1
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Säll C, Koncsos G, Klukovits A. In Vitro Interaction of Tetrahydrouridine with Key Human Nucleoside Transporters. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2676-2684. [PMID: 37364771 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
NDec is a novel combination of oral decitabine and tetrahydrouridine that is currently under clinical development for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). Here, we investigate the potential for the tetrahydrouridine component of NDec to act as an inhibitor or substrate of key concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT1-3) and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1-2). Nucleoside transporter inhibition and tetrahydrouridine accumulation assays were performed using Madin-Darby canine kidney strain II (MDCKII) cells overexpressing human CNT1, CNT2, CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2 transporters. Results showed that tetrahydrouridine did not influence CNT- or ENT-mediated uridine/adenosine accumulation in MDCKII cells at the concentrations tested (25 and 250 µM). Accumulation of tetrahydrouridine in MDCKII cells was initially shown to be mediated by CNT3 and ENT2. However, while time- and concentration-dependence experiments showed active accumulation of tetrahydrouridine in CNT3-expressing cells, allowing for estimation of Km (3,140 µM) and Vmax (1,600 pmol/mg protein/min), accumulation of tetrahydrouridine was not observed in ENT2-expressing cells. Potent CNT3 inhibitors are a class of drugs not generally prescribed to patients with SCD, except in certain specific circumstances. These data suggest that NDec can be administered safely with drugs that act as substrates and inhibitors of the nucleoside transporters included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Koncsos
- SOLVO Biotechnology a Charles River Company, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Klukovits
- SOLVO Biotechnology a Charles River Company, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Guse AH. Enzymology of Ca 2+-Mobilizing Second Messengers Derived from NAD: From NAD Glycohydrolases to (Dual) NADPH Oxidases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040675. [PMID: 36831342 PMCID: PMC9954121 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2'-phosphorylated cousin NADP are precursors for the enzymatic formation of the Ca2+-mobilizing second messengers adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR), 2'-deoxy-ADPR, cyclic ADPR, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). The enzymes involved are either NAD glycohydrolases CD38 or sterile alpha toll/interleukin receptor motif containing-1 (SARM1), or (dual) NADPH oxidases (NOX/DUOX). Enzymatic function(s) are reviewed and physiological role(s) in selected cell systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Ali SS, Raj R, Kaur T, Weadick B, Nayak D, No M, Protos J, Odom H, Desai K, Persaud AK, Wang J, Govindarajan R. Solute Carrier Nucleoside Transporters in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Drug Toxicities: A Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133113. [PMID: 35804885 PMCID: PMC9264962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anticancer nucleoside analogs are promising treatments that often result in damaging toxicities and therefore ineffective treatment. Mechanisms of this are not well-researched, but cellular nucleoside transport research in mice might provide additional insight given transport’s role in mammalian hematopoiesis. Cellular nucleoside transport is a notable component of mammalian hematopoiesis due to how mutations within it relate to hematological abnormities. This review encompasses nucleoside transporters, focusing on their inherent properties, hematopoietic role, and their interplay in nucleoside drug treatment side effects. We then propose potential mechanisms to explain nucleoside transport involvement in blood disorders. Finally, we point out and advocate for future research areas that would improve therapeutic outcomes for patients taking nucleoside analog therapies. Abstract Anticancer nucleoside analogs produce adverse, and at times, dose-limiting hematological toxicities that can compromise treatment efficacy, yet the mechanisms of such toxicities are poorly understood. Recently, cellular nucleoside transport has been implicated in normal blood cell formation with studies from nucleoside transporter-deficient mice providing additional insights into the regulation of mammalian hematopoiesis. Furthermore, several idiopathic human genetic disorders have revealed nucleoside transport as an important component of mammalian hematopoiesis because mutations in individual nucleoside transporter genes are linked to various hematological abnormalities, including anemia. Here, we review recent developments in nucleoside transporters, including their transport characteristics, their role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, and their potential involvement in the occurrence of adverse hematological side effects due to nucleoside drug treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the putative mechanisms by which aberrant nucleoside transport may contribute to hematological abnormalities and identify the knowledge gaps where future research may positively impact treatment outcomes for patients undergoing various nucleoside analog therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saqib Ali
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Ruchika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Minnsung No
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Jane Protos
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Hannah Odom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Kajal Desai
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Avinash K. Persaud
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
- Translational Therapeutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-247-8269; Fax: +1-614-292-2588
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4
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Suzuki S, Inoue K, Tamai I, Shirasaka Y. Model Analysis of the Apparent Saturation Kinetics of Purine Nucleobase Uptake in Cells co-Expressing Transporter and Metabolic Enzyme. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1585-1592. [PMID: 34435306 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to understand the effect of salvage enzyme activity on the saturable kinetics of facilitated cellular uptake of purine nucleobase by developing a cellular kinetic model incorporating equilibrative nucleobase transporter 1 (ENBT1) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), with adenine as a model nucleobase. METHODS A cellular kinetic model incorporating the functions of ENBT1 and APRT was developed using Napp software and employed for model-based analysis of the cellular disposition of adenine. RESULTS Simulation analysis using the developed cellular kinetic model could account for the experimentally observed time-dependent changes in the Km(app) value of adenine for ENBT1-mediated uptake. At a long experimental time, the model shows that uptake of adenine is rate-limited by APRT, enabling determination of the Km value for APRT. At early time, the rate-limiting step for adenine uptake is ENBT1-mediated transport, enabling determination of the Km value for ENBT1. Further simulations showed that the effect of experimental time on the Km(app) value for ENBT1-mediated uptake is dependent on the APRT expression level. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that both enzyme expression levels and experimental time should be considered when using cellular uptake studies to determine the Km values of purine nucleobases for facilitated transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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5
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Yuasa H, Yasujima T, Inoue K. Current Understanding of the Intestinal Absorption of Nucleobases and Analogs. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1293-1300. [PMID: 32879202 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has long been suggested that a Na+-dependent carrier-mediated transport system is involved in the absorption of nucleobases and analogs, including some drugs currently in therapeutic use, for their uptake at the brush border membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine, mainly based on studies in non-primate experimental animals. The presence of this transport system was indeed proved by the recent identification of sodium-dependent nucleobase transporter 1 (SNBT1/Slc23a4) as its molecular entity in rats. However, this transporter has been found to be genetically deficient in humans and higher primates. Aware of this deficiency, we need to revisit the issue of the absorption of these compounds in the human small intestine so that we can understand the mechanisms and gain information to assure the more rational use and development of drugs analogous to nucleobases. Here, we review the current understanding of the intestinal absorption of nucleobases and analogs. This includes recent knowledge about the efflux transport of those compounds across the basolateral membrane when exiting epithelial cells, following brush border uptake, in order to complete the overall absorption process; the facilitative transporters of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1/SLC29A1) and equilibrative nucleobase transporter 1 (ENBT1/SLC43A3) may be involved in that in many animal species, including human and rat, without any major species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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6
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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7
