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Zhang H, Qiao Q, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Shi J, Wang N, Li Z, Shan S. Expression and Purification of Recombinant Bowman-Birk Trypsin Inhibitor from Foxtail Millet Bran and Its Anticolorectal Cancer Effect In Vitro and In Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10439-10450. [PMID: 38676695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Trypsin inhibitors derived from plants have various pharmacological activities and promising clinical applications. In our previous study, a Bowman-Birk-type major trypsin inhibitor from foxtail millet bran (FMB-BBTI) was extracted with antiatherosclerotic activity. Currently, we found that FMB-BBTI possesses a prominent anticolorectal cancer (anti-CRC) activity. Further, a recombinant FMB-BBTI (rFMB-BBTI) was successfully expressed in a soluble manner in host strain Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3) was induced by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (0.1 mM) at 37 °C for 3.5 h by the pET28a vector system. Fortunately, a purity greater than 93% of rFMB-BBTI with anti-CRC activity was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Subsequently, we found that rFMB-BBTI displays a strikingly anti-CRC effect, characterized by the inhibition of cell proliferation and clone formation ability, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and induction of cell apoptosis. It is interesting that the rFMB-BBTI treatment had no obvious effect on normal colorectal cells in the same concentration range. Importantly, the anti-CRC activity of rFMB-BBTI was further confirmed in the xenografted nude mice model. Taken together, our study highlights the anti-CRC activity of rFMB-BBTI in vitro and in vivo, uncovering the clinical potential of rFMB-BBTI as a targeted agent for CRC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qinqin Qiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yaru Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiangying Shi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Nifei Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shuhua Shan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the studies described in this mini review article was to identify nontoxic compounds that could prevent or suppress the radiation induced malignant transformation of cells and be useful as human cancer preventive agents. CONCLUSIONS (1) Many different types of potential anticarcinogenic substances were evaluated initially for their abilities to prevent or suppress radiation induced malignant transformation in vitro, and certain anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors (APIs) were observed to be the most powerful anticarcinogenic agents at suppressing this surrogate endpoint biomarker of radiation carcinogenesis. (2) Within the category of APIs, those that inhibited the activity of chymotrypsin were effective at far lower molar concentrations than other APIs. The soybean-derived protease inhibitor known as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a particularly powerful chymotrypsin inhibitor that is able to prevent radiation induced transformation in vitro (at concentrations down to nanomolar levels) as well as radiation induced carcinogenesis in vivo without toxicity. (3) There were many other unusual characteristics of APIs that led to the selection of one of these APIs, BBI, as the most appropriate compound for us to develop as a human cancer preventive agent. As one example, the APIs have an irreversible effect on carcinogenesis, while the effects are reversible for most anticarcinogenic agents when they are removed from carcinogenesis assay systems. (4) Numerous studies were performed in attempts to determine the potential mechanisms by which the APIs could prevent or suppress radiation induced carcinogenesis in in vitro and in vivo systems, and the results of these studies are described in this review article. The APIs and the proteases which interact with them appear to play important roles in radiation carcinogenesis. (5) Preparations for human trials using BBI began decades ago. The cost of preparing purified BBI was far too high to consider performing human trials with this agent, so BBI Concentrate (BBIC), a soybean extract enriched in BBI, was developed for the specific purpose of performing human trials with BBI. BBIC achieved Investigational New Drug (IND) Status with the Food and Drug Administration in April,1992, and human BBIC trials began at that time. (6) Several human trials were performed using BBIC and they indicated many potentially beneficial health effects produced by BBIC administration to people in various forms (e.g. tablets). 7) It is hypothesized that BBI takes the place of α-1-antichymotrypsin, an important regulatory compound in the human body, and helps to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Basson AR, Ahmed S, Almutairi R, Seo B, Cominelli F. Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Soybean and Soy-Derived Compounds. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040774. [PMID: 33916612 PMCID: PMC8066255 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, particularly diet, are considered central to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In particular, the Westernization of diet, characterized by high intake of animal protein, saturated fat, and refined carbohydrates, has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of IBD. During the last decade, soybean, as well as soy-derived bioactive compounds (e.g., isoflavones, phytosterols, Bowman-Birk inhibitors) have been increasingly investigated because of their anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of IBD. Herein we provide a scoping review of the most studied disease mechanisms associated with disease induction and progression in IBD rodent models after feeding of either the whole food or a bioactive present in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Raffner Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Saleh Ahmed
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.A.); (B.S.)
| | - Rawan Almutairi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Brian Seo
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.A.); (B.S.)
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.A.); (B.S.)
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Gitlin-Domagalska A, Maciejewska A, Dębowski D. Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120421. [PMID: 33255583 PMCID: PMC7760496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.
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Ma TC, Le Guo, Zhou RH, Wang X, Liu JB, Li JL, Zhou Y, Hou W, Ho WZ. Soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) blocks HIV entry into macrophages. Virology 2017; 513:91-97. [PMID: 29040829 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived protease inhibitor that has anti-inflammation and anti-HIV effect. Here, we further investigated the anti-HIV action of BBI in macrophages, focusing on its effect on viral entry. We found that BBI could significantly block HIV entry into macrophages. Investigation of the mechanism(s) of the BBI action on HIV inhibition showed that BBI down-regulated the expression of CD4 receptor (as much as 80%) and induced the production of the CC chemokines (up to 60 folds at protein level) in macrophages. This inhibitory effect of BBI on HIV entry could be blocked by the neutralization antibodies to CC chemokines. These findings indicate that BBI may have therapeutic potential as a viral entry inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Cui Ma
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Le Guo
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Run-Hong Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wei Hou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Characterization, biomedical and agricultural applications of protease inhibitors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1120-33. [PMID: 26955746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes Protease Inhibitors (PIs) which target or inhibit proteases, protein digesting enzymes. These proteases play a crucial task in many biological events including digestion, blood coagulation, apoptosis etc. Regardless of their crucial roles, they need to be checked regularly by PIs as their excess may possibly damage host organism. On basis of amino acid composition of PIs where Protease-PI enzymatic reactions occur i.e. serine, cysteine, and aspartic acid, they are classified. Nowadays, various PIs are being worked upon to fight various parasitic or viral diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis, colds, flu', dengue etc. They prevent an ongoing process begun by carcinogen exposure by keeping a check on metastasis. They also possess potential to reduce carcinogen-induced, increased levels of gene amplification to almost normal levels. Some PIs can principally be used for treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure by blocking conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II for example Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Also PIs target amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) level in brain which is prime responsible for development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Also, PIs inhibit enzymatic activity of HIV-1 Protease Receptor (PR) by preventing cleavage events in Gag and Gag-Pol that result in production of non-virulent virus particles.
