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Zhou Y, Li K, Adelson DL. An unmet need for pharmacology: Treatments for radiation-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116767. [PMID: 38781863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucositis (GIM) continues to be a significant issue in the management of abdominal cancer radiation treatments and chemotherapy, causing significant patient discomfort and therapy interruption or even cessation. This review will first focus on radiotherapy induced GIM, providing an understanding of its clinical landscape. Subsequently, the aetiology of GIM will be reviewed, highlighting diverse contributing factors. The cellular and tissue damage and associated molecular responses in GIM will be summarised in the context of the underlying complex biological processes. Finally, available drugs and pharmaceutical therapies will be evaluated, underscoring their insufficiency, and highlighting the need for further research and innovation. This review will emphasize the urgent need for improved pharmacologic therapeutics for GIM, which is a key research priority in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; Zhendong Australia China Centre for Molecular Chinese Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Kun Li
- Beijing Zhendong Guangming Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Beijing 100120, China.
| | - David L Adelson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; Zhendong Australia China Centre for Molecular Chinese Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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2
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Cameron O, Neves JF, Gentleman E. Listen to Your Gut: Key Concepts for Bioengineering Advanced Models of the Intestine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302165. [PMID: 38009508 PMCID: PMC10837392 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The intestine performs functions central to human health by breaking down food and absorbing nutrients while maintaining a selective barrier against the intestinal microbiome. Key to this barrier function are the combined efforts of lumen-lining specialized intestinal epithelial cells, and the supportive underlying immune cell-rich stromal tissue. The discovery that the intestinal epithelium can be reproduced in vitro as intestinal organoids introduced a new way to understand intestinal development, homeostasis, and disease. However, organoids reflect the intestinal epithelium in isolation whereas the underlying tissue also contains myriad cell types and impressive chemical and structural complexity. This review dissects the cellular and matrix components of the intestine and discusses strategies to replicate them in vitro using principles drawing from bottom-up biological self-organization and top-down bioengineering. It also covers the cellular, biochemical and biophysical features of the intestinal microenvironment and how these can be replicated in vitro by combining strategies from organoid biology with materials science. Particularly accessible chemistries that mimic the native extracellular matrix are discussed, and bioengineering approaches that aim to overcome limitations in modelling the intestine are critically evaluated. Finally, the review considers how further advances may extend the applications of intestinal models and their suitability for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cameron
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Joana F. Neves
- Centre for Host‐Microbiome InteractionsKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanne1005Switzerland
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Duan C, Yu X, Feng X, Shi L, Wang D. Expression Profiles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Nasal Polyps. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:29-39. [PMID: 38193041 PMCID: PMC10771793 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s438581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nasal polyp (NP) is characterized by inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa with predominant inflammatory cell infiltration. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are recognized to play an important role in leukocyte migration in airway inflammation. Herein, efforts were made to confirm the expression levels of MMPs/TIMPs and study the relationship between the infiltration of inflammatory cells and local expression levels of MMPs/TIMPs in NPs. Patients and Methods NP tissues were obtained from 42 Chinese patients with bilateral nasal polyps during the endoscopic sinus surgery. Inferior turbinate (IT) tissues from 19 patients with septal deviation were taken during the rhinoplasty surgery as controls. mRNA and protein levels of MMP1, MMP9, MMP10, MMP12, TIMP1 and TIMP3 were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Eosinophilia (72%, 23/32 samples), neutrophilia (41%, 13/32 samples), and increase in macrophages (38%, 12/32 samples) were found in NP tissues. mRNA expression of MMP1 (10.9-fold), MMP9 (4.1-fold), MMP10 (6.7-fold) and MMP12 (3.5-fold) were significantly up-regulated, while TIMP1 (1.5-fold) and TIMP3 (6.0-fold) were significantly down-regulated in NPs (n=42) as compared to the controls (n=19). The immunostaining levels of all 4 MMPs and two TIMPs were higher in NPs than those in controls. The co-localization of MMP1/MMP10/MMP12 and macrophages were identified in NPs. MMP9 was mainly expressed in neutrophils, while TIMP1 or TIMP3 were mostly found in eosinophils in NPs. Conclusion The results of our study indicate that tissue remodeling is significant in NPs, where MMPs/TIMPs play important roles in both tissue remodeling and inflammatory cells infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Duan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology (Shandong University), Qingdao, Shandong, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Martini GR, Bortoluzzi EA, Minamisako MC, Bordignon NCT, Rodrigues PM, Gondak R. Impact of radiotherapy on the morphological and compositional structure of intra-radicular dentin. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:45-51. [PMID: 36888844 PMCID: PMC10027097 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the side effects in the oral cavity and dental structures of radiotherapy (RDT) for head and neck cancer, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of RDT on the root dentin concerning the obliteration of dentinal tubules, the inorganic composition of intra-radicular dentin, and the integrity of collagen fibers. Thirty human canines were selected from a biobank and randomly divided into two groups (n=15). The samples were sectioned buccolingually, and a hemisection was used for structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Low-vacuum SEM images were obtained at 2000-x magnification to observe the obliteration of the dentinal tubules. Moreover, compositional evaluation was performed using EDS. After RDT, the SEM and EDS analyses were repeated using the same methodology. RDT was applied fractionally at 2 Gy per day, 5 days per week, for 7 weeks, resulting in a total dose of 70 Gy. The collagen integrity of the irradiated and non-irradiated samples was analyzed using Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red staining polarization microscopy. Samples subjected to RDT exhibited dentinal tubule obliteration (p < 0.001); low integrity of type I and III collagen fibers (p < 0.05); compositional reduction of calcium (p = 0.012), phosphorus (p = 0.001), and magnesium (p < 0.001); an increased Ca/P ratio (p < 0.001). RDT affects the structure of dentinal tubules, the inorganic composition of intra-radicular dentin, and the collagen fiber integrity in the root dentin, which may interfere with the effectiveness and durability of dental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Ribeiro Martini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Eduardo A Bortoluzzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | | | - Natalia C Trentin Bordignon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Paulo M Rodrigues
- Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas(CEPON), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Rogério Gondak