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Dai R, Li J, Wu J, Fu Q, Yan J, Zhong G, Wang C, Chen X, Chen P. Genetic and clinical determinants of mizoribine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 77:45-53. [PMID: 32803290 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mizoribine (MZR) is an immunosuppressant for the prevention of allograft rejection in Asian countries, but the great variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) limits its clinical use. This study was to explore genetic and clinical factors that affect the MZR PK process. METHODS Blood samples and clinical data were collected from 60 Chinese renal transplant recipients. MZR plasma concentration was measured at pre-dose (0 h) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 h post-dose by high performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. PK parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. High-throughput sequenced single nucleotide polymorphism was applied screening possible genetic factors. RESULTS Extensive inter-individual MZR PK differences were reflected in the process of elimination (ke, CL/F, MRT and t1/2) and intestinal absorption (Cmax and Tmax), as well as in the dose-normalized exposure (AUC0-12h/D). From 146 SNPs within 39 genes screened, AUC0-12h/D was found higher in recipients with CREB1 rs11904814 TT than with G allele carriers (3.135 ± 0.928 versus 2.084 ± 0.379 μg h ml-1 mg-1, p = 0.007). Recipients with SLC28A3 rs10868138 TT had lower t1/2 as compared to C allele carriers (0.728 ± 0.189 versus 0.951 ± 0.196 h, p = 0.001). Serum creatinine (SCr) explained 35.5% of C0/D variability (p < 0.001). Pure effects of genotypes CREB1 and SLC28A3 were 13.7% (p = 0.004) and 17.5% (p = 0.001) for AUC0-12h/D and t1/2, respectively. When additionally taking SCr into models, CREB1 and SLC28A3 genotypes explained 20.0% (p = 0.038) and 46.5% (p < 0.001) of AUC0-12h/D and t1/2 variability, respectively. CONCLUSION CREB1 and SLC28A3 genotypes, as well as SCr, are identified as determinants in predicting inter-individual MZR PK differences in renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Fu
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Janmale TV, Lindsay A, Gieseg SP. Nucleoside transporters are critical to the uptake and antioxidant activity of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in monocytic cells. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:341-350. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1764948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejraj V. Janmale
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Angus Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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9
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Krys D, Hamann I, Wuest M, Wuest F. Effect of hypoxia on human equilibrative nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hENT2 in breast cancer. FASEB J 2019; 33:13837-13851. [PMID: 31601121 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900870rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated proliferation rates in cancer can be visualized with positron emission tomography (PET) using 3'-deoxy-3'-l-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). This study investigates whether [18F]FLT transport proteins are regulated through hypoxia. Expression and function of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT)-1, hENT2, and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) were studied under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and assessed with [18F]FLT-PET in estrogen receptor positive (ER+)-MCF7, triple-negative MDA-MB231 breast cancer (BC) cells, and MCF10A cells (human mammary epithelial cells). Functional involvement of hENT2 [18F]FLT transport was demonstrated in all cell lines. In vitro [18F]FLT uptake was higher in MDA-MB231 than in MCF7: 242 ± 9 vs. 147 ± 18% radioactivity/mg protein after 60 min under normoxia. Hypoxia showed no significant change in radiotracer uptake. Protein analysis revealed increased hENT1 (P < 0.0963) in MDA-MB231. Hypoxia did not change expression of either hENT1, hENT2, or TK1. In vitro inhibition experiments suggested involvement of hENT1, hENT2, and human concentrative nucleoside transporters during [18F]FLT uptake into all cell lines. In vivo PET imaging revealed comparable tumor uptake in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 tumors over 60 min, reaching standardized uptake values of 0.96 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.08 (n = 3). Higher hENT1 expression in MDA-MB231 seems to drive nucleoside transport, whereas TK1 expression in MCF7 seems responsible for comparable [18F]FLT retention in ER+ tumors. Our study demonstrates that hypoxia does not significantly affect nucleoside transport as tested with [18F]FLT in BC.-Krys, D., Hamann, I., Wuest, M., Wuest, F. Effect of hypoxia on human equilibrative nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hENT2 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krys
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ingrit Hamann
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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11
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Bidirectional transport of 2-chloroadenosine by equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (hENT4): Evidence for allosteric kinetics at acidic pH. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13555. [PMID: 31537831 PMCID: PMC6753126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine has been reported to be transported by equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (ENT4), encoded by the SLC29A4 gene, in an acidic pH-dependent manner. This makes hENT4 of interest as a therapeutic target in acidic pathologies where adenosine is protective (e.g. vascular ischaemia). We examined the pH-sensitivity of nucleoside influx and efflux by hENT4 using a recombinant transfection model that lacks the confounding influences of other nucleoside transporters (PK15-NTD). We established that [3H]2-chloroadenosine, which is resistant to metabolism by adenosine deaminase, is a substrate for hENT4. Transport of [3H]2-chloroadenosine at a pH of 6.0 in PK15-NTD cells stably transfected with SLC29A4 was biphasic, with a low capacity (Vmax ~ 30 pmol/mg/min) high-affinity component (Km ~ 50 µM) apparent at low substrate concentrations, which shifted to a high capacity (Vmax ~ 500 pmol/mg/min) low affinity system (Km > 600 µM) displaying positive cooperativity at concentrations above 200 µM. Only the low affinity component was observed at a neutral pH of 7.5 (Km ~ 2 mM). Efflux of [3H]2-chloroadenosine from these cells was also enhanced by more than 4-fold at an acidic pH. Enhanced influx and efflux of nucleosides by hENT4 under acidic conditions supports its potential as a therapeutic target in pathologies such as ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Drenberg CD, Shelat A, Dang J, Cotton A, Orwick SJ, Li M, Jeon JY, Fu Q, Buelow DR, Pioso M, Hu S, Inaba H, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Gruber TA, Guy RK, Baker SD. A high-throughput screen indicates gemcitabine and JAK inhibitors may be useful for treating pediatric AML. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2189. [PMID: 31097698 PMCID: PMC6522510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement in survival has been achieved for children and adolescents with AML but is largely attributed to enhanced supportive care as opposed to the development of better treatment regimens. High risk subtypes continue to have poor outcomes with event free survival rates <40% despite the use of high intensity chemotherapy in combination with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Here we combine high-throughput screening, intracellular accumulation assays, and in vivo efficacy studies to identify therapeutic strategies for pediatric AML. We report therapeutics not currently used to treat AML, gemcitabine and cabazitaxel, have broad anti-leukemic activity across subtypes and are more effective relative to the AML standard of care, cytarabine, both in vitro and in vivo. JAK inhibitors are selective for acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and significantly prolong survival in multiple preclinical models. Our approach provides advances in the development of treatment strategies for pediatric AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Bone Marrow/radiation effects
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods
- Humans
- Infant
- Janus Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Janus Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/etiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/mortality
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Taxoids/pharmacology
- Taxoids/therapeutic use
- Whole-Body Irradiation/adverse effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Young Adult
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Drenberg
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinjun Dang
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anitria Cotton
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shelley J Orwick
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mengyu Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jae Yoon Jeon
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Daelynn R Buelow
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marissa Pioso
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Rubnitz
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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13
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Xu D, Huang S, Wang H, Xie W. Regulation of brain drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by nuclear receptors. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:407-414. [PMID: 30501435 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1554673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) belong to a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors. The target genes of NRs include many drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The central nervous system (CNS) bears the expression of NRs, drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. NRs that express in the brain can be divided into three groups according to their characteristics of ligand binding: steroid hormone receptors, non-steroid hormone receptors, and orphan receptors. The NR-mediated regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters plays important roles in the metabolism and disposition of drugs in the CNS and the penetration of endogenous and exogenous substances through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). NR-mediated regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters can cause the toxicological effects of xenobiotics in the CNS and also lead to drug resistance in the centrum. The regulatory pathways of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters can provide new strategies for selective regulation of the BBB permeability and drug metabolism in the brain. This review focuses on the importance of NR-mediated regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the CNS and the implications of this regulation in the therapeutic effect of CNS drugs and CNS side effects of drugs and other xenotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- a Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China.,b Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease , Wuhan , China
