Effects of basketball-specific high-intensity interval training on aerobic performance and physical capacities in youth female basketball players

Effects of Passive or Active Recovery Regimes Applied During Long-Term Interval Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Trained and Untrained Individuals: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Intermittent exercise programs characterized through intensive exercise bouts alternated with passive or active recovery (i.e., interval training), have been proven to enhance measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, it is unresolved which recovery type (active or passive) applied during interval training results in larger performance improvements.

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review aimed to summarize recent evidence on the effects of passive or active recovery following long-term interval exercise training on measures of physical fitness and physiological adaptations in healthy trained and untrained individuals. The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9BUEY ).

METHODS

We searched nine databases including the grey literature (Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, ERIC, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Open Dissertations, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until February 2023. Key terms as high-intensity interval training, recovery mode, passive or active recover were used. A systematic review rather than a meta-analysis was performed, as a large number of outcome parameters would have produced substantial heterogeneity.

RESULTS

After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion in our final analysis. Thirteen studies examined the effects of interval training interspersed with passive recovery regimes on physical fitness and physiological responses in trained (6 studies) and untrained (7 studies) individuals. Eleven out of 13 studies reported significant improvements in physical fitness (e.g., maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), Yo-Yo running test, jump performance) and physiological parameters (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], lactate threshold, blood pressure) in trained (effect sizes from single studies: 0.13 < Cohen's d < 3.27, small to very large) and untrained individuals (effect sizes: 0.17 < d < 4.19, small to very large) despite the type of interval training or exercise dosage (frequency, intensity, time, type). Two studies were identified that examined the effects of passive recovery applied during interval training in young female basketball (15.1 ± 1.1 years) and male soccer players (14.2 ± 0.5 years). Both studies showed positive effects of passive recovery on VO2max, countermovement jump performance, and the Yo-Yo running test. Eleven studies examined the effects of interval training interspersed with active recovery methods on physical fitness and physiological parameters in trained (6 studies) and untrained individuals (5 studies). Despite the type of interval training or exercise dosage, nine out of eleven studies reported significant increases in measures of physical fitness (e.g., MAV) and physiological parameters (e.g., VO2max, blood pressures) in trained (effect sizes from single studies: 0.13 < d < 1.29, small to very large) and untrained individuals (effect sizes: 0.19 < d < 3.29, small to very large). There was no study available that examined the effects of active recovery on physical fitness and physiological responses in youth.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this systematic review show that interval training interspersed with active or passive recovery regimes have the potential to improve measures of physical fitness and physiology outcomes in trained and untrained adults and trained youth. That is, the applied recovery type seems not to affect the outcomes. Nonetheless, more research is needed on the effects of recovery type on measures of physical fitness and physiological adaptations in youth.

Training methods and evaluation of basketball players' agility quality: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Agility refers to the technical skills and abilities required by athletes to quickly react and adjust direction, speed, or movement patterns when faced with stimuli. This article provides a comprehensive review and evaluation of agility training methods for basketball players, offering valuable insights and references for scientifically enhancing their agility training.

METHOD

Research literature published from January 1, 2000, to April 1, 2023, was searched in the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and EBSCO databases with basketball, agility, and training as keywords. A total of 489 articles were initially identified. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including the removal of duplicate articles, non-English publications, and conference papers, a total of 463 articles were excluded. Ultimately, 26 articles that met the specified criteria were included for analysis in this study. The researchers utilized the PEDro quality evaluation screening scoring system to assess the quality of the final included literature.

RESULT

26 articles were included, with an average quality evaluation score of 4.5 points (3-7 points). Among them, the average training time for reaction ability (5 articles) is 5 weeks (ranging from 3 to 8 weeks), involving a total of 150 participantsa，nd the agility quality is improved by 7.2 %-19 %; The average training time for speed quality (5 articles) is 6 weeks (ranging from 4 to 8 weeks), involving a total of 151 participants，and the agility quality is improved by 1.2 %-14.4 %; The average training time for strength quality (4 articles) is 6 weeks (ranging from 4 to 8 weeks), involving a total of 57 participants， and the agility quality is improved by 1.41 %-10.33 %; The average training time for plyometrics (12 articles) is 6 weeks (ranging from 1 to 8 weeks), involving a total of 195 participants，with an increase in agility by 2.34 %-6.79 %.