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina(UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Guo N, Liang J, Gao X, Yang X, Fan X, Zhao Y. Overexpressed HGF promotes metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck through the PI3K/Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4527-4543. [PMID: 34435890 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of HGF in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is not clear. Methods: Reverse transcription PCR, western blotting, gelatin zymography, immunohistochemistry, actin polymerization, chemotaxis and migration assays were used in the authors' study. Results: HGF expression level was upregulated in SCCHN cells, which was associated with clinical stage; tumor, node, metastasis classification; and lymphatic invasion. SCCHN cells with high Met expression were sensitive to cell invasion, which was blocked by inhibiting PI3K/Akt and JNK. HGF induced MMP9 expression and enhanced its activity. Akt induced the activation of JNK through the PI3K/Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Conclusion: HGF upregulates MMP9 through the activation of the PI3K/Akt and JNK signaling pathways in SCCHN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwang Liang
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlong Fan
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejiao Zhao
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Waller V, Pruschy M. Combined Radiochemotherapy: Metalloproteinases Revisited. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676583. [PMID: 34055644 PMCID: PMC8155607 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides cytotoxic DNA damage irradiation of tumor cells triggers multiple intra- and intercellular signaling processes, that are part of a multilayered, treatment-induced stress response at the unicellular and tumor pathophysiological level. These processes are intertwined with intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to the toxic effects of ionizing radiation and thereby co-determine the tumor response to radiotherapy. Proteolysis of structural elements and bioactive signaling moieties represents a major class of posttranslational modifications regulating intra- and intercellular communication. Plasma membrane-located and secreted metalloproteinases comprise a family of metal-, usually zinc-, dependent endopeptidases and sheddases with a broad variety of substrates including components of the extracellular matrix, cyto- and chemokines, growth and pro-angiogenic factors. Thereby, metalloproteinases play an important role in matrix remodeling and auto- and paracrine intercellular communication regulating tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune cell infiltration, tumor cell dissemination, and subsequently the response to cancer treatment. While metalloproteinases have long been identified as promising target structures for anti-cancer agents, previous pharmaceutical approaches mostly failed due to unwanted side effects related to the structural similarities among the multiple family members. Nevertheless, targeting of metalloproteinases still represents an interesting rationale alone and in combination with other treatment modalities. Here, we will give an overview on the role of metalloproteinases in the irradiated tumor microenvironment and discuss the therapeutic potential of using more specific metalloproteinase inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Waller
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gouarderes S, Mingotaud AF, Vicendo P, Gibot L. Vascular and extracellular matrix remodeling by physical approaches to improve drug delivery at the tumor site. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1703-1726. [PMID: 32838565 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1814735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modern comprehensive studies of tumor microenvironment changes allowed scientists to develop new and more efficient strategies that will improve anticancer drug delivery on site. The tumor microenvironment, especially the dense extracellular matrix, has a recognized capability to hamper the penetration of conventional drugs. Development and co-applications of strategies aiming at remodeling the tumor microenvironment are highly demanded to improve drug delivery at the tumor site in a therapeutic prospect. AREAS COVERED Increasing indications suggest that classical physical approaches such as exposure to ionizing radiations, hyperthermia or light irradiation, and emerging ones as sonoporation, electric field or cold plasma technology can be applied as standalone or associated strategies to remodel the tumor microenvironment. The impacts on vasculature and extracellular matrix remodeling of these physical approaches will be discussed with the goal to improve nanotherapeutics delivery at the tumor site. EXPERT OPINION Physical approaches to modulate vascular properties and remodel the extracellular matrix are of particular interest to locally control and improve drug delivery and thus increase its therapeutic index. They are particularly powerful as adjuvant to nanomedicine delivery; the development of these technologies could have extremely widespread implications for cancer treatment.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gouarderes
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier , Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier , Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Vicendo
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier , Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Gibot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier , Toulouse, France
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Cunha SR, Maravic T, Comba A, Ramos PA, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Fregnani ER, Aranha AC, Mazzoni A, Breschi L. In vivo and in vitro radiotherapy increased dentin enzymatic activity. J Dent 2020; 100:103429. [PMID: 32673637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of in vitro and in-vivo radiotherapy on endogenous enzymatic activity in dentin using gelatin zymography and in-situ zymography. METHODS Gelatin zymographic assays were performed on protein extracts obtained from dentin powder of sound non-irradiated (NRT), in vitro irradiated (VTRT) and in vivo irradiated (VIRT) human teeth. Their proteolytic activities were quantified using band densitometric evaluation. For in-situ zymography, dentin specimens from NRT, VIRT and VTRT were covered with fluorescein-conjugated gelatin and examined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Fluorescence intensity emitted by the hydrolyzed fluorescein-conjugated gelatin was quantified and statistically analyzed. In-situ zymography data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparison procedures (α = 0.05). RESULTS No difference between in vitro and in vivo radiotherapy treatment was found. Both VTRT and VIRT groups showed increase in MMP-9 expression when compared to NRT group. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in gelatinolytic activity (26 % for VTRT; 55 % for VIRT) were observed when compared to the NRT group. CONCLUSION Radiotherapy increase endogenous enzymatic activity in non-restored dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ribeiro Cunha
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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Fonseca JM, Troconis CC, Palmier NR, Gomes-Silva W, Paglioni MD, Araújo AL, Arboleda LP, Filho AJ, González-Arriagada WA, Goes MF, Lopes MA, Brandão TB, Vargas PA, Ribeiro AC, Santos-Silva AR. The impact of head and neck radiotherapy on the dentine-enamel junction: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e96-e105. [PMID: 31880287 PMCID: PMC6982993 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is widely used in contemporary head and neck cancer treatment protocols. The ability of head and neck radiotherapy (HNRT) to cause direct radiogenic destruction to the teeth is one of the most controversial topics in the field of oral oncology. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate ionising radiation as an independent factor for physical and chemical changes on the dentine-enamel junction (DEJ), a pivotal dental topography for the onset and progression of radiation-related caries (RRC) and enamel delamination.
Material and Methods Systematic searches were conducted on three databases: Scopus, MEDLINE (Via PubMed) and Embase (Elsevier). Laboratory studies evaluating the effects of simulated or in vivo HNRT on the DEJ were included. The GRADE tool adapted for in vitro studies was used to assess the methodological quality.
Results Of the 154 initially selected studies, eight met the inclusion criteria, from which five studies were graded as high quality of evidence, two studies were graded as moderate quality and one as low quality. Two studies did not demonstrate DEJ alterations following HNRT while the other six articles described several organic and inorganic changes in the DEJ of irradiated teeth samples. These radiogenic events were mostly detected through micro and nanoindentation, Raman micro-spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, Western blotting and optical coherence tomography.