| | - Songqiang Huang
- a Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Hui Wang
- a Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China.,c Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease , Wuhan , China
| | - Wen Xie
- b Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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14
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Mayati A, Moreau A, Jouan E, Febvre-James M, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. mRNA Expression and Activity of Nucleoside Transporters in Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cells. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040246. [PMID: 30469356 PMCID: PMC6320972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line is a highly differentiated human hepatoma cell line, displaying the expression of various drug transporters. However, functional expression of nucleoside transporters remains poorly characterized in HepaRG cells, although these transporters play a key role in hepatic uptake of antiviral and anticancer drugs. The present study was, therefore, designed to characterize the expression, activity and regulation of equilibrative (ENT) and concentrative (CNT) nucleoside transporter isoforms in differentiated HepaRG cells. These cells were found to exhibit a profile of nucleoside transporter mRNAs similar to that found in human hepatocytes, i.e., notable expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1, with very low or no expression of CNT2 and CNT3. ENT1 activity was, next, demonstrated to be the main uridine transport activity present in HepaRG cells, like in cultured human hepatocytes. Various physiological factors, such as protein kinase C (PKC) activation or treatment by inflammatory cytokines or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), were additionally found to regulate expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1; PKC activation and HGF notably concomitantly induced mRNA expression and activity of ENT1 in HepaRG cells. Overall, these data suggest that HepaRG cells may be useful for analyzing cellular pharmacokinetics of nucleoside-like drugs in human hepatic cells, especially of those handled by ENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mayati
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Marie Febvre-James
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-35033 Rennes, France.
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15
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Rahman MF, Raj R, Govindarajan R. Identification of Structural and Molecular Features Involved in the Transport of 3'-Deoxy-Nucleoside Analogs by Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [PMID: 29530865 PMCID: PMC5896370 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral drug treatments depend on 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI). Despite being effective in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus replication, these drugs produce a range of toxicities, including myopathy, pancreatitis, neuropathy, and lactic acidosis, that are generally considered as sequelae to mitochondrial damage. Although cell surface–localized nucleoside transporters, such as human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hENT2) and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1), are known to increase the carrier-mediated uptake of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs into cells, another ubiquitously expressed intracellular nucleoside transporter (namely, hENT3) has been implicated in the mitochondrial transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Using site-directed mutagenesis, generation of chimeric hENTs, and 3H-permeant flux measurements in mutant/chimeric RNA–injected Xenopus oocytes, here we identified the molecular determinants of hENT3 that dictate membrane translocation of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Our findings demonstrated that whereas hENT1 had no significant transport activity toward 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs, hENT3 was capable of transporting 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs similar to hENT2. Transport analyses of hENT3-hENT1 chimeric constructs demonstrated that the N-terminal half of hENT3 is primarily responsible for the hENT3–3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog interaction. In addition, mutagenic studies identified that 225D and 231L in the N-terminal half of hENT3 partially contribute to the ability of hENT3 to transport AZT and DDI. The identification of the transporter segment and amino acid residues that are important in hENT3 transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs may present a possible mechanism for overcoming the adverse toxicities associated with 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog treatment and may guide rational development of novel nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazlur Rahman
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Radhika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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16
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Rahman MF, Askwith C, Govindarajan R. Molecular determinants of acidic pH-dependent transport of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14775-14785. [PMID: 28729424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) translocate hydrophilic nucleosides across cellular membranes and are essential for salvage nucleotide synthesis and purinergic signaling. Unlike the prototypic human ENT members hENT1 and hENT2, which mediate plasma membrane nucleoside transport at pH 7.4, hENT3 is an acidic pH-activated lysosomal transporter partially localized to mitochondria. Recent studies demonstrate that hENT3 is indispensable for lysosomal homeostasis, and that mutations in hENT3 can result in a spectrum of lysosomal storage-like disorders. However, despite hENT3's prominent role in lysosome pathophysiology, the molecular basis of hENT3-mediated transport is unknown. Therefore, we sought to examine the mechanistic basis of acidic pH-driven hENT3 nucleoside transport with site-directed mutagenesis, homology modeling, and [3H]adenosine flux measurements in mutant RNA-injected Xenopus oocytes. Scanning mutagenesis of putative residues responsible for pH-dependent transport via hENT3 revealed that the ionization states of Asp-219 and Glu-447, and not His, strongly determined the pH-dependent transport permissible-impermissible states of the transporter. Except for substitution with certain isosteric and polar residues, substitution of either Asp-219 or Glu-447 with any other residues resulted in robust activity that was pH-independent. Dual substitution of Asp-219 and Glu-447 to Ala sustained pH-independent activity over a broad range of physiological pH (pH 5.5-7.4), which also maintained stringent substrate selectivity toward endogenous nucleosides and clinically used nucleoside drugs. Our results suggest a putative pH-sensing role for Asp-219 and Glu-447 in hENT3 and that the size, ionization state, or electronegative polarity at these positions is crucial for obligate acidic pH-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazlur Rahman
- From the Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- From the Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, .,the Translational Therapeutics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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17
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Stecula A, Schlessinger A, Giacomini KM, Sali A. Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3 (hCNT3, SLC28A3) Forms a Cyclic Homotrimer. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3475-3483. [PMID: 28661652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer and antiviral drugs are purine or pyrimidine analogues, which use membrane transporters to cross cellular membranes. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) mediate the salvage of nucleosides and the transport of therapeutic nucleoside analogues across plasma membranes by coupling the transport of ligands to the sodium gradient. Of the three members of the human CNT family, CNT3 has the broadest selectivity and the widest expression profile. However, the molecular mechanisms of the transporter, including how it interacts with and translocates structurally diverse nucleosides and nucleoside analogues, are unclear. Recently, the crystal structure of vcCNT showed that the prokaryotic homologue of CNT3 forms a homotrimer. In this study, we successfully expressed and purified the wild type human homologue, hCNT3, demonstrating the homotrimer by size exclusion profiles and glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Further, by creating a series of cysteine mutants at highly conserved positions guided by comparative structure models, we cross-linked hCNT3 protomers in a cell-based assay, thus showing the existence of hCNT3 homotrimers in human cells. The presence and absence of cross-links at specific locations along TM9 informs us of important structural differences between vcCNT and hCNT3. Comparative modeling of the trimerization domain and sequence coevolution analysis both indicate that oligomerization is critical to the stability and function of hCNT3. In particular, trimerization appears to shorten the translocation path for nucleosides across the plasma membrane and may allow modulation of the transport function via allostery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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18
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Leiva A, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Contreras-Duarte S, Fuenzalida B, Cantin C, Carvajal L, Salsoso R, Gutiérrez J, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Adenosine receptors: Modulators of lipid availability that are controlled by lipid levels. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:26-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Arimany-Nardi C, Claudio-Montero A, Viel-Oliva A, Schmidtke P, Estarellas C, Barril X, Bidon-Chanal A, Pastor-Anglada M. Identification and Characterization of a Secondary Sodium-Binding Site and the Main Selectivity Determinants in the Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1980-1987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Arimany-Nardi
