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Méndez SB, Salazar-Juárez A. Prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhances the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats: An ontogenetic study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:546-557. [PMID: 39361328 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal and postnatal exposure to drugs such as cocaine is a public health problem that causes deficits in brain development and function in humans and animals. One of the main effects of prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure is increased vulnerability to developing the substance use disorder at an early age. Furthermore, the negative emotional states associated with cocaine withdrawal increase the fragility of patients to relapse into drug abuse. In this sense, prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhanced the cocaine- and nicotine-induced locomotor activity and locomotor sensitization, and rats exposed prenatally to cocaine displayed an increase in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in adulthood (PND 60-70). OBJECTIVE Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors at different ages (30, 60, 90, and 120 days of age) in rats. METHODS The study was divided into two stages: prenatal and postnatal. In the prenatal stage, a group of pregnant female Wistar rats was administered daily from GD0 to GD21 cocaine (cocaine pre-exposure group), and another group of pregnant female rats was administered daily saline (saline pre-exposure group). In the postnatal stage, during lactation (PND0 to PND21), pregnant rats received administration of cocaine or saline, respectively. Of the litters resulting from the cocaine pre-exposed and saline pre-exposed pregnant female groups, only the male rats were used for the recording of the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors at different postnatal ages (30, 60, 90, and 120 days), representative of adolescence, adult, adulthood, and old age. RESULTS The study found that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure generated age-dependent enhancement in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, being greater in older adult (PND 120) rats than in adolescent (PND 30) or adults (PND 60-90) rats. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure increases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, which may increase the vulnerability of subjects to different types of drugs in young and adult age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Mexico City, Mexico
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Méndez SB, Salazar-Juárez A. Prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhances the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats during cocaine withdrawal. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22493. [PMID: 38643355 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure is a public health problem, which results in profound behavioral problems during childhood and adolescence, mainly represented by an increase in the risk of cocaine abuse at an early age. In rodents, prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhanced locomotor activity and cocaine- or nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. Various authors consider that the adverse emotional states (anxiety and depression) that occur during cocaine withdrawal are the main factors that precipitate, relapse, and increase chronic cocaine abuse, which could increase the risk of relapse of cocaine abuse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize anxiety- and depression-like behaviors at different times (30, 60, 90, and 120 days) of cocaine withdrawal in rats born to females exposed prenatally and postnatally to cocaine. A group of pregnant female Wistar rats were administered daily from day GD0 to GD21 with cocaine (cocaine preexposure group), and another group of pregnant female rats was administered daily with saline (saline preexposure group). Of the litters resulting from the cocaine-pre-exposed and saline-pre-exposed pregnant female groups, only the male rats were used for the recording of the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors at different times (30, 60, 90, and 120 days) of cocaine withdrawal The study found that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure dose-dependent enhanced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. This suggests that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure can result in enhanced vulnerability to cocaine abuse in young and adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas. Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas. Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Li MJ, Shoptaw SJ. Clinical management of psychostimulant withdrawal: review of the evidence. Addiction 2023; 118:750-762. [PMID: 36401591 PMCID: PMC10069411 DOI: 10.1111/add.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that a majority of people who use psychostimulants, particularly methamphetamine (MA) and cocaine, experience withdrawal upon abstinence from sustained use. This review of clinical research reports the evidence regarding biomedical and behavioral treatments for psychostimulant withdrawal symptoms. It provides a framework for clinicians and scientists to increase impact on attenuating MA and cocaine withdrawal during initial and sustained abstinence. Articles reviewed included reports of controlled clinical trials (randomized or non-randomized) reporting at least one withdrawal symptom among the outcomes or specifically studying patients in withdrawal. Potential efficacy for MA withdrawal is noted for a few medications (mirtazapine, naltrexone, bupropion) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during acute (first week), early protracted (weeks 2-4) and late protracted (> 4 weeks) withdrawal phases. Topiramate shows mixed evidence of efficacy for cocaine withdrawal. In general, there is inconsistent signal for biomedical and behavioral treatments on MA and cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Li
