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Katavic S, Cehic I, Zukic N, Mirvic M, Dizdar M, Gutalj A, Saric Medic B, Jerković-Mujkić A, Mahmutović-Dizdarević I, Mesic A. In vitro assessment of the antioxidative, toxicological and antimicrobial properties of battery of parabens. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:463-472. [PMID: 37334811 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2222928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidative features using 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging method, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-binding properties with usage of spectrofluorimetric method, proliferative and cyto/genotoxic status by use of chromosome aberration test, and antimicrobial potential using broth microdilution method, followed by resazurin assay of benzyl-, isopropyl-, isobutyl and phenylparaben in vitro. Our results showed that all parabens had significant antiradical scavenger activity compared to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) precursor. Higher mitotic index for benzyl-, isopropyl and isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) in comparison with control was demonstrated. An increase in the frequency of acentric fragments in lymphocytes treated with benzylparaben and isopropylparaben (125 and 250 µg/mL), and isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) was observed. Isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) induced higher number of dicentric chromosomes. An increased number of minute fragments in lymphocytes exposed to benzylparaben (125 and 250 µg/mL) was found. A significant difference in the frequency of chromosome pulverization, between phenylparaben (250 µg/mL) and control, was detected. Benzylparaben (250 µg/mL) and phenylparaben (62.5 µg/mL) caused an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, while isopropylparaben (62.5, 125 and 250 µg/mL) and isobutylparaben (62.5 and 125 µg/mL) induced higher frequency of necrosis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested parabens ranged 15.62-250 µg/mL for bacteria, and 125-500 µg/mL for the yeast. Minimum microbiocidal concentration ranged 31.25 to 500 µg/mL, and 250 to 1000 µg/mL in bacteria and fungi respectively. The lowest MICs for bacteria were observed for phenyl- (15.62 µg/mL) and isopropylparaben (31.25 µg/mL) against Enterococcus faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Katavic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ilma Cehic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nejla Zukic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Merjem Mirvic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muamer Dizdar
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Gutalj
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Belmina Saric Medic
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anesa Jerković-Mujkić
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Aner Mesic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Okon C, Rocha MB, de Souza Ratuchinski L, Santo DE, Duarte CCS, de Lima Feitoza L, Junior OV, Ferreira PMP, de Almeida EA, Halmemam MCO, Dade SilvaOliveira DC, da Silva Gonzalez R, de Souza DC, Peron AP. Toxicity of the emerging pollutants propylparaben and dichloropropylparaben to terrestrial plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45834-45846. [PMID: 38972946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Propylparaben (PrP) and dichloropropylparaben (diClPrP) are found in soil worldwide, mainly due to the incorporation of urban sludge in crop soils and the use of non-raw wastewater for irrigation. Studies on the adverse effects of PrP on plants are incipient and not found for diClPrP. PrP and diClPrP were evaluated at concentrations 4, 40, and 400 µg/L for their phytotoxic potential to seeds of Allium cepa (onion), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lycopersicum sculentum (tomato), and Lactuca sativa (lettuce), and cytotoxic, genotoxic potential, and for generating oxygen-reactive substances in root meristems of A. cepa bulbs. PrP and diClPrP caused a significant reduction in seed root elongation in all four species. In A. cepa bulb roots, PrP and diClPrP resulted in a high prophase index; in addition, PrP at 400 µg/L and diClPrP at the three concentrations significantly decreased cell proliferation and caused alterations in a significant number of cells. Furthermore, diClPrP concentrations induced the development of hooked roots in onion bulbs. The two chemical compounds caused significant changes in the modulation of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase, disarming the root meristems against hydroxyl radicals and superoxides. Therefore, PrP and diClPrP were phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic to the species tested, proving dangerous to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Okon
- Chemical Enginnering Course, Federal Technological, University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mylena Bathke Rocha
- Chemical Enginnering Course, Federal Technological, University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Espirito Santo
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Charla Chaionara Schults Duarte
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lidiane de Lima Feitoza
- Academic Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Valarini Junior
- Academic Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology (LabCancer), Academic Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Regiane da Silva Gonzalez
- Academic Department of Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Souza
- Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peron
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.
- Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Technological Innovations, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, Campo Mourão, Paraná, 1233, Brazil.
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Martins FC, Oliveira MM, Gaivão I, A Videira R, Peixoto F. The administration of methyl and butyl parabens interferes with the enzymatic antioxidant system and induces genotoxicity in rat testis: possible relation to male infertility. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:322-329. [PMID: 36756703 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2176512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used for decades as a preservative in many products, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, foods and cosmetics. Concerns regarding parabens toxicity include adverse effects on endocrine activity, carcinogenesis, infertility, spermatogenesis, and adipogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the in vivo administration of methyl and butylparaben at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, by subcutaneous injection, in variable murinometric measurements, antioxidant systems and genotoxicity. The administration of parabens did not affect the consumption of water and food. However, there was a decrease in the weight of the testes and the seminal vesicle (p < 0.05). The administration of parabens caused an increase in superoxide dismutase for methylparaben (200 mg/kg) and both concentrations of butylparaben (p < 0.05). Catalase showed increased activity in all groups treated with parabens. In contrast, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase suffered a decrease in the groups treated with both parabens. These results show that parabens, especially butyl, can affect the rat testis enzymatic antioxidant system, decreasing the cellular antioxidant capacity, which was confirmed by the decrease in the glutathione reducing power, expressed by the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. Therefore, an increase in lipid peroxidation was observed, which was significant in the case of butyl. Genetic Damage Indicator values show that butylparaben treatments displayed significantly higher values than the control. This study shows for the first time that parabens can induce genotoxicity in the rat male reproductive organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C Martins
- CQVR, Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M M Oliveira
- CQVR, Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- CECAV, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Peixoto
- CQVR, Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Liao K, Zhao Y, Qu J, Yu W, Hu S, Fang S, Zhao M, Jin H. Association of serum bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan concentrations with Sjögren Syndrome in the Hangzhou, China population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170031. [PMID: 38220002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been linked to various immune deficiency disorders, including autoimmune diseases like Sjögren Syndrome (SjS). However, the detrimental effects of exposure to EDCs, including bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan (TCS), on SjS have been inadequately documented. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study that included both healthy individuals (controls) and patients with SjS (cases). We assessed serum concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), methyl parabens (MeP), ethyl parabens (EtP), and TCS. The relationship between the five EDCs levels and the risk of SjS was also explored. Additionally, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the collective influence of these EDCs mixtures on SjS, employing a weighted quantile sum regression model. Out of the five EDCs analyzed, EtP displayed the highest mean concentration (2.80 ng/mL), followed by BPA (2.66 ng/mL) and MeP (1.99 ng/mL), with TCS registering the lowest level (0.36 ng/mL). Notably, BPS exposure was significantly positively associated with the risk of being diagnosed with SjS (with an odds ratio [OR] of 1.17, p = 0.042). No statistically significant associations with SjS were observed for BPA, MeP, EtP, and TCS (p > 0.05). And we did not observe any significant effects of the EDCs mixture on SjS. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that BPS may potentially increase the risk of SjS. Although no significant effects were observed between other EDCs and SjS risk, we cannot disregard the potential harm of EDCs due to their non-monotonic dose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China
| | - Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Shetuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College Resources & Environment, Chengdu University Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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Ko Y, Kim EH, Kim D, Choi S, Gil J, Park HJ, Shin Y, Kim W, Bae ON. Butylparaben promotes phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activity of human red blood cells via increase of intracellular calcium levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114084. [PMID: 37816477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as preservatives, added to products commonly used by humans, and to which individuals are exposed orally or dermally. Once absorbed into the body, parabens move into the bloodstream and travel through the systemic circulation. We investigated the potential impact of parabens on the enhanced generation of thrombin by red blood cells (RBCs), which are the principal cellular components of blood. We tested the effects of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben (BuP), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid on freshly isolated human RBCs. BuP and simultaneous exposure to BuP and PrP significantly increased phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization to the outer membranes of RBCs. PS externalization by BuP was found to be mediated by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels in RBCs. The morphological changes in BuP-treated RBCs were observed under an electron microscope. The BuP-exposed RBCs showed increased thrombin generation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Additionally, the externalization of PS exposure and thrombin generation in BuP-treated RBCs were more susceptible to high shear stress, which mimics blood turbulence under pathological conditions. Collectively, we observed that BuP induced morphological and functional changes in RBCs, especially under high shear stress, suggesting that BuP may contribute to the thrombotic risk via procoagulant activity in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyung Gil