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Claudio-Montero
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Viel-Oliva
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Schmidtke
- Departament
de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Estarellas
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l′Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l′Alimentació
de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma
de Gramenet, Spain
| | - X. Barril
- Departament
de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Bidon-Chanal
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l′Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l′Alimentació
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l′Alimentació
de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma
de Gramenet, Spain
| | - M. Pastor-Anglada
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology
Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal
Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Kumar Deokar H, Barch HP, Buolamwini JK. Homology Modeling of Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (hCNTs) and Validation by Virtual Screening and Experimental Testing to Identify Novel hCNT1 Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29167753 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0138.1000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective The nucleoside transporter family is an emerging target for cancer, viral and cardiovascular diseases. Due to the difficulty in the expression, isolation and crystallization of membrane proteins, there is a lack of structural information on any of the mammalian and for that matter the human proteins. Thus the objective of this study was to build homology models for the three cloned concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 and validate them for screening towards the discovery of much needed inhibitors and probes. Methods The recently reported crystal structure of the Vibrio cholerae concentrative nucleoside transporter (vcCNT), has satisfactory similarity to the human CNT orthologues and was thus used as a template to build homology models of all three hCNTs. The Schrödinger modeling suite was used for the exercise. External validation of the homology models was carried out by docking a set of recently reported known hCNT1 nucleoside class inhibitors at the putative binding site using induced fit docking (IDF) methodology with the Glide docking program. Then, the hCNT1 homology model was subsequently used to conduct a virtual screening of a 360,000 compound library, and 172 compounds were obtained and biologically evaluated for hCNT 1, 2 and 3 inhibitory potency and selectivity. Results Good quality homology models were obtained for all three hCNTs as indicated by interrogation for various structural parameters and also external validated by docking of known inhibitors. The IDF docking results showed good correlations between IDF scores and inhibitory activities; particularly for hCNT1. From the top 0.1% of compounds ranked by virtual screening with the hCNT1 homology model, 172 compounds selected and tested for against hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3, yielded 14 new inhibitors (hits) of (i.e., 8% success rate). The most active compound exhibited an IC50 of 9.05 μM, which shows a greater than 25-fold higher potency than phlorizin the standard CNT inhibitor (IC50 of 250 μM). Conclusion We successfully undertook homology modeling and validation for all human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNT 1, 2 and 3). The proof-of-concept that these models are promising for virtual screening to identify potent and selective inhibitors was also obtained using the hCNT1 model. Thus we identified a novel potent hCNT1 inhibitor that is more potent and more selective than the standard inhibitor phlorizin. The other hCNT1 hits also mostly exhibited selectivity. These homology models should be useful for virtual screening to identify novel hCNT inhibitors, as well as for optimization of hCNT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Hilaire Playa Barch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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21
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Alam C, Whyte-Allman SK, Omeragic A, Bendayan R. Role and modulation of drug transporters in HIV-1 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:121-143. [PMID: 27181050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection involves a combination of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) that target different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. This strategy is commonly referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Membrane-associated drug transporters expressed ubiquitously in mammalian systems play a crucial role in modulating ARV disposition during HIV-1 infection. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamilies have been shown to interact with ARVs, including those that are used as part of first-line treatment regimens. As a result, the functional expression of drug transporters can influence the distribution of ARVs at specific sites of infection. In addition, pathological factors related to HIV-1 infection and/or ARV therapy itself can alter transporter expression and activity, thus further contributing to changes in ARV disposition and the effectiveness of HAART. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of drug transporters in regulating ARV transport in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
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22
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Fernández‐Calotti P, Casulleras O, Antolin M, Guarner F, Pastor‐Anglada M. Galectin‐4 interacts with the drug transporter human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 to regulate its function. FASEB J 2015; 30:544-54. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández‐Calotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Olga Casulleras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - María Antolin
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive System Research UnitInstitut de Recerca Vall d'HebronUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER EHDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive System Research UnitInstitut de Recerca Vall d'HebronUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER EHDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marçal Pastor‐Anglada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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23
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Furukawa J, Inoue K, Maeda J, Yasujima T, Ohta K, Kanai Y, Takada T, Matsuo H, Yuasa H. Functional identification of SLC43A3 as an equilibrative nucleobase transporter involved in purine salvage in mammals. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15057. [PMID: 26455426 PMCID: PMC4796657 DOI: 10.1038/srep15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purine salvage pathway plays a major role in the nucleotide production, relying on the supply of nucleobases and nucleosides from extracellular sources. Although specific transporters have been suggested to be involved in facilitating their transport across the plasma membrane in mammals, those which are specifically responsible for utilization of extracellular nucleobases remain unknown. Here we present the molecular and functional characterization of SLC43A3, an orphan transporter belonging to an amino acid transporter family, as a purine-selective nucleobase transporter. SLC43A3 was highly expressed in the liver, where it was localized to the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, and the lung. In addition, SLC43A3 expressed in MDCKII cells mediated the uptake of purine nucleobases such as adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine without requiring typical driving ions such as Na(+) and H(+), but it did not mediate the uptake of nucleosides. When SLC43A3 was expressed in APRT/HPRT1-deficient A9 cells, adenine uptake was found to be low. However, it was markedly enhanced by the introduction of SLC43A3 with APRT. In HeLa cells, knock-down of SLC43A3 markedly decreased adenine uptake. These data suggest that SLC43A3 is a facilitative and purine-selective nucleobase transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of extracellular purine nucleobases in cooperation with salvage enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Furukawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinya Ohta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Arimany-Nardi C, Errasti-Murugarren E, Minuesa G, Martinez-Picado J, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Nucleoside transporters and human organic cation transporter 1 determine the cellular handling of DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3868-80. [PMID: 24780098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), such as azacytidine, decitabine and zebularine, are used for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Their action may depend upon their translocation across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to identify transporter proteins contributing to DNMT inhibitor action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drug interactions with selected hCNT and hENT proteins were studied in transiently transfected HeLa and MDCK cells. Interaction with human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) was assessed in transiently transfected HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Zebularine uptake was mediated by hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. Decitabine interacted with but was not translocated by any nucleoside transporter (NT) type. hCNT expression at the apical domain of MDCK cells promoted net vectorial flux of zebularine. Neither hOCT1 nor hOCT2 transported decitabine, but both were involved in the efflux of zebularine, suggesting these proteins act as efflux transporters. hOCT1 polymorphic variants, known to alter function, decreased zebularine efflux. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the influence of human NTs and hOCTs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected DNMT inhibitors. As hOCTs may also behave as efflux transporters, they could contribute either to chemoresistance or to chemosensitivity, depending upon the nature of the drug or combination of drugs being used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseaes (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Thimm D, Schiedel AC, Peti-Peterdi J, Kishore BK, Müller CE. The nucleobase adenine as a signalling molecule in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:808-18. [PMID: 25627062 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2002, the first receptor activated by the nucleobase adenine was discovered in rats. In the past years, two adenine receptors (AdeRs) in mice and one in Chinese hamsters, all of which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), were cloned and pharmacologically characterized. Based on the nomenclature for other purinergic receptor families (P1 for adenosine receptors and P2 for nucleotide, e.g. ATP, receptors), AdeRs were designated P0 receptors. Pharmacological data indicate the existence of G protein-coupled AdeRs in pigs and humans as well; however, those have not been cloned so far. Current data suggest a role for adenine and AdeRs in renal proximal tubules. Furthermore, AdeRs are suggested to be functional counterplayers of vasopressin in the collecting duct system, thus exerting diuretic effects. We are only at the beginning of understanding the significance of this new class of purinergic receptors, which might become future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Thimm
