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Zhang Y, Yang P, Zhang X, Liu S, Lou K. Asprosin: its function as a novel endocrine factor in metabolic-related diseases. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1839-1850. [PMID: 38568373 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asprosin was discovered as a new endocrine hormone originating from fibrillin-1 cleavage that plays a crucial role in various metabolic-related diseases, such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent advancements of asprosin. METHOD Narrative review. RESULT This comprehensive review explores its tissue-specific functions, focusing on white adipose tissue, liver, hypothalamus, testis, ovary, heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and kidney. CONCLUSION Asprosin is a multifaceted protein with tissue-specific roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and potential of asprosin as a therapeutic target. These insights could provide new directions for treatments targeting metabolic-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, 23 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - P Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, 23 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - S Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, 23 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China.
| | - K Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Maylem ERS, Schütz LF, Spicer LJ. The role of asprosin in regulating ovarian granulosa- and theca-cell steroidogenesis: a review with comparisons to other adipokines. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24027. [PMID: 39074236 DOI: 10.1071/rd24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues produce a variety of biologically active compounds, including cytokines, growth factors and adipokines. Adipokines are important as they function as endocrine hormones that are related to various metabolic and reproductive diseases. The goal of this review was to summarise the role of asprosin, a recently discovered adipokine, and compare its role in ovarian steroidogenesis with that of other adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, apelin, visfatin, chemerin, irisin, and gremlin 1. The summary of concentrations of these adipokines in humans, rats and other animals will help researchers identify appropriate doses to test in future studies. Review of the literature indicated that asprosin increases androstenedione production in theca cells (Tc), and when cotreated with FSH increases oestradiol production in granulosa cells (Gc). In comparison, other adipokines (1) stimulate Gc oestradiol production but inhibit Tc androgen production (adiponectin), (2) inhibit Gc oestradiol production and Tc androstenedione production (leptin and chemerin), (3) inhibit Gc steroidogenesis with no effect on Tc (resistin), (4) inhibit Gc oestradiol production but stimulate Tc androgen production (gremlin 1), and (5) increase steroid secretion by Gc, with unknown effects on Tc steroidogenesis (apelin and visfatin). Irisin has direct effects on Gc but its precise role (inhibitory or stimulatory) may be species dependent and its effects on Tc will require additional research. Thus, most adipokines have direct effects (either positive or negative) on steroid production in ovarian cells, but how they all work together to create a cumulative effect or disease will require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Excel Rio S Maylem
- Philippine Carabao Center, National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Luis Fernando Schütz
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Majeed AA, Al-Qaisi AHJ, Ahmed WA. The Comparison of Irisin, Subfatin, and Adropin in Normal-Weight and Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:350-358. [PMID: 38952638 PMCID: PMC11214678 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.99130.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Background A combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the highly common, complex, and varied endocrine condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. PCOS primarily affects women between the ages of 15 and 35 who are in the early to late stages of pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of irisin, subfatin, and adropin in PCOS with and without obesity compared to the control group. Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 at Al-Nahrain University/Department of Chemistry (Baghdad, Iraq). The serum levels of irisin, subfatin, and adropin were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Body mass index, lipid profile, insulin, fasting glucose, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels were also evaluated. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study population comprised PCOS patients (n=90, divided into 45 obese and 45 normal weight) and healthy women (n=30). According to the results, the serum levels of irisin were significantly higher (P<0.001) in obese and normal-weight PCOS patients than controls. While adropin and subfatin were significantly lower in PCOS than controls (P<0.001). Moreover, there are higher levels of serum insulin, fasting glucose, and luteinizing hormone in PCOS women than in healthy women. Conclusion According to the findings, PCOS patients had a higher level of irisin than the controls. In addition, decreased subfatin and adropin levels were observed in PCOS patients compared with healthy women. Further research is required to confirm these results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alabbas Abdulkareem Majeed
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad,Iraq