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Krishnan HB, Wang TTY. An effective and simple procedure to isolate abundant quantities of biologically active chemopreventive Lunasin Protease Inhibitor Concentrate (LPIC) from soybean. Food Chem 2015; 177:120-6. [PMID: 25660866 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lunasin is a 5-kDa soybean bioactive peptide with demonstrated anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, purification methods have been developed to obtain gram quantities of lunasin. However, these methods are cumbersome, time consuming and cost-prohibitive. To overcome these constrains we have developed a novel method which involves extraction of soybean flour with 30% ethanol followed by preferential precipitation of lunasin and protease inhibitors by calcium. The calcium precipitated protein fraction, which we termed as Lunasin Protease Inhibitor Concentrate (LPIC), contains three abundant proteins with molecular weights of 21, 14 and 5 kDa. This simple procedure yields 3.2g of LPIC from 100g of soybean flour and the entire isolation procedure can be completed in less than 2h. Treatment of THP-1 human monocyte cell lines with LPIC resulted in suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine expression, demonstrating that the LPIC isolated by our simple procedure is biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 205 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, 1-41 Agriculture Bldg., Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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LIN LILIEL, MICK ROSEMARIE, WARE JEFFREY, METZ JAMES, LUSTIG ROBERT, VAPIWALA NEHA, RENGAN RAMESH, KENNEDY ANNR. Phase I randomized double-blind placebo-controlled single-dose safety studies of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1151-1158. [PMID: 24944684 PMCID: PMC3961219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previously performed animal studies and Phase I-II human trials, Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) appeared to be a promising cancer chemopreventive agent. The present study describes the results of two phase I randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials performed in male subjects to assess the safety and toxicity of the original and new formulations of BBIC administered in a single dose as a suspension in orange juice. The dose of BBIC varied from 800-2,000 chymotrypsin inhibitor (CI) units. The BBI concentration in the serum samples collected from the subjects was analyzed by a dot-blot analysis procedure using the 5G2 monoclonal antibody, which is specific for reduced BBI. A total of 41 subjects were enrolled, 20 in the initial BBIC study and 21 in the second BBIC study. In these human trials, no clinically relevant changes in hematological or biochemical parameters were observed. Overall, BBIC was found to be well-tolerated. For these BBIC single-dose phase I trials, there was no dose-limiting toxicity for BBIC, even at the highest dose evaluated, and there were no apparent differences between the clinical trial results for the two formulations of BBIC. The bioavailability of BBI in the second clinical trial, which used the new BBIC formulation, was approximately 40 to 43% of the BBI bioavailability reached in the first clinical trial, which used the original BBIC formulation. The observed bioavailability difference was attributed to the different BBIC formulations used in these two clinical trials. These trials demonstrated that BBIC is safe when administered in a single dose of up to 2,000 CI units. Therefore, the results from the two trials indicate that a multi-dose trial of BBIC may be safely performed with doses of up to 2,000 CI units per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- LILIE L. LIN
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - ROSEMARIE MICK
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - JEFFREY WARE
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - JAMES METZ
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - ROBERT LUSTIG
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - NEHA VAPIWALA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - RAMESH RENGAN
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - ANN R. KENNEDY
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Armstrong WB, Taylor TH, Kennedy AR, Melrose RJ, Messadi DV, Gu M, Le AD, Perloff M, Civantos F, Goodwin WJ, Wirth LJ, Kerr AR, Meyskens FL. Bowman birk inhibitor concentrate and oral leukoplakia: a randomized phase IIb trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:410-8. [PMID: 23639862 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral premalignancy serves as an ideal model for study of chemopreventive agents. Although 13-cis-retinoic acid showed reversal of oral premalignancy, toxicity, and reversal of clinical response after cessation of therapy obviated its widespread use. A search for nontoxic agents with cancer preventive activity led us to evaluate Bowman Birk Inhibitor (BBI) formulated as BBI Concentrate (BBIC). We previously reported encouraging results in a phase IIa trial of BBIC in patients with oral leukoplakia with measurable clinical responses and favorable biomarker changes. On the basis of these results, we undertook a randomized, placebo controlled phase IIb trial with patients receiving BBIC or placebo for 6 months, with assessment of clinical response and change in lesion area as primary end point and an intent-to-treat analysis. One hundred and thirty two subjects were randomized; and 89 subjects completed six months on study drug or placebo. Both placebo and BBIC showed a statistically significant decrease in mean lesion area of 17.1% and 20.6%, respectively, and partial or greater clinical responses of 30% and 28% respectively. No significant difference between placebo and study drug arms was observed. Histologic review, review of photographs of lesions, and comparison of serum neu protein and oral mucosal cell protease activity also did not show significant differences between study arms. Probable reasons for these negative results were considered, are discussed, and include a placebo with non-BBIC clinical activity and reduced pharmacokinetic availability of the second batch of BBIC. This experience should be a strong cautionary note to those considering "Green" chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Armstrong
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Bldg. 56, Route 81, 101 The City Drive Cancer Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Moussa L, Bézirard V, Salvador-Cartier C, Bacquié V, Houdeau E, Théodorou V. A new soy germ fermented ingredient displays estrogenic and protease inhibitor activities able to prevent irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms in stressed female rats. Clin Nutr 2013; 32:51-8. [PMID: 22727545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often associated with psychological distress, is characterized by increased gut permeability and visceral sensitivity. In animals, stress increases intestinal paracellular permeability (IPP), visceral sensitivity and colonic proteolytic activity. Estradiol reduces IPP and affects visceral sensitivity in non-stressed ovariectomized rats, but whether estrogens affect stress-induced hyperpermeability and hypersensitivity in cyclic females remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate (i) the effects of a phytoestrogen-rich soy germ fermented ingredient (SG) on visceral hypersensitivity, hyperpermeability and other symptoms in stressed intact female rats, (ii) the mechanisms of action involved on the basis of both estrogenic and protease inhibitor activities of SG. METHODS Female rats received orally for 15-d either SG, 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB), or vehicles, with or without the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182.780 before stress. Visceral sensitivity, IPP, faecal proteolytic activity, plasma corticosterone, rat mast cell protease II immunostaining, and occludin expression were assessed. RESULTS Stress increased IPP (concomitantly to a drop in occludin expression), visceral sensitivity, faecal proteolytic activity and plasma corticosterone. Similarly to EB, SG prevented the stress-induced hyperpermeability, and hypersensitivity, without changes in plasma corticosterone. SG inhibited the increase in faecal proteolytic activity, enhanced occludin expression, and reduced the colonic mast cell density. All SG effects, except decrease on faecal proteolytic activity, were blocked by ICI182.780. CONCLUSION A 2-wk oral treatment with SG prevented the stress-induced hyperpermeability and visceral hypersensitivity in cyclic rats through ER activation, and blocked the increase in colonic proteolytic activity, suggesting that SG can be promising in IBS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Moussa
- Neuro-Gastroenterology & Nutrition Group, Toxalim, UMR 1331 INRA/INPT, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Paun G, Litescu SC, Neagu E, Tache A, Lucian Radu G. Evaluation of Geranium spp., Helleborus spp. and Hyssopus spp. polyphenolic extracts inhibitory activity against urease and α-chymotrypsin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:28-34. [PMID: 23317419 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.749399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was meant to determine the inhibitory activity of tannins and flavonoid compounds from Geranium robertianum, Helleborus purpurascens and Hyssopus officinale plant polyphenol rich extracts against urease and α-chymotrypsin. The G. robertianum, H. purpurascens and H. officinale extracts were purified and concentrated by microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Phenolic compounds including flavonoids and tannins have been linked to many pharmacological activities. Thus, the polyphenolic content of the extracts was assessed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC. The concentrated extracts enriched in polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids) showed a significant inhibition against urease from jack bean (over 90%), whereas in case of the α-chymotrypsin, they proved to have an inhibition below 54%. The results of this support the use of G. robertianum, H. purpurascens and H. officinale polyphenolic extracts as potential sources of urease inhibitors. Among the three plant extracts tested, H. officinale polyphenolic extracts exhibited a high inhibitory activity (92.67%) against urease and low inhibition (19.6%) against α-chymotrypsin and could be considered as possible remedy in ulcer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Paun
- National Institute for Research Development of Biological Sciences, Centre of Bioanalysis , 296 Spl. Independentei, PO Box 17-16, Bucharest 6 , Romania and