- PharmaCenter Bonn; Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - A. C. Schiedel
- PharmaCenter Bonn; Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - J. Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
- Department of Medicine; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - B. K. Kishore
- Nephrology Research; Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Center on Aging; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - C. E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn; Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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26
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Choi JS, Maity A, Gray T, Berdis AJ. A metal-containing nucleoside that possesses both therapeutic and diagnostic activity against cancer. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9714-26. [PMID: 25713072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transport is an essential process that helps maintain the hyperproliferative state of most cancer cells. As such, it represents an important target for developing diagnostic and therapeutic agents that can effectively detect and treat cancer, respectively. This report describes the development of a metal-containing nucleoside designated Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside that displays both therapeutic and diagnostic properties against the human epidermal carcinoma cell line KB3-1. The cytotoxic effects of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside are both time- and dose-dependent. Flow cytometry analyses validate that the nucleoside analog causes apoptosis by blocking cell cycle progression at G2/M. Fluorescent microscopy studies show rapid accumulation in the cytoplasm within 4 h. However, more significant accumulation is observed in the nucleus and mitochondria after 24 h. This localization is consistent with the ability of the metal-containing nucleoside to influence cell cycle progression at G2/M. Mitochondrial depletion is also observed after longer incubations (Δt ∼48 h), and this effect may produce additional cytotoxic effects. siRNA knockdown experiments demonstrate that the nucleoside transporter, hENT1, plays a key role in the cellular entry of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the development of a metal-containing nucleoside that functions as a combined therapeutic and diagnostic agent against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Choi
- From the Department of Chemistry and the Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 and
| | - Ayan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Thomas Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Anthony J Berdis
- From the Department of Chemistry and the Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 and
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27
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Peters GJ. Novel developments in the use of antimetabolites. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 33:358-74. [PMID: 24940694 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.894197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimetabolites are the most widely used and most efficacious group of anticancer drugs. Antimetabolites are also the oldest rationally designed anticancer drugs, targeted against RNA and DNA, and can, therefore, be considered as the first generation of targeted drugs. Unfortunately, resistance often develops, leading to the design of new antimetabolites, which either have a novel mechanism of action, bypass resistance or in combination enhance the effect of other drugs, such as another antimetabolite, other DNA, or protein kinase targeted anticancer drugs. Several novel antimetabolites are in clinical development. The cytidine-analog fluorocyclopentenylcytosine (RX-3117) is active in gemcitabine-resistant tumors and is activated by uridine-cytidine-kinase, can be incorporated into RNA and DNA and can downregulate DNA-methyltransferase-1. TAS-114 is a new generation dUTPase inhibitor. dUTPase normally prevents incorporation of dUTP and of the 5FU-nucleotide FdUTP into DNA. However, inhibition of dUTPase will enhance their incorporation, thereby increasing thymine-less cell-death. The formulation TAS-102 (trifluorothymidine and thymidine-phosphorylase-inhibitor) acts by incorporation into DNA and has shown efficacy in tumors progressing on 5FU therapy. Gemcitabine and cytarabine prodrugs were tested in model systems and have entered clinical evaluation. The elaidic-acid prodrugs of gemcitabine (CP-4126, CO101) and cytarabine (elacytarabine) failed in randomized Phase III studies. Two other gemcitabine prodrugs LY2334737 (gemcitabine with a valproic acid at the 5'-position) and NUC1031 (a 5'-arylphosphoamidate prodrug, with a side-chain at the 5'-phosphate) are in early clinical development. In summary, several novel antimetabolites show promise in clinical development, either because of a novel mechanism of action, or clever combination or by innovative prodrug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godefridus J Peters
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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29
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Playa H, Lewis TA, Ting A, Suh BC, Muñoz B, Matuza R, Passer BJ, Schreiber SL, Buolamwini JK. Dilazep analogues for the study of equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5801-5804. [PMID: 25454272 PMCID: PMC5695681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As ENT inhibitors including dilazep have shown efficacy improving oHSV1 targeted oncolytic cancer therapy, a series of dilazep analogues was synthesized and biologically evaluated to examine both ENT1 and ENT2 inhibition. The central diamine core, alkyl chains, ester linkage and substituents on the phenyl ring were all varied. Compounds were screened against ENT1 and ENT2 using a radio-ligand cell-based assay. Dilazep and analogues with minor structural changes are potent and selective ENT1 inhibitors. No selective ENT2 inhibitors were found, although some analogues were more potent against ENT2 than the parent dilazep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Playa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amal Ting
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Byung-Chul Suh
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benito Muñoz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Matuza
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brent J Passer
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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30
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Lee SY, Im SA, Park YH, Woo SY, Kim S, Choi MK, Chang W, Ahn JS, Im YH. Genetic polymorphisms of SLC28A3, SLC29A1 and RRM1 predict clinical outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving gemcitabine plus paclitaxel chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2013; 50:698-705. [PMID: 24361227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel and gemcitabine (PG) combination chemotherapy is effective as a maintenance chemotherapeutic regimen in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients because it increases progression-free survival (PFS), which increases overall survival (OS). The primary purpose of our study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in the genes involved in PG pathways and clinical outcomes in MBC patients treated with PG chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 324 MBC patients were enrolled in this prospective multicenter trial of PG as the first-line chemotherapy. Eighty-five of the 324 patients from two institutes were available for analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thirty-eight SNPs in 15 candidate genes selected from pathways that may influence the metabolism and transport of, or sensitivity, to PG were analysed. RESULTS The median PFS and OS of all 324 patients were 8.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.5-9.6 months) and 26.9 months (95% CI: 23.6-30.1 months), respectively. An SNP in SLC28A3 (rs7867504, C/T) was associated with OS (CC or CT versus TT: 37 versus 21 months, p = 0.027, hazard ratio [HR] 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1-6.3). SLC29A1 GA haplotype had a significantly shorter OS (p = 0.030, HR 3.391, 95% CI: 1.13-10.19). RRM1 (ribonucleotide reductase large subunit M1) SNP (rs9937), and haplotypes ATAA and ATGA were significantly associated with neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION Genetic polymorphisms in SLC28A3, SLC29A1 and RRM1 can influence the clinical outcome of MBC patients treated with PG chemotherapy. Further studies on the functional mechanisms relating to these germline polymorphisms in these genes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sook Young Woo
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Ki Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Chang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyuck Im