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Waled Abdo Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
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Liu M, Gao X, Tian Y, Li H, Yin Z, Han L, Zhang L. Serum Metrnl is Decreased in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Case-Control Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:533-543. [PMID: 38318446 PMCID: PMC10840552 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s447127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Metrnl is a novel adipokine mainly produced by white adipose tissue, which plays important roles in insulin sensitization, and energy homeostasis. However, information about the function of Metrnl in Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains unclear. Methods This is a control study, which enrolled 176 adults with MAFLD and 176 normal controls. They were matched in body mass index (BMI), age, and sex. Serum Metrnl was determined by ELISA. Other biochemical data were also collected. Results Compared to the controls, circulating Metrnl was prominently decreased in the MAFLD adults (P<0.001). Next, binary logistic regression model indicated that sex, waist circumference (WC), triglyceride, γ-gamma glutamyl transferase(γ-GGT), and Metrnl was independently associated with MAFLD. Further, as Metrnl levels elevated across its tertiles, the rate of MAFLD decreased (67.52, 66.95, and 15.38%; P value for trend<0.001). Data from multivariate logistic regression models evidenced that compared with the lowest tertile of Metrnl, the odds ratio of MAFLD was 0.023(95% CI 0.006-0.086, P<0.001) for the highest tertile after adjusting for potential confounders. Besides, area under ROC curve of Metrnl for diagnosis MAFLD was 0.755(95% CI 0.705-0.805). Metrnl was positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, WC, BMI, systolic blood pressure, γ-GGT, and Creatinine in MAFLD. Finally, we found systolic blood pressure and Creatinine were independently related to serum Metrnl in MAFLD. Conclusion Serum Metrnl is reduced in adult with MAFLD. The results suggest that Metrnl may be a protective factor associated with the pathogenesis of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiwei Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Fifth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Kabakchieva P, Gateva A, Velikova T, Georgiev T, Yamanishi K, Okamura H, Kamenov Z. Meteorin-like Protein and Zonulin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Exploring Associations with Obesity, Metabolic Parameters, and Inflammation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:222. [PMID: 38275393 PMCID: PMC10813337 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal and metabolic disorder, wherein the adipose tissue and gut microbiome have been demonstrated to contribute to its pathogenesis. This study aims to assess the concentrations of the adipokine, meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) and the protein, zonulin, related to intestine permeability, in individuals with PCOS with a particular emphasis on their relationship with obesity, clinical manifestations, hormonal profiles, and metabolic parameters. METHODS A cohort comprising 58 women with PCOS, classified according to the Rotterdam criteria, was enrolled. The study also considered age, body mass index (BMI), and ethnicity-matched controls (n = 30). Comprehensive anthropometric and clinical evaluations, hormonal assays, and biochemical analyses were conducted during the follicular phase. Subsequent subgroup analyses were executed within the PCOS cohort based on waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), insulin resistance (IR), and free androgen index (FAI). Serum concentrations of Metrnl and zonulin were quantified via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. RESULTS The Metrnl and zonulin levels exhibited no significant disparity between PCOS patients and controls. Nevertheless, within the entire participant cohort and the PCOS group exclusively, overweight/obese participants demonstrated higher Metrnl concentrations relative to their normal-weight counterparts (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, higher Metrnl concentrations were identified in subgroups characterized by high WHtR and IR in comparison to those with low WHtR (p = 0.001) and without IR (p = 0.001), respectively. A correlation emerged between Metrnl levels and various anthropometric and metabolic parameters, as well as sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) within the PCOS group. Multiple linear regression analysis identified HOMA-IR as the sole independent predictor of Metrnl levels. CONCLUSION While Metrnl and zonulin levels do not serve as diagnostic indicators of PCOS, elevated Metrnl concentrations exhibited robust associations with proinflammatory and metabolic irregularities within the PCOS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamena Kabakchieva
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Naval Hospital, Military Medical Academy, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Antoaneta Gateva
- Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University—Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.G.); (Z.K.)
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Tsvetoslav Georgiev
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University—Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.O.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Zdravko Kamenov
- Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University—Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.G.); (Z.K.)