Conclusions HNRT may have a negative impact on the physical and chemical aspects of the DEJ, predisposing cancer patients to RRC and enamel delamination. Key words:Cancer, radiotherapy, radiation-related caries, dentin-enamel junction, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Fonseca
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Semiology Area Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Brazil 901, Av. Limeira, Areão, Piracicaba, São Paulo - Brazil Postal code: 13414- 903
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Lopes FC, Roperto R, Akkus A, de Queiroz AM, Francisco de Oliveira H, Sousa-Neto MD. Effect of carbodiimide and chlorhexidine on the bond strength longevity of resin cement to root dentine after radiation therapy. Int Endod J 2019; 53:539-552. [PMID: 31715008 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of carbodiimide (EDC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bond strength (BS) of resin cement to root dentine of teeth submitted to radiotherapy. METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty extracted maxillary canines were selected and assigned to 2 groups (n = 60): nonirradiated and irradiated (30 cycles of 2 Gy, total 60 Gy). Roots lengths were standardized, and canals were prepared and filled. Post spaces were then prepared, and the samples were redistributed according to dentine treatment (n = 20): saline solution (SF); CHX 2%; or EDC 0.5M. After drying the post space, fibreglass posts were cemented. Cross-sectioned slices were obtained, and in half of the specimens of each subgroup (n = 10), the analysis was performed immediately; the others (n = 10) were stored for 10 months before analyses. The most cervical slice of each third was subjected to a push-out test and failure pattern analysis (n = 10), and the most apical slice submitted to the analysis of the adhesive interface by SEM (n = 5). The bond strength data were submitted to anova and Tukey tests, the adhesive interface adaptation was submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests, and the Chi-square test was used to evaluate the type of failure. RESULTS The irradiated specimens had significantly lower bond strength (13.8 ± 4.3) than the nonirradiated (18.1 ± 3.1; P < 0.001). For the irradiated teeth, the bond strengths were significantly lower in the SF and CHX groups (P < 0.001). Also, the bond strengths reduced significantly after 10 months in the SF and CHX groups (P < 0.001). Cohesive failures occurred in dentine for irradiated specimens. Poorer interface adaptation, dentine fractures and microfractures were observed in irradiated specimens, and better adaptation was observed for specimens after EDC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy was associated with lower bond strength and worse interface adaptation. Dentine treatment with EDC contributed to adhesive interface longevity during the cementation of glass fibre posts in nonirradiated and irradiated teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Lopes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R Roperto
- Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Akkus
- Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A M de Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - H Francisco de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M D Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Rheinic acid ameliorates radiation-induced acute enteritis in rats through PPAR-γ/NF-κB. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:909-917. [PMID: 31037524 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute radiation enteritis (ARE), a common complication of intestinal caused by abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. Rheinic acid is a major active ingredient derived from Rhubarb. Rhubarb could suppress inflammation, tumor, fibrosis oxidative damage. However, RA as the main active component and extract monomer of Rhubarb, the pharmacological activity and the underlying molecular mechanism on various diseases has not yet been revealed. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential role of rheinic acid (RA) in ameliorating inflammation of rats with acute radiation enteritis (ARE), and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS ARE rat model was established by irradiated with single-dose 10 Gy X-rays at a rate of 0.62 Gy/min to the abdomen. The rats were executed after orally administered with Rheinic acid 7 days and used in the subsequent experiments. Body weight, fecal characteristics and bloody of rats were used to assess the disease activity index. Histological analysis of the jejunum and colon were evaluated using H&E staining. The pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were measured by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were also determined. The mRNA and protein expression were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. RESULTS Rheinic acid promoted intestinal functional recovery, and ameliorated intestinal damage and bloody stool in ARE rats. Rheinic acid strongly decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, NO, and MDA, whereas increased levels of anti-oxidants, SOD and GSH. Moreover, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were decreased with RA treatment. Further study indicated that PPAR-γ was activated and thereby NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathway were suppressed after rheinic acid treatment. CONCLUSION Rheinic acid could ameliorate acute radiation enteritis and the underlying molecular mechanism is, at least partially, through PPAR-γ/NF-κB and p38 MAPK/JNK pathways.
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Stansborough RL, Bateman EH, Al-Dasooqi N, Bowen JM, Wignall A, Keefe DM, Yeoh AS, Logan RM, Yeoh EEK, Stringer AM, Gibson RJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), angiostatin, and endostatin are increased in radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 94:645-655. [PMID: 29855218 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1483588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity (RIGT) is a debilitating effect of radiotherapy for cancer, often resulting in significant diarrhea and pain. Previous studies have highlighted roles of the intestinal microvasculature and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the development of RIGT. We hypothesized vascular mediators would be significantly altered in a dark agouti (DA) rat model of RIGT. Additionally, we aimed to assess the effect of MMP-2 and -9 inhibition on the response of tumor-associated microvascular endothelial cells (TAMECs) to radiation. METHODS DA rats were administered 2.5 Gy abdominal irradiation (3 times/week over 6 weeks). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), von Willebrand factor (VWF), angiostatin, and endostatin expression was assessed at 3, 6, and 15 weeks. Additionally, DA rat mammary adenocarcinoma tumor-associated microvascular endothelial cells (TAMECs) were used to assess the effects of radiation (12 Gy) and the MMP inhibitor SB-3CT on MMP, VEGF, and TGFβ expression, and cell viability. RESULTS VEGF mRNA expression was significantly increased in the colon at week 15 (p = .0012), and TGFβ mRNA expression was significantly increased in both the jejunum and colon at week 3 (p = .0280 and p = .0310, respectively). Endostatin immunostaining was significantly increased at week 3 (p = .0046), and angiostatin at 3 and 6 weeks (p = .0022 and p = .0135, respectively). MMP-2 and -9 mRNA and total protein levels were significantly increased following irradiation of TAMECs. Although this increase was significantly attenuated by SB-3CT, it did not significantly alter endothelial cell viability or VEGF and TGFβ mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study support the involvement of VEGF, TGFβ, angiostatin, endostatin, and MMP-2 in the pathobiology of RIGT. However, the relationship between these mediators is complex and needs further investigation to improve understanding of their therapeutic potential in RIGT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma H Bateman
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Noor Al-Dasooqi
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Anthony Wignall
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Dorothy M Keefe
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Ann S Yeoh
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Richard M Logan
- b Adelaide Dental School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Eric E K Yeoh
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Andrea M Stringer
- c Division of Health Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- a Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,c Division of Health Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
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13
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Stansborough RL, Al-Dasooqi N, Bateman EH, Bowen JM, Keefe DMK, Logan RM, Yeoh ASJ, Yeoh EEK, Stringer AM, Gibson RJ. Matrix metalloproteinase expression is altered in the small and large intestine following fractionated radiation in vivo. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:3873-3882. [PMID: 29754212 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity (RIGT) is associated with significant diarrhoea, pain and rectal bleeding. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to be involved in chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and RIGT following single-dose irradiation in vivo. We therefore proposed MMPs would be involved in the pathobiology of RIGT following fractionated irradiation. METHODS Dark Agouti rats were treated with fractionated radiation (3 × 2.5 Gy/week for 6 weeks). Rats were killed at 3, 6 and 15 weeks to represent acute and chronic toxicities. Sections of jejunum and colon were immunostained for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14. Relative mRNA expression in jejunum and colon was quantified by RT-PCR for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14. Western blotting was also conducted on jejunum and colon tissue collected at week 6 to determine protein levels of pro- and active MMP-2. RESULTS MMP-2 total protein levels, determined by western blotting, significantly increased in both the jejunum (p = 0.0359) and the colon (p = 0.0134) 6 weeks into the fractionated radiation schedule. MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-14 mRNA expression significantly increased in the jejunum. MMP-2 mRNA expression was also significantly increased in the colon. Immunostaining of MMP-2 was observed to be increased in both crypt enterocytes and the lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 plays a role in the pathobiology of gastrointestinal toxicities following fractionated irradiation. Whilst MMP-1 and MMP-14 mRNA expression was increased, this occurred only in the jejunum, suggesting MMPs are differentially involved in RIGT depending on the intestinal region. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role these mediators play in the development and potentiation of RIGT.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/radiation effects