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Damaraju VL, Mowles D, Wilson M, Kuzma M, Cass CE, Sawyer MB. Comparative in vitro evaluation of transportability and toxicity of capecitabine and its metabolites in cells derived from normal human kidney and renal cancers. Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 91:419-27. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2013-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to understand roles of nucleoside and nucleobase transport processes in capecitabine pharmacology in cells derived from human renal proximal tubule cells (hRPTCs) and three human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines, A498, A704, and Caki-1. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (hENT1 and hENT2) mediated activities and a sodium-independent nucleobase activity were present in hRPTCs. In hRPTCs, uptake of 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (DFUR), a nucleoside metabolite of capecitabine, was pH dependent with highest uptake seen at pH 6.0. In RCC cell lines, hENT1 was the major nucleoside transporter. Nucleobase transport activity was variable among the three RCC cell lines, with Caki-1 showing the highest and A498 showing the lowest activities. Treatment of RCC cell lines with interferon alpha (IFN-α) increased thymidine phosphorylase levels and prior treatment of RCC cell lines with IFN-α followed by 5-FU or DFUR resulted in enhanced sensitivity of all cell lines to 5-FU and two of three cell lines to DFUR. We report for the first time a nucleobase transport activity in hRPTCs and RCC cell lines. In addition, our in vitro cytotoxicity results showed that RCC cell lines differed in their response to 5-FU and DFUR and prior treatment with IFN-α potentiated cytotoxic response to metabolites of capecitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delores Mowles
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
| | - Marnie Wilson
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
| | - Michelle Kuzma
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
| | - Carol E. Cass
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
| | - Michael B. Sawyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
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32
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Hypoxia and P1 receptor activation regulate the high-affinity concentrative adenosine transporter CNT2 in differentiated neuronal PC12 cells. Biochem J 2013; 454:437-45. [PMID: 23819782 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Under several adverse conditions, such as hypoxia or ischaemia, extracellular levels of adenosine are elevated because of increased energy demands and ATP metabolism. Because extracellular adenosine affects metabolism through G-protein-coupled receptors, its regulation is of high adaptive importance. CNT2 (concentrative nucleoside transporter 2) may play physiological roles beyond nucleoside salvage in brain as it does in other tissues. Even though nucleoside transport in brain has mostly been seen as being of equilibrative-type, in the present study, we prove that the rat phaeochromocytoma cell line PC12 shows a concentrative adenosine transport of CNT2-type when cells are differentiated to a neuronal phenotype by treatment with NGF (nerve growth factor). Differentiation of PC12 cells was also associated with the up-regulation of adenosine A1 receptors. Addition of adenosine receptor agonists to cell cultures increased CNT2-related activity by a mechanism consistent with A₁ and A2A receptor activation. The addition of adenosine to the culture medium also induced the phosphorylation of the intracellular regulatory kinase AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), with this effect being dependent upon adenosine transport. CNT2-related activity of differentiated PC12 cells was also dramatically down-regulated under hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, the analysis of nucleoside transporter expression after experimental focal ischaemia in rat brain showed that CNT2 expression was down-regulated in the infarcted tissue, with this effect somehow being restricted to other adenosine transporter proteins such as CNT3 and ENT1 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1). In summary, CNT2 is likely to modulate extracellular adenosine and cell energy balance in neuronal tissue.
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Young JD, Yao SYM, Baldwin JM, Cass CE, Baldwin SA. The human concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families, SLC28 and SLC29. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:529-47. [PMID: 23506887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside transport in humans is mediated by members of two unrelated protein families, the SLC28 family of cation-linked concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and the SLC29 family of energy-independent, equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). These families contain three and four members, respectively, which differ both in the stoichiometry of cation coupling and in permeant selectivity. Together, they play key roles in nucleoside and nucleobase uptake for salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, they facilitate cellular uptake of several nucleoside and nucleobase drugs used in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of viral infections. Thus, the transporter content of target cells can represent a key determinant of the response to treatment. In addition, by regulating the concentration of adenosine available to cell surface receptors, nucleoside transporters modulate many physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission to cardiovascular activity. This review describes the molecular and functional properties of the two transporter families, with a particular focus on their physiological roles in humans and relevance to disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Young
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
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Visscher H, Ross CJD, Rassekh SR, Sandor GSS, Caron HN, van Dalen EC, Kremer LC, van der Pal HJ, Rogers PC, Rieder MJ, Carleton BC, Hayden MR. Validation of variants in SLC28A3 and UGT1A6 as genetic markers predictive of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1375-81. [PMID: 23441093 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of anthracyclines as effective antineoplastic drugs is limited by the occurrence of cardiotoxicity. Multiple genetic variants predictive of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) in children were recently identified. The current study was aimed to assess replication of these findings in an independent cohort of children. PROCEDURE . Twenty-three variants were tested for association with ACT in an independent cohort of 218 patients. Predictive models including genetic and clinical risk factors were constructed in the original cohort and assessed in the current replication cohort. RESULTS . We confirmed the association of rs17863783 in UGT1A6 and ACT in the replication cohort (P = 0.0062, odds ratio (OR) 7.98). Additional evidence for association of rs7853758 (P = 0.058, OR 0.46) and rs885004 (P = 0.058, OR 0.42) in SLC28A3 was found (combined P = 1.6 × 10(-5) and P = 3.0 × 10(-5), respectively). A previously constructed prediction model did not significantly improve risk prediction in the replication cohort over clinical factors alone. However, an improved prediction model constructed using replicated genetic variants as well as clinical factors discriminated significantly better between cases and controls than clinical factors alone in both original (AUC 0.77 vs. 0.68, P = 0.0031) and replication cohort (AUC 0.77 vs. 0.69, P = 0.060). CONCLUSIONS . We validated genetic variants in two genes predictive of ACT in an independent cohort. A prediction model combining replicated genetic variants as well as clinical risk factors might be able to identify high- and low-risk patients who could benefit from alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Visscher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters in the brain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:361-72. [PMID: 23769624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette membrane-associated drug efflux transporters and solute carrier influx transporters, expressed at the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and in brain parenchyma, are important determinants of drug disposition in the central nervous system. Targeting the regulatory pathways that govern the expression of these transporters could provide novel approaches to selectively alter drug permeability into the brain. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors which regulate the gene expression of several metabolic enzymes and drug efflux/influx transporters. Although efforts have primarily been focused on investigating these regulatory pathways in peripheral organs (i.e., liver and intestine), recent findings demonstrate their significance in the brain. This review addresses the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporter functional expression in the brain. An in-depth understanding of these pathways could guide the development of novel pharmacotherapy with either enhanced efficacy in the central nervous system or minimal associated neurotoxicity.
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Emerging transporters of clinical importance: an update from the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:52-63. [PMID: 23588305 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The International Transporter Consortium (ITC) has recently described seven transporters of particular relevance to drug development. Based on the second ITC transporter workshop in 2012, we have identified additional transporters of emerging importance in pharmacokinetics, interference of drugs with transport of endogenous compounds, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in humans. The multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs, gene symbol SLC47A) mediate excretion of organic cations into bile and urine. MATEs are important in renal DDIs. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs or ABCCs) are drug and conjugate efflux pumps, and impaired activity of MRP2 results in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The bile salt export pump (BSEP or ABCB11) prevents accumulation of toxic bile salt concentrations in hepatocytes, and BSEP inhibition or deficiency may cause cholestasis and liver injury. In addition, examples are presented on the roles of nucleoside and peptide transporters in drug targeting and disposition.