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Wang G, Fan C, Chai Y, Yu X, Xing M, Lv Z, Yuan S, Dai H. Association of serum Asprosin concentrations with heart failure. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:617. [PMID: 38097977 PMCID: PMC10722816 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the association of serum Asprosin concentrations with heart failure (HF). METHODS A total of 103 patients with HF were included in the HF group, and 103 patients with health checkups were included in the non-HF group. The serum Asprosin levels of the two groups were measured, and relevant clinical data were collected for statistical analysis. RESULTS Compared with the non-HF group, the serum Asprosin concentration was significantly higher in the HF group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). According to the serum Asprosin levels, we divided all the subjects into three quartiles. We found that the prevalence of HF increased with increasing serum Asprosin levels in the three groups (P < 0.001). Serum Asprosin levels were positively correlated with NT-ProBNP (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with LVEF (P < 0.001). Dichotomous logistic regression analysis found Asprosin and age to be independent risk factors for HF (OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003-1.018; OR = 1.058, 95% CI:1.004-1.665, respectively). Combining Asprosin and NT-proBNP indicators to draw ROC curves can improve the specificity and sensitivity of HF diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Serum Asprosin levels were significantly elevated in HF patients. The serum Asprosin level is an independent risk factor for HF, and the combined detection of Asprosin and NT-proBNP levels can improve the accuracy of HF diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chunzhen Fan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingqing Xing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Pérez-López FR, López-Baena MT, Pérez-Roncero GR, Chedraui P, Varikasuvu SR, García-Alfaro P. Asprosin levels in women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2152790. [PMID: 36480935 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2022.2152790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at summarizing the evidence concerning circulating asprosin, and related endocrine and metabolites in women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Method: We performed a comprehensive literature search in Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure for studies published until May 20, 2022, that evaluated circulating asprosin levels in women with and without PCOS, regardless of language. The quality of studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects models were used to estimate mean differences (MD) or standardized MD (SMD) and their 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: We evaluated eight studies reporting 1,050 PCOS cases and 796 controls of reproductive age. Participants with PCOS were younger (MD = -2.40 years, 95% CI -2.46 to -2.33), with higher values of asprosin (SMD = 2.57, 95% CI 1.64-3.50), insulin (SMD = 2.73, 95% CI 1.18-4.28), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (SMD = 2.70, 95% CI 0.85-4.55), luteinizing hormone (SMD = 2.33, 95% CI 0.60-4.06), total testosterone (SMD = 4.06, 95% CI 1.89-6.22), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (SMD = 2.38, 95% CI 0.37-4.40), and triglycerides (SMD = 1.20, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.27). Moreover, PCOS women had lower circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SMD = -3.36, 95% CI -4.92 to -1.80), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (SMD = -0.85, 95% CI -1.69 to -0.01); with no significant differences observed for glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels.Conclusion: Circulating asprosin levels were significantly higher in women with PCOS as compared to those without the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino R Pérez-López
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Peter Chedraui
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud Integral, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Pascual García-Alfaro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
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Farrag M, Ait Eldjoudi D, González-Rodríguez M, Cordero-Barreal A, Ruiz-Fernández C, Capuozzo M, González-Gay MA, Mera A, Lago F, Soffar A, Essawy A, Pino J, Farrag Y, Gualillo O. Asprosin in health and disease, a new glucose sensor with central and peripheral metabolic effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1101091. [PMID: 36686442 PMCID: PMC9849689 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue malfunction leads to altered adipokine secretion which might consequently contribute to an array of metabolic diseases spectrum including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disorders. Asprosin is a novel diabetogenic adipokine classified as a caudamin hormone protein. This adipokine is released from white adipose tissue during fasting and elicits glucogenic and orexigenic effects. Although white adipose tissue is the dominant source for this multitask adipokine, other tissues also may produce asprosin such as salivary glands, pancreatic B-cells, and cartilage. Significantly, plasma asprosin levels link to glucose metabolism, lipid profile, insulin resistance (IR), and β-cell function. Indeed, asprosin exhibits a potent role in the metabolic process, induces hepatic glucose production, and influences appetite behavior. Clinical and preclinical research showed dysregulated levels of circulating asprosin in several metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), and several types of cancer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the asprosin role in the etiology and pathophysiological manifestations of these conditions. Asprosin could be a promising candidate for both novel pharmacological treatment strategies and diagnostic tools, although developing a better understanding of its function and signaling pathways is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Euro-Mediterranean Master in neuroscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Djedjiga Ait Eldjoudi