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Wondong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao J, Hou L, Zhao L, Liu L, Qi J, Wang L. An environment-friendly approach using deep eutectic solvent combined with liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets for simultaneous determination of preservatives in beverages. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7185-7192. [PMID: 36875877 PMCID: PMC9982713 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in environmental protection awareness, the development of strategies to reduce the use of organic solvent used during the extraction process has attracted wide attention. A simple and green ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction combined with liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of five preservatives (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, isobutyl paraben) in beverages. Extraction conditions including the volume of DES, value of pH, and concentration of salt were statistically optimized through response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design. Complex Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI) was successfully used to estimate the greenness of the developed method and compare with the previous methods. As a result, the established method was linear, precise, and accurate over the range of 0.5-20 μg mL-1. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.15-0.20 μg mL-1 and 0.40-0.45 μg mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of all five preservatives ranged from 85.96% to 110.25%, with relative standard deviation less than 6.88% (intra-day) and 4.93% (inter-day). The greenness of the present method is significantly better compared with the previous reported methods. Additionally, the proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of preservatives in beverages and is a potentially promising technique for drink matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University 866 Yuhangtang Road 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P.R. China .,Zhejiang Weikang Pharmaceutical Company 15 Xinggong North Road 324100 Jiangshan Zhejiang Province P.R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang Liaoning Province P.R. China
| | - Lingjun Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang Liaoning Province P.R. China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang Liaoning Province P.R. China
| | - Liqing Liu
- Zhejiang Weikang Pharmaceutical Company 15 Xinggong North Road 324100 Jiangshan Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University 866 Yuhangtang Road 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Longhu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University 866 Yuhangtang Road 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P.R. China
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Shin MY, Choi JW, Lee S, Kim S, Kho Y, Choi K, Kim S. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparaben in humans following single dermal administration. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136689. [PMID: 36220432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are common chemicals used as preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and personal care products. Although transdermal exposure to parabens occurs, studies on human pharmacokinetics (PK) following dermal exposure to parabens are scarce. In this study, the PK following dermal exposure to parabens was determined and compared with our previous findings on oral exposure. A paraben mixture cream containing 0.8% deuterated methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparaben (MeP-d4 0.26%; EtP-d4 0.26%, and PrP-d4 0.28%) was dermally applied to the whole arm of five male volunteers at a dose of 24 g/person over 30 min. Blood and urine samples were collected at several intervals over the course of 48 h to measure the levels of MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 and their conjugated metabolites using HPLC-MS/MS. As a result of non-compartmental analysis, the average peak values of total (sum of conjugated and unconjugated metabolites) MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 were reached at 7.8 h, 10.5 h, and 5.3 h, indicating a slower absorption rate compared to that of oral exposure (<2 h). The terminal elimination half-lives of MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 were 12.2 h, 12.0 h, and 9.3 h, respectively. Fractional urinary excretion (Fue) of total MeP-d4, EtP-d4, and PrP-d4 was 1.7%, 2.3%, and 1.9%, respectively. The Fue of total and unconjugated PrP-d4 following dermal exposure was five times lower and three times higher, respectively, compared with those after oral exposure, suggesting that PrP is relatively less metabolized to the conjugated form after dermal exposure. Taken together, dermal exposure to paraben leads to a longer apparent half-life and results in higher proportions of biologically active unconjugated parabens in the systemic circulation as compared to oral exposure. This study provides insights into the kinetic properties of parabens and their metabolites in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Shin