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Amigo-Benavent M, Nitride C, Bravo L, Ferranti P, del Castillo MD. Stability and bioactivity of a Bowman–Birk inhibitor in orange juice during processing and storage. Food Funct 2013; 4:1051-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30354c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Clemente A, Carmen Marín-Manzano M, Jiménez E, Carmen Arques M, Domoney C. The anti-proliferative effect of TI1B, a major Bowman-Birk isoinhibitor from pea (Pisum sativum L.), on HT29 colon cancer cells is mediated through protease inhibition. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 1:S135-44. [PMID: 22916809 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) from legumes, such as soyabean, pea, lentil and chickpea, are naturally occurring plant protease inhibitors which have potential health-promoting properties within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. BBI can survive both acidic conditions and the action of proteolytic enzymes within the stomach and small intestine, permitting significant amounts to reach the large intestine in active form to exert their reported anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. In a previous study, we reported the ability of a recombinant form of TI1B (rTI1B), representing a major BBI isoinhibitor from pea, to influence negatively the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells in vitro. In the present study, we investigate if this effect is related directly to the intrinsic ability of BBI to inhibit serine proteases. rTI1B and a novel engineered mutant, having amino acid substitutions at the P1 positions in the two inhibitory domains, were expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The rTI1B proved to be active against trypsin and chymotrypsin, showing K i values at nanomolar concentrations, whereas the related mutant protein was inactive against both serine proteases. The proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells was significantly affected by rTI1B in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 31 (sd 7) μm), whereas the inactive mutant did not show any significant effect on colon cancer cell growth. In addition, neither recombinant protein affected the growth of non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. These findings suggest that serine proteases should be considered as important targets in investigating the potential chemopreventive role of BBI during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Professor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Magee PJ, Owusu-Apenten R, McCann MJ, Gill CI, Rowland IR. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Other Plant-Derived Protease Inhibitor Concentrates Inhibit Breast and Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:741-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.688914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rocco M, Malorni L, Chambery A, Poerio E, Parente A, Di Maro A. A Bowman–Birk inhibitor with anti-elastase activity from Lathyrus sativus L. seeds. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2500-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haq SK, Rabbani G, Ahmad E, Atif SM, Khan RH. Protease inhibitors: a panacea? J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:270-7. [PMID: 20135636 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing evidence of protease involvement in several diseases, novel strategies for drug development involve the use of protease inhibitors (PIs). The local balance between protease inhibitors and proteases is an important determinant of the occurrence and progression of a particular disease. Hence, enzymes and their cognate inhibitors are finding their applications as diagnostic and prognostic markers. PIs are widely implicated for their use in host defense against infection, tissue repair and matrix production, blood coagulation, cancer, and they are, therefore, the current focus as therapeutic alternatives for major diseases such as AIDS and Alzheimer's diseases. This review is a brief summary of the varied role of protein protease inhibitors in controlling the activity of aberrant enzymes in several diseases afflicting mankind today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khatun Haq
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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17
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Morris CA, Selsby JT, Morris LD, Pendrak K, Sweeney HL. Bowman-Birk inhibitor attenuates dystrophic pathology in mdx mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1492-9. [PMID: 20847128 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01283.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC), a serine protease inhibitor, has been shown to diminish disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from a loss of dystrophin protein and involves an ongoing inflammatory response, with matrix remodeling and activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1) leading to tissue fibrosis. Inflammatory-mediated increases in extracellular protease activity may drive much of this pathological tissue remodeling. Hence, we evaluated the ability of BBIC, an extracellular serine protease inhibitor, to impact pathology in the mouse model of DMD (mdx mouse). Mdx mice fed 1% BBIC in their diet had increased skeletal muscle mass and tetanic force and improved muscle integrity (less Evans blue dye uptake). Importantly, mdx mice treated with BBIC were less susceptible to contraction-induced injury. Changes consistent with decreased degeneration/regeneration, as well as reduced TGF-β(1) and fibrosis, were observed in the BBIC-treated mdx mice. While Akt signaling was unchanged, myostatin activitation and Smad signaling were reduced. Given that BBIC treatment increases mass and strength, while decreasing fibrosis in skeletal muscles of the mdx mouse, it should be evaluated as a possible therapeutic to slow the progression of disease in human DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Morris
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Clemente A, Moreno FJ, Marín-Manzano MDC, Jiménez E, Domoney C. The cytotoxic effect of Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, from soybean (Glycine max) on HT29 human colorectal cancer cells is related to their intrinsic ability to inhibit serine proteases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:396-405. [PMID: 19885848 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) from soybean and related proteins are naturally occurring protease inhibitors with potential health-promoting properties within the gastrointestinal tract. In this work, we have investigated the effects of soybean BBI proteins on HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells, compared with non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. Two major soybean isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, showing considerable amino acid sequence divergence within their inhibitory domains, were purified in order to examine their functional properties, including their individual effects on the proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells. IBB1 inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin whereas IBBD2 inhibited trypsin only. Despite showing significant differences in their enzyme inhibitory properties, the median inhibitory concentration values determined for IBB1 and IBBD2 on HT29 cell growth were not significantly different (39.9+/-2.3 and 48.3+/-3.5 microM, respectively). The cell cycle distribution pattern of HT29 colon cancer cells was affected by BBI treatment in a dose-dependent manner, with cells becoming blocked in the G0-G1 phase. Chemically inactive soybean BBI had a weak but non-significant effect on the proliferation of HT29 cells. The anti-proliferative properties of BBI isoinhibitors from soybean reveal that both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases involved in carcinogenesis should be considered as potential targets of BBI-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
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19
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Davis JG, Wan XS, Ware JH, Kennedy AR. Dietary supplements reduce the cataractogenic potential of proton and HZE-particle radiation in mice. Radiat Res 2010; 173:353-61. [PMID: 20199220 DOI: 10.1667/rr1398.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of dietary supplements to reduce the formation and severity of cataracts in mice irradiated with high-energy protons or iron ions, which are important components of the radiation encountered by astronauts during space travel. The mice were exposed to proton or iron-ion radiation and fed with a control diet or diets supplemented with the soybean-derived protease inhibitor, Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), in the form of BBI Concentrate (BBIC) or an antioxidant formulation [containing l-selenomethionine (SeM), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ascorbic acid, co-enzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E succinate] both before and after the radiation exposure. At approximately 2 years after the radiation exposure, the animals were killed humanely and lenses were harvested and characterized using an established classification system that assigns discrete scores based on the severity of the lens opacifications. The results showed that exposure to 1 GeV/nucleon proton (3 Gy) or iron-ion (50 cGy) radiation significantly increased the cataract prevalence and severity in CBA/J mice to levels above the baseline levels of age-induced cataract formation in this mouse strain. Treatment with BBIC or the antioxidant formulation significantly reduced the prevalence and severity of the lens opacifications in the mice exposed to iron-ion radiation. Treatment with BBIC or the antioxidant formulation also decreased the severity of the lens opacifications in the mice exposed to proton radiation; however, the decrease did not reach statistical significance. These results indicate that BBIC and the antioxidant formulation evaluated in this study could be useful for protecting astronauts against space radiation-induced cataracts during or after long-term manned space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072, USA
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20
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Complementary roles in cancer prevention: protease inhibitor makes the cancer preventive peptide lunasin bioavailable. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8890. [PMID: 20126654 PMCID: PMC2811193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower incidence of breast cancer among Asian women compared with Western countries has been partly attributed to soy in the Asian diet, leading to efforts to identify the bioactive components that are responsible. Soy Bowman Birk Inhibitor Concentrate (BBIC) is a known cancer preventive agent now in human clinical trials. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The objectives of this work are to establish the presence and delineate the in vitro activity of lunasin and BBI found in BBIC, and study their bioavailability after oral administration to mice and rats. We report that lunasin and BBI are the two main bioactive ingredients of BBIC based on inhibition of foci formation, lunasin being more efficacious than BBI on an equimolar basis. BBI and soy Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor protect lunasin from in vitro digestion with pancreatin. Oral administration of (3)H-labeled lunasin with lunasin-enriched soy results in 30% of the peptide reaching target tissues in an intact and bioactive form. In a xenograft model of nude mice transplanted with human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, intraperitoneal injections of lunasin, at 20 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg body weight, decrease tumor incidence by 49% and 33%, respectively, compared with the vehicle-treated group. In contrast, injection with BBI at 20 mg/kg body weight shows no effect on tumor incidence. Tumor generation is significantly reduced with the two doses of lunasin, while BBI is ineffective. Lunasin inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death in the breast tumor sections. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that lunasin is actually the bioactive cancer preventive agent in BBIC, and BBI simply protects lunasin from digestion when soybean and other seed foods are eaten by humans.