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J. Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gasparyan A, Navarrete F, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Manzanares J. Cannabidiol Modulates Behavioural and Gene Expression Alterations Induced by Spontaneous Cocaine Withdrawal. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:615-623. [PMID: 33230690 PMCID: PMC8116402 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the behavioural and gene expression changes in a new animal model of spontaneous cocaine withdrawal. For this purpose, male CD-1 mice were exposed to progressive increasing doses of cocaine for 12 days (15 to 60 mg/kg/day, i.p.), evaluating spontaneous cocaine withdrawal 6 h after the last cocaine administration. The effects of CBD (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated on cocaine withdrawal-induced alterations in motor activity, somatic signs, and anxiety-like behaviour. Furthermore, gene expression changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the ventral tegmental area, and in cannabinoid receptors 1 (CNR1) and 2 (CNR2) in the nucleus accumbens, were analysed by real-time PCR. The results obtained in the study showed that mice exposed to the spontaneous cocaine withdrawal model presented increased motor activity, somatic withdrawal signs, and high anxiety-like behaviour. Interestingly, the administration of CBD normalized motor and somatic signs disturbances and induced an anxiolytic effect. Moreover, the administration of CBD blocked the increase of DAT and TH gene expression in mice exposed to the cocaine withdrawal, regulated the decrease of CNR1 and induced an additional upregulation of CNR2 gene expression. Thus, this model of spontaneous cocaine withdrawal induces clear behavioural and gene expression changes in mice. Interestingly, CBD alleviates these behavioural and gene expression alterations suggesting its potential for the management of cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Gasparyan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.
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Barbosa Méndez S, Salazar-Juárez A. Mirtazapine attenuates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats during cocaine withdrawal. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:589-605. [PMID: 31012359 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119840521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression, key symptoms of the cocaine withdrawal syndrome in human addicts, are considered the main factors that precipitate relapse in chronic cocaine addiction. Preclinical studies have found that rodents exposed to different withdrawal periods show an increase in anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Mirtazapine - a tetracyclic medication - is used primarily to treat depression and, sometimes, anxiety. It has also successfully improved withdrawal symptoms in drug-dependent patients. AIM This study sought to determine whether chronic dosing of mirtazapine during cocaine withdrawal reduced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors that characterize cocaine withdrawal in animals. METHODS Cocaine pre-treated Wistar rats were subjected to a 60-day cocaine withdrawal period during which depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated in open field tests (OFT), the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the light-dark box test (LDT), the forced swimming test (FST) and spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA). RESULTS We found that chronic dosing with different doses of mirtazapine (30 and 60 mg/kg) decreased depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by different doses of cocaine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) during the 60-day cocaine withdrawal. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that the pharmacological effect of mirtazapine on its target sites of action (α2-adrenergic and 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors) within the brain may improve depression- and anxiety-like behaviors for long periods. CONCLUSION Therefore, the findings support the use of mirtazapine as a potentially effective therapy to reduce anxiety and depressive-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa Méndez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, cuidad de México, Mexico
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addictive disorder is a multifactorial pathology variable in its manifestations, environmental, developmental, inheritable, neurobiological, and behavioral. METHODS Synthesis of recent data from the literature. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Addiction is a pathology affecting decision-making, the emotional balance, the voluntary control of behaviour, not only in cases of psychoactive products use but also in behavioural dependencies. The social environment, developmental stages, and genetic factors are closely related to the vulnerability to addiction. In this article, after reviewing risk factors and neurobiology data, we will use cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and cocaine as an example of substance use disorder.