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María González-Rodríguez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- International PhD School of the University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Doctoral Program in Drug Research and Development, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cordero-Barreal
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- International PhD School of the University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Doctoral Program in Medicine Clinical Research, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maurizio Capuozzo
- National Health Service, Local Health Authority ASL 3 Napoli Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Miguel Angel González-Gay
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Lab, Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ahmed Soffar
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina Essawy
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jesus Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yousof Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Li Z, Gao Z, Sun T, Zhang S, Yang S, Zheng M, Shen H. Meteorin-like/Metrnl, a novel secreted protein implicated in inflammation, immunology, and metabolism: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098570. [PMID: 36911663 PMCID: PMC9998503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Meteorin-like, also known as Metrnl, Meteorin-β, Subfatin, and Cometin, is a novel secreted protein exerting pleiotropic effects on inflammation, immunology, and metabolism. Earlier research on this hormone focused on regulating energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. Consequently, several studies attempted to characterize the molecule mechanism of Metrnl in glucose metabolism and obesity-related disorders but reported contradictory clinical results. Recent studies gradually noticed its multiple protective functions in inflammatory immune regulations and cardiometabolic diseases, such as inducing macrophage activation, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, bone formation, and preventing dyslipidemias. A comprehensive understanding of this novel protein is essential to identify its significance as a potential therapeutic drug or a biomarker of certain diseases. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the physiology of Metrnl and its roles in inflammation, immunology, and metabolism, including animal/cell interventional preclinical studies and human clinical studies. We also describe controversies regarding the data of circulation Metrnl in different disease states to determine its clinical application better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Ziyu Gao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Meilin Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
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Liu L, Liu Y, Huang M, Zhang M, Zhu C, Chen X, Bennett S, Xu J, Zou J. The Effects of Asprosin on Exercise-Intervention in Metabolic Diseases. Front Physiol 2022; 13:907358. [PMID: 35899030 PMCID: PMC9311488 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.907358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin is the major constituent of extracellular microfibrils, which are distributed throughout connective tissues. Asprosin is derived from the C-terminal region of the FBN1 gene, which encodes profibrillin that undergoes cleavage by furin protein. In response to fasting with low dietary glucose, asprosin is released as a secreted factor from white adipose tissue, and is transported to the liver for the mediation of glucose release into the blood circulation. Through binding to OLFR734, an olfactory G-protein-coupled receptor in liver cells, asprosin induces a glucogenic effect to regulate glucose homeostasis. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the FBN1 gene is abundantly expressed in human skeletal muscle-derived mesoangioblasts, osteoblast-like cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, indicating that the musculoskeletal system might play a role in the regulation of asprosin expression. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that asprosin is regulated by exercise. This timely review discusses the role of asprosin in metabolism, its receptor signalling, as well as the exercise regulation of asprosin. Collectively, asprosin may have a vital regulatory effect on the improvement of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and obesity via exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jun Zou, ; Jiake Xu,
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zou, ; Jiake Xu,
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11