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Office of Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Weon Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungho Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environmental and Safety, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environmental and Safety, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduated School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduated School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Svobodova L, Kejlova K, Rucki M, Chrz J, Kubincova P, Dvorakova M, Kolarova H, Jirova D. Health safety of parabens evaluated by selected in vitro methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105307. [PMID: 36455707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven selected parabens (4 allowed, 3 banned in cosmetics) were tested in order to confirm and expand historical data on their toxicological properties and safety. The aim was to apply novel in vitro methods, which have been sufficiently technically and scientifically validated for the purposes of toxicological testing of chemicals. The study included several toxicological endpoints such as skin/eye irritation, skin sensitization, endocrine disruption and genotoxicity. The battery of selected methods comprised regulatory accepted EpiDerm™ skin model (OECD TG 439); EpiOcular™ corneal model (OECD TG 492) and scientifically valid test method HET-CAM (DB-ALM Protocol No. 47); in chemico test DPRA (OECD TG 442C); in vitro test LuSens (OECD TG 442D) and in vitro test h-CLAT (OECD TG 442E); Ames MPF™ (Xenometrix) and XenoScreen YES/YAS (Xenometrix). Overall, none of the 4 allowed parabens exhibited skin/eye irritation or genotoxicity. However, all allowed parabens in cosmetics were predicted as samples with potentially sensitizing properties in the LuSens and h-CLAT test methods, but not confirmed by DPRA. Endocrine disruption was recorded only at high concentrations, whereas methyl paraben and ethyl paraben exhibited the lowest activity. This study confirmed the safety of use of the allowed parabens in the highest recommended concentrations in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Svobodova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - K Kejlova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - M Rucki
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - J Chrz
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - P Kubincova
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses Inc., GLP Test Facility - Centre of Ecology, Toxicology and Analytics (CETA), No. 296, 533 54, Rybitví, Czech Republic.
| | - M Dvorakova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - H Kolarova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - D Jirova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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Pacyga DC, Talge NM, Gardiner JC, Calafat AM, Schantz SL, Strakovsky RS. Maternal diet quality moderates associations between parabens and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114078. [PMID: 35964672 PMCID: PMC10052883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Maternal paraben exposure and diet quality are both independently associated with birth outcomes, but whether these interact is unknown. We assessed sex-specific associations of parabens with birth outcomes and differences by maternal diet quality. METHODS Illinois pregnant women (n = 458) provided five first-morning urines collected at 8-40 weeks gestation, which we pooled for quantification of ethylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben concentrations. We collected/measured gestational age at delivery, birth weight, body length, and head circumference within 24 h of birth, and calculated sex-specific birth weight-for-gestational-age z-scores and weight/length ratio. Women completed three-month food frequency questionnaires in early and mid-to-late pregnancy, which we used to calculate the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010. Linear regression models evaluated sex-specific associations of parabens with birth outcomes, and differences in associations by average pregnancy AHEI-2010. RESULTS In this predominately non-Hispanic white, college-educated sample, maternal urinary paraben concentrations were only modestly inversely associated with head circumference and gestational length. However, methylparaben and propylparaben were inversely associated with birth weight, birth weight z-scores, body length, and weight/length ratio in female, but not male newborns. For example, each 2-fold increase in methylparaben concentrations was associated with -46.61 g (95% CI: -74.70, -18.51) lower birth weight, -0.09 (95% CI: -0.15, -0.03) lower birth weight z-scores, -0.21 cm (95% CI: -0.34, -0.07) shorter body length, and -0.64 g/cm (95% CI: -1.10, -0.19) smaller weight/length ratio in females. These inverse associations were more prominent in females of mothers with poorer diets (AHEI-2010 < median), but attenuated in those with healthier diets (AHEI-2010 ≥ median). In newborn males of mothers with healthier diets, moderate inverse associations emerged for propylparaben with gestational length and head circumference. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diet may moderate associations of parabens with birth size in a sex-specific manner. Additional studies may consider understanding the inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nicole M Talge
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph C Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- The Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61802, USA; The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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10