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Walker R, Northrup TF, Tillitski J, Bernstein I, Greer TL, Trivedi MH. The Stimulant Selective Severity Assessment: A replication and exploratory extension of the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:351-361. [PMID: 30657406 PMCID: PMC6438747 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1467453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine and methamphetamine have similar withdrawal symptoms and many individuals concurrently use both substances; however, no measures concurrently assess withdrawal from multiple stimulants. OBJECTIVES This study's aim was to explore the Stimulant Selective Severity Assessment (SSSA), a modified version of the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA), in a sample of stimulant users to determine if it can assess withdrawal symptoms in users of one or more stimulants. METHODS Baseline data were analyzed from the STimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise trial, a multisite randomized clinical trial that evaluated exercise versus health education on drug use outcomes in individuals with stimulant use disorders. Data were analyzed for internal consistency, construct validity, and scale dimensionality. RESULTS Internal consistency for the full sample was good (α = 0.81; N = 302), with similar alphas in Cocaine (0.81; n = 177) and Cocaine/Other Stimulant (0.82; n = 92) groups, but with much lower alpha for the group without cocaine use (Other Stimulant, i.e., primarily methamphetamine, α = 0.66; n = 32). Support for construct validity was evidenced by significant positive correlations (r = 0.17 to 0.67) with measures of stimulant craving, depressive symptoms, and pain. Four factors were revealed. Conclusions/Importance: The Stimulant Selective Severity Assessment is a new measure that can be used to assess withdrawal symptoms in users of cocaine or cocaine plus methamphetamine, but it should not be administered to users of methamphetamine only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrina Walker
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Thomas F Northrup
- b Department of Family and Community Medicine , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - John Tillitski
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Ira Bernstein
- c Department of Clinical Sciences , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Tracy L Greer
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas , USA
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MacLean RR, Sofuoglu M. Stimulants and Mood Disorders. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale Among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Donroe JH, Tetrault JM. Substance Use, Intoxication, and Withdrawal in the Critical Care Setting. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33:543-558. [PMID: 28601134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Substance use is common among individuals admitted to the critical care setting and may complicate treatment of underlying disorders. Management issues include the effects of intoxication as well as the risk posed by substance-withdrawal syndromes in patients being treated for critical illness. This article reviews the epidemiology of substance use in this population and the identification and treatment of common intoxication and withdrawal syndromes. The authors stress the importance of long-term planning as part of the overall treatment protocol beyond the acute presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Donroe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, St. Raphael Campus, Office M330, 1450 Chapel Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Jeanette M Tetrault
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 367 Cedar Street, Suite 305, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Addiction aux drogues stimulantes (cocaïne, méthamphétamine et nouveaux produits de synthèse). MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-014-0913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Diaper AM, Law FD, Melichar JK. Pharmacological strategies for detoxification. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:302-14. [PMID: 24118014 PMCID: PMC4014033 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detoxification refers to the safe discontinuation from a substance of dependence and is distinct from relapse prevention. Detoxification usually takes between a few days and a few weeks to complete, depending on the substance being misused, the severity of dependence and the support available to the user. Psychosocial therapies alongside pharmacological treatments are essential to improve outcome. The dependencies considered in this overview are detoxification from opioids (with methadone, buprenorphine, α2-adrenoceptor agonists and adjunct medications), alcohol (with benzodiazepines, anti-glutamatergics and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic drugs), stimulants and cannabis (with no clear recommended pharmacological treatments), benzodiazepines (with dose tapering) and nicotine (with nicotine replacement therapy, antidepressants and partial agonists). Evidence is limited by a lack of controlled trials robust enough for review bodies, and more research is required into optimal treatment doses and regimes, alone and in combination.
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Nussbaum D, Honarmand K, Govoni R, Kalahani-Bargis M, Bass S, Ni X, Laforge K, Burden A, Romero K, Basarke S, Courbasson C, Deamond W. An eight component decision-making model for problem gambling: a systems approach to stimulate integrative research. J Gambl Stud 2012; 27:523-63. [PMID: 21191637 PMCID: PMC3215875 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Problem Gambling (PG) represents a serious problem for affected individuals, their families and society in general. Previous approaches to understanding PG have been confined to only a subset of the psychobiological factors influencing PG. We present a model that attempts to integrate potential causal factors across levels of organization, providing empirical evidence from the vast literature on PG and complimentary literatures in decision-making and addiction. The model posits that components are arranged systematically to bias decisions in favor of either immediately approaching or avoiding targets affording the opportunity for immediate reward. Dopamine, Testosterone and Endogenous Opioids favor immediate approach, while Serotonin and Cortisol favor inhibition. Glutamate is involved in associative learning between stimuli and promotes the approach response through its link to the DA reward system. GABA functions to monitor performance and curb impulsive decision-making. Finally, while very high levels of Norepinephrine can induce arousal to an extent that is detrimental to sound decision-making, the reactivity of the Norepinephrine system and its effects of Cortisol levels can shift the focus towards long-term consequences, thereby inhibiting impulsive decisions. Empirical evidence is provided showing the effects of each component on PG and decision-making across behavioural, neuropsychological, functional neuroimaging and genetic levels. Last, an effect size analysis of the growing pharmacotherapy literature is presented. It is hoped that this model will stimulate multi-level research to solidify our comprehension of biased decision-making in PG and suggest pharmacological and psychological approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nussbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Diaz N, Horton EG, Green D, McIlveen J, Weiner M, Mullaney D. Relationship Between Spirituality and Depressive Symptoms Among Inpatient Individuals Who Abuse Substances. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-007x.2011.tb01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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de los Cobos JP, Siñol N, Bañulus E, Batlle F, Tejero A, Trujols J. Personality Traits of Cocaine-Dependent Patients Associated with Cocaine-Positive Baseline Urine at Hospitalization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2010; 36:52-6. [DOI: 10.3109/00952990903572225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Edens E, Massa A, Petrakis I. Novel pharmacological approaches to drug abuse treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 3:343-86. [PMID: 21161760 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2009_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of pharmacologic addiction treatment is expanding rapidly. While there are currently several FDA-approved medications for nicotine, alcohol, and opiate dependence, research into novel pharmacological approaches for these and additional substances is legion. Each drug of abuse, while sharing a common final neural pathway of increasing dopaminergic tone, has unique and individual characteristics that are important in developing improved and varied treatments. In this chapter, we discuss such research and present the neurobiological underpinnings of these explorations. In general, addiction treatment is focused on four areas: (1) reducing withdrawal discomfort, (2) diminishing cravings, (3) blocking rewarding effects of the drug, and (4) treating comorbidities, such as depression or ADHD. We present current ideas in pharmacologic research for nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edens
- West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Poling J, Kosten TR, Sofuoglu M. Treatment Outcome Predictors for Cocaine Dependence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 33:191-206. [PMID: 17497542 DOI: 10.1080/00952990701199416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a large number of potential medications have been examined in clinical trials for cocaine dependence. Unfortunately, no effective pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence have been found to date. Although effective treatments for cocaine dependence are still being investigated, a few variables have been found to significantly predict cocaine treatment response. These variables include cocaine use variables, such as days of cocaine use in the month before treatment, baseline urine cocaine results, and cocaine withdrawal symptoms. Comorbid depression and alcohol use have also been shown to be risk factors for relapse. Among personality variables, impulsivity and similar personality traits may predict treatment response. Initial promising findings with genetic polymorphism, brain activation, and stress response have also been found and need to be replicated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Poling
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System. West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Wu LT, Blazer DG, Patkar AA, Stitzer ML, Wakim PG, Brooner RK. Heterogeneity of stimulant dependence: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Am J Addict 2009; 18:206-18. [PMID: 19340639 DOI: 10.1080/10550490902787031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the presence of DSM-IV subtyping for dependence on cocaine and amphetamines (with versus without physical dependence) among outpatient stimulant users enrolled in a multisite study of the Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Three mutually exclusive groups were identified: primary cocaine users (n = 287), primary amphetamine users (n = 99), and dual users (cocaine and amphetamines; n = 29). Distinct subtypes were examined with latent class and logistic regression procedures. Cocaine users were distinct from amphetamine users in age and race/ethnicity. There were four distinct classes of primary cocaine users: non-dependence (15%), compulsive use (14%), tolerance and compulsive use (15%), and physiological dependence (tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use; 56%). Three distinct classes of primary amphetamine users were identified: non-dependence (11%), intermediate physiological dependence (31%), and physiological dependence (58%). Regardless of stimulants used, most female users were in the most severe or the physiological dependence group. These results lend support for subtyping dependence in the emerging DSM-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzy Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Weinberger AH, Sofuoglu M. The impact of cigarette smoking on stimulant addiction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 35:12-7. [PMID: 19152200 DOI: 10.1080/00952990802326280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stimulant users smoke cigarettes at high rates; however, little is known about the relationship between tobacco and stimulants. METHODS Our goal in this article is to synthesize a growing literature on the role of cigarette smoking in stimulant addiction. RESULTS Early nicotine exposure may influence the development of stimulant addiction. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest a facilitatory role of nicotinic agonists for stimulant addiction. Smoking appears to be associated with more severe stimulant use and poorer treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS It is important to assess smoking and smoking-related variables within stimulant research studies to more fully understand the comorbidity. Integrating smoking cessation into stimulant treatment may improve nicotine and stimulant treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Program for Research on Smokers with Mental Illness (PRISM), Substance Abuse Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Tetrault JM, O'Connor PG. Substance Abuse and Withdrawal in the Critical Care Setting. Crit Care Clin 2008; 24:767-88, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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