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Ashraf T, Kis O, Banerjee N, Bendayan R. Drug Transporters At Brain Barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Koczor CA, Torres RA, Lewis W. The role of transporters in the toxicity of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:665-76. [PMID: 22509856 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.680885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two families of nucleoside analogs have been developed to treat viral infections and cancer, but these compounds can cause tissue- and cell-specific toxicity related to their uptake and subcellular activity, which are dictated by host enzymes and transporters. Cellular uptake of these compounds requires nucleoside transporters that share functional similarities but differ in substrate specificity. Tissue-specific cellular expression of these transporters enables nucleoside analogs to produce their tissue-specific toxic effects, a limiting factor in the treatment of retroviruses and cancer. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the families of nucleoside transporters and how they mediate cellular uptake of nucleoside analogs. Specific focus is placed on examples of known cases of transporter-mediated cellular toxicity and classification of the toxicities resulting. Efflux transporters are also explored as a contributor to analog toxicity and cell-specific effects. EXPERT OPINION Efforts to modulate transporter uptake/clearance remain long-term goals of oncologists and virologists. Accordingly, subcellular approaches that either increase or decrease intracellular nucleoside analog concentrations are eagerly sought and include transporter inhibitors and targeting transporter expression. However, additional understanding of nucleoside transporter kinetics, tissue expression and genetic polymorphisms is required to design better molecules and better therapies.
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Fernández-Calotti P, Veyhl-Wichmann M, Diepold M, Pinilla-Macua I, Pérez-Torras S, Kipp H, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Role of the Transporter Regulator Protein (RS1) in the Modulation of Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (CNTs) in Epithelia. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:59-67. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Cano-Soldado P, Gorraitz E, Errasti-Murugarren E, Casado FJ, Lostao MP, Pastor-Anglada M. Functional analysis of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 variant hCNT1S546P provides insight into the sodium-binding pocket. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C257-66. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00198.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SLC28 genes, encoding concentrative nucleoside transporter proteins (CNT), show little genetic variability, although a few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with marked functional disturbances. In particular, human CNT1S546P had been reported to result in negligible thymidine uptake. In this study we have characterized the molecular mechanisms responsible for this apparent loss of function. The hCNT1S546P variant showed an appropriate endoplasmic reticulum export and insertion into the plasma membrane, whereas loss of nucleoside translocation ability affected all tested nucleoside and nucleoside-derived drugs. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis revealed that it is the lack of the serine residue itself responsible for the loss of hCNT1 function. This serine residue is highly conserved, and mutation of the analogous serine in hCNT2 (Ser541) and hCNT3 (Ser568) resulted in total and partial loss of function, respectively. Moreover, hCNT3, the only member that shows a 2Na+/1 nucleoside stoichiometry, showed altered Na+ binding properties associated with a shift in the Hill coefficient, consistent with one Na+ binding site being affected by the mutation. Two-electrode voltage-clamp studies using the hCNT1S546P mutant revealed the occurrence of Na+ leak, which was dependent on the concentration of extracellular Na+ indicating that, although the variant is unable to transport nucleosides, there is an uncoupled sodium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cano-Soldado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Barcelona
| | - Edurne Gorraitz
- Department of Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Barcelona
| | - F. Javier Casado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Barcelona
| | - M. Pilar Lostao
- Department of Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Barcelona
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Fardel O, Kolasa E, Le Vee M. Environmental chemicals as substrates, inhibitors or inducers of drug transporters: implication for toxicokinetics, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:29-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.637918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Minuesa G, Huber-Ruano I, Pastor-Anglada M, Koepsell H, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J. Drug uptake transporters in antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Díaz P, Godoy V, Riquelme G, Pastor-Anglada M. Expression and distribution of nucleoside transporter proteins in the human syncytiotrophoblast. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:809-17. [PMID: 21825094 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane distribution and related biological activity of nucleoside transporter proteins (NTs) were investigated in human syncytiotrophoblast from term placenta using a variety of approaches, including nucleoside uptake measurements into vesicles from selected plasma membrane domains, NT immunohistochemistry, and subcellular localization (basal, heavy, and light apical membranes as well as raft-enriched membranes from the apical domain). In contrast with other epithelia, in this epithelium, we have identified the high-affinity pyrimidine-preferring human concentrative nucleoside transporter (hCNT) 1 as the only hCNT-type protein expressed at both the basal and apical membranes. hCNT1 localization in lipid rafts is also dependent on its subcellular localization in the apical plasma membrane, suggesting a complex cellular and regional expression. Overall, this result favors the view that the placenta is a pyrimidine-preferring nucleoside sink from both maternal and fetal sides, and hCNT1 plays a major role in promoting pyrimidine salvage and placental growth. This finding may be of pharmacological relevance, because hCNT1 is known to interact with anticancer nucleoside-derived drugs and other molecules, such as nicotine and caffeine, for which a great variety of harmful effects on placental and fetal development, including intrauterine growth retardation, have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside/nucleobase transporters have been investigated since the 1960s. In particular, equilibrative nucleoside transporters were thought to be valuable drug targets, since they are involved in various kinds of viral and parasitic diseases as well as cancers. DISCUSSION In the postgenomic era multiple transporters, including different subtypes, have been cloned and characterized on the molecular level. In this article we summarize recent advances regarding structure, function and localization of nucleoside/nucleobase transporters as well as the pharmacological profile of selected drugs. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the different kinetic properties and structural features of nucleoside transporters can either be used for the rational design of therapeutics directly targeting the transporter itself or for the delivery of drugs using the transporter as a port of entry into the target cell. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters are of considerable pharmacological interest as drug targets for the development of drugs tailored to each patient's need for the treatment of cardiac disease, cancer and viral infections.