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Large/radiation effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Intestine, Small/radiation effects
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiation Injuries/genetics
- Radiation Injuries/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Romany L Stansborough
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Noor Al-Dasooqi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma H Bateman
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Dorothy M K Keefe
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard M Logan
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann S J Yeoh
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Eric E K Yeoh
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Andrea M Stringer
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Gomes-Silva W, Prado Ribeiro AC, de Castro Junior G, Salvajoli JV, Rangel Palmier N, Lopes MA, Rocha MM, de Goes MF, Brandão TB, Santos-Silva AR. Head and neck radiotherapy does not increase gelatinase (metalloproteinase-2 and -9) expression or activity in teeth irradiated in vivo. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 124:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Stansborough RL, Bateman EH, Al-Dasooqi N, Bowen JM, Keefe DMK, Yeoh ASJ, Logan RM, Yeoh EEK, Stringer AM, Gibson RJ. Fractionated abdominal irradiation induces intestinal microvascular changes in an in vivo model of radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:1973-1983. [PMID: 28175996 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity (RIGT) is associated with diarrhoea, pain and rectal bleeding and can occur as an acute or chronic toxicity. The microvasculature has been shown to be altered in the development of RIGT; however, the features are not yet characterized. We hypothesized that apoptosis of microvascular cells would occur early in the gastrointestinal tract following fractionated irradiation, followed by late microvascular changes, including sclerosis and telangiectasis. METHODS Female Dark Agouti rats were treated with a 6-week fractionated radiation schedule of 3 × 2.5 Gy doses per week localized to the abdomen. At 3, 6 and 15 weeks, the intestines were assessed for markers of acute and chronic injury including morphological changes, collagen deposition, apoptosis and proliferation. RESULTS Apoptosis of microvascular cells significantly increased at 6 and 15 weeks in the jejunum (p = 0.0026 and p = 0.0062, respectively) and at 6 and 15 weeks in the colon (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005, respectively) in rats receiving fractionated radiation to the abdomen. Histopathological changes of the colon microvasculature were also seen from week 3, including thickening of the lamina propria and dilated, thickened, telangiectatic vessels. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study provide evidence of regional and timing-specific changes in the intestinal microvasculature in response to fractionated radiotherapy which may play a role in development of both acute and chronic RIGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romany L Stansborough
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Emma H Bateman
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Noor Al-Dasooqi
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Dorothy M K Keefe
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Ann S J Yeoh
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard M Logan
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Eric E K Yeoh
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Andrea M Stringer
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Ghorai A, Sarma A, Chowdhury P, Ghosh U. PARP-1 depletion in combination with carbon ion exposure significantly reduces MMPs activity and overall increases TIMPs expression in cultured HeLa cells. Radiat Oncol 2016; 11:126. [PMID: 27659937 PMCID: PMC5034624 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-016-0703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hadron therapy is an innovative technique where cancer cells are precisely killed leaving surrounding healthy cells least affected by high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation like carbon ion beam. Anti-metastatic effect of carbon ion exposure attracts investigators into the field of hadron biology, although details remain poor. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors are well-known radiosensitizer and several PARP-1 inhibitors are in clinical trial. Our previous studies showed that PARP-1 depletion makes the cells more radiosensitive towards carbon ion than gamma. The purpose of the present study was to investigate combining effects of PARP-1 inhibition with carbon ion exposure to control metastatic properties in HeLa cells. Methods Activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2, 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) were measured using the gelatin zymography after 85 MeV carbon ion exposure or gamma irradiation (0- 4 Gy) to compare metastatic potential between PARP-1 knock down (HsiI) and control cells (H-vector - HeLa transfected with vector without shRNA construct). Expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMPs such as TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 were checked by immunofluorescence and western blot. Cell death by trypan blue, apoptosis and autophagy induction were studied after carbon ion exposure in each cell-type. The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and 2-tailed paired-samples T-test. Results PARP-1 silencing significantly reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities and carbon ion exposure further diminished their activities to less than 3 % of control H-vector. On the contrary, gamma radiation enhanced both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in H-vector but not in HsiI cells. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in H-vector and HsiI showed different pattern after carbon ion exposure. All three TIMPs were increased in HsiI, whereas only TIMP-1 was up-regulated in H-vector after irradiation. Notably, the expressions of all TIMPs were significantly higher in HsiI than H-vector at 4 Gy. Apoptosis was the predominant mode of cell death and no autophagic death was observed. Conclusions Our study demonstrates for the first time that PARP-1 inhibition in combination with carbon ion synergistically decreases MMPs activity along with overall increase of TIMPs. These data open up the possibilities of improvement of carbon ion therapy with PARP-1 inhibition to control highly metastatic cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-016-0703-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Ghorai
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India.,Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Asitikantha Sarma
- Inter-University Accelerator Center (IUAC), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Priyanka Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Utpal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India.
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17
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Stansborough RL, Al-dasooqi N, Bateman EH, Keefe DMK, Gibson RJ. Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity: Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and the intestinal microvasculature. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:241-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1146830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Reed R, Xu C, Liu Y, Gorski JP, Wang Y, Walker MP. Radiotherapy effect on nano-mechanical properties and chemical composition of enamel and dentine. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:690-7. [PMID: 25766468 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand radiotherapy-induced dental lesions characterized by enamel loss or delamination near the dentine-enamel junction (DEJ), this study evaluated enamel and dentine nano-mechanical properties and chemical composition before and after simulated oral cancer radiotherapy. DESIGN Sections from seven non-carious third molars were exposed to 2 Gy fractions, 5 days/week for 7 weeks for a total of 70 Gy. Nanoindentation was used to evaluate Young's modulus, while Raman microspectroscopy was used to measure protein/mineral ratios, carbonate/phosphate ratios, and phosphate peak width. All measures were completed prior to and following radiation at the same four buccal and lingual sites 500 and 30 μm from the DEJ in enamel and dentine (E-500, E-30, D-30 and D-500). RESULTS The elastic modulus of enamel and dentine was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) following radiation. Based on Raman spectroscopic analysis, there was a significant decrease in the protein to mineral ratio (2931/430 cm(-1)) following radiation at all sites tested except at D-500, while the carbonate to phosphate ratio (1070/960 cm(-1)) increased at E-30 and decreased at D-500. Finally, phosphate peak width as measured by FWHM at 960 cm(-1) significantly decreased at both D-30 and D-500 following radiation. CONCLUSIONS Simulated radiotherapy produced an increase in the stiffness of enamel and dentine near the DEJ. Increased stiffness is speculated to be the result of the radiation-induced decrease in the protein content, with the percent reduction much greater in the enamel sites. Such changes in mechanical properties and chemical composition could potentially contribute to DEJ biomechanical failure leading to enamel delamination that occurs post-radiotherapy. However, other analyses are required for a better understanding of radiotherapy-induced effects on tooth structure to improve preventive and restorative treatments for oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reed
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - C Xu
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - J P Gorski
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States; Center of Excellencein Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States; Center of Excellencein Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - M P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States; Center of Excellencein Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States.
