformity, and Tradition. Our findings highlight the importance of fostering self-transcending PVs and discouraging self-enhancing PVs in medical students during the early years of medical school, as a means of supporting other-oriented responses such as empathy in future doctors.
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Abstract
Recent literature in the fields of Political Economy, New Institutional Economics and New Cultural Economics has converged in the use of empirical methods, offering a series of consistent quantitative analysis of values. However, an overarching positive methodology for the value-free study of values has not yet precipitated. Building on a mixed systematic-integrative literature review of a pluralistic variety of perspectives from Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial’ Spectator to modern moral philosophy, the current study suggests the Culture-Based Development (CBD) approach for analyzing the economic impact of values on socio-economic development. The CBD approach suggests that the value-free analysis needs: (i) to use positive methods to classify a value as local or universal; (ii) to examine the existence of what is termed the Aristotelian Kuznets curve of values (i.e., to test for the presence of an inflection point in the economic impact from the particular value) and (iii) to account for Platonian cultural relativity (i.e., the cultural embeddedness expressed in the geographic nestedness of the empirical data about values). The paper details the theoretical and methodological cornerstones underpinning the proposed CBD approach for value-free analysis of values.
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Individuals with dark traits have the ability but not the disposition to empathize. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wickramasinghe V, White KM, Johnson D. Predictors of Players' Decisions to Help Others in Video Games. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:264-270. [PMID: 32031868 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Little previous research has examined the in-play decision-making processes of multiplayer video game players related to both prosocial (helping others in general) and altruistic (helping with no expectation of reward) actions. The study used an established decision-making model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and assessed additional constructs of prototypical images (favorability and similarity to a typical gamer who helps) and general levels of empathy. Participants completed two self-report online surveys. At Time 1, participants (N = 387) completed measures assessing the predictors of prosocial and altruistic intentions. The model accounted for 53 percent of variance in prosocial players' prosocial intentions and 60 percent of variance in players' altruistic intentions. Participants' reported prosocial and altruistic gameplay behaviors were assessed 4 weeks later (n = 107), with intention to help significantly predicting both types of helping behaviors. Given established links between helping and positive health and well-being outcomes, these findings are relevant to both game developers, as well as stakeholders concerned with the impact of video games on players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varuni Wickramasinghe
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katherine M White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Johnson
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Díaz-Narváez VP, Calzadilla-Núñez A, López-Orellana P, Utsman-Abarca R, Alonso-Palacio LM. Empathic decline and training in nursing students. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2020; 54:e03619. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2019006803619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this article is to examine whether the levels of empathy fit the concept of empathic decline. Method This was a non-experimental and cross-sectional study. Two populations of nursing students in two nursing programs were studied: Universidad San Sebastián (Santiago, Chile) and Universidad Mayor (Temuco, Chile). The original data on empathy, assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, were combined into a single data base. They were then analyzed by means of normality tests and homoscedasticity, Cronbach’s alpha, analysis of variance; the standard deviation of the dependent outcome measure (Sy.x) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were estimated. Results The sample sizes from the two programs were 479 and 277, respectively. It was found that the distributions of the averages over the course of study for empathy (and its components) were constant, and in some cases increased. Conclusion It was found that the distribution of the means of empathy in the nursing students analyzed did not conform to the classical empathic decline observed in other studies. Therefore, it is inferred that the traditional factors identified as causes of empathic erosion were not operating in the same way in the studied context.
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Krishnasamy C, Ong SY, Loo ME, Thistlethwaite J. How does medical education affect empathy and compassion in medical students? A meta-ethnography: BEME Guide No. 57. MEDICAL TEACHER 2019; 41:1220-1231. [PMID: 31389720 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2019.1630731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Empathy and compassion are important in healthcare delivery, and are necessary qualities in medical students. Aims: To explore medical students', patients' and educators' perceptions of what affects empathy and the expression of compassion; and to address gaps in knowledge, attitudes and skills on how education affects empathy and the expression of compassion in medical students. Methods: The seven steps by Noblit and Hare were used for this meta-ethnography. Databases were searched for studies in English, published from 2007 to 2017 with outcomes of empathy and compassion. Key themes and concepts were identified, and accounts from the studies were used to build interpretations. Findings: Thirty-three qualitative studies were included and four main themes were derived: seeing the patient as a person; appreciating the elements of empathy and compassion; navigating in the training environment; and being guided by ideals. Interactions between the patient, the medical student and training environment which affect the development of empathy and compassion are illustrated in a conceptual model. Conclusions: This meta-ethnography extends our understanding of how medical education affects the expression of empathy and compassion in medical students. The results provide important considerations for medical educators and faculty developers in further developing and improving medical curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sik Yin Ong
- HOMER, NHG Education, National Healthcare Group , Singapore , Singapore
| | - May Eng Loo
- HOMER, NHG Education, National Healthcare Group , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jill Thistlethwaite
- NPS MedicineWise , Sydney , Australia
- FASS (Faculty of Social Sciences), University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , Australia