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Lin W, Buolamwini JK. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2-diethanolamino-4,8-diheptamethyleneimino-2-(N-aminoethyl-N-ethanolamino)-6-(N,N-diethanolamino)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-fluorescein conjugate (8MDP-fluor), as a novel equilibrative nucleoside transporter probe. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1221-7. [PMID: 21539390 DOI: 10.1021/bc2000758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters are integral membrane glycoproteins that play critical roles in physiological nucleoside and nucleobase fluxes, and influence the efficacy of many nucleoside chemotherapy drugs. Fluorescent reporter ligands/substrates have been shown to be useful in the analysis of nucleoside transporter (NT) protein expression and discovery of new NT inhibitors. In this study, we have developed a novel dipyridamole (DP)-based equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) fluorescent probe. The potent ENT1 and ENT2 inhibitor analogue of dipyridamole, 2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-diheptamethyleneiminopyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (4, 8MDP), was modified to replace one β-hydroxyethyl group of the amino substituent at the 2-position with a β-aminoethyl group and then conjugated through the amino group to 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido)hexanoyl moiety to obtain a new fluorescent molecule, 2-diethanolamino-4,8-diheptamethyleneimino-2-(N-aminoethyl-N-ethanolamino)-6-(N,N-diethanolamino)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-fluorescein conjugate, designated 8MDP-fluorescein (8MDP-fluor, 6). The binding affinities of 8MDP-fluor at ENT1 and ENT2 are reflected by the uridine uptake inhibitory K(i) values of 52.1 nM and 285 nM, respectively. 8MDP-fluor was successfully demonstrated to be a flow cytometric probe for ENT1 comparable to the nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR) analogue ENT1 fluorescent probe SAENTA-X8-fluorescein (SAENTA-fluor, 1). This is the first reported dipyridamole-based ENT1 fluorescent probe, which adds a novel tool for probing ENT1, and possibly ENT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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Graham K, Yao S, Johnson L, Mowles D, Ng A, Wilkinson J, Young JD, Cass CE. Nucleoside transporter gene expression in wild-type and mENT1 knockout miceThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue entitled CSBMCB 53rd Annual Meeting — Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:236-45. [DOI: 10.1139/o10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the overlapping and redundant roles of the seven mammalian nucleoside transporters (NTs), which belong to two protein families (ENTs and CNTs), the physiological importance of individual NTs has been difficult to assess. Mice that have NT genes knocked out can be a valuable tool in gaining an understanding of the NT proteins. We have generated a strain of mice that is homozygous for a disruption mutation between exons 2 and 3 of the mouse equilibrative nucleoside transporter, mENT1. We have undertaken a quantitative survey of NT gene expression in 10 tissues, as well as microarray analysis of heart and kidney, from wild-type and mENT1 knockout mice. Rather than a consistent change in expression of NT genes in all tissues of mENT1 knockout mice, a complex pattern of changes was found. Some genes, such as those encoding mCNT1 and mCNT3 in colon tissue, exhibited increased expression, whereas other genes, such as those encoding mCNT2 and mENT4 in lung tissue, exhibited decreased expression. Although mCNT3 has been shown to be important in human and rat kidney tissue, we were unable to detect mCNT3 transcripts in the kidney of either the wild-type or mENT1 knockout mice, suggesting differences in renal nucleoside resorption between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Graham
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Yao
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Lorelei Johnson
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Delores Mowles
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Amy Ng
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jodi Wilkinson
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Carol E. Cass
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering & Imaging Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, School of Molecular & Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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Cano-Soldado P, Pastor-Anglada M. Transporters that translocate nucleosides and structural similar drugs: structural requirements for substrate recognition. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:428-57. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cano-Soldado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD; Barcelona Spain
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Huber-Ruano I, Pinilla-Macua I, Torres G, Casado FJ, Pastor-Anglada M. Link between high-affinity adenosine concentrative nucleoside transporter-2 (CNT2) and energy metabolism in intestinal and liver parenchymal cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:620-30. [PMID: 20506327 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) is a high-affinity adenosine transporter that may play physiological roles beyond nucleoside salvage. Previous reports relate CNT2 function to modulation of purinergic signaling and energy metabolism in intestinal and liver parenchymal cells (Duflot et al., 2004, Mol Cell Biol 24:2710-2719; Aymerich et al., 2006, J Cell Sci 119:1612-1621). In the present study, to further examine the link between CNT2 and energy metabolism, CNT2 protein partners were identified using the bacterial two-hybrid and GST pull-down approaches. The N-terminal segment of CNT2 was used as bait, since proteins lacking this domain display impaired plasma membrane insertion and intracellular retention. Glucose-regulated protein 58 (GRP58) was identified as a potential rCNT2 partner in pull-down experiments. Two-hybrid screening performed against a liver human cDNA library led to the identification of aldolase B as another hCNT2 partner. Aldolase B-RFP and endogenous GRP58 separately co-localized with CNT2 in HeLa cells transfected with YFPrCNT2. CNT2 interaction with GRP58 was validated using co-immunoprecipitation experiments. In HeLa cells, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency increased upon fructose addition, consistent with a transient interaction between aldolase B and the transporter. The physiological basis for in vivo interactions was derived from experiments in which GRP58 was inhibited or overexpressed and aldolase B activity stimulated towards glycolysis. GRP58 appeared to be a negative effector of CNT2 function, whereas aldolase B flux modulated CNT2 activity via a mechanism involving acquisition of higher affinity for its substrates. These findings support the theory that CNT2 plays roles other than salvage and establishes links with energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Huber-Ruano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Barcelona, Spain
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Velasco-Loyden G, Pérez-Carreón JI, Agüero JFC, Romero PC, Vidrio-Gómez S, Martínez-Pérez L, Yáñez-Maldonado L, Hernández-Muñoz R, Macías-Silva M, de Sánchez VC. Prevention of in vitro hepatic stellate cells activation by the adenosine derivative compound IFC305. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1690-9. [PMID: 20813095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that adenosine and the aspartate salt of adenosine (IFC305) reverse pre-established CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis in rats. However, their molecular mechanism of action is not clearly understood. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis leading to cirrhosis, mainly through their activation, changing from a quiescent adipogenic state to a proliferative myofibrogenic condition. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of IFC305 on primary cultured rat HSC. Our results reveal that this compound suppressed the activation of HSC, as demonstrated by the maintenance of a quiescent cell morphology, including lipid droplets content, inhibition of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen α1(I) expression, and up-regulation of MMP-13, Smad7, and PPARγ expression, three key antifibrogenic genes. Furthermore, IFC305 was able to repress the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation of HSC. This inhibition was independent of adenosine receptors stimulation; instead, IFC305 was incorporated into cells by adenosine transporters and converted to AMP by adenosine kinase. On the other hand, addition of pyrimidine ribonucleoside as uridine reversed the suppressive effect of IFC305 on the proliferation and activation of HSC, suggesting that intracellular pyrimidine starvation would be involved in the molecular mechanism of action of IFC305. In conclusion, IFC305 inhibits HSC activation and maintains their quiescence in vitro; these results could explain in part the antifibrotic liver beneficial effect previously described for this compound on the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Velasco-Loyden
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México 04510, D.F., Apdo. postal 70-243, Mexico
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Casado FJ, Pastor-Anglada M. Different N-terminal motifs determine plasma membrane targeting of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 in polarized and nonpolarized cells. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:795-803. [PMID: 20643903 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) is a broad-selectivity, high-affinity protein implicated in the uptake of most nucleoside-derived anticancer and antiviral drugs. Regulated trafficking of hCNT3 has been recently postulated as a suitable way to improve nucleoside-based therapies. Moreover, the recent identification of a putative novel hCNT3-type transporter lacking the first 69 amino acids and retained at the endoplasmic reticulum anticipated that the N terminus of hCNT3 contains critical motifs implicated in trafficking. In the current study, we have addressed this issue by using deletions and site-directed mutagenesis and plasma membrane expression and nucleoside uptake kinetic analysis. Data reveal that 1) a segment between amino acids 50 and 62 contains plasma membrane-sorting determinants in nonpolarized cells; 2) in particular, the Val(57)-Thr(58)-Val(59) tripeptide seems to be the core of the export signal, whereas acidic motifs upstream and downstream of it seem to be important for the kinetics of the process; and 3) in polarized epithelia, the β-turn-forming motif (17)VGFQ(20) is necessary for proper apical expression of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Avda Diagonal 645, Edifici annex, Planta-1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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