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McGuire JD, Gorski JP, Dusevich V, Wang Y, Walker MP. Type IV collagen is a novel DEJ biomarker that is reduced by radiotherapy. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1028-34. [PMID: 25146181 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514548221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The dental basement membrane (BM) is composed of collagen types IV, VI, VII, and XVII, fibronectin, and laminin and plays an inductive role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth development. The BM is degraded and removed during later-stage tooth morphogenesis; however, its original position defines the location of the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) in mature teeth. We recently demonstrated that type VII collagen is a novel component of the inner enamel organic matrix layer contiguous with the DEJ. Since it is frequently co-expressed with and forms functional complexes with type VII collagen, we hypothesized that type IV collagen should also be localized to the DEJ in mature human teeth. To identify collagen IV, we first evaluated defect-free erupted teeth from various donors. To investigate a possible stabilizing role, we also evaluated extracted teeth exposed to high-dose radiotherapy--teeth that manifest post-radiotherapy DEJ instability. We now show that type IV collagen is a component within the morphological DEJ of posterior and anterior teeth from individuals aged 18 to 80 yr. Confocal microscopy revealed that immunostained type IV collagen was restricted to the 5- to 10-µm-wide optical DEJ, while collagenase treatment or previous in vivo tooth-level exposure to > 60 Gray irradiation severely reduced immunoreactivity. This assignment was confirmed by Western blotting with whole-tooth crown and enamel extracts. Without reduction, type IV collagen contained macromolecular α-chains of 225 and 250 kDa. Compositionally, our results identify type IV collagen as the first macromolecular biomarker of the morphological DEJ of mature teeth. Given its network structure and propensity to stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction, we propose that a collagen-IV-enriched DEJ may, in part, explain its well-known fracture toughness, crack propagation resistance, and stability. In contrast, loss of type IV collagen may represent a biochemical rationale for the DEJ instability observed following oral cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D McGuire
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry
| | - J P Gorski
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - V Dusevich
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - M P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Guo N, Liu F, Yang L, Huang J, Ding X, Sun C. Chemokine receptor 7 enhances cell chemotaxis and migration of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck through activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:794-800. [PMID: 24912620 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) metastasis are not fully understood. Although evidence shows that the chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and its ligand CCL19 may regulate tumor dissemination, their role is not clearly defined in SCCHN. Matrix metalloproteinases break consisting of tissue barrier to the surrounding tissue invasion and metastasis by destroying the balance of matrix degradation of the basement membrane of tumor cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). We used chemotaxis and migration assays, western blotting, gelatin zymography, actin polymerization assay, immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemical analysis to explore whether MMP-9 can be activated by CCL19 (CCR7's ligand) and its role in SCCHN. The experiments were performed in the metastatic SCCHN cell line PCI-37B after pre-incubation of the cells with CCL19 and SB-3CT (inhibitor of MMP-9). Our results demonstrated that CCR7 favors PCI-37B cell chemotaxis and migration, upregulation of MMP-9 protein and motivates the activity of MMP-9 protein, induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and upregulation of MMP-9 protein. SB-3CT can block all these effects. Collectively, our data indicated that CCR7 regulates cell chemotaxis and migration via MMP-9 in metastatic SCCHN, and these results provide a basis for new strategies in preventing metastases of SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Fayu Liu
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Jinying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Xue Ding
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Changfu Sun
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
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McGuire JD, Mousa AA, Zhang BJ, Todoki LS, Huffman NT, Chandrababu KB, Moradian-Oldak J, Keightley A, Wang Y, Walker MP, Gorski JP. Extracts of irradiated mature human tooth crowns contain MMP-20 protein and activity. J Dent 2014; 42:626-35. [PMID: 24607847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently demonstrated a significant correlation between enamel delamination and tooth-level radiation dose in oral cancer patients. Since radiation can induce the synthesis and activation of matrix metalloproteinases, we hypothesized that irradiated teeth may contain active matrix metalloproteinases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracted teeth from oral cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and from healthy subjects were compared. Extracted mature third molars from healthy subjects were irradiated in vitro and/or incubated for 0-6 months at 37°C. All teeth were then pulverized, extracted, and extracts subjected to proteomic and enzymatic analyses. RESULTS Screening of irradiated crown extracts using mass spectrometry identified MMP-20 (enamelysin) which is expressed developmentally in dentine and enamel but believed to be removed prior to tooth eruption. MMP-20 was composed of catalytically active forms at Mr=43, 41, 24 and 22kDa and was immunolocalized predominantly to the morphological dentine enamel junction. The proportion of different sized MMP-20 forms changed with incubation and irradiation. While the pattern was not altered directly by irradiation of healthy teeth with 70Gy, subsequent incubation at 37°C for 3-6 months with or without prior irradiation caused the proportion of Mr=24-22kDa MMP-20 bands to increase dramatically. Extracts of teeth from oral cancer patients who received >70Gy radiation also contained relatively more 24 and 22kDa MMP-20 than those of healthy age-related teeth. CONCLUSION MMP-20 is a radiation-resistant component of mature tooth crowns enriched in the dentine-enamel. We speculate that MMP-20 catalyzed degradation of organic matrix at this site could lead to enamel delamination associated with oral cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D McGuire
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - A A Mousa
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Bo J Zhang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - L S Todoki
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - N T Huffman
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - K B Chandrababu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - A Keightley
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - M P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - J P Gorski
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, Center of Excellence in Dental and Musculoskeletal Tissues, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States.