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Garley M, Iwaniuk A, Radziwon P, Wołczyński S, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Investigation of estrogen-like effects of parabens on human neutrophils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113893. [PMID: 35839909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the estrogen-like effects and mechanism of action most commonly used parabens: methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP) in human neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated from 50 blood donors, pre-incubated with antagonists of estrogen receptor α (ERα), ERβ and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), then incubated with MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP and 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 nM). Cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT test. Neutrophils apoptosis, necrosis and NETs formation were assessed in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of the neutrophils for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NADPH oxidase activity and generation of superoxide anion was assessed in Boyden's chamber, Park's method with latex, the NBT test, and reduction of cytochrome C, respectively. The total nitric oxide concentration was measured in neutrophils supernatants by the Griess reaction. The expression of cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, ERα, ERβ and GPER was assessed in Western blot method. In our research, parabens did not cause a cytotoxic effect on human neutrophils nor affect their lifespan. Parabens exposure did not change neutrophils functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NETs formation and oxygen-dependent killing mechanism) and expression of estrogen receptors. Our results suggest that parabens do not cause estrogen receptor-mediated neutrophils-related effects at concentrations measured in the plasma of individuals using products preserved with parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wołczyński
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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11
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Pattanateeradetch A, Sakulthaew C, Angkaew A, Sutjarit S, Poompoung T, Lin YT, Harris CE, Comfort S, Chokejaroenrat C. Fabrication of Ternary Nanoparticles for Catalytic Ozonation to Treat Parabens: Mechanisms, Efficiency, and Effects on Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Eker Leiomyoma Tumor-3 Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3573. [PMID: 36296763 PMCID: PMC9610848 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of parabens in personal care products can result in their leakage into water bodies, especially in public swimming pools with insufficient water treatment. We found that ferrite-based nanomaterials could catalytically enhance ozone efficiency through the production of reactive oxygen species. Our objective was to develop a catalytic ozonation system using ternary nanocomposites that could minimize the ozone supply while ensuring the treated water was acceptable for disposal into the environment. A ternary CuFe2O4/CuO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite (CF) delivered excellent degradation performance in catalytic ozonation systems for butylparaben (BP). By calcining with melamine, we obtained the CF/g-C3N4 (CFM) nanocomposite, which had excellent magnetic separation properties with slightly lower degradation efficiency than CF, due to possible self-agglomeration that reduced its electron capture ability. The presence of other constituent ions in synthetic wastewater and actual discharge water resulted in varying degradation rates due to the formation of secondary active radicals. 1O2 and •O2− were the main dominant reactive species for BP degradation, which originated from the O3 adsorption that occurs on the CF≡Cu(I)−OH and CF≡Fe(III)−OH surface, and from the reaction with •OH from indirect ozonation. Up to 50% of O3-treated water resulted in >80% ELT3 cell viability, the presence of well-adhered cells, and no effect on the young tip of Ceratophyllum demersum L. Overall, our results demonstrated that both materials could be potential catalysts for ozonation because of their excellent degrading performance and, consequently, their non-toxic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiladda Pattanateeradetch
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Sakulthaew
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Athaphon Angkaew
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Samak Sutjarit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thapanee Poompoung
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yao-Tung Lin
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Clifford E. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA
| | - Steve Comfort
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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12
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Güzel D, Güneş M, Yalçın B, Akarsu E, Rencüzoğulları E, Kaya B. Genotoxic potential of different nano-silver halides in cultured human lymphocyte cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35801365 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2096056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most antibacterial applications in nanotechnology are carried out using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, there is a dearth of information on the biological effects of AgNPs on human blood cells. In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of ionic silver (Ag+), AgNP, silver bromide (AgBr), silver chloride (AgCl), and silver iodide (AgI) were evaluated through chromosome aberration (CA) test and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) test in human cultured lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the potential damages that can cause to DNA were evaluated through alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay on isolated lymphocytes. The results showed that AgNPs exerted cytotoxic effects by reducing the cytokinesis-block proliferation index and mitotic index at 24 and 48 h. AgNPs also increased micronucleus (MN) formation at both exposure times in the cultured cells. Meanwhile, AgCl had no genotoxic effects on the human lymphocyte cultured cells but had a cytotoxic effect at high doses. AgNP, Ag+, AgBr, and AgI caused substantial DNA damage by forming DNA strand breaks. They may also have clastogenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocyte cells. Based on the foregoing findings, silver nanomaterials may have genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Güzel