CONCLUSION

(1) The effect of simple reaction ability, speed, and strength training on improving the agility quality of basketball players is limited. In the actual process, the above training methods need to be combined to maximize the training effect, such as diversified speed training combined with different forms of reaction ability, strength training, etc. (2) Plyometric training has a high intensity of muscle stimulation, which can promote the agility quality of basketball players by improving the joint stability, neuromuscular adaptability as well as coordination and consistency between muscles. However, young basketball players must carefully consider exercise mode, load intensity, and other factors when implementing plyometric training.

HIIT serves as an efficient training strategy for basketball players by improving blood fluidity and decreasing oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

A challenge for coaches and athletes is to find the best combination of exercises during training. Considering its favorable effects, HIIT has been very popular recently.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to investigate anthropometric features, performance, erythrocyte deformability, plasma viscosity (PV) and oxidative stress in response to acute and long-term (6 weeks) HIIT in adolescent basketball players.

METHODS

22 sportsmen between the ages of 14-16 were included. Tabata protocol was applied to the HIIT group in addition to their routine training program 3 days/week, for 6 weeks. Erythrocyte deformability was determined using an ectacytometer (LORCA), PV with a rotational viscometer. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured by kits.

RESULTS

HIIT for 6 weeks induced an improvement in performance tests and waist circumference. 6 weeks of HIIT resulted in a decrement, while the last exercise session yielded an increment in RBC deformability. PV and TOS of HIIT groups were decreased on the 6th week.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that, HIIT in addition to the routine exercise program is beneficial for improving performance and blood fluidity as well as decreasing oxidative stress in basketball players. Therefore, HIIT seems as an efficient training strategy for highly-trained individuals.

Physiological and Biochemical Adaptations to a Sport-Specific Sprint Interval Training in Male Basketball Athletes

The present study compared the effects of incorporating traditional sprint interval training (SIT) or basketball-specific SIT (SSIT) into typical off-season training of male basketball players. Adaptations to and effect size (EF) of interventions on aerobic fitness [evaluated using Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level-1 (Yo-Yo IR1)], change of direction [T-test (TT) and Illinois agility test (IAT)], vertical jump (VJ), standing long jump (SLJ), linear speed, maximal strength [one repetition maximum test in leg press (1RMLP)], and hormonal status were examined. Male athletes (age = 25.7 ± 2.0 years; height = 188.1 ± 7.9 cm; body mass = 85.9 ± 8.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three groups of SIT (n = 10): three sets of 10 × 15 sec all-out intervals with 1:1 recovery between bouts and a 3-min recovery between sets; SSIT (n = 10): the same intervals as SIT + basketball-specific ball drills while running; and CON (n = 10): two sessions per week of regular basketball technical and tactical drills. SIT and SSIT resulted in significant changes compared with baseline in maximal oxygen uptake (4.9%, ES = 2.22 vs. 6%, ES = 2.57), TT (-1.8%, ES =-0.46 vs. -2.7%, ES = -1.14), IAT (-4.5%, ES = -2.01 vs. -5.4%, ES = -1.93), VJ (7.5%, ES = 0.58 vs. 12%, ES = 0.95), linear sprint time (-2.9%, ES = -0.32 vs. -4.3%, ES = -0.69), Yo-Yo IR1 (18.5%, ES = 2.19 vs. 23.7%, ES = 2.56), serum testosterone (28%, ES = 1.52 vs. 29.7%, ES = 1.59), and cortisol (-6.53%, ES = -0.37 vs. -12.06%, ES = -0.64). Incorporating SIT and SSIT into typical off-season basketball training triggers adaptive mechanisms that enhance aerobic and anaerobic performance in male basketball players. The effect size values indicate more significant effects of SSIT than SIT in most physiological and sport-specific adaptations. Such a superior effect could be attributed to the more basketball-specific movement pattern of the SSIT. Such interventions can be used by the coaches and athletes for designing the training load and for better training adaptations throughout the training seasons and competition periods.