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Rave-Fränk M, Malik IA, Christiansen H, Naz N, Sultan S, Amanzada A, Blaschke M, Cameron S, Ahmad S, Hess CF, Ramadori G, Moriconi F. Rat model of fractionated (2 Gy/day) 60 Gy irradiation of the liver: long-term effects. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:321-338. [PMID: 23595725 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver is considered a radiosensitive organ. However, in rats, high single-dose irradiation (HDI) showed only mild effects. Consequences of fractionated irradiation (FI) in such an animal model have not been studied so far. Rats were exposed to selective liver FI (total dose 60 Gy, 2 Gy/day) or HDI (25 Gy) and were killed three months after the end of irradiation. To study acute effects, HDI-treated rats were additionally killed at several time points between 1 and 48 h. Three months after irradiation, no differences between FI and HDI treatment were found for macroscopically detectable small "scars" on the liver surface and for an increased number of neutrophil granulocytes distributed in the portal fields and through the liver parenchyma. As well, no changes in HE-stained tissues or clear signs of fibrosis were found around the portal vessels. Differences were seen for the number of bile ducts being increased in FI- but not in HDI-treated livers. Serum levels indicative of liver damage were determined for alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). A significant increase of AP was detected only after FI while HDI led to the significant increases of AST and LDH serum levels. By performing RT-PCR, we detected up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, and of their inhibitors, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3, shortly after HDI, but not at 3 month after FI or HDI. Overall, we saw punctual differences after FI and HDI, and a diffuse formation of small scars at the liver surface. Lack of "provisional clot"-formation and absence of recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes could be one explanation for scar formation as incomplete repair response to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Rave-Fränk
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Artacho-Cordón F, Ríos-Arrabal S, Lara PC, Artacho-Cordón A, Calvente I, Núñez MI. Matrix metalloproteinases: potential therapy to prevent the development of second malignancies after breast radiotherapy. Surg Oncol 2012; 21:e143-51. [PMID: 22749313 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is widely used in the treatment of patients with breast cancer, but ionizing radiation-induced carcinogenesis has been described in several studies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a wide family of proteases secreted by tumour and microenvironmental cells that are directly linked with invasion and metastasis through complete extracellular matrix (ECM) breakage. In the past decade, MMPs have been associated with other carcinogenesis steps, including tumour growth and angiogenesis promotion. Moreover, in vitro studies have demonstrated an enhanced migration, invasiveness, and angiogenic ability of cancer cells after radiation exposure through an increase in MMP activity. These findings are consistent with clinical observations of breast cancer metastases raised in bone, lung and brain tissues after radiotherapy. The aim of this review was to analyse the current state of research on MMPs and report new insights into the potential of MMP-targeted therapy in combination with radiotherapy to decrease the risk of radiation-induced second malignancies and to improve the overall survival of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Artacho-Cordón
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Lee WH, Warrington JP, Sonntag WE, Lee YW. Irradiation alters MMP-2/TIMP-2 system and collagen type IV degradation in brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82:1559-66. [PMID: 22429332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is one of the major consequences of radiation-induced normal tissue injury in the central nervous system. We examined the effects of whole-brain irradiation on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in the brain. METHODS AND MATERIALS Animals received either whole-brain irradiation (a single dose of 10 Gy γ-rays or a fractionated dose of 40 Gy γ-rays, total) or sham-irradiation and were maintained for 4, 8, and 24 h following irradiation. mRNA expression levels of MMPs and TIMPs in the brain were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The functional activity of MMPs was measured by in situ zymography, and degradation of ECM was visualized by collagen type IV immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS A significant increase in mRNA expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 was observed in irradiated brains compared to that in sham-irradiated controls. In situ zymography revealed a strong gelatinolytic activity in the brain 24 h postirradiation, and the enhanced gelatinolytic activity mediated by irradiation was significantly attenuated in the presence of anti-MMP-2 antibody. A significant reduction in collagen type IV immunoreactivity was also detected in the brain at 24 h after irradiation. In contrast, the levels of collagen type IV were not significantly changed at 4 and 8 h after irradiation compared with the sham-irradiated controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates for the first time that radiation induces an imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels and suggests that degradation of collagen type IV, a major ECM component of BBB basement membrane, may have a role in the pathogenesis of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Jourdan MM, Lopez A, Olasz EB, Duncan NE, Demara M, Kittipongdaja W, Fish BL, Mäder M, Schock A, Morrow NV, Semenenko VA, Baker JE, Moulder JE, Lazarova Z. Laminin 332 deposition is diminished in irradiated skin in an animal model of combined radiation and wound skin injury. Radiat Res 2011; 176:636-48. [PMID: 21854211 PMCID: PMC3227557 DOI: 10.1667/rr2422.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin exposure to ionizing radiation affects the normal wound healing process and greatly impacts the prognosis of affected individuals. We investigated the effect of ionizing radiation on wound healing in a rat model of combined radiation and wound skin injury. Using a soft X-ray beam, a single dose of ionizing radiation (10-40 Gy) was delivered to the skin without significant exposure to internal organs. At 1 h postirradiation, two skin wounds were made on the back of each rat. Control and experimental animals were euthanized at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days postirradiation. The wound areas were measured, and tissue samples were evaluated for laminin 332 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 expression. Our results clearly demonstrate that radiation exposure significantly delayed wound healing in a dose-related manner. Evaluation of irradiated and wounded skin showed decreased deposition of laminin 332 protein in the epidermal basement membrane together with an elevated expression of all three laminin 332 genes within 3 days postirradiation. The elevated laminin 332 gene expression was paralleled by an elevated gene and protein expression of MMP2, suggesting that the reduced amount of laminin 332 in irradiated skin is due to an imbalance between laminin 332 secretion and its accelerated processing by elevated tissue metalloproteinases. Western blot analysis of cultured rat keratinocytes showed decreased laminin 332 deposition by irradiated cells, and incubation of irradiated keratinocytes with MMP inhibitor significantly increased the amount of deposited laminin 332. Furthermore, irradiated keratinocytes exhibited a longer time to close an artificial wound, and this delay was partially corrected by seeding keratinocytes on laminin 332-coated plates. These data strongly suggest that laminin 332 deposition is inhibited by ionizing radiation and, in combination with slower keratinocyte migration, can contribute to the delayed wound healing of irradiated skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Jourdan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A. Lopez
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - E. B. Olasz
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - N. E. Duncan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - M. Demara
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - W. Kittipongdaja
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - B. L. Fish
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - M. Mäder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A. Schock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - N. V. Morrow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - V. A. Semenenko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - J. E. Baker
- Department of Surgery, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - J. E. Moulder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Z. Lazarova