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Chen P, Jia R, Liu Y, Cao M, Zhou L, Zhao Z. Progress of Adipokines in the Female Reproductive System: A Focus on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881684. [PMID: 35692386 PMCID: PMC9178087 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, one type of loose connective tissue in the human body, maintains the primary task of energy storage. Adipose tissue is not only an energy reservoir but also plays a vital role as the largest endocrine organ of the whole body via releasing a variety of adipokines, which participate in many pathophysiological processes, such as energy metabolism regulation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that mainly involves the female reproductive system, affecting women of childbearing age particularly. Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenemia (HA) have been implicated as a critical link involving the etiology and outcome of PCOS. A great deal of studies has bridged the gap between adipokines (such as Adiponectin, Chemerin, Metrnl, Apelin, Resistin, Visfatin, Leptin, Vaspin, Lipocalin 2, and Omentin) and reproductive fitness. In this review, we will focus on the adipokines' functions on PCOS and come up with some points of view on the basis of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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12
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Ovali MA, Bozgeyik I. Asprosin, a C-Terminal Cleavage Product of Fibrillin 1 Encoded by the FBN1 Gene, in Health and Disease. Mol Syndromol 2022; 13:175-183. [PMID: 35707591 PMCID: PMC9149429 DOI: 10.1159/000520333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asprosin is a novel fasting-induced, glucogenic, and orexigenic protein hormone that is discovered with the help of genetic studies in patients with neonatal progeroid syndrome. Asprosin is encoded by the penultimate 2 exons (65 and 66) of the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene. Profibrillin 1 is the unprocessed protein product of FBN1 and undergoes a proteolytic cleavage by furin enzyme to produce mature fibrillin 1 and asprosin. The main organ responsible for the asprosin production seems to be white adipose tissue. SUMMARY Asprosin promotes hepatic glucose release in the liver and appetite stimulation in the hypothalamus through activation of the cAMP signaling circuitry through interacting with its G protein-coupled receptor, called OR4M1. Increasing mass of evidence suggests that asprosin is involved in the development and progression of various clinical conditions including diabetes, obesity, cardiomyopathy, cancer, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. It regulates various cellular and physiological processes such as appetite stimulation, glucose release, insulin secretion, apoptotic cell death, and inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the current literature on asprosin and try to shed light on the yet undiscovered functions of asprosin. KEY MESSAGE Asprosin is a key regulatory factor for preserving the homeostasis of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Ovali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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13
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Silva IS, Ferreira CN, Costa LBX, Sóter MO, Carvalho LML, de C Albuquerque J, Sales MF, Candido AL, Reis FM, Veloso AA, Gomes KB. Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and laboratory variables related to new phenotypes using machine-learning models. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:497-505. [PMID: 34524677 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. Machine learning (ML) is the area of artificial intelligence with a focus on predictive computing algorithms. We aimed to define the most relevant clinical and laboratory variables related to PCOS diagnosis, and to stratify patients into different phenotypic groups (clusters) using ML algorithms. METHODS Variables from a database comparing 72 patients with PCOS and 73 healthy women were included. The BorutaShap method, followed by the Random Forest algorithm, was applied to prediction and clustering of PCOS. RESULTS Among the 58 variables investigated, the algorithm selected in decreasing order of importance: lipid accumulation product (LAP); abdominal circumference; thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) levels; body mass index (BMI); C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and insulin levels; HOMA-IR value; age; prolactin, 17-OH progesterone and triglycerides levels; and family history of diabetes mellitus in first-degree relative as the variables associated to PCOS diagnosis. The combined use of these variables by the algorithm showed an accuracy of 86% and area under the ROC curve of 97%. Next, PCOS patients were gathered into two clusters in the first, the patients had higher BMI, abdominal circumference, LAP and HOMA-IR index, as well as CRP and insulin levels compared to the other cluster. CONCLUSION The developed algorithm could be applied to select more important clinical and biochemical variables related to PCOS and to classify into phenotypically different clusters. These results could guide more personalized and effective approaches to the treatment of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Silva
- Departamento das Ciências da Computação, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C N Ferreira
- Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L B X Costa
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M O Sóter
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - L M L Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J de C Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - M F Sales
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A L Candido
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F M Reis
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A A Veloso
- Departamento das Ciências da Computação, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - K B Gomes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil.