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Physical Performance in Female Team Sports: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

There is limited information regarding adaptation of HIIT in female athletes which is important since the adaptation to HIIT may be different compared to male athletes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of HIIT on physical performance in female team sports athletes.

METHODS

The following databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Science Direct were searched prior to September 2nd, 2022. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal studies written in English, elite, sub-elite or college female team sports participants, and HIIT intensity had to be at 80-100% maximal heart rate. There were no exclusion criteria regarding the age of the participants or their training experience. The primary outcome measures were maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated sprint ability (RSA), change of direction speed, speed, explosive strength and body composition.

RESULTS

A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 230 participants. HIIT improved VO2max in five studies (ES from 0.19 to 1.08), while three studies showed improvement in their RSA (ES from 0.32 to 0.64). In addition, change of direction speed was improved in five studies (ES from 0.34 to 0.88), while speed improved in four studies (ES from 0.12 to 0.88). Explosive strength results varied (ES from 0.39 to 1.05), while in terms of body composition, the results were inconsistent through observed team sports.

CONCLUSION

HIIT has significant effects on VO2max, RSA, change of direction speed, speed and explosive strength in female team sports, regardless of the competition level.

Effects of high-intensity interval training on aerobic capacity and sports-specific skills in basketball players

INTRODUCTION

High intensity interval training (HIIT) are widely used to improve the cardiac performance in Basketball players. The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training on the Aerobic Capacity and sports-specific skills in basketball players.

METHODS

40 male basketball players in the age group 18-25 years were recruited after necessary ethical clearance. Athletes were categorized into two groups of 20 people each: Group 1 control group (age: 21.9 ± 2.4 years, height: 184.6 ± 12.1 cm BMI: 23 ± 3 kg/m2) and Group 2 study group with HIIT (age: 21.4 ± 2.6 years, height: 177.4 ± 6.0 cm BMI: 22.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2). The study group players underwent 5 weeks (10 sessions) of HIIT training. Pre and post intervention evaluation of the Aerobic Capacity (VO2 max) and sports-specific skills were quantified for both the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using one tailed t-test with p < 0.05 for significance. Cohen's D method was used to calculate the effect size and minimum important difference.

RESULT

There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in VO2 max (pre:52.8 ± 2.3 ml/min/kg to post: 54.5 ± 2.4 ml/min/kg) in Group 2 whereas in Group 1 the change was not significant (pre:51.1 ± 2.6 ml/min/kg to post: 51.4 ± 2.9 ml/min/kg). Similarly, there was an increase in agility for Group 2 (pre:11.0 ± 1.0 s to post: 10.1 ± 1.0 s) compared to Group 1. In sports specific skills: Control Dribble, passing skills, Lower body power and shooting skills there was a significant increase in post HIIT training for Group 2, whereas in Group 1 there was no significant difference.

DISCUSSION

The HIIT training improved the aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and sports-specific skills in basketball players.

CONCLUSION

A 5-week HIIT training improved the aerobic capacity and sports specific skills and may be included as a part of training regime to improve the athletic performance in basketball players.

POSITIVE CORRELATION MODEL IN BASKETBALL ON ATHLETES’ PHYSICAL TRAINING

ABSTRACT Introduction The athletic capacity improvement in basketball players is closely connected with their training. It is believed that the focus on training by basketball players can contribute to the gain of strength, speed, agility, and endurance. Objective Analyze the specific methods in the players’ training scoring the critical factors for improving physical conditioning. Methods Correlation statistics were used to analyze the factors that affected the physical performance of basketball players. Periodic physical training programs were designed by relating training load to the competition schedule to evaluate the essential parameters (strength, speed, explosive strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, flexibility, agility, and accuracy) and the changes in physical fitness. Results Basketball players’ strength, agility, endurance, and speed improved after physical training. There are considerable differences in several fitness indices before and after training (P<0.05). Conclusion Periodic physical training of basketball players can improve their physical fitness. Physical training is an essential tool to improve basketball in China. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