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological Terrorism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Li Y, Liu W, Fang L, Nan J, Zhang Z, Zhou Q. [Chemokine receptor 7 induces metastasis of NSCLC via upregulating MMP-9 expression]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:1016-20. [PMID: 21081040 PMCID: PMC6000493 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.11.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proven that CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is closely related with the lymph node metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the mechanism of NSCLC metastasis is not very clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 in NSCLC and the relationship of their expressions, and to explore the mechanism of CCR7 promoting NSCLC metastasis. METHODS The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were detected in 90 specimens of human primary NSCLC by immunohistochemical SP method. Human large lung cell line BE1 cells were pre-incubated with CCL19 for 24 h; the changes of MMP-9 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that CCR7 was distributed in cytoplasm and/or membrane of tumor cells and MMP-9 was distributed in cytoplasm of cancer cells. The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were found to be 70% (63/90) and 65.5% (59/90) in NSCLC, respectively. The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were closely related to the clinical stages (P=0.003, P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.004, P=0.003) of NSCLC, but there was no correlation with age, gender, histology (P > 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between CCR7 and MMP-9 (r=0.342, P=0.001). In addition, the expressions of MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels were increased in CCL19 pre-incubated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 are significantly associated with NSCLC invasion and metastasis. The upregulation of MMP-9 is regulated by CCR7 in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical Univercity General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Amit-Romach E, Uni Z, Reifen R. Multistep mechanism of probiotic bacterium, the effect on innate immune system. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:277-84. [PMID: 19998380 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease are still not fully understood. However, evidence from both animal models and clinical observations suggests luminal bacteria as the most probable inducer of this disease. The intestinal bacterial microbiota may be modified by dietary addition of viable probiotic bacteria, thereby constituting an alternative approach to disease prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two probiotic regiments; Lactobacillus GG and a mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium lactis (YO-MIX Y 109 FRO 1000) in both normal and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid colitis-induced rats. Colon morphology and damage were evaluated histologically; colonic tissues were used for mRNA analysis, using real-time PCR. Administration of both probiotics reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 and increased the expression of mucin 2 in compared with colitis group and reduced the inflammatory response. These results provide additional support for the positive effect of probiotics in the gut and may shed light on the mechanism by which probiotic bacteria exert their action in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Amit-Romach
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Delabio-Ferraz E, Aguiar Neto JPD, Takiya CM, Lacombe DP. Rana catesbeiana, pólvora e modulação supramolecular cicatrização intestinal e prognóstico no câncer de cólon: uma mesma origem biológica para o insucesso? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-98802010000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cicatrização e remodelação do cólon resultam das modificações do colágeno na matriz extracelular. Algumas condições desequilibram sua renovação, enfraquecendo a resistência mecânica a cicatriz, como resultado da atividade elevada das metaloproteinases locais, e levando a um alto risco de deiscência. As metaloproteinases da matriz extracelular (matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) constituem uma família de endopeptidases zinco-dependentes - metzincinas. São reconhecidos atualmente, em humanos, cerca de 24 genes responsáveis por cada uma delas. A colagenase (MMP-1) foi identificada por Gross e Lapière (1962) na cauda do girino da rã-touro americana. No câncer as MMPs tem ocupado um lugar especial. Evidências de que a célula neoplásica é capaz de interferir na modulação desta enzima - um co-fator associado à invasividade local e disseminação metastática. As MMP-2 e -7 são observadas com frequência no câncer de cólon, a MMP-12 parece exercer um efeito protetor (melhor prognóstico) e, ao contrário, a MMP-3 o torna pior. A associação entre alta atividade de MMPs, o pior prognóstico do câncer e o maior risco de deiscência de anastomose intestinal já vem sendo considerada, sugerindo uma trilogia consistente. A terapia farmacológica (inibidores MMPs) tem sido investigada, também para o controle do câncer. O artigo discute as informações mais relevantes e atualizadas sobre o assunto.
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Angenete E, Oresland T, Falk P, Breimer M, Hultborn R, Ivarsson ML. Preoperative radiotherapy and extracellular matrix remodeling in rectal mucosa and tumour matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen components. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:1144-51. [PMID: 19863222 DOI: 10.3109/02841860903150510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Preoperative radiotherapy reduces recurrence but increases postoperative morbidity. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of radiotherapy in rectal mucosa and rectal tumour extracellular matrix (ECM) by studying enzymes and growth factors involved in ECM remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty patients with short-term preoperative radiotherapy and 12 control patients without radiotherapy were studied. Biopsies from rectal mucosa and tumour were collected prior to radiotherapy and at surgery. Tissue MMP-1, -2, -9, TIMP-1, uPA, PAI-1, TGF-beta1 and calprotectin were determined by ELISA. Biopsies from irradiated and non-irradiated peritoneal areas were also analysed. RESULTS. Radiotherapy increased the tissue levels of MMP-2 and PAI-1 in both the rectal mucosa and tumours while calprotectin and uPA showed an increase only in the mucosa after irradiation. The increase of calprotectin was due to an influx of inflammatory cells as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Prior to irradiation, the tumour tissues had increased levels of MMP-1, -2, -9, total TGF-beta1, uPA, PAI-1 and calprotectin compared to mucosa, while TIMP-1 and the active TGF-beta1 fraction showed no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS. This study indicates a radiation-induced effect on selected ECM remodeling proteases. This reaction may be responsible for early and late morbidity. Interference of this response might reduce these consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Angenete
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Weber TJ, Opresko LK, Waisman DM, Newton GJ, Quesenberry RD, Bollinger N, Moore RJ, Smith RD. Regulation of the Low-Dose Radiation Paracrine-Specific Anchorage-Independent Growth Response by Annexin A2. Radiat Res 2009; 172:96-105. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1220.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Imaizumi R, Akasaka Y, Inomata N, Okada E, Ito K, Ishikawa Y, Maruyama Y. Promoted activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in keloid fibroblasts and increased expression of MMP-2 in collagen bundle regions: implications for mechanisms of keloid progression. Histopathology 2009; 54:722-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 139:211-5. [PMID: 18656717 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression and clinical significance of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in patients with nasal polyposis (NP) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study involved 54 patients. There were three groups: nasal polyposis group, chronic rhinosinusitis group, and control group. Specimens were collected during endoscopic sinus surgery. Each sample was immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS Expression of MMP-2 was found significantly increased in NP, whereas MMP-7 expression was found significantly increased in CRS (P < 0.001). TIMP-1 was significantly high in control group compared to CRS and NP (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Different regulation type of activation of MMPs has been found in these two diseases. If MMP-2 expression is intense in the mucosa, then this ends with polyp formation; if MMP-7 expression is intense, it ends with CRS or stays as CRS.