- Department of Biology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Merve Güneş
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burçin Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Esin Akarsu
- Department of Chemistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Bülent Kaya
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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13
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Makowska K, Martín J, Rychlik A, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Gonkowski S. Biomonitoring parabens in dogs using fur sample analysis - Preliminary studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150757. [PMID: 34619184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry and are widespread in the environment. As endocrine disruptors, parabens have adverse effects on living organisms. However, knowledge of the exposure of domestic animals to parabens is extremely scarce. Therefore, this study assessed the exposure level of dogs to three parabens commonly used in industry (i.e. methylparaben - MeP, ethylparaben - EtP and propylparaben - PrP) using fur sample analysis in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The presence of parabens has been noted in the samples collected from all dogs included in the study (n = 30). Mean concentrations of MeP, EtP and PrP in the fur of dogs were 176 (relative standard deviation - RSD = 127.48%) ng/g dry weight (dw), 48.4 (RSD = 163.64%) ng/g dw and 79.8 ng/g dw (RSD = 151.89%), respectively. The highest concentrations were found for MeP (up to 1023 ng/g dw). Concentrations of MeP and EtP in males were statistically higher than those in females (p < 0.05). Statistically significantly higher concentration levels of PrP in young animals (up to three years old) were also found. This is the first study concerning the use of fur samples to evaluate the exposure of domestic animals to parabens. The results indicate that an analysis of the fur may be a useful tool of paraben biomonitoring in dogs. The presence of parabens in the canine fur also suggests that these substances may play a role in veterinary toxicology. However, many aspects connected with this issue are not clear and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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14
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Ko MY, Hyun SA, Jang S, Seo JW, Rho J, Lee BS, Ka M. Butylparaben Induces the Neuronal Death Through the ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Primary Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:36-43. [PMID: 34981454 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Butylparaben is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics and can cause neurotoxicity. However, whether butylparaben induces neuronal death is unclear. In this study, we report that butylparaben exposure induced neuronal apoptosis mediated by ER stress in primary cortical neurons. We found that butylparaben significantly inhibited the viability of primary cortical neurons and led to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from primary cortical neurons. Upon exposure to butylparaben, primary cortical neurons exhibited increased levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as Cleaved-caspase3 and Bax. Interestingly, butylparaben-induced activation of apoptosis involved the upstream activation of ER stress proteins such as GRP78, CHOP, and ATF4. However, pharmacological inhibition of ER stress prevented the butylparaben-induced induction of apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that butylparaben exposure activates the ER stress-mediated apoptosis of primary cortical neurons, which is closely linked with neurodegeneration in the brain. Therefore, targeting ER stress may be considered a strategy for the treatment of butylparaben-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wojtkiewicz J, Tzatzarakis M, Vakonaki E, Makowska K, Gonkowski S. Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23673. [PMID: 34880378 PMCID: PMC8654909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are a group of substances commonly used in industry. They also pollute the environment, penetrate into living organisms and adversely affect various internal organs. During this study, the degree of exposure of people living in Olsztyn, a city in north eastern Poland, to selected parabens most often used in industry was studied. The chemicals under investigation included: methyl paraben—MePB, ethyl paraben—EtPB, propyl paraben—PrPB, benzyl paraben BePB and butyl paraben -BuPB. To this aim, hair samples collected from the scalps of 30 volunteers were analyzed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. All PBs studied were present in a high percentage of analyzed samples (from 76.7% in the case of BePB to 100% in the case of MePB and PrPB). The mean concentration levels were 4425.3 pg/mg for MeBP, 704.0 pg/mg for EtPB, 825.7 pg/mg for PrPB, 135.2 pg/mg for BePB and 154.5 pg/mg for BuPB. Significant differences in PB concentration levels between particular persons were visible. On the other hand, gender, age and artificial hair coloring did not cause statistically significant differences in PB levels. Obtained results have clearly indicated that people living in north eastern Poland are exposed to various PBs, and therefore these substances may affect their health status. However, the evaluation of PBs influence on human health requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