Multidisciplinary Neuromuscular and Endurance Interventions on Youth Basketball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

The main aims of this systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression were to describe the effect of multidisciplinary neuromuscular and endurance interventions, including plyometric training, mixed strength and conditioning, HIIT basketball programs and repeated sprint training on youth basketball players considering age, competitive level, gender and the type of the intervention performed to explore a predictive model through a meta-regression analysis. A structured search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and PICOS model in Medline (PubMed), Web of Science (WOS) and Cochrane databases. Groups of experiments were created according to neuromuscular power (vertical; NPV and horizontal; NPH) and endurance (E). Meta-analysis and sub-groups analysis were performed using a random effect model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). A random effects meta-regression was performed regressing SMD for the different sub-groups against percentage change for NPV and NPH. There was a significant positive overall effect of the multidisciplinary interventions on NPV, NPH and E. Sub-groups analysis indicate differences in the effects of the interventions on NPV and NPH considering age, gender, competitive level and the type of the intervention used. Considering the current data available, the meta-regression analysis suggests a good predictability of U-16 and plyometric training on jump performance. Besides, male and elite level youth basketball players had a good predictability on multidirectional speed and agility performance.

Scaling-Up Adolescent High-Intensity Interval Training Programs for Population Health

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a polarizing form of exercise. In this article, we argue that adolescent HIIT programs can have population health impact if they are (i) integrated into existing opportunities, (ii) designed to develop physical literacy, (iii) delivered in an engaging manner, and (iv) guided and supported by an implementation framework that addresses relevant barriers and facilitators.

HIGH-INTENSITY PHYSICAL ABILITY TRAINING OF TEENAGER BASKETBALL PLAYERS

ABSTRACT Introduction: The antagonism of basketball is very prominent during the game. Athletes with good physical fitness will have great advantages in basketball games. Objective: To study the influence of physical exercise on the physical fitness of young athletes. Methods: This article uses mathematical statistics to investigate and analyze the physical training status of young basketball players. Results: After studying various training methods, we found that impedance training can improve the physical fitness of young athletes. Basketball physical training includes strength, speed, endurance, sensitivity, etc. Conclusion: Young basketball players need to adopt a variety of training methods. Group sports can effectively improve the physical fitness of young basketball players and increase the winning probability of the team in the game. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Ideal Combinations of Acceleration-Based Intensity Metrics and Sensor Positions to Monitor Exercise Intensity under Different Types of Sports

This study quantified the strength of the relationship between the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and two acceleration-based intensity metrics (AIMs) at three sensor-positions during three sport types (running, basketball, and badminton) under three intensity conditions (locomotion speeds). Fourteen participants (age: 24.9 ± 2.4 years) wore a chest strap HR monitor and placed three accelerometers at the left wrist (non-dominant), trunk, and right shank, respectively. The %HRR and two different AIMs (Player Load per minute [PL/min] and mean amplitude deviation [MAD]) during exercise were calculated. During running, both AIMs at the shank and PL at the wrist had strong correlations (r = 0.777-0.778) with %HRR; while other combinations were negligible to moderate (r = 0.065-0.451). For basketball, both AIMs at the shank had stronger correlations (r = 0.604-0.628) with %HRR than at wrist (r = 0.536-0.603) and trunk (r = 0.403-0.463) with %HRR. During badminton exercise, both AIMs at shank had stronger correlations (r = 0.782-0.793) with %HRR than those at wrist (r = 0.587-0.621) and MAD at trunk (r = 0.608) and trunk (r = 0.314). Wearing the sensor on the shank is an ideal position for both AIMs to monitor external intensity in running, basketball, and badminton, while the wrist and using PL-derived AIM seems to be the second ideal combination.