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Aarts F, Bleichrodt RP, de Man B, Lomme R, Boerman OC, Hendriks T. The Effects of Adjuvant Experimental Radioimmunotherapy and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy on Intestinal and Abdominal Healing after Cytoreductive Surgery for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in the Rat. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:3299-307. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Analysis of gene expression in normal and cancer cells exposed to gamma-radiation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2008; 2008:541678. [PMID: 18382624 PMCID: PMC2276817 DOI: 10.1155/2008/541678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of many genes is modulated after exposure to ionizing radiation. Identification of specific genes may allow the determination of pathways important in radiation responses. We previously identified modulation of the expression of several genes in response to ionizing radiation treatment. In the present study, we monitored the expression of RGS1, CC3, THBS1, vWF, MADH7, and a novel gene encoding a secreted protein in irradiated Jurkat, TK6, HeLa, and HFL1 cells. The RGS1 is involved in G-protein signaling pathway, CC3 belongs to the complement system, THBS1 is a component of the extracellular matrix, vWF takes part in blood coagulation, and MADH7 is a member of the TGF-β signal transduction pathway. Our objective was to find similarities and differences in the expression of these genes in ionizing radiation-exposed diverse cell types. RGS1 was downregulated in Jurkat cells but was upregulated in TK6 and HFL1 cells. The expression of CC3 was repressed in Jurkat and HFL1 cells but was induced in TK6 and HeLa cells. THBS1 was downregulated in irradiated TK6 and HFL1 cells. vWF was induced in radiation-exposed HeLa cells, but its expression was downregulated in Jurkat cells. The expression of MADH7 was induced in all the cell types examined. These results indicate cell specific modulation of gene expression and suggest the involvement of different pathways in cellular response to radiation treatment in different cells.
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Angenete E, Langenskiöld M, Palmgren I, Falk P, Oresland T, Ivarsson ML. uPA and PAI-1 in rectal cancer--relationship to radiotherapy and clinical outcome. J Surg Res 2008; 153:46-53. [PMID: 18533186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that the fibrinolytic system is of importance in inflammation, wound healing, and fibrosis development. However, it is also important in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis. We have investigated protein levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in rectal cancer and effects of radiotherapy, links to clinical outcome, and potential use as prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one patients with rectal cancer were studied. Blood samples and biopsies were taken during surgery and assayed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for uPA and PAI-1, and patients were followed prospectively (0-96 mo). RESULTS Higher levels of uPA (P < 0.0001) and PAI-1 (P < 0.0001) were found in tumor compared with mucosa. Mucosa exposed to radiotherapy had higher levels of uPA (P < 0.0001) and of PAI-1 (P < 0.0001). Irradiated tumor tissue had higher levels of PAI-1 (P < 0.001). PAI-1 in tumor was correlated with T stage (P < 0.001) and N stage (P < 0.01). PAI-1 in plasma was higher in patients with synchronous distant metastases (P < 0.001). Cox regression was used to identify high levels of PAI-1 in tumor as an independent factor related to short disease-free survival (P < 0.01) and the ratio of uPA/PAI-1 to development of metastases (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between PAI-1 in plasma and rectal cancer metastases. PAI-1 in tumor tissue is correlated to histopathological data and to outcome of rectal cancer. If these findings can be confirmed in larger trials, there will be a possibility to use PAI-1 as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Angenete
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Yang K, Palm J, König J, Seeland U, Rosenkranz S, Feiden W, Rübe C, Rübe CE. Matrix-Metallo-Proteinases and their tissue inhibitors in radiation-induced lung injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 83:665-76. [PMID: 17729161 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701558977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) after lung damage depends on collagen degrading Matrix-Metallo-Proteinases (MMP) and their endogenous inhibitors (Tissue-Inhibitors of Metallo-Proteinases, TIMP). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced lung fibrosis upon its effects on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Lung cancer patients have often elevated TGF-beta1 plasma levels as a result of increased TGF-beta1 expression in their tumours. On this background, we investigated the effect of irradiation on the MMP/TIMP system in the lung tissue of normal and transgenic TGF-beta1 mice, in which TGF-beta1 is overexpressed in the liver resulting in high TGF-beta1 plasma levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transgenic (TG) and wild-type (WT) mice underwent thoracic irradiation with 12 Gy or sham-irradiation. For each study group (TG 12 Gy; TG 0 Gy; WT 12 Gy; WT 0 Gy) 8 mice were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after (sham-) irradiation. The TGF-beta1, TIMP-1/-2/-3 expression in the lung tissue was quantified by Western blot; the MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was analysed by zymography. The cellular origin of the MMP and TIMP was localised by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Irradiation had no influence on the TIMP-1/-2/-3, but increased significantly the MMP-2 /-9 expression. In the lung tissue of TG mice the TIMP-1/-2/-3 expression was elevated, the MMP-9 activity was decreased. The immunhistochemical study showed that parenchymal and inflammatory cells express these MMP/TIMP. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that the overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is involved in the inflammatory response of radiation-induced lung injury. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are known to degrade collagen IV of basement membranes, therefore affecting the structural integrity of lung tissue. In contrast, in lung tissue of TG mice the TIMP-1/-2/-3 expression was up-regulated and the MMP-9 activity was diminished, thereby decreasing possibly the ECM degradation leading to lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Abstract
Radiation-induced alterations in cellular tissue homeostasis triggered by various molecular responses at the level of inter- and intracellular signaling processes cause both acute and late effects in normal tissue after radiation therapy. Some of the underlying molecular and cellular response pathways leading to radiation-induced tissue remodeling will be discussed, with special emphasis on vascular and parenchymal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter Rodemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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Angenete E, Langenskiöld M, Falk P, Ivarsson ML. Matrix metalloproteinases in rectal mucosa, tumour and plasma: response after preoperative irradiation. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:667-74. [PMID: 17109104 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-006-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rectal cancer treatment, preoperative radiotherapy has led to reduction of local recurrence, but it is associated with morbidity and increased risk for secondary tumours. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with tumour progression through tissue remodeling. The aim of this study was to investigate tissue remodeling after preoperative radiotherapy and to explore possible correlations with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one patients scheduled for rectal cancer surgery were included; 49% received preoperative radiotherapy three-field treatment, 5 x 5 Gy. Blood samples and biopsies from tumour and adjacent mucosa were taken during surgery. Biopsies and plasma were assayed with ELISA for MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Clinical outcome was reviewed focusing on infections, perineal healing, fistula formation, anastomotic dehiscence, small bowel obstruction, local recurrence and distant metastases. RESULTS Compared to non-irradiated mucosa, MMP-2 (p < 0.0001), MMP-1 (p = 0.03) and MMP-9 (p = 0.04) were significantly higher in irradiated normal mucosa. Tumour tissue had higher levels of MMP-2 if irradiated (p < 0.0001). A correlation between MMP-2 levels and wound infection (p = 0.02) as well as fistula formation (p = 0.04) was found. MMP-1 in mucosa (p = 0.02) and tumour (p = 0.04) were higher in patients developing distant metastases. Plasma levels were not influenced by irradiation, but MMP-2 was higher in patients who were later developing distant metastases (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Extracellular matrix remodeling after radiotherapy seems to be correlated to postoperative morbidity; MMP-2 is associated with both wound infections and fistula formation. High levels of MMP-1 in tumour and mucosa as well as MMP-2 in plasma may be correlated to risk of developing distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Angenete
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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