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14
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Laboratory evidence on a direct correlation between acute central serous chorioretinopathy and tenascin C, metalloprotein 1, BAX, BCL2, subfatin and asprosin. J Fr Ophtalmol 2022; 45:314-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Basu B, Jain M, Chopra AR. Caudamins, a new subclass of protein hormones. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:1007-1014. [PMID: 34666940 PMCID: PMC8585694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hormones have traditionally been classified by their mode of biosynthetic origin. We postulate a mode of hormone biosynthesis that leads to a new subclass of protein hormones. Members of this class are derived from a cleavage event that also generates a much larger, functionally unrelated, nonhormonal protein. Here, we examine four representative members of this group: endostatin, endotrophin, asprosin, and placensin. We have named this subclass of protein hormones caudamins, from the Latin word cauda meaning 'tail'. These four caudamins have shown promise in understanding and treating diseases like metabolic syndrome and cancer. Identification of the rest of the caudamins will likely provide a plethora of drug targets for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoya Basu
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atul R Chopra
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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Moradi N, Fouani FZ, Vatannejad A, Bakhti Arani A, Shahrzad S, Fadaei R. Serum levels of Asprosin in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD): a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 34419063 PMCID: PMC8380384 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered as a multi-faceted chronic inflammatory disease involving reduced blood supply to the myocardium as a result of accumulating lipids in the atrial walls. Visceral adiposity with disrupted release of adipokines play a key role in its pathogenesis. Asprosin is a newly identified fasting-induced glucogenic adipokine that has been related with metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovary syndrome. The preset study sought to assess circulating asprosin in context of CAD. Methods In this study, serum levels of asprosin were determined in 88 CAD patients and 88 non-CAD healthy controls. Serum IL-6, TNF-α, asprosin and adiponectin were assessed using ELISA kits. Results: Serum asprosin was found to be higher in CAD patients when compared to non-CAD subjects (7.84 ± 2.08 versus 5.02 ± 1.29 μg/mL, p < 0.001). Similarly, serum TNF-α, and IL-6 elevated in CAD group significantly (p < 0.001). However, circulating adiponectin diminished in CAD group when compared with non-CAD subjects (p < 0.001). Moreover, serum asprosin levels directly correlated with BMI, FBG, HOMA-IR, TG and TC. Logistic regression analyses showed that asprosin levels were associated with increased risk of developing CAD (odds ratio: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.16, 4.20 and p < 0.001), after adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex and BMI). Conclusions The present study findings suggested a possible relation of serum asprosin with the pathogenesis of CAD, in particular through insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Moradi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fatima Zahraa Fouani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Vatannejad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bakhti Arani
- Department of Cardiology, Dr Shariatee training and research Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Shahrzad
- Department of Cardiology, Dr Shariatee training and research Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Fadaei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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17
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Juengel JL, Cushman RA, Dupont J, Fabre S, Lea RG, Martin GB, Mossa F, Pitman JL, Price CA, Smith P. The ovarian follicle of ruminants: the path from conceptus to adult. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:621-642. [PMID: 34210385 DOI: 10.1071/rd21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review resulted from an international workshop and presents a consensus view of critical advances over the past decade in our understanding of follicle function in ruminants. The major concepts covered include: (1) the value of major genes; (2) the dynamics of fetal ovarian development and its sensitivity to nutritional and environmental influences; (3) the concept of an ovarian follicle reserve, aligned with the rise of anti-Müllerian hormone as a controller of ovarian processes; (4) renewed recognition of the diverse and important roles of theca cells; (5) the importance of follicular fluid as a microenvironment that determines oocyte quality; (6) the 'adipokinome' as a key concept linking metabolic inputs with follicle development; and (7) the contribution of follicle development to the success of conception. These concepts are important because, in sheep and cattle, ovulation rate is tightly regulated and, as the primary determinant of litter size, it is a major component of reproductive efficiency and therefore productivity. Nowadays, reproductive efficiency is also a target for improving the 'methane efficiency' of livestock enterprises, increasing the need to understand the processes of ovarian development and folliculogenesis, while avoiding detrimental trade-offs as greater performance is sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Juengel
- AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand; and Corresponding author
| | - Robert A Cushman
- Livestock Biosystems Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRAE Institute UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Tours University, France
| | - Stéphane Fabre
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Richard G Lea
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Francesca Mossa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Janet L Pitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Price
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Smith
- AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
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