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16
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Controversy around parabens: Alternative strategies for preservative use in cosmetics and personal care products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110488. [PMID: 33221305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens usage as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products have been debated among scientists and consumers. Parabens are easy to production, effective and cheap, but its safety status remains controversial. Other popular cosmetics preservatives are formaldehyde, triclosan, methylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate. Although their high antimicrobial effectiveness, they also exhibit some adverse health effects. Lately, scientists have shown that natural substances such as essential oils and plant extracts present antimicrobial potential. However, their use in cosmetic is a challenge. The present review article is a comprehensive summary of the available methods to prevent microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care products, which can allow reducing the use of parabens in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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17
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Mogus JP, LaPlante CD, Bansal R, Matouskova K, Schneider BR, Daniele E, Silva SJ, Hagen MJ, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ, Schneider SS, Vandenberg LN. Exposure to Propylparaben During Pregnancy and Lactation Induces Long-Term Alterations to the Mammary Gland in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab041. [PMID: 33724348 PMCID: PMC8121128 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a hormone sensitive organ that is susceptible to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the vulnerable periods of parous reorganization (ie, pregnancy, lactation, and involution). Pregnancy is believed to have long-term protective effects against breast cancer development; however, it is unknown if EDCs can alter this effect. We examined the long-term effects of propylparaben, a common preservative used in personal care products and foods, with estrogenic properties, on the parous mouse mammary gland. Pregnant BALB/c mice were treated with 0, 20, 100, or 10 000 µg/kg/day propylparaben throughout pregnancy and lactation. Unexposed nulliparous females were also evaluated. Five weeks post-involution, mammary glands were collected and assessed for changes in histomorphology, hormone receptor expression, immune cell number, and gene expression. For several parameters of mammary gland morphology, propylparaben reduced the effects of parity. Propylparaben also increased proliferation, but not stem cell number, and induced modest alterations to expression of ERα-mediated genes. Finally, propylparaben altered the effect of parity on the number of several immune cell types in the mammary gland. These results suggest that propylparaben, at levels relevant to human exposure, can interfere with the effects of parity on the mouse mammary gland and induce long-term alterations to mammary gland structure. Future studies should address if propylparaben exposures negate the protective effects of pregnancy on mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Mogus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Charlotte D LaPlante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin R Schneider
- Biospecimen Resource and Molecular Analysis Facility, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniele
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shannon J Silva
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mary J Hagen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Karen A Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Biospecimen Resource and Molecular Analysis Facility, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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18
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The controversies of parabens - an overview nowadays. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:17-32. [PMID: 32697748 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Effects of paraben toxicity, i.e., endocrine-disruption properties, are in the focus of researchers for decades, but still - they are a hot subject of debate. Parabens are aliphatic esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are widely used as antimicrobial agents for the preservation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods. Mostly used parabens are methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butylparaben. Although the toxicity of parabens is reported in animals and in in vitro studies, it cannot be taken for granted when discussing hazards for human health due to an unrealistic exposure -safety profile. Many studies have demonstrated that parabens are non-teratogenic, non-mutagenic, non-carcinogenic and the real evidence for their toxicity in humans has not been established. For now, methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben are considered safe for use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals within the recommended range of doses. Regarding alternatives for parabens, a variety of approaches have been proposed, but every substitute would need to be tested rigorously for toxicity and safety.