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Grzegorzewski P, Kulesza M, Pluta A, Iqbal Z, Kucharska K. Assessing self-reported empathy and altruism in patients suffering from enduring borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:798-807. [PMID: 30819534 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-report studies on empathy in adults with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have based upon the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and generally identified deficits in perspective taking abilities in this group, but indicated less coherent results regarding empathic concern. These two constructs are considered subcomponents of cognitive (CE) and affective empathy (AE), respectively. However, the IRI does not enable for valid investigation of overall levels of these empathy types. Surprisingly, although some findings from the general population suggest that empathy types may be positively related to altruism, neither this link nor general altruism have been examined in BPD. Additionally, these constructs have not been sufficiently studied in this group in the context of alexithymia or potential clinical confounders. Hence, women with BPD (N = 30) and healthy women (N = 38) completed, i.a., the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy, Self-Report Altruism Scale, TAS-20, STAI, and CESD-R. Patients with BPD reported significantly decreased overall CE (including worse online simulation abilities - conceptually similar to perspective taking from the IRI), but a similar level of overall AE. They also demonstrated lower altruism. Taken together, these results suggest that BPD patients have difficulties with imagining what emotions others are feeling and with altruistic responding to their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Grzegorzewski
- Department of Neuroses, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulesza
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Zaffer Iqbal
- NAViGO Health Care and Social Care CIC, Grimsby, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Kucharska
- Department of Neuroses, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhang H, Qu C. Emotional, especially negative microblogs are more popular on the web: evidence from an fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 14:1328-1338. [PMID: 30511115 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microblogs are one of the main social networking channels by which information is spread. Millions of users repost information from microblogs and share embedded emotion at the same time. The present study employed a mimicked interface of microblog (sina Weibo) and recruited university students to investigate users' propensity to repost microblogs of positive, negative or neutral valence, and studied the neural correlates with reposting microblogs of different emotional valence. Ninety pieces of microblog messages, consisting of 30 positive, 30 negative and 30 neutral were read by 28 participants (14 males and 14 females). Their propensity to repost, valence-related neural activity, and reposting-related neural activity were recorded when they read messages and decided whether to repost them. We found reposting behavior was moderated by emotion. Participants preferred to reposting emotional microblogs relative to neutral microblogs, corresponding to amplified activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, precuneus and tempoparietal junction (TPJ), the key nodes of cognitive control, emotion, self-relevance processing and mentalizing respectively. Moreover, negative microblogs were more reposted than positive ones, corresponding to amplified activity in postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and TPJ. Reposting negative microblogs induced increased activity in bilateral TPJ, indicating that TPJ plays a key role on decisions to propagate negative information. These findings reveal an important behavioral pattern in which negative information prevails in the transmission through microblogs, as well as the neural correlates with this process. It also provides empirical evidence of how reposting works in microblogs and how the brain is involved in social propagation of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- School of Economics and Management and Scientific Laboratory of Economics Behaviors, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yılmaz H. Pozitif-Negatif Yönelimli Bilişsel, Duyuşsal, Somatik Empati Ölçeği: Çocuk ve Ergen Sürümü Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama Çalışması. YAŞAM BECERILERI PSIKOLOJI DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.31461/ybpd.475567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Guo Q, Sun P, Li L. Shyness and online prosocial behavior: A study on multiple mediation mechanisms. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anterior insula lesions and alexithymia reduce the endorsements of everyday altruistic attitudes. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:428-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Why neurotic individuals are less prosocial? A multiple mediation analysis regarding related mechanisms. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Patil I, Zanon M, Novembre G, Zangrando N, Chittaro L, Silani G. Neuroanatomical basis of concern-based altruism in virtual environment. Neuropsychologia 2018; 116:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sonne JWH, Gash DM. Psychopathy to Altruism: Neurobiology of the Selfish-Selfless Spectrum. Front Psychol 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 29725317 PMCID: PMC5917043 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-old philosophical, biological, and social debate over the basic nature of humans as being “universally selfish” or “universally good” continues today highlighting sharply divergent views of natural social order. Here we analyze advances in biology, genetics and neuroscience increasing our understanding of the evolution, features and neurocircuitry of the human brain underlying behavior in the selfish–selfless spectrum. First, we examine evolutionary pressures for selection of altruistic traits in species with protracted periods of dependence on parents and communities for subsistence and acquisition of learned behaviors. Evidence supporting the concept that altruistic potential is a common feature in human populations is developed. To go into greater depth in assessing critical features of the social brain, the two extremes of selfish–selfless behavior, callous unemotional psychopaths and zealous altruists who take extreme measures to help others, are compared on behavioral traits, structural/functional neural features, and the relative contributions of genetic inheritance versus acquired cognitive learning to their mindsets. Evidence from population groups ranging from newborns, adopted children, incarcerated juveniles, twins and mindfulness meditators point to the important role of neuroplasticity and the dopaminergic reward systems in forming and reforming neural circuitry in response to personal experience and cultural influences in determining behavior in the selfish–selfless spectrum. The underlying neural circuitry differs between psychopaths and altruists with emotional processing being profoundly muted in psychopaths and significantly enhanced in altruists. But both groups are characterized by the reward system of the brain shaping behavior. Instead of rigid assignment of human nature as being “universally selfish” or “universally good,” both characterizations are partial truths based on the segments of the selfish–selfless spectrum being examined. In addition, individuals and populations can shift in the behavioral spectrum in response to cognitive therapy and social and cultural experience, and approaches such as mindfulness training for introspection and reward-activating compassion are entering the mainstream of clinical care for managing pain, depression, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W H Sonne