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Kennedy A. The Status of Human Trials Utilizing Bowman–Birk Inhibitor Concentrate from Soybeans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420026566.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Abstract
It is known that numerous factors can influence radiation carcinogenesis in animals; these factors include the specific characteristics of the radiation (radiation type and dose, dose-rate, dose-fractionation, dose distribution, etc.) as well as many other contributing elements that are not specific to the radiation exposure, such as animal genetic characteristics and age, the environment of the animal, dietary factors and whether specific modifying agents for radiation carcinogenesis have been utilized in the studies. This overview focuses on the modifying factors for radiation carcinogenesis, in both in vivo and in vitro systems, and includes a discussion of agents that enhance (e.g., promoting agents) or suppress (e.g., cancer preventive agents) radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The agents that enhance or suppress radiation carcinogenesis in experimental model systems have been shown to lead to effects equally as large as other known modifying factors for radiation-induced carcinogenesis (e.g., dose-rate, dose-fractionation, linear energy transfer). It is known that dietary factors play an important role in determining the yields of radiation-induced cancers in animal model systems, and it is likely that they also influence radiation-induced cancer risks in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 195 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6072, USA.
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Touil T, Ciric B, Ventura E, Shindler KS, Gran B, Rostami A. Bowman-Birk inhibitor suppresses autoimmune inflammation and neuronal loss in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2008; 271:191-202. [PMID: 18544456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived serine protease inhibitor. BBI concentrate (BBIC) is an extract enriched with BBI, but predominantly contains other ingredients including several protease inhibitors. We previously found that BBIC administration to Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) significantly suppresses disease. In the present study we determined whether BBI mediates the suppressive effects of BBIC in EAE, evaluated its potential neuroprotective effects, and investigated mechanisms of BBI action. We tested effects of purified BBI on clinical and histopathological parameters of EAE in two models (relapsing/remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and chronic EAE in C57BL/6 mice). Effects of BBI were compared to BBIC in relapsing/remitting EAE, and effects of BBI on neuronal survival were examined during acute optic neuritis. Treatment with BBI in both EAE models significantly improved EAE disease parameters (onset, severity, weight loss, inflammation and demyelination). BBI significantly reduced the incidence of optic neuritis and prevented loss of retinal ganglion cells. In most experiments proliferation of immune cells derived from BBI-treated mice was significantly lower relative to control groups. Using Boyden's chamber assay we found that BBI inhibited invasiveness of activated splenocytes through the matrigel barrier. BBI also induced higher production of EAE-suppressive cytokine IL-10 by immune cells. These results demonstrate that BBI is the active component of BBIC that ameliorates clinical EAE. BBI reduces inflammation and attenuates neuronal loss, making it an excellent candidate for oral therapy in MS. BBI likely ameliorates EAE by inhibiting multiple pathways involved in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Touil
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Dittmann K, Mayer C, Kehlbach R, Rodemann HP. The radioprotector Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor stimulates DNA repair via epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and nuclear transport. Radiother Oncol 2008; 86:375-82. [PMID: 18237807 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of the radioprotector, Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor (BBI), and its interaction with EGFR nuclear transport. MATERIALS AND METHODS Molecular effects of BBI at the level of EGFR responses were investigated in vitro with wt. TP53 bronchial carcinoma cell line A549 and the transformed fibroblast cell line HH4dd characterized by a mt. TP53. EGFR and associated protein expression were quantified by Western blotting and confocal microscopy in the cytoplasmic and nuclear cell fraction. Residual DNA double strand breaks were quantified by means of a gammaH(2)AX focus assay. RESULTS Both irradiation and BBI-treatment stimulated EGFR internalization into the cytoplasm. This process involved src kinase activation, EGFR phosphorylation at Y845, and caveolin 1 phosphorylation at Y14. EGFR internalization correlated with nuclear EGFR transport and was associated with phosphorylation of EGFR at T654. Nuclear EGFR was linked with DNA-PK complex formation and activation. Furthermore, nuclear EGFR was found in complex with TP53, phosphorylated at S15, and with MDC1, following irradiation and BBI treatment. It is noteworthy that MDC1 was strongly decreased in the nuclear EGFR complex in cells with mt. TP53 and failed to be increased by either BBI treatment or irradiation. Interestingly, in cells with mt. TP53 the BBI mediated stimulation of double strand break repair was hampered significantly. CONCLUSION These data indicate that BBI stimulates complex formation between EGFR, TP53 and MDC1 protein in wt. TP53 cells only. Since MDC1 is essential for recruitment of DNA repair foci, this observation may explain how BBI selectively stimulated repair of DNA double strand breaks in wt. TP53 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Dittmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Lichtenstein GR, Deren JJ, Katz S, Lewis JD, Kennedy AR, Ware JH. Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate: a novel therapeutic agent for patients with active ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:175-80. [PMID: 17551835 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC), a soy extract with high protease inhibitor activity, is efficacious in the treatment of colitis in mice and has been used in numerous clinical trials. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to investigate the safety and possible benefits of BBIC in patients with active ulcerative colitis. The Sutherland Disease Activity Index (SDAI) was used to assess disease activity, response (Index decrease > or = 3), and remission (Index < or = 1 with no rectal bleeding) in patients receiving 12 weeks of therapy. The Index scores of patients receiving BBIC decreased more than those of the patients receiving placebo (P = 0.067). Beneficial trends were observed in the rates of remission (P = 0.082) and clinical response (P = 0.22). No severe adverse events were observed. This trial suggests a potential benefit over placebo for both achieving clinical response and induction of remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis without apparent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Lichtenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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26
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McCormick DL, Johnson WD, Bosland MC, Lubet RA, Steele VE. Chemoprevention of Rat Prostate Carcinogenesis by Soy Isoflavones and by Bowman-Birk Inhibitor. Nutr Cancer 2007; 57:184-93. [PMID: 17571952 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701277478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies suggest that soy consumption confers protection against human prostate cancer. To identify the soy component(s) that may be responsible for this chemopreventive activity, studies were conducted to determine the influence of a soy isoflavone mixture (PTI G-2535; 45% genistein, 22% daidzein, 2% glycitein) and a soy-derived protease inhibitor (Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Concentrate; BBIC) on prostate carcinogenesis in rats. Prostate cancers were induced in male Wistar-Unilever rats by a sequential regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone propionate, followed by a single intravenous injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and chronic androgen stimulation. In separate studies, PTI G-2535 and BBIC were administered continuously at 0 (control), 200, or 2000 mg/kg diet, beginning 1 wk post-MNU. PTI G-2535 and BBIC both conferred modest, but statistically significant and dose-related protection against carcinogenesis in the dorsolateral+anterior prostate. These data demonstrate that both the isoflavone and protein (protease inhibitor) components of soy can inhibit prostate carcinogenesis in the rat. However, the modest individual activities of soy isoflavones and BBIC suggest that while both components may contribute to the chemopreventive activity of soy, combination administration (or exposure to whole soy) may be more effective in prostate cancer prevention than is administration of either component alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L McCormick
- Life Sciences Group, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA.