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19
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Álvarez-Herrera C, Maisanaba S, Repetto G. Investigation of mechanisms of toxicity and exclusion by transporters of the preservatives triclosan and propylparaben using batteries of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:108983. [PMID: 31810592 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and propylparaben (PPB) are antimicrobials widely used. They present many similarities in their applications and also in their human and environmental health risks. In order to investigate the mechanisms of toxic action and the efflux pumps involved in their detoxication, we used a strategy with batteries of Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeast strains, either defective in cell signalling, in detoxification pumps, or in cell surveillance mechanisms. Yeast were exposed up to 20 h in solid medium or in liquid medium in 96-well plates. The mechanisms of action investigated were spindle defects (mph1), stress (pmk1), DNA interference (rad3) or diverse effects (MDR-sup). The efflux pumps investigated were Bfr1, Pmd1, Mfs1 and Caf5 or the Pap1 transcription factor. Here we show that TCS was 75 times more toxic than PPB in the wild type fission yeast. More oxidative stress and less protection by exclusion pumps were observed for TCS than for PPB. The cytotoxicity produced by TCS decreased from bfr1>mfs1>pmd1 > pap1 and caf5A deficient strains. In contrast, cytotoxic concentrations of PPB caused only a mild stress. The protection provided for PPB by the transporters was more marked than for TCS, decreasing from Pmd1, Caf5, Mfs1 and Bfr1. Furthermore, microtubule and DNA interferences were revealed for PPB, according to the cytotoxicity of mph1 and rad3 defective cells, respectively. As both compounds present complex adverse effects at concentrations close to exposure, and their combination clearly causes a strong potentiation, more exhaustive controls and regulations in their use should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Repetto
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Radziwon P, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Identification of a novel target for the action of endocrine disrupting chemicals: inhibitory effect of methylparaben on human neutrophil functions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6540-6548. [PMID: 31873886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to verify a hypothesis that immune cells are a target for the action of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by investigating whether methylparaben (MeP) modulates human neutrophil functions. Neutrophils isolated from 15 donor samples were studied. Cells were incubated in the presence of increasing MeP concentrations (0.06, 0.8, 10, and 20 μM). The cytotoxic effect of MeP on neutrophils was evaluated by the MTT test. The ability of the neutrophils for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NADPH oxidase activity, and superoxide anion generation was assessed in Boyden's chamber, Park's method with latex, the NBT test, and the cytochrome C reduction test, respectively. The total nitric oxide (NO) concentration was measured by the Griess reaction. There was no observable cytotoxic effect of MeP on human neutrophils. MeP (10 and 20 μM) exposure decreased neutrophilic ability for the tested functions, except for NO production. In neutrophils incubated with MeP (0.8 μM as well as 0.06 and 0.8 μM, respectively), we observed a decreased activity of NADPH oxidase as well as decreased generation of superoxide anion. Our results suggest a suppressive effect of MeP on the tested functions of human neutrophils, which confirms that immune cells are vulnerable to EDC action. Therefore, the disturbance of neutrophils' oxygen-dependent phagocytic function as a result of exposure to environmental doses of MeP action could lead to impairment of innate immune responses in humans exposed to xenoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
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Garcia-Gonzalez N, Prete R, Perugini M, Merola C, Battista N, Corsetti A. Probiotic antigenotoxic activity as a DNA bioprotective tool: a minireview with focus on endocrine disruptors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnaa041. [PMID: 32124914 PMCID: PMC7082702 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the interest in the role of dietary components able to influence the composition and the activity of the intestinal microbiota and, consequently, to modulate the risk of genotoxicity and colon cancer is increasing in the scientific community. Within this topic, the microbial ability to have a protective role at gastrointestinal level by counteracting the biological activity of genotoxic compounds, and thus preventing the DNA damage, is deemed important in reducing gut pathologies and is considered a new tool for probiotics and functional foods. A variety of genotoxic compounds can be found in the gut and, besides food-related mutagens and other DNA-reacting compounds, there is a group of pollutants commonly used in food packaging and/or in thousands of everyday products called endocrine disruptors (EDs). EDs are exogenous substances that alter the functions of the endocrine system through estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, which interfere with normal hormonal function in human and wildlife. Thus, this paper summarizes the main applications of probiotics, mainly lactobacilli, as a bio-protective tool to counteract genotoxic and mutagenic agents, by biologically inhibiting the related DNA damage in the gut and highlights the emerging perspectives to enlarge and further investigate the microbial bio-protective role at intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Garcia-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Prete
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Monia Perugini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Merola
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Aldo Corsetti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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