A Multi-Systems Approach to Human Movement after ACL Reconstruction: The Cardiopulmonary System

The cardiopulmonary system plays a pivotal role in athletic and rehabilitative activities following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, along with serving as an important support for the functioning of other physiologic systems including the integumentary, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems. Many competitive sports impose high demands upon the cardiorespiratory system, which requires careful attention and planning from rehabilitation specialists to ensure athletes are adequately prepared to return to sport. Cardiopulmonary function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can be assessed using a variety of methods, depending on stage of healing, training of the clinician, and equipment availability. Reductions in cardiovascular function may influence the selection and dosage of interventions that are not only aimed to address cardiopulmonary impairments, but also deficits experienced in other systems that ultimately work together to achieve goal-directed movement. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present cardiopulmonary system considerations within a multi-physiologic systems approach to human movement after ACLR, including a clinically relevant review of the cardiopulmonary system, assessment strategies, and modes of cardiopulmonary training to promote effective, efficient movement.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

5.

The Effect of Simulation-based Training on Athletic Performances among Female Basketball Players

Background:

The effectiveness of simulation-based training has been examined in various sports. However, considering the effect of gender and sport on training, it would be interesting to evaluate simulation-based training in female basketball.

Objective:

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of simulation-based training on physical fitness and performance indices in female basketball players.

Methods:

Sixteen female semi-professional basketball players were randomly assigned to experimental (n=8; age, 25±2 years; weight, 62±9 kg; height, 167±8 cm) or control (n=8; age, 24±1 years; weight, 57±9 kg; height, 170±8 cm) groups. The experimental group participated in a six week basketball simulation training program including running with different speeds (jogging to sprinting), agility, jumping, and shuffling. Both groups performed the Cooper 12 min run, line drill, an adjusted T-test, 20 ms print, the Sargent vertical jump and basketball exercise simulation test before and after six weeks of the study period. Control and experimental groups performed typical basketball training, three times weekly. The overall training volume was similar for both groups.

Results:

The perceived exertion was higher in the simulation-based training than control (p<0.05) group. The findings of this study indicated a significant increase in VO2 max (p=0.001), anaerobic power (p=0.009), explosive leg strength (p=0.036), and total distance covered in basketball exercise simulation test (p=0.001) and decrease of the meantime of one round of basketball exercise simulation test (p=0.001) in the simulation training compared to the control group.

Conclusion:

Generally incorporation of the simulation-based training in conditioning programs is recommended for improving aerobic, anaerobic and leg explosive strength of basketball players.

Change of Direction Speed Tests in Basketball Players: A Brief Review of Test Varieties and Recent Trends

Change of direction speed (CODS) is essential for basketball performance, extensively assessed by various tests. This review aimed to summarize the CODS test varieties for basketball players on publications until 2019 and identify recent trends regarding what types of tests have gained attention in the 2010s. Electronic literature searches were conducted using three databases with relevant keywords. 104 studies were found eligible, conducting CODS tests 159 times in total with 48 test varieties. To facilitate distinctions between the tests, each test was categorized into one of three types based on the distinctive movement characteristics and changing angles as follows: Defensive (involving lateral shuffling), 180°-turn (exerting only 180°-turns), and Cutting (performing diagonal- or side-cut). We then counted the number of publications and adopted times reported per year for each test, and calculated the adoption rate for each categorized test type. The first CODS test performed in basketball players was the T-Test, reported in 1991, and this was the most commonly adopted test (44/159 times). The 2010s saw abrupt increases in the number of publications (1990s-2000s-2010s: 5-9-90) and test varieties (4-7-44). The adoption rates in the 2010s were similar among the three types (i.e., Defensive/180°-turn/Cutting: 37%/30%/33%), with the Cutting type gradually increasing over the last three decades (1990s-2000s-2010s: 0%-9%-33%). These results suggest that while CODS performances in basketball players are increasingly studied with various tests, recent studies give equal weight to all of the three categorized test types, with increasing adoption of the Cutting type, to assess specific CODS performances.

Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program

High levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); push-ups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage non-intermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features. A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.