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27
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Gran B, Tabibzadeh N, Martin A, Ventura ES, Ware JH, Zhang GX, Parr JL, Kennedy AR, Rostami AM. The protease inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Inhibitor, suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a potential oral therapy for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 12:688-97. [PMID: 17262995 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506070769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Available treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) require frequent injections and have significant side effects. Proteases generated during inflammation are involved in the induction of tissue damage during inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). The Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI), a soy-derived protease inhibitor with anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, has been shown to be well tolerated in clinical trials for pre-cancerous conditions, such as oral leukoplakia and the inflammatory disease, ulcerative colitis. We hypothesized that BBI may modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The BBI concentrate (BBIC), a soybean extract enriched in BBI, was administered to myelin basic protein (MBP)-immunized Lewis rats by gastric gavage in different treatment regimens, during the induction or the effector phase of disease. BBIC significantly delayed disease onset and suppressed disease severity, clinically and pathologically, in all treatment protocols. Both in vitro and ex vivo, BBIC inhibited MBP-specific proliferation of lymph node cells. BBIC reduced the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in spleen cell supernatants and was detected in the CNS of treated rats. BBIC suppresses EAE, it can be administered orally, and it is safe and relatively inexpensive. It may have a therapeutic role in patients with MS.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Division/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Gelatinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gelatinases/metabolism
- Macrolides/pharmacology
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Myelin Basic Protein/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean/pharmacokinetics
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean/pharmacology
- Trypsin Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Trypsin Inhibitors/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gran
- Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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28
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Arbogast S, Smith J, Matuszczak Y, Hardin BJ, Moylan JS, Smith JD, Ware J, Kennedy AR, Reid MB. Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate prevents atrophy, weakness, and oxidative stress in soleus muscle of hindlimb-unloaded mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:956-64. [PMID: 17110517 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00538.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigravity muscles atrophy and weaken during prolonged mechanical unloading caused by bed rest or spaceflight. Unloading also induces oxidative stress in muscle, a putative cause of weakness. We tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC), a soy protein extract, would oppose these changes. Adult mice were fed a diet supplemented with 1% BBIC during hindlimb unloading for up to 12 days. Soleus muscles of mice fed the BBIC-supplemented diet weighed less, developed less force per cross-sectional area, and developed less total force after unloading than controls. BBIC supplementation was protective, blunting decrements in soleus muscle weight and force. Cytosolic oxidant activity was assessed using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Oxidant activity increased in unloaded muscle, peaking at 3 days and remaining elevated through 12 days of unloading. Increases in oxidant activity correlated directly with loss of muscle mass and were abolished by BBIC supplementation. In vitro assays established that BBIC directly buffers reactive oxygen species and also inhibits serine protease activity. We conclude that dietary supplementation with BBIC protects skeletal muscle during prolonged unloading, promoting redox homeostasis in muscle fibers and blunting atrophy-induced weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Arbogast
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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Kennedy AR, Zhou Z, Donahue JJ, Ware JH. Protection against adverse biological effects induced by space radiation by the Bowman-Birk inhibitor and antioxidants. Radiat Res 2006; 166:327-32. [PMID: 16881733 DOI: 10.1667/rr3599.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of the soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), BBI concentrate (BBIC) and/or antioxidants against the adverse biological effects induced by space radiation in cultured human epithelial cells. The effects of BBI, BBIC and a combination of ascorbic acid, co-enzyme Q10, L-selenomethionine (SeM) and vitamin E succinate on proton and HZE-particle [high-energy (high E) nuclei of heavier (high atomic number, Z) elements] radiation-induced cytotoxicity in MCF10 human breast epithelial cells and a phenotypic change associated with transformation in HTori-3 human thyroid epithelial cells were assessed with a clonogenic survival assay and a soft agar colony formation assay. The results demonstrate that BBIC and antioxidants are effective in protecting against space radiation-induced cytotoxicity in MCF10 cells and BBI, BBIC and antioxidants are effective in protecting against a space radiation-induced phenotypic change associated with transformation of HTori-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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30
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Lin YH, Li HT, Huang YC, Hsieh YC, Guan HH, Liu MY, Chang T, Wang AHJ, Chen CJ. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of rice Bowman-Birk inhibitor from Oryza sativa. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:522-4. [PMID: 16754971 PMCID: PMC2243081 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106014795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are cysteine-rich proteins with inhibitory activity against proteases that are widely distributed in monocot and dicot species. The expression of rice BBI from Oryza sativa is up-regulated and induced by pathogens or insects during germination of rice seeds. The rice BBI (RBTI) of molecular weight 15 kDa has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. According to the diffraction of rice BBI crystals at a resolution of 2.07 A, the unit cell belongs to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 74.37, b = 96.69, c = 100.36 A. Preliminary analysis indicates four BBI molecules in an asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 58.29%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Lin
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tai Li
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chieh Huang
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Cheng Hsieh
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Guan
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Tschining Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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31
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Guan J, Stewart J, Ware JH, Zhou Z, Donahue JJ, Kennedy AR. Effects of dietary supplements on the space radiation-induced reduction in total antioxidant status in CBA mice. Radiat Res 2006; 165:373-8. [PMID: 16579649 DOI: 10.1667/rr3523.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the total antioxidant status was used as a biomarker to evaluate oxidative stress induced by proton, HZE-particle and gamma radiation in CBA mice. The results demonstrated that the plasma level of TAS was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in CBA mice after exposure to a 50-cGy dose of radiation from HZE particles or a 3-Gy dose of radiation from protons or gamma rays. Diet supplementation with Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Concentrate (BBIC), L-selenomethionine (L-SeM), or a combination of N-acetyl cysteine, sodium ascorbate, co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid, L-SeM and vitamin E succinate could partially or completely prevent the reduction in the plasma level of TAS in CBA mice exposed to proton or HZE-particle radiation. The selected antioxidant combination with or without CoQ10 has a comparable protective effect on the gamma-radiation-induced drop in TAS in CBA mice. These results indicate that BBIC, L-SeM and the selected antioxidant combinations may serve as countermeasures for space radiation-induced adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Morris CA, Morris LD, Kennedy AR, Sweeney HL. Attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy via protease inhibition. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:1719-27. [PMID: 15976355 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01419.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy in response to a number of muscle wasting conditions, including disuse, involves the induction of increased protein breakdown, decreased protein synthesis, and likely a variable component of apoptosis. The increased activation of specific proteases in the atrophy process presents a number of potential therapeutic targets to reduce muscle atrophy via protease inhibition. In this study, mice were provided with food supplemented with the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), a serine protease inhibitor known to reduce the proteolytic activity of a number of proteases, such as chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase, cathepsin G, and chymase. Mice fed the BBI diet were suspended for 3–14 days, and the muscle mass and function were then compared with those of the suspended mice on a normal diet. The results indicate that dietary supplementation with BBI significantly attenuates the normal loss of muscle mass and strength following unloading. Furthermore, the data reveal the existence of yet uncharacterized serine proteases that are important contributors to the evolution of disuse atrophy, since BBI inhibited serine protease activity that was elevated following hindlimb unloading and also slowed the loss of muscle fiber size. These results demonstrate that targeted reduction of protein degradation can limit the severity of muscle mass loss following hindlimb unloading. Thus BBI is a candidate therapeutic agent to minimize skeletal muscle atrophy and loss of strength associated with disuse, cachexia, sepsis, weightlessness, or the combination of age and inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Morris