- Department of Health Professions, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Don M Gash
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Álvarez-Castillo JL, Fernández-Caminero G, González-González H. Is empathy one of the Big Three? Identifying its role in a dual-process model of ideology and blatant and subtle prejudice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195470. [PMID: 29621307 PMCID: PMC5886567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of the social psychology of prejudice, John Duckitt's Dual-Process Cognitive-Motivational Model of Ideology and Prejudice has gained a firm grounding over the past decade and a half, while empathy has become one of the most powerful predictors of prejudice, alongside right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. This study integrates empathy into the dual-process model, exploring the effects of this variable, along with the impact of personality and ideological attitudes, on prejudice in both its blatant and subtle forms. A cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from 260 university students by self-report measures. Despite its cross-sectional nature, a pattern of causal relationships was hypothesized according to experimental and longitudinal findings from previous studies. The path analysis results show that in the model fitted to the data, empathy does not have any direct impact on prejudice, although it plays a significant role in the prediction of prejudice towards a particular immigrant group. On the other hand, the dual-process model is confirmed in the explanation of blatant prejudice and, in a weaker and indirect way, of subtle prejudice; sustaining the distinctive nature of these constructs on some differential predictors and paths. In the discussion, this study proposes that when ideological and personality-based variables are both included in the model, general empathy is not so robust in the explanation of prejudice, since some of the empathetic components might become diluted among other covariates. But even so, its indirect effectiveness through personality and ideological attitudes remains relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo González-González
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Empathy Variation in General Practice: A Survey among General Practitioners in Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030433. [PMID: 29498682 PMCID: PMC5876978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that high levels of physician empathy may be correlated with improved patient health outcomes and high physician job satisfaction. Knowledge about variation in empathy and related general practitioner (GP) characteristics may allow for a more informed approach to improve empathy among GPs. Objective: Our objective is to measure and analyze variation in physician empathy and its association with GP demographic, professional, and job satisfaction characteristics. Methods: 464 Danish GPs responded to a survey containing the Danish version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professionals (JSE-HP) and questions related to their demographic, professional and job satisfaction characteristics. Descriptive statistics and a quantile plot of the ordered empathy scores were used to describe empathy variation. In addition, random-effect logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between empathy levels and the included GP characteristics. Results: Empathy scores were negatively skewed with a mean score of 117.9 and a standard deviation of 10.1 within a range from 99 (p5) to 135 (p95). GPs aged 45–54 years and GPs who are not employed outside of their practice were less likely to have high empathy scores (≥120). Neither gender, nor length of time since specialization, length of time in current practice, practice type, practice location, or job satisfaction was associated with odds of having high physician empathy. However, odds of having a high empathy score were higher for GPs who stated that the physician-patient relationship and interaction with colleagues has a high contribution to job satisfaction compared to the reference groups (low and medium contribution of these factors). This was also the trend for GPs who stated a high contribution to job satisfaction from intellectual stimulation. In contrast, high contribution of economic profit and prestige did not contribute to increased odds of having a high empathy score. Conclusions: Albeit generally high, we observed substantial variation in physician empathy levels among this population of Danish GPs. This variation is positively associated with values of interpersonal relationships and interaction with colleagues, and negatively associated with middle age (45–54 years) and lack of outside employment. There is room to increase GP physician empathy via educational and organizational interventions, and consequently, to improve healthcare quality and outcomes.
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Zhang X, Liu S, Deng Z, Chen X. Knowledge sharing motivations in online health communities: A comparative study of health professionals and normal users. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Peled-Avron L, Goldstein P, Yellinek S, Weissman-Fogel I, Shamay-Tsoory SG. Empathy during consoling touch is modulated by mu-rhythm: An EEG study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 116:68-74. [PMID: 28442340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms of empathy for pain that contribute to consoling touch, a distress-alleviating contact behavior carried out by an observer in response to the suffering of a target. We tested romantic couples in a paradigm that involves consoling touch and examined the attenuation of the mu/alpha rhythm (8-13Hz) in the consoling partner. During the task, the toucher either held the consoled partner's right hand (human touch) or held onto the armrest of the chair (non-human touch), while the consoled partner experienced inflicted pain (pain condition) or did not experience any pain (no-pain condition). In accordance with our hypotheses, the results revealed an interaction between touch and pain at in mu/alpha rhythms in all central sites (C3, C4, Cz). Specifically, we found that the toucher's mu suppression was higher in the consoling touch condition, i.e., while touching the partner who is in pain, compared to the three control conditions. Additionally, we found that in the consoling touch condition, mu suppression at electrode C4 of the toucher correlated with a measure of situational empathy. Our findings suggest that electrophysiological and behavioral measures that have been associated with empathy for pain are modulated during consoling touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peled-Avron
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - P Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Yellinek
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Weissman-Fogel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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