- Dept. of Physiology and the Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Univ. of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, A-700 Richards Bldg., 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
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Farombi EO, Hansen M, Ravn-Haren G, Møller P, Dragsted LO. Commonly consumed and naturally occurring dietary substances affect biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in healthy rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1315-22. [PMID: 15207383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of black currant juice, Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI), kolaviron (a biflavonoid fraction of Garcinia kola seed), sugars, vitamin C and tert-butyl hydroperoxide on a wide range of biomarkers for oxidative stress, DNA damage and sugar or lipid metabolism has been investigated in male F 344 rats. The selected pro-oxidant control, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, significantly increased plasma and liver 2-amino-adipic semialdehyde (AAS), a marker of protein oxidation (p <0.05) whereas lipid oxidation assessed as malon dialdehyde (MDA) and DNA oxidation were not significantly increased. Feeding BBI also increased the level of oxidized protein in plasma and liver at the higher dose level (0.5%). No effect was observed at the lower dose level (0.25%), which even decreased lipid oxidation in plasma. BBI did not affect background levels of DNA strand breaks or oxidation (comets). In rats exposed to black currant juice, a statistically significant decrease in liver AAS and MDA was observed. This effect could not be explained by its content of sugars or of the known redox active constituent, vitamin C. The lowering effect of black currant juice on protein and lipid oxidation was similar in magnitude to that of the known liver protectant, kolaviron. In rats treated with kolaviron (200 mg/kg body weight), background AAS levels were significantly reduced in both plasma and liver whereas the effect on MDA only reached statistical significance in plasma. Kolaviron was the only extract tested which decreased oxidative damage to DNA in the liver. The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in rats treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (p <0.05) but were not affected by the other treatments. Black currant juice and sugars increased plasma triglyceride levels and black currant juice increased plasma cholesterol but neither of them nor any other treatment affected blood glucose, erythrocyte HbA1c or fructosamine. We conclude that markers of oxidative stress may be modified by several mechanisms after feeding rats with complex dietary factors and that both pro- and antioxidant effects may consequently be observed simultaneously after short-term feeding of antioxidant-rich foods, herb medicines, or known pro- and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Farombi
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
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Clemente A, MacKenzie DA, Jeenes DJ, Domoney C. The effect of variation within inhibitory domains on the activity of pea protease inhibitors from the Bowman-Birk class. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 36:106-14. [PMID: 15177291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the properties of variant pea seed protease inhibitors, homologous to the anti-carcinogenic Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) from soybean but differing most significantly in amino acid sequences at the two independent sites of protease inhibition. The pea protease inhibitors were expressed, using Aspergillus niger, with yields of up to 23 mg secreted recombinant protein per litre of media. The recombinant proteins showed protease inhibitory activity and were deduced to be disulphide-bonded correctly; limited post-translational processing had occurred at the amino-terminal ends of all proteins. Differences in trypsin and chymotrypsin specific inhibitory activities, and in inhibition constants, were observed in studies of the two recombinant variants and BBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Armstrong WB, Wan XS, Kennedy AR, Taylor TH, Meyskens FL. Development of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor for oral cancer chemoprevention and analysis of Neu immunohistochemical staining intensity with Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate treatment. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:1687-702. [PMID: 14520092 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200310000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Cancer chemoprevention is a rapidly evolving approach to reverse or inhibit carcinogenesis, and there is active interest in development of effective chemopreventive agents against head and neck cancers. The retinoids are archetypal chemopreventive agents for oral premalignant lesions. They have significant clinical effect, but widespread use is limited by significant clinical toxicity. The Bowman-Birk Inhibitor is one of several nontoxic compounds exhibiting both potent anticarcinogenic activity and minimal toxicity. The purposes of the study were to summarize the preclinical and clinical development of Bowman-Birk Inhibitor and a Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate against oral premalignant lesions and to evaluate Neu immunohistochemical staining intensity for lesions and simultaneously obtained biopsy specimens of normal-appearing mucosa from the Phase IIa Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate oral leukoplakia chemoprevention trial. STUDY DESIGN Part I is a selected literature review. Part II is a retrospective analysis of pathological specimens prospectively obtained from the Phase IIa clinical trial of Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate. METHODS Thirty-two sets of biopsy specimens from lesions and uninvolved oral mucosa before and after treatment with Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate in doses ranging from 200 to 1066 chymotrypsin inhibitory units were examined in blinded fashion for Neu immunohistochemical staining intensity using the 3B-5 monoclonal antibody. Staining intensity scores among the lesion and control biopsy specimens before and after Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate treatment were analyzed and compared with previously obtained values for serum Neu, oral mucosal cell Neu, protease activity, and clinical response to treatment. RESULTS Mean Neu staining score was significantly higher in lesions compared with uninvolved mucosa (P <.001). Pretreatment staining scores for biopsy specimens of lesions and control biopsy specimens of normal-appearing tissues were correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient [r] = 0.375, P =.045), but no correlation between lesion and control biopsy specimen scores was evident after treatment. The change in Neu staining score with Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate treatment in control site biopsy specimens demonstrated an inverse relationship of change in lesion area with Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate treatment (Spearman r = -0.493, P <.007). CONCLUSION Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate shows promise to become an effective nontoxic chemopreventive agent based on results of extensive preclinical studies, and Phase I and Phase IIa clinical trials. Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate has dose-related clinical activity against oral leukoplakia and modulates levels of Neu and protease activity. The current investigation identified increased Neu staining intensity in hyperplastic lesions compared with simultaneously obtained biopsy specimens of normal-appearing mucosa both before and after Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate treatment. This finding supports prior observations that increased Neu expression is present in a subset of oral premalignant lesions and head and neck cancers. The trend of increased Neu staining score in control biopsy tissues of subjects exhibiting decreased lesion area following Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate treatment raises questions about the mechanisms of Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate action. One possible explanation is that Bowman-Birk Inhibitor stabilizes the extracellular domain of Neu, thereby preventing receptor truncation and internalization. Further study of modulation of Neu and protease activity by Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate treatment may provide insights into the role of proteases and protease inhibitors in oral premalignant lesions and the mechanisms underlying Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate effects. A Phase IIb randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the clinical effectiveness of Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate and further evaluate these candidate biomarkers is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Armstrong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine, 101 The City DriveSouth, Bldg. 25, Suite 191, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Wan XS, Serota DG, Ware JH, Crowell JA, Kennedy AR. Detection of Bowman-Birk inhibitor and anti-Bowman-Birk inhibitor antibodies in sera of humans and animals treated with Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate. Nutr Cancer 2003; 43:167-73. [PMID: 12588697 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc432_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived serine protease inhibitor with anticarcinogenic activities. BBI, in the form of BBI concentrate (BBIC), is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a human cancer-preventive agent. In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure BBI concentrations in serum samples collected from human subjects and animals treated with BBIC. The results demonstrate that the serum BBI concentration was higher than the baseline level for the patients after treatment with BBIC at 100-800 chymotrypsin-inhibitor units/day for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo. The increase in serum BBI concentration was also observed in dogs treated with BBIC at 100-1,000 mg/kg/day for 52 wk, and the increase was dose dependent. The results also indicate that anti-BBI antibodies were present in animals and the serum levels of anti-BBI antibodies increased significantly in mice treated with BBIC at 100-1,000 mg/kg/day for 15 and 26 wk. The increase in the serum level of anti-BBI antibodies in dogs treated with BBIC was not statistically significant, and no increase in the serum level of anti-BBI antibodies was observed in human subjects after BBIC treatment. These results suggest that orally ingested BBI is absorbed by human subjects and animals and that some animals develop antibodies to BBI in response to treatment with BBIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Steven Wan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Malkowicz SB, Liu SP, Broderick GA, Wein AJ, Kennedy AR, Levin RM. Effect of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (a soy protein) on in vitro bladder neck/urethral and penile corporal smooth muscle activity. Neurourol Urodyn 2003; 22:54-7. [PMID: 12478602 DOI: 10.1002/nau.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), is a serine protease inhibitor derived from soy beans, which is presently being evaluated in clinical trials for its ability to serve as a cancer preventive or anti-inflammatory agent. The form of BBI currently in clinical trials is known as Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC). There have been anecdotal reports from patients of improved voiding and sexual functions in the ongoing BBIC trials. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of BBI and BBIC on urethral and corporal smooth muscle activity. METHODS In vitro muscle strip studies of New Zealand White rabbit urethra/bladder neck and penile corpora in the presence or absence of BBI or BBIC incubation (5 mg/mL) were performed. RESULTS In dose-response curves to alpha stimulation, BBI mediated a shift to the right (decreased receptor sensitivity in bladder/urethra as well as corpora with no change in the maximal response). Bladder base/ urethra contraction by field stimulation was significantly inhibited by BBI at higher frequencies (1-32 Hz) (12.2 + 0.8 g vs. 6.3 + 0.75 g, P < 0.05). BBI inhibited field stimulated relaxation of corporal muscle at lower frequencies. Muscarinic contraction of the bladder neck/urethra in alpha prestimulated tissue was significantly inhibited by BBI (5.3 + 0.2 g vs. 2.7 + 0.1 g, P < 0.05). BBI has an inhibitory effect on alpha adrenergic dose-response curves in bladder neck/urethral and corpora smooth muscle. BBI also significantly inhibited neurohumoral cholinergic release and in vitro muscarinic contraction of the urethra. The effects on corpora relaxation were less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the phytochemical BBI may promote physiologic effects of urethral relaxation and improved voiding by unique mechanisms and deserves further study as a pharmacologic agent for lower urinary tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bruce Malkowicz
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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38
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Witschi H, Espiritu I. Development of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in mice fed Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrate (BBIC). Cancer Lett 2002; 183:141-6. [PMID: 12065088 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male strain A/J mice were exposed, 6h a day, 5 days a week for 5 months to a mixture of 89% cigarette sidestream and 11% cigarette mainstream smoke and then allowed to recover for another 4 months in air. The animals were fed Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) at a concentration of 1% in AIN-93G diet either during smoke exposure, following smoke exposure or during the entire 9 months. At the end of the experiment, the incidence and multiplicity of lung tumors were determined. In a positive control experiment, strain A/J mice were injected with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and fed a diet containing 1% BBIC; these animals were killed 5 months later. It was found that in the animals treated with MCA, BBIC decreased lung tumor multiplicities, whereas in the smoke exposed mice, BBIC did not modulate lung tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Witschi
- Center for Health and the Environment and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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García-Gasca T, Salazar-Olivo LA, Mendiola-Olaya E, Blanco-Labra A. The effects of a protease inhibitor fraction from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) on in vitro cell proliferation and cell adhesion of transformed cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:229-33. [PMID: 12020595 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some protease inhibitors (PI), such as the soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (SBBI), have been described as anticarcinogenic agents. Although PI are ubiquitous compounds in living organisms, the anticarcinogenic potential of PIs other than SBBI remain poorly explored. We evaluated the antiproliferative effect of a protein fraction from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) seeds with protease inhibitor activity (TPIF), on normal and on malignant cells. TPIF was obtained after precipitation with ammonium sulfate and gel filtration, and its bioactivity was assayed in vitro on HeLa cells, normal 3T3 fibroblasts and 3T3/v-mos transformed fibroblasts. TPIF showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on 3T3/v-mos transformed fibroblasts in a dose-dependent way. On the contrary, TPIF was only cytostatic for normal 3T3 cells at the highest doses assayed, and had no effect on epithelial HeLa cells proliferation. Sublethal TPIF doses also stimulated cell adhesion of poorly adherent 3T3/v-mos cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- T García-Gasca
- School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico
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40
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Kennedy AR, Wan XS. Effects of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor on growth, invasion, and clonogenic survival of human prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2002; 50:125-33. [PMID: 11816021 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived serine protease inhibitor with demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. METHODS The effects of BBI and BBI Concentrate (BBIC), a soybean concentrate enriched in BBI, on cell growth, invasion, and/or survival were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B assay, a colony formation assay, the trypan blue dye exclusion assay and an in vitro invasion assay. The cells used in these studies were normal human prostate epithelial cells and prostate epithelial cell lines derived from embryonic prostate tissue (267B1) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue (BRF-55T) and human prostate cancer cells established by Ki-ras oncogene transfection of 267B1 cells (267B1/Ki-ras) or from metastatic lesions of human prostate cancer (LNCaP and PC-3). RESULTS BBIC had a statistically significant inhibitory effect on the growth and clonogenic survival of BRF-55T, 267B1/Ki-ras, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells. BBI also inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells and the clonogenic survival of BRF-55T and 267B1/Ki-ras cells and decreased the ability of LNCaP cells to invade across reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) when PC-3 cell-conditioned medium was utilized as the chemoattractant. BBI or BBIC did not affect the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells. CONCLUSION BBI and/or BBIC could be a useful agent for treatment of prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072, USA.
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Kennedy AR, Billings PC, Wan XS, Newberne PM. Effects of Bowman-Birk inhibitor on rat colon carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2002; 43:174-86. [PMID: 12588698 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc432_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine whether the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) could prevent colon carcinogenesis in rats treated with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and whether there were adverse side effects associated with treatment with BBI for cancer prevention. BBI was evaluated in the forms of purified BBI (PBBI) or an extract of soybeans enriched in BBI, termed BBI concentrate (BBIC). The results demonstrate that PBBI and BBIC reduced the incidence and frequency of tumors in DMH-treated rats compared with animals treated with DMH alone. Autoclaved BBIC, in which the protease inhibitor activity of BBI was destroyed, had a weak and statistically insignificant, suppressive effect on DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats, suggesting that the protease inhibitor activity of BBI is likely to be responsible for the anticarcinogenic activity of BBIC. Soy molasses, which contains soy isoflavones, did not have an effect on colon cancer carcinogenesis in DMH-treated rats. Similar to results from previous studies (Nauss et al. JNCI 73, 915-924, 1984), the most aggressive, malignant colon adenocarcinomas developed within or in association with gut-associated lymphoid tissue aggregates. No adverse side effects on the pancreas or animal growth were observed in rats treated with PBBI or BBIC. These results demonstrate that PBBI and BBIC may be used to prevent colon cancer without significant adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Leukoplakia in the oral cavity has been used as a putative surrogate marker of head and neck cancer development. A class of chemoprevention compounds, called protease inhibitors, has been shown in vitro and in animal models to effectively suppress premalignant lesions. Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a protease inhibitor derived from soybeans that has demonstrated chemoprevention activity in many in vitro and animal systems, including the hamster cheek pouch model. Pilot, Phase I and Phase IIa studies of Bowman-Birk Inhibitor in patients with oral leukoplakia have demonstrated no detectable side effects. In the Phase IIa trial, changes in the protease activity in oral mucosal cells after BBI Concentratec (BBIC) treatment correlated with the changes in neu protein levels. Additionally, evidence for a dose-related treatment effect of BBIC on oral leukoplakia was demonstrated. These results indicate that BBIC should be investigated for chemopreventive activity in a randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Meyskens
- Department of Medicine and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange 92868, USA.
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Malkowicz SB, McKenna WG, Vaughn DJ, Wan XS, Propert KJ, Rockwell K, Marks SH, Wein AJ, Kennedy AR. Effects of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2001; 48:16-28. [PMID: 11391683 DOI: 10.1002/pros.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bowman-Birk inhibitor is a soybean-derived protease inhibitor that has anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. METHODS A Phase I trial of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) in 19 male subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has been performed. RESULTS The results of the trial indicated that there was no dose-limiting toxicity of BBIC. There was a statistically significant decrease in serum PSA levels in all BBIC-treated patients. Some BBIC-treated patients exhibited a relatively large reduction in serum PSA levels, ranging up to a 43% reduction. There was also a statistically significant decrease in serum triglyceride levels and a decrease in prostate volume in the treated patients. The scores recorded in response to a urinary symptom questionnaire indicated improved urinary activities in the BBIC-treated patients; however, the control subjects exhibited similar improvements in urinary activities during the course of the trial. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in this trial, particularly the data suggesting that BBIC treatment may lead to reduced serum PSA levels and reduced prostate volumes, suggest that a Phase II clinical trial of BBIC for the therapy of BPH is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Malkowicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tolcher AW, Kennedy A, Padley RJ, Majeed N, Pollak M, Kantoff PW. Other novel agents: Rationale and current status as chemopreventive agents. Urology 2001; 57:86-9. [PMID: 11295602 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several novel targets are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically for the prevention of prostate cancer. Four divergent and novel approaches were discussed at the National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop entitled, "New Clinical Strategies in Prostate Cancer Prevention." These interventions are further categorized into soy protein-based serine-protease inhibitors that reduce superoxide-induced DNA damage, and molecularly targeted approaches that are directed toward endothelin-1 expression/overexpression, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, and insulinlike growth factors. Understanding each of these approaches has offered insights into the process of malignant transformation of prostatic epithelium, and further illustrates the difficulties of developing new agents in the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. Close scrutiny of the clinical data emerging with these approaches, including validation of biologic endpoints, is required before large-scale prevention studies with these novel agents and targets can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Tolcher
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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45
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Sawey MJ. Role of gap-junctional communication in breast cancer progression and chemoprevention. J Nutr 2001; 131:167S-169S. [PMID: 11208957 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.167s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M J Sawey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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de Souza EM, Teles RC, de A Siqueira EM, de Freitas SM. Effects of denaturing and stabilizing agents on the inhibitory activity and conformational stability of Schizolobium parahyba chymotrypsin inhibitor. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2000; 19:507-13. [PMID: 11195975 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026505616359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The conformational stability of the Schizolobium parahyba chymotrypsin inhibitor (SPCI) was investigated based on conformational changes and inhibitory activity in the presence of chaotropic and stabilizing agents. At 90 degrees C, the half-lifetime of SPCI was 154 min, while in the presence of 1 M KCl and 20% PEG 20,000, it was drastically reduced to 6 and 3 min, respectively. In contrast, at 90 degrees C, the SPCI structure remained unaltered with the addition of 1 mM DTT and 56% glycerol. The reduction of the two disulfide bonds caused conformational changes in the SPCI without altering the inhibitory activity, suggesting that disulfide bonds are irrelevant to the maintenance of SPCI conformation. Unfolded structures were formed in the presence of 6 M GdnHCl, while in the presence of 8 M urea, destabilization was due to peptide bond rupture. These results suggest that the thermal inactivation of SPCI involves conformational changes and that hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions play a significant role, while the disulfide bonds are of secondary importance in maintaining the high thermal stability of SPCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M de Souza
- Department of Cellular Biology, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil
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Wan XS, Ware JH, Zhang L, Newberne PM, Evans SM, Clark LC, Kennedy AR. Treatment with soybean-derived Bowman Birk inhibitor increases serum prostate-specific antigen concentration while suppressing growth of human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. Prostate 1999; 41:243-52. [PMID: 10544297 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19991201)41:4<243::aid-pros4>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bowman Birk inhibitor (BBI) is an anticarcinogenic serine protease inhibitor that may inhibit the protease activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the growth of human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. METHODS Human prostate cancer xenografts were established by implanting LNCaP cells into the prostate glands of NCRNU-M athymic nude mice. The animals with established tumors were maintained on a control diet or diets supplemented with 1% BBI or 1%, 2%, or 3% BBI concentrate (BBIC) for 6 weeks. The serum PSA concentrations were determined before and after the BBI or BBIC treatment period. The final tumor loads were determined at autopsy. RESULTS Treatment with BBI or BBIC decreased the final tumor load and increased the tumor doubling time and PSA density in the nude mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts. CONCLUSIONS BBI and/or BBIC could be useful for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Wan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072, USA.
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Zhang L, Wan XS, Donahue JJ, Ware JH, Kennedy AR. Effects of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor on clonogenic survival and cisplatin- or radiation-induced cytotoxicity in human breast, cervical, and head and neck cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33:165-73. [PMID: 10368812 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc330208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived anticarcinogenic protease inhibitor previously shown to potentiate cisplatin-induced cytoxicity in human lung and ovarian cancer cells. To further assess the potential of BBI as a sensitizing agent for cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy, we evaluated the effects of BBI and a soybean concentrate enriched in BBI known as BBI concentrate (BBIC) on clonogenic survival and radiation- or cisplatin-induced cell killing in MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells, SCC61 and SQ20B human head and neck carcinoma cells, HeLa, HeLa-R1, and HeLa-R3 human cervical carcinoma cells, MCF10 nontumorigenic human epithelial cells, HTori-3 nontumorigenic human thyroid epithelial cells, and C3H10T1/2 mouse fibroblast cells. BBI and BBIC significantly suppressed the clonogenic survival of MCF7 and SCC61 cells. BBIC also suppressed the survival of SQ20B cells and enhanced radiation-induced cell killing in SCC61 and SQ20B cells and cisplatin-induced cell killing in HeLa, HeLa-R1, and HeLa-R3 cells. In contrast, BBI and/or BBIC did not enhance radiation-induced cell killing in MCF10 cells or cisplatin-induced cell killing in C3H10T1/2 cells. BBI did not significantly affect the survival of SQ20B cells or enhance radiation-induced cell killing in SCC61 and SQ20B cells. The clonogenic survivals of MCF10 and C3H10T1/2 cells were not adversely affected by treatment with BBI or BBIC. The clonogenic survival of HTori-3 cells was only moderately suppressed by treatment with BBIC at > or = 80 micrograms/ml. These results suggest that BBIC could be a useful agent for the potentiation of radiation- and cisplatin-mediated cancer treatment without significant adverse effects on surrounding normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Ware JH, Wan XS, Kennedy AR. Bowman-Birk inhibitor suppresses production of superoxide anion radicals in differentiated HL-60 cells. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33:174-7. [PMID: 10368813 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc330209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived protease inhibitor with anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. BBI has previously been shown to suppress the release of superoxide anion radicals from purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In the present study we evaluated the effect of BBI on the production of superoxide anion radicals in differentiated HL-60 cells. HL-60 cells are human lymphocytic cells that acquire neutrophil-like characteristics when treated with dimethyl sulfoxide or tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. Superoxide anion radical production by differentiated HL-60 cells was measured in the presence of various concentrations of BBI or BBI concentrate, a soybean extract containing high levels of BBI. BBI was observed to suppress superoxide anion radical production by differentiated HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Extracts of differentiated HL-60 cells were also observed to produce superoxide anion radicals, but this activity was not affected by the presence of BBI. These results suggest that BBI inhibits superoxide anion radical generation in HL-60 cells but does not act as a simple free radical scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ware
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Wan XS, Hamilton TC, Ware JH, Donahue JJ, Kennedy AR. Growth inhibition and cytotoxicity induced by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 1998; 31:8-17. [PMID: 9682243 DOI: 10.1080/01635589809514672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived anticarcinogenic protease inhibitor that was shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in our previous studies. To assess the potential of BBI as a sensitizing agent for the chemotherapy of cisplatin-resistant cancers, we evaluated the effects of a soybean concentrate enriched in BBI (known as BBI concentrate or BBIC) on cell growth and clonogenic survival of a human ovarian cancer cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin-resistant sublines, C30, and C200. The presence of BBI and BBIC in the cell culture, medium reduced the clonogenic survival of the A2780, C30, and C200 cells in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced cisplatin-induced growth inhibition and/or cytotoxicity. BBIC alone showed greater inhibitory effects on growth in the cisplatin-resistant cell lines. These results suggest that BBI and BBIC could be useful agents for the treatment of cancers, especially with cisplatin, in tumors resistant to this important